1 00:00:10,860 --> 00:00:15,950 before we start let me tell you 2 00:00:15,950 --> 00:00:15,960 3 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:20,330 we'll be covered in the exam the second 4 00:00:20,330 --> 00:00:20,340 we'll be covered in the exam the second 5 00:00:20,340 --> 00:00:23,380 we'll be covered in the exam the second midterm on Saturday this Saturday 6 00:00:23,380 --> 00:00:23,390 midterm on Saturday this Saturday 7 00:00:23,390 --> 00:00:29,480 midterm on Saturday this Saturday chapters included our nine eleven twelve 8 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:29,490 chapters included our nine eleven twelve 9 00:00:29,490 --> 00:00:35,630 chapters included our nine eleven twelve and fourteen chemical kinetics is 10 00:00:35,630 --> 00:00:35,640 and fourteen chemical kinetics is 11 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,900 and fourteen chemical kinetics is included but equilibrium is not included 12 00:00:38,900 --> 00:00:38,910 included but equilibrium is not included 13 00:00:38,910 --> 00:00:41,720 included but equilibrium is not included okay I guess chapter 414 is chemical 14 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:41,730 okay I guess chapter 414 is chemical 15 00:00:41,730 --> 00:00:46,510 okay I guess chapter 414 is chemical kinetics so nine eleven twelve and 16 00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:46,520 kinetics so nine eleven twelve and 17 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:50,270 kinetics so nine eleven twelve and fourteen that makes about nine eleven 18 00:00:50,270 --> 00:00:50,280 fourteen that makes about nine eleven 19 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:56,829 fourteen that makes about nine eleven twelve and fourteen four chapters clear 20 00:00:56,829 --> 00:00:56,839 twelve and fourteen four chapters clear 21 00:00:56,839 --> 00:01:02,049 twelve and fourteen four chapters clear now we there had been questions about 22 00:01:02,049 --> 00:01:02,059 now we there had been questions about 23 00:01:02,059 --> 00:01:04,670 now we there had been questions about like the chapters that you skipped 24 00:01:04,670 --> 00:01:04,680 like the chapters that you skipped 25 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:06,920 like the chapters that you skipped actually we haven't skipped those 26 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:06,930 actually we haven't skipped those 27 00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:09,200 actually we haven't skipped those chapters we left them to you to read and 28 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:09,210 chapters we left them to you to read and 29 00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:12,530 chapters we left them to you to read and learn for example chapter ten is was 30 00:01:12,530 --> 00:01:12,540 learn for example chapter ten is was 31 00:01:12,540 --> 00:01:17,260 learn for example chapter ten is was about gases so we assume that you know a 32 00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:17,270 about gases so we assume that you know a 33 00:01:17,270 --> 00:01:20,210 about gases so we assume that you know a lot of things about the gases from high 34 00:01:20,210 --> 00:01:20,220 lot of things about the gases from high 35 00:01:20,220 --> 00:01:24,350 lot of things about the gases from high school but I will advise you to read it 36 00:01:24,350 --> 00:01:24,360 school but I will advise you to read it 37 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:26,690 school but I will advise you to read it from the book again that means if there 38 00:01:26,690 --> 00:01:26,700 from the book again that means if there 39 00:01:26,700 --> 00:01:30,200 from the book again that means if there is any problem related to the gases that 40 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:30,210 is any problem related to the gases that 41 00:01:30,210 --> 00:01:32,990 is any problem related to the gases that may be actually not directly related to 42 00:01:32,990 --> 00:01:33,000 may be actually not directly related to 43 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:36,410 may be actually not directly related to the gases but you have to know basic 44 00:01:36,410 --> 00:01:36,420 the gases but you have to know basic 45 00:01:36,420 --> 00:01:39,230 the gases but you have to know basic knowledge about the gas behavior gaseous 46 00:01:39,230 --> 00:01:39,240 knowledge about the gas behavior gaseous 47 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:43,190 knowledge about the gas behavior gaseous state to solve that problem and you need 48 00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:43,200 state to solve that problem and you need 49 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:47,020 state to solve that problem and you need to know that so please be prepared 50 00:01:47,020 --> 00:01:47,030 to know that so please be prepared 51 00:01:47,030 --> 00:01:52,660 to know that so please be prepared accordingly as a matter of fact okay 52 00:01:52,660 --> 00:01:52,670 accordingly as a matter of fact okay 53 00:01:52,670 --> 00:02:00,670 accordingly as a matter of fact okay let's see this Friday Thursday we have 54 00:02:00,670 --> 00:02:00,680 let's see this Friday Thursday we have 55 00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:04,700 let's see this Friday Thursday we have one hour lecture right in the afternoon 56 00:02:04,700 --> 00:02:04,710 one hour lecture right in the afternoon 57 00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:08,930 one hour lecture right in the afternoon and Friday in the afternoon I will be in 58 00:02:08,930 --> 00:02:08,940 and Friday in the afternoon I will be in 59 00:02:08,940 --> 00:02:11,020 and Friday in the afternoon I will be in my office so if you have any questions 60 00:02:11,020 --> 00:02:11,030 my office so if you have any questions 61 00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:13,640 my office so if you have any questions before the exam anything that you would 62 00:02:13,640 --> 00:02:13,650 before the exam anything that you would 63 00:02:13,650 --> 00:02:17,720 before the exam anything that you would like to ask me please drop by I will be 64 00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:17,730 like to ask me please drop by I will be 65 00:02:17,730 --> 00:02:22,340 like to ask me please drop by I will be there okay all right let's continue 66 00:02:22,340 --> 00:02:22,350 there okay all right let's continue 67 00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:24,920 there okay all right let's continue remember last time we were talking about 68 00:02:24,920 --> 00:02:24,930 remember last time we were talking about 69 00:02:24,930 --> 00:02:28,310 remember last time we were talking about the chemical kinetics and the rate of 70 00:02:28,310 --> 00:02:28,320 the chemical kinetics and the rate of 71 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:29,930 the chemical kinetics and the rate of chemical reactions 72 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:29,940 chemical reactions 73 00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:33,800 chemical reactions and we said that the rate of a chemical 74 00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:33,810 and we said that the rate of a chemical 75 00:02:33,810 --> 00:02:36,230 and we said that the rate of a chemical reaction actually speed of the chemical 76 00:02:36,230 --> 00:02:36,240 reaction actually speed of the chemical 77 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:40,580 reaction actually speed of the chemical reactions are given by the changes of 78 00:02:40,580 --> 00:02:40,590 reactions are given by the changes of 79 00:02:40,590 --> 00:02:43,760 reactions are given by the changes of molar concentrations of reactant or the 80 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:43,770 molar concentrations of reactant or the 81 00:02:43,770 --> 00:02:46,250 molar concentrations of reactant or the product and when we express the 82 00:02:46,250 --> 00:02:46,260 product and when we express the 83 00:02:46,260 --> 00:02:48,920 product and when we express the dependence of the rate on the molar 84 00:02:48,920 --> 00:02:48,930 dependence of the rate on the molar 85 00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:52,430 dependence of the rate on the molar concentrations of this reactant that is 86 00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:52,440 concentrations of this reactant that is 87 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,400 concentrations of this reactant that is called the rate law so the rate law 88 00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:55,410 called the rate law so the rate law 89 00:02:55,410 --> 00:02:58,910 called the rate law so the rate law tells you again the relationship between 90 00:02:58,910 --> 00:02:58,920 tells you again the relationship between 91 00:02:58,920 --> 00:03:02,180 tells you again the relationship between the rate and the molar concentration of 92 00:03:02,180 --> 00:03:02,190 the rate and the molar concentration of 93 00:03:02,190 --> 00:03:05,870 the rate and the molar concentration of the reactant as a matter of fact and we 94 00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:05,880 the reactant as a matter of fact and we 95 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:08,530 the reactant as a matter of fact and we have a rate constant there which is 96 00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:08,540 have a rate constant there which is 97 00:03:08,540 --> 00:03:11,510 have a rate constant there which is specific to the reaction of reaction and 98 00:03:11,510 --> 00:03:11,520 specific to the reaction of reaction and 99 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:13,040 specific to the reaction of reaction and as long as the temperature is constant 100 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:13,050 as long as the temperature is constant 101 00:03:13,050 --> 00:03:15,530 as long as the temperature is constant rate constant is the same when the 102 00:03:15,530 --> 00:03:15,540 rate constant is the same when the 103 00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:16,850 rate constant is the same when the temperature changes then the rate 104 00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:16,860 temperature changes then the rate 105 00:03:16,860 --> 00:03:20,930 temperature changes then the rate constant also changes now again 106 00:03:20,930 --> 00:03:20,940 constant also changes now again 107 00:03:20,940 --> 00:03:23,510 constant also changes now again depending on the dependence of the molar 108 00:03:23,510 --> 00:03:23,520 depending on the dependence of the molar 109 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:26,890 depending on the dependence of the molar concentrations of the reactant overall 110 00:03:26,890 --> 00:03:26,900 concentrations of the reactant overall 111 00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:31,310 concentrations of the reactant overall rate law we classify the reactions as 112 00:03:31,310 --> 00:03:31,320 rate law we classify the reactions as 113 00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:35,360 rate law we classify the reactions as first order second order or third order 114 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:35,370 first order second order or third order 115 00:03:35,370 --> 00:03:38,120 first order second order or third order reactions again we said that the third 116 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:38,130 reactions again we said that the third 117 00:03:38,130 --> 00:03:41,449 reactions again we said that the third order reactions are very slow very very 118 00:03:41,449 --> 00:03:41,459 order reactions are very slow very very 119 00:03:41,459 --> 00:03:45,500 order reactions are very slow very very slow we usually do not consider that it 120 00:03:45,500 --> 00:03:45,510 slow we usually do not consider that it 121 00:03:45,510 --> 00:03:46,880 slow we usually do not consider that it doesn't take it appreciate way that we 122 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:46,890 doesn't take it appreciate way that we 123 00:03:46,890 --> 00:03:48,979 doesn't take it appreciate way that we just assume that the third order 124 00:03:48,979 --> 00:03:48,989 just assume that the third order 125 00:03:48,989 --> 00:03:56,300 just assume that the third order reactions but there is also zero order 126 00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:56,310 reactions but there is also zero order 127 00:03:56,310 --> 00:04:00,740 reactions but there is also zero order reaction remember where the rate of the 128 00:04:00,740 --> 00:04:00,750 reaction remember where the rate of the 129 00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:02,630 reaction remember where the rate of the reaction is independent of the 130 00:04:02,630 --> 00:04:02,640 reaction is independent of the 131 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:04,550 reaction is independent of the concentration is off the reactant and 132 00:04:04,550 --> 00:04:04,560 concentration is off the reactant and 133 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:07,150 concentration is off the reactant and this is only the case when you have 134 00:04:07,150 --> 00:04:07,160 this is only the case when you have 135 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:09,590 this is only the case when you have reactions taking place at the surface of 136 00:04:09,590 --> 00:04:09,600 reactions taking place at the surface of 137 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:11,990 reactions taking place at the surface of a solid so for example if a gases 138 00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:12,000 a solid so for example if a gases 139 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,000 a solid so for example if a gases reaction that taking place at the 140 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:14,010 reaction that taking place at the 141 00:04:14,010 --> 00:04:16,840 reaction that taking place at the surface of the solid when all the 142 00:04:16,840 --> 00:04:16,850 surface of the solid when all the 143 00:04:16,850 --> 00:04:20,420 surface of the solid when all the surface of the solid is covered by the 144 00:04:20,420 --> 00:04:20,430 surface of the solid is covered by the 145 00:04:20,430 --> 00:04:22,909 surface of the solid is covered by the gas molecules adsorbed gas molecules 146 00:04:22,909 --> 00:04:22,919 gas molecules adsorbed gas molecules 147 00:04:22,919 --> 00:04:25,490 gas molecules adsorbed gas molecules it's full and as soon as one molecule 148 00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:25,500 it's full and as soon as one molecule 149 00:04:25,500 --> 00:04:27,680 it's full and as soon as one molecule reacts there another gas comes out and 150 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:27,690 reacts there another gas comes out and 151 00:04:27,690 --> 00:04:33,080 reacts there another gas comes out and again covers the surface of the simply 152 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:33,090 again covers the surface of the simply 153 00:04:33,090 --> 00:04:36,260 again covers the surface of the simply solid in that case the rate is 154 00:04:36,260 --> 00:04:36,270 solid in that case the rate is 155 00:04:36,270 --> 00:04:38,990 solid in that case the rate is independent of the concentration and we 156 00:04:38,990 --> 00:04:39,000 independent of the concentration and we 157 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,390 independent of the concentration and we call that kind of reaction as 158 00:04:41,390 --> 00:04:41,400 call that kind of reaction as 159 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:44,460 call that kind of reaction as reaction now by considering those first 160 00:04:44,460 --> 00:04:44,470 reaction now by considering those first 161 00:04:44,470 --> 00:04:47,100 reaction now by considering those first order second order and zero order 162 00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:47,110 order second order and zero order 163 00:04:47,110 --> 00:04:51,990 order second order and zero order reactions we have derived the equation 164 00:04:51,990 --> 00:04:52,000 reactions we have derived the equation 165 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,600 reactions we have derived the equation which relates the concentration of the 166 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:54,610 which relates the concentration of the 167 00:04:54,610 --> 00:04:59,100 which relates the concentration of the reactants to time actually and those are 168 00:04:59,100 --> 00:04:59,110 reactants to time actually and those are 169 00:04:59,110 --> 00:05:01,200 reactants to time actually and those are simply called the integrated rate law 170 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:01,210 simply called the integrated rate law 171 00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:03,450 simply called the integrated rate law remember those are very very important 172 00:05:03,450 --> 00:05:03,460 remember those are very very important 173 00:05:03,460 --> 00:05:07,590 remember those are very very important again to calculate the concentration of 174 00:05:07,590 --> 00:05:07,600 again to calculate the concentration of 175 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:12,650 again to calculate the concentration of any reactant or any product after 176 00:05:12,650 --> 00:05:12,660 any reactant or any product after 177 00:05:12,660 --> 00:05:16,260 any reactant or any product after whatever time passed from the beginning 178 00:05:16,260 --> 00:05:16,270 whatever time passed from the beginning 179 00:05:16,270 --> 00:05:17,670 whatever time passed from the beginning of the reactions as a matter of fact 180 00:05:17,670 --> 00:05:17,680 of the reactions as a matter of fact 181 00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:21,450 of the reactions as a matter of fact that means that the rate integrated rate 182 00:05:21,450 --> 00:05:21,460 that means that the rate integrated rate 183 00:05:21,460 --> 00:05:23,970 that means that the rate integrated rate law gives you the relationship between 184 00:05:23,970 --> 00:05:23,980 law gives you the relationship between 185 00:05:23,980 --> 00:05:27,990 law gives you the relationship between the concentration of the reactant or the 186 00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:28,000 the concentration of the reactant or the 187 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:32,370 the concentration of the reactant or the product and the time and again you have 188 00:05:32,370 --> 00:05:32,380 product and the time and again you have 189 00:05:32,380 --> 00:05:34,590 product and the time and again you have to know the rate constant now in other 190 00:05:34,590 --> 00:05:34,600 to know the rate constant now in other 191 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:37,100 to know the rate constant now in other things we have defined from that 192 00:05:37,100 --> 00:05:37,110 things we have defined from that 193 00:05:37,110 --> 00:05:40,080 things we have defined from that integrated rate law half-life of a 194 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:40,090 integrated rate law half-life of a 195 00:05:40,090 --> 00:05:42,510 integrated rate law half-life of a chemical reaction so the half-life of a 196 00:05:42,510 --> 00:05:42,520 chemical reaction so the half-life of a 197 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:44,700 chemical reaction so the half-life of a chemical reaction is simply means the 198 00:05:44,700 --> 00:05:44,710 chemical reaction is simply means the 199 00:05:44,710 --> 00:05:49,290 chemical reaction is simply means the time required to react half of the 200 00:05:49,290 --> 00:05:49,300 time required to react half of the 201 00:05:49,300 --> 00:05:52,620 time required to react half of the initial reactants that means if you 202 00:05:52,620 --> 00:05:52,630 initial reactants that means if you 203 00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:55,230 initial reactants that means if you start with a point two molar 204 00:05:55,230 --> 00:05:55,240 start with a point two molar 205 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:58,410 start with a point two molar concentrations of your reactant and the 206 00:05:58,410 --> 00:05:58,420 concentrations of your reactant and the 207 00:05:58,420 --> 00:06:01,050 concentrations of your reactant and the time required to get the concentration 208 00:06:01,050 --> 00:06:01,060 time required to get the concentration 209 00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:04,110 time required to get the concentration to 0.1 which is half of the initial or 210 00:06:04,110 --> 00:06:04,120 to 0.1 which is half of the initial or 211 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:06,330 to 0.1 which is half of the initial or the beginning concentration that time is 212 00:06:06,330 --> 00:06:06,340 the beginning concentration that time is 213 00:06:06,340 --> 00:06:09,000 the beginning concentration that time is called the half-life of chemical 214 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:09,010 called the half-life of chemical 215 00:06:09,010 --> 00:06:11,910 called the half-life of chemical reactions and the half-life of chemical 216 00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:11,920 reactions and the half-life of chemical 217 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:13,770 reactions and the half-life of chemical reaction for the first-order reaction 218 00:06:13,770 --> 00:06:13,780 reaction for the first-order reaction 219 00:06:13,780 --> 00:06:16,260 reaction for the first-order reaction again was independent of the initial 220 00:06:16,260 --> 00:06:16,270 again was independent of the initial 221 00:06:16,270 --> 00:06:18,510 again was independent of the initial concentration but the half-life of the 222 00:06:18,510 --> 00:06:18,520 concentration but the half-life of the 223 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:20,790 concentration but the half-life of the second and the zero order reactions 224 00:06:20,790 --> 00:06:20,800 second and the zero order reactions 225 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:23,600 second and the zero order reactions depends on the initial concentrations of 226 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:23,610 depends on the initial concentrations of 227 00:06:23,610 --> 00:06:27,180 depends on the initial concentrations of the reactants two so we have seen all 228 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:27,190 the reactants two so we have seen all 229 00:06:27,190 --> 00:06:29,550 the reactants two so we have seen all those now today we will look at again 230 00:06:29,550 --> 00:06:29,560 those now today we will look at again 231 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:31,950 those now today we will look at again factors that affect the reaction rate 232 00:06:31,950 --> 00:06:31,960 factors that affect the reaction rate 233 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:36,290 factors that affect the reaction rate and let's see the first is temperature 234 00:06:36,290 --> 00:06:36,300 and let's see the first is temperature 235 00:06:36,300 --> 00:06:40,470 and let's see the first is temperature second is frequency of collusions again 236 00:06:40,470 --> 00:06:40,480 second is frequency of collusions again 237 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:43,890 second is frequency of collusions again this is how many collisions are taking 238 00:06:43,890 --> 00:06:43,900 this is how many collisions are taking 239 00:06:43,900 --> 00:06:47,220 this is how many collisions are taking place per second in the reaction mixture 240 00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:47,230 place per second in the reaction mixture 241 00:06:47,230 --> 00:06:50,880 place per second in the reaction mixture reaction medium and the third is the 242 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:50,890 reaction medium and the third is the 243 00:06:50,890 --> 00:06:53,100 reaction medium and the third is the orientation of the molecules we will 244 00:06:53,100 --> 00:06:53,110 orientation of the molecules we will 245 00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:54,500 orientation of the molecules we will talk about these each 246 00:06:54,500 --> 00:06:54,510 talk about these each 247 00:06:54,510 --> 00:06:59,120 talk about these each but they again this is simply means 248 00:06:59,120 --> 00:06:59,130 but they again this is simply means 249 00:06:59,130 --> 00:07:04,730 but they again this is simply means there's every collusion even though the 250 00:07:04,730 --> 00:07:04,740 there's every collusion even though the 251 00:07:04,740 --> 00:07:09,950 there's every collusion even though the molecules have enough energy do not 252 00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:09,960 molecules have enough energy do not 253 00:07:09,960 --> 00:07:15,830 molecules have enough energy do not yield the product they collide and then 254 00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:15,840 yield the product they collide and then 255 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:18,830 yield the product they collide and then come back they separate again and no 256 00:07:18,830 --> 00:07:18,840 come back they separate again and no 257 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:20,750 come back they separate again and no products are actually taking place and 258 00:07:20,750 --> 00:07:20,760 products are actually taking place and 259 00:07:20,760 --> 00:07:24,740 products are actually taking place and why because the orientation of the 260 00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:24,750 why because the orientation of the 261 00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:27,350 why because the orientation of the molecules when they collide is not 262 00:07:27,350 --> 00:07:27,360 molecules when they collide is not 263 00:07:27,360 --> 00:07:30,020 molecules when they collide is not proper is not right for that reaction 264 00:07:30,020 --> 00:07:30,030 proper is not right for that reaction 265 00:07:30,030 --> 00:07:33,200 proper is not right for that reaction reaction doesn't take place right so for 266 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:33,210 reaction doesn't take place right so for 267 00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:35,510 reaction doesn't take place right so for example suppose that the molecules these 268 00:07:35,510 --> 00:07:35,520 example suppose that the molecules these 269 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:37,340 example suppose that the molecules these are the molecules if the molecules 270 00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:37,350 are the molecules if the molecules 271 00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:39,230 are the molecules if the molecules collide like this and if they have 272 00:07:39,230 --> 00:07:39,240 collide like this and if they have 273 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,930 collide like this and if they have enough energy then they can simply this 274 00:07:41,930 --> 00:07:41,940 enough energy then they can simply this 275 00:07:41,940 --> 00:07:44,930 enough energy then they can simply this collusion may yield the product but if 276 00:07:44,930 --> 00:07:44,940 collusion may yield the product but if 277 00:07:44,940 --> 00:07:46,730 collusion may yield the product but if the collusion is not this way but the 278 00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:46,740 the collusion is not this way but the 279 00:07:46,740 --> 00:07:49,190 the collusion is not this way but the collusion is like this the molecule 280 00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:49,200 collusion is like this the molecule 281 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:51,590 collusion is like this the molecule actually that collusions will not yield 282 00:07:51,590 --> 00:07:51,600 actually that collusions will not yield 283 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:54,080 actually that collusions will not yield the product that means there will be no 284 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:54,090 the product that means there will be no 285 00:07:54,090 --> 00:07:56,690 the product that means there will be no chemical reaction so this is what it 286 00:07:56,690 --> 00:07:56,700 chemical reaction so this is what it 287 00:07:56,700 --> 00:07:59,420 chemical reaction so this is what it again orientation of molecules when we 288 00:07:59,420 --> 00:07:59,430 again orientation of molecules when we 289 00:07:59,430 --> 00:08:01,190 again orientation of molecules when we say the orientation of molecules that 290 00:08:01,190 --> 00:08:01,200 say the orientation of molecules that 291 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:02,990 say the orientation of molecules that means orientation of the molecules when 292 00:08:02,990 --> 00:08:03,000 means orientation of the molecules when 293 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:06,470 means orientation of the molecules when they collide is a factor determinant 294 00:08:06,470 --> 00:08:06,480 they collide is a factor determinant 295 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:08,240 they collide is a factor determinant whether the reaction will take place or 296 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:08,250 whether the reaction will take place or 297 00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:12,470 whether the reaction will take place or not now the last one again here the 298 00:08:12,470 --> 00:08:12,480 not now the last one again here the 299 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:14,150 not now the last one again here the energy needed for the reaction to take 300 00:08:14,150 --> 00:08:14,160 energy needed for the reaction to take 301 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:17,870 energy needed for the reaction to take place that means that when the two 302 00:08:17,870 --> 00:08:17,880 place that means that when the two 303 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:21,710 place that means that when the two molecules collide to react they should 304 00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:21,720 molecules collide to react they should 305 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:26,380 molecules collide to react they should have enough energy to go to the product 306 00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:26,390 have enough energy to go to the product 307 00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,000 have enough energy to go to the product there is a threshold actually they have 308 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:29,010 there is a threshold actually they have 309 00:08:29,010 --> 00:08:33,200 there is a threshold actually they have to go over that and to have get over 310 00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:33,210 to go over that and to have get over 311 00:08:33,210 --> 00:08:34,730 to go over that and to have get over that threshold they should have a 312 00:08:34,730 --> 00:08:34,740 that threshold they should have a 313 00:08:34,740 --> 00:08:37,310 that threshold they should have a minimum energy actually and that minimum 314 00:08:37,310 --> 00:08:37,320 minimum energy actually and that minimum 315 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:40,070 minimum energy actually and that minimum energy is called the activation energy 316 00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:40,080 energy is called the activation energy 317 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,520 energy is called the activation energy activation energy so again you see not 318 00:08:43,520 --> 00:08:43,530 activation energy so again you see not 319 00:08:43,530 --> 00:08:45,830 activation energy so again you see not all collisions will yield the product 320 00:08:45,830 --> 00:08:45,840 all collisions will yield the product 321 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:49,280 all collisions will yield the product only those collisions that have enough 322 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:49,290 only those collisions that have enough 323 00:08:49,290 --> 00:08:52,700 only those collisions that have enough energy at least equal to the activation 324 00:08:52,700 --> 00:08:52,710 energy at least equal to the activation 325 00:08:52,710 --> 00:08:56,060 energy at least equal to the activation energy or greater will lead the product 326 00:08:56,060 --> 00:08:56,070 energy or greater will lead the product 327 00:08:56,070 --> 00:09:02,270 energy or greater will lead the product yes 328 00:09:02,270 --> 00:09:02,280 329 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:04,920 we can't I mean we can't take the 330 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:04,930 we can't I mean we can't take the 331 00:09:04,930 --> 00:09:07,110 we can't I mean we can't take the molecules and play with the molecules no 332 00:09:07,110 --> 00:09:07,120 molecules and play with the molecules no 333 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:10,020 molecules and play with the molecules no but when considered like different 334 00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:10,030 but when considered like different 335 00:09:10,030 --> 00:09:12,390 but when considered like different shaped molecules right they may be 336 00:09:12,390 --> 00:09:12,400 shaped molecules right they may be 337 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,130 shaped molecules right they may be collusions like this they may be a 338 00:09:14,130 --> 00:09:14,140 collusions like this they may be a 339 00:09:14,140 --> 00:09:15,420 collusions like this they may be a collision like this they may be a 340 00:09:15,420 --> 00:09:15,430 collision like this they may be a 341 00:09:15,430 --> 00:09:17,460 collision like this they may be a collision like this all are possible 342 00:09:17,460 --> 00:09:17,470 collision like this all are possible 343 00:09:17,470 --> 00:09:20,670 collision like this all are possible only those collisions which have proper 344 00:09:20,670 --> 00:09:20,680 only those collisions which have proper 345 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:27,110 only those collisions which have proper orientations will yield the product okay 346 00:09:27,110 --> 00:09:27,120 347 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:30,570 that means we can't control the 348 00:09:30,570 --> 00:09:30,580 that means we can't control the 349 00:09:30,580 --> 00:09:32,700 that means we can't control the orientation of the molecules when they 350 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:32,710 orientation of the molecules when they 351 00:09:32,710 --> 00:09:35,880 orientation of the molecules when they collide let's put it that way okay 352 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:35,890 collide let's put it that way okay 353 00:09:35,890 --> 00:09:39,960 collide let's put it that way okay now so these are the factors 354 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:39,970 now so these are the factors 355 00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:41,940 now so these are the factors let's go these in more details here 356 00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:41,950 let's go these in more details here 357 00:09:41,950 --> 00:09:44,120 let's go these in more details here again the temperature and the rate 358 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:44,130 again the temperature and the rate 359 00:09:44,130 --> 00:09:45,990 again the temperature and the rate generally as the temperature increases 360 00:09:45,990 --> 00:09:46,000 generally as the temperature increases 361 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,540 generally as the temperature increases rate increases why because the rate 362 00:09:48,540 --> 00:09:48,550 rate increases why because the rate 363 00:09:48,550 --> 00:09:50,580 rate increases why because the rate constant is temperature dependent first 364 00:09:50,580 --> 00:09:50,590 constant is temperature dependent first 365 00:09:50,590 --> 00:09:53,730 constant is temperature dependent first of all now second when you increase the 366 00:09:53,730 --> 00:09:53,740 of all now second when you increase the 367 00:09:53,740 --> 00:09:55,350 of all now second when you increase the temperature that means that the average 368 00:09:55,350 --> 00:09:55,360 temperature that means that the average 369 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:57,060 temperature that means that the average kinetic energy of the molecule increases 370 00:09:57,060 --> 00:09:57,070 kinetic energy of the molecule increases 371 00:09:57,070 --> 00:09:59,040 kinetic energy of the molecule increases what does that mean that means more 372 00:09:59,040 --> 00:09:59,050 what does that mean that means more 373 00:09:59,050 --> 00:10:01,800 what does that mean that means more molecules will have activation energy or 374 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:01,810 molecules will have activation energy or 375 00:10:01,810 --> 00:10:03,360 molecules will have activation energy or greater than that as the temperature 376 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:03,370 greater than that as the temperature 377 00:10:03,370 --> 00:10:04,020 greater than that as the temperature increases 378 00:10:04,020 --> 00:10:04,030 increases 379 00:10:04,030 --> 00:10:05,760 increases what does that mean that means more 380 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:05,770 what does that mean that means more 381 00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:09,480 what does that mean that means more collisions will lead to the product 382 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:09,490 collisions will lead to the product 383 00:10:09,490 --> 00:10:12,660 collisions will lead to the product right because I have more collisions 384 00:10:12,660 --> 00:10:12,670 right because I have more collisions 385 00:10:12,670 --> 00:10:15,000 right because I have more collisions with enough energy when I increase the 386 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:15,010 with enough energy when I increase the 387 00:10:15,010 --> 00:10:18,390 with enough energy when I increase the temperature again this is a general I 388 00:10:18,390 --> 00:10:18,400 temperature again this is a general I 389 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:20,130 temperature again this is a general I will give you the relationship between 390 00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:20,140 will give you the relationship between 391 00:10:20,140 --> 00:10:21,990 will give you the relationship between the temperature and the activation 392 00:10:21,990 --> 00:10:22,000 the temperature and the activation 393 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,560 the temperature and the activation energy and the rate constant rate 394 00:10:25,560 --> 00:10:25,570 energy and the rate constant rate 395 00:10:25,570 --> 00:10:28,230 energy and the rate constant rate constant doubles with every 10 degree 396 00:10:28,230 --> 00:10:28,240 constant doubles with every 10 degree 397 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:30,030 constant doubles with every 10 degree centigrade this is again approximate 398 00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:30,040 centigrade this is again approximate 399 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:31,620 centigrade this is again approximate right it's not exactly equal but 400 00:10:31,620 --> 00:10:31,630 right it's not exactly equal but 401 00:10:31,630 --> 00:10:33,090 right it's not exactly equal but approximate but what did that means 402 00:10:33,090 --> 00:10:33,100 approximate but what did that means 403 00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:35,310 approximate but what did that means increasing the temperature always 404 00:10:35,310 --> 00:10:35,320 increasing the temperature always 405 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,430 increasing the temperature always increases the rate of chemical reactions 406 00:10:38,430 --> 00:10:38,440 increases the rate of chemical reactions 407 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,130 increases the rate of chemical reactions there are two things first increase in 408 00:10:41,130 --> 00:10:41,140 there are two things first increase in 409 00:10:41,140 --> 00:10:42,600 there are two things first increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules 410 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:42,610 the kinetic energy of the molecules 411 00:10:42,610 --> 00:10:45,360 the kinetic energy of the molecules average kinetic energy and second wave 412 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:45,370 average kinetic energy and second wave 413 00:10:45,370 --> 00:10:47,970 average kinetic energy and second wave constant increases again at the same 414 00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:47,980 constant increases again at the same 415 00:10:47,980 --> 00:10:51,870 constant increases again at the same time all right now here are shows you 416 00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:51,880 time all right now here are shows you 417 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,650 time all right now here are shows you two reactions I guess these are just the 418 00:10:54,650 --> 00:10:54,660 two reactions I guess these are just the 419 00:10:54,660 --> 00:10:55,980 two reactions I guess these are just the nail 420 00:10:55,980 --> 00:10:55,990 nail 421 00:10:55,990 --> 00:10:59,820 nail Iren rusting in water acidic solutions 422 00:10:59,820 --> 00:10:59,830 Iren rusting in water acidic solutions 423 00:10:59,830 --> 00:11:00,930 Iren rusting in water acidic solutions in hot water 424 00:11:00,930 --> 00:11:00,940 in hot water 425 00:11:00,940 --> 00:11:03,480 in hot water you have faster reaction in cold water 426 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:03,490 you have faster reaction in cold water 427 00:11:03,490 --> 00:11:06,600 you have faster reaction in cold water is slower reactions again yeah 428 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:06,610 is slower reactions again yeah 429 00:11:06,610 --> 00:11:09,650 is slower reactions again yeah frequency of collusions collusions 430 00:11:09,650 --> 00:11:09,660 frequency of collusions collusions 431 00:11:09,660 --> 00:11:11,970 frequency of collusions collusions actually the collusion model is based on 432 00:11:11,970 --> 00:11:11,980 actually the collusion model is based on 433 00:11:11,980 --> 00:11:13,140 actually the collusion model is based on the kinetic molecular theory 434 00:11:13,140 --> 00:11:13,150 the kinetic molecular theory 435 00:11:13,150 --> 00:11:15,690 the kinetic molecular theory molecules must collide to react as we 436 00:11:15,690 --> 00:11:15,700 molecules must collide to react as we 437 00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:17,579 molecules must collide to react as we said they have to simply that's what 438 00:11:17,579 --> 00:11:17,589 said they have to simply that's what 439 00:11:17,589 --> 00:11:19,680 said they have to simply that's what collusion model is molecules should 440 00:11:19,680 --> 00:11:19,690 collusion model is molecules should 441 00:11:19,690 --> 00:11:22,769 collusion model is molecules should collide to react so if there are more 442 00:11:22,769 --> 00:11:22,779 collide to react so if there are more 443 00:11:22,779 --> 00:11:25,620 collide to react so if there are more collisions more reaction can occur that 444 00:11:25,620 --> 00:11:25,630 collisions more reaction can occur that 445 00:11:25,630 --> 00:11:27,840 collisions more reaction can occur that means higher frequency of collusion 446 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:27,850 means higher frequency of collusion 447 00:11:27,850 --> 00:11:30,090 means higher frequency of collusion means more collisions are taking place 448 00:11:30,090 --> 00:11:30,100 means more collisions are taking place 449 00:11:30,100 --> 00:11:32,910 means more collisions are taking place per unit time let's say per second so 450 00:11:32,910 --> 00:11:32,920 per unit time let's say per second so 451 00:11:32,920 --> 00:11:35,910 per unit time let's say per second so higher collusion frequency means more 452 00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:35,920 higher collusion frequency means more 453 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:38,100 higher collusion frequency means more collisions that means faster chemical 454 00:11:38,100 --> 00:11:38,110 collisions that means faster chemical 455 00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:40,079 collisions that means faster chemical reaction so if there are more molecules 456 00:11:40,079 --> 00:11:40,089 reaction so if there are more molecules 457 00:11:40,089 --> 00:11:43,800 reaction so if there are more molecules the reaction rate is faster now this 458 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:43,810 the reaction rate is faster now this 459 00:11:43,810 --> 00:11:46,500 the reaction rate is faster now this more molecules means what higher 460 00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:46,510 more molecules means what higher 461 00:11:46,510 --> 00:11:49,519 more molecules means what higher concentration right higher concentration 462 00:11:49,519 --> 00:11:49,529 concentration right higher concentration 463 00:11:49,529 --> 00:11:53,000 concentration right higher concentration so more molecules and more collisions 464 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:53,010 so more molecules and more collisions 465 00:11:53,010 --> 00:11:56,250 so more molecules and more collisions per unit time faster reactions here 466 00:11:56,250 --> 00:11:56,260 per unit time faster reactions here 467 00:11:56,260 --> 00:11:58,590 per unit time faster reactions here again also if the temperature is higher 468 00:11:58,590 --> 00:11:58,600 again also if the temperature is higher 469 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,829 again also if the temperature is higher molecules move faster as we said causing 470 00:12:01,829 --> 00:12:01,839 molecules move faster as we said causing 471 00:12:01,839 --> 00:12:03,720 molecules move faster as we said causing more collisions and higher rate of 472 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:03,730 more collisions and higher rate of 473 00:12:03,730 --> 00:12:06,690 more collisions and higher rate of reaction more collusion with enough 474 00:12:06,690 --> 00:12:06,700 reaction more collusion with enough 475 00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:08,790 reaction more collusion with enough energy that means activation energy and 476 00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:08,800 energy that means activation energy and 477 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,240 energy that means activation energy and greater that's what it means again now 478 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:11,250 greater that's what it means again now 479 00:12:11,250 --> 00:12:13,410 greater that's what it means again now collusion model in a chemical reaction 480 00:12:13,410 --> 00:12:13,420 collusion model in a chemical reaction 481 00:12:13,420 --> 00:12:15,870 collusion model in a chemical reaction bonds are broken and new bonds are 482 00:12:15,870 --> 00:12:15,880 bonds are broken and new bonds are 483 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:17,790 bonds are broken and new bonds are formed this is again a chemical reaction 484 00:12:17,790 --> 00:12:17,800 formed this is again a chemical reaction 485 00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,240 formed this is again a chemical reaction almost every chemical reaction there is 486 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:21,250 almost every chemical reaction there is 487 00:12:21,250 --> 00:12:25,710 almost every chemical reaction there is some bonds are broken and new bonds are 488 00:12:25,710 --> 00:12:25,720 some bonds are broken and new bonds are 489 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:29,490 some bonds are broken and new bonds are actually forming now molecules can only 490 00:12:29,490 --> 00:12:29,500 actually forming now molecules can only 491 00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:31,290 actually forming now molecules can only react if they collide with each other 492 00:12:31,290 --> 00:12:31,300 react if they collide with each other 493 00:12:31,300 --> 00:12:32,850 react if they collide with each other that's in other things they have to get 494 00:12:32,850 --> 00:12:32,860 that's in other things they have to get 495 00:12:32,860 --> 00:12:35,130 that's in other things they have to get together so that the some bonds will 496 00:12:35,130 --> 00:12:35,140 together so that the some bonds will 497 00:12:35,140 --> 00:12:37,350 together so that the some bonds will break and the other bonds will start 498 00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:37,360 break and the other bonds will start 499 00:12:37,360 --> 00:12:40,350 break and the other bonds will start making that point is called the 500 00:12:40,350 --> 00:12:40,360 making that point is called the 501 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:44,180 making that point is called the transition state transition state so 502 00:12:44,180 --> 00:12:44,190 transition state transition state so 503 00:12:44,190 --> 00:12:47,820 transition state transition state so second is the orientation of again this 504 00:12:47,820 --> 00:12:47,830 second is the orientation of again this 505 00:12:47,830 --> 00:12:49,890 second is the orientation of again this is another reactant we will talk about 506 00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:49,900 is another reactant we will talk about 507 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:54,690 is another reactant we will talk about that transition state but the other 508 00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:54,700 that transition state but the other 509 00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:56,490 that transition state but the other orientation orientation of the molecule 510 00:12:56,490 --> 00:12:56,500 orientation orientation of the molecule 511 00:12:56,500 --> 00:12:58,860 orientation orientation of the molecule as I explained molecules can often 512 00:12:58,860 --> 00:12:58,870 as I explained molecules can often 513 00:12:58,870 --> 00:13:01,500 as I explained molecules can often collide without forming products sure 514 00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:01,510 collide without forming products sure 515 00:13:01,510 --> 00:13:05,280 collide without forming products sure there will be not all collusions leads 516 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:05,290 there will be not all collusions leads 517 00:13:05,290 --> 00:13:08,519 there will be not all collusions leads or yields product we have to know that 518 00:13:08,519 --> 00:13:08,529 or yields product we have to know that 519 00:13:08,529 --> 00:13:12,720 or yields product we have to know that for example maybe like twenty collusions 520 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:12,730 for example maybe like twenty collusions 521 00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,269 for example maybe like twenty collusions out of hundred or less may lead to the 522 00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:15,279 out of hundred or less may lead to the 523 00:13:15,279 --> 00:13:18,449 out of hundred or less may lead to the product but the others do not align in 524 00:13:18,449 --> 00:13:18,459 product but the others do not align in 525 00:13:18,459 --> 00:13:20,699 product but the others do not align in molecules properly can lead to chemical 526 00:13:20,699 --> 00:13:20,709 molecules properly can lead to chemical 527 00:13:20,709 --> 00:13:22,530 molecules properly can lead to chemical reaction this is that doesn't mean that 528 00:13:22,530 --> 00:13:22,540 reaction this is that doesn't mean that 529 00:13:22,540 --> 00:13:24,990 reaction this is that doesn't mean that we can align them by using you know some 530 00:13:24,990 --> 00:13:25,000 we can align them by using you know some 531 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:26,500 we can align them by using you know some it is we can't do that as 532 00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:26,510 it is we can't do that as 533 00:13:26,510 --> 00:13:29,170 it is we can't do that as matter of fact bonds must be broken and 534 00:13:29,170 --> 00:13:29,180 matter of fact bonds must be broken and 535 00:13:29,180 --> 00:13:31,600 matter of fact bonds must be broken and made and atoms need to be in proper 536 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:31,610 made and atoms need to be in proper 537 00:13:31,610 --> 00:13:34,420 made and atoms need to be in proper orientations proper orientation this is 538 00:13:34,420 --> 00:13:34,430 orientations proper orientation this is 539 00:13:34,430 --> 00:13:36,430 orientations proper orientation this is the chemical reaction for example now 540 00:13:36,430 --> 00:13:36,440 the chemical reaction for example now 541 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:38,680 the chemical reaction for example now the chemical reaction you see again cl2 542 00:13:38,680 --> 00:13:38,690 the chemical reaction you see again cl2 543 00:13:38,690 --> 00:13:41,620 the chemical reaction you see again cl2 is formed and chlorine and nitrosyl 544 00:13:41,620 --> 00:13:41,630 is formed and chlorine and nitrosyl 545 00:13:41,630 --> 00:13:44,350 is formed and chlorine and nitrosyl chloride these two chlorine atom and 546 00:13:44,350 --> 00:13:44,360 chloride these two chlorine atom and 547 00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:45,610 chloride these two chlorine atom and nitrosyl chloride molecule should 548 00:13:45,610 --> 00:13:45,620 nitrosyl chloride molecule should 549 00:13:45,620 --> 00:13:48,610 nitrosyl chloride molecule should collide but if the collusions is from 550 00:13:48,610 --> 00:13:48,620 collide but if the collusions is from 551 00:13:48,620 --> 00:13:51,820 collide but if the collusions is from the nitrogen side like here no product 552 00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:51,830 the nitrogen side like here no product 553 00:13:51,830 --> 00:13:54,910 the nitrogen side like here no product will form even though the molecules have 554 00:13:54,910 --> 00:13:54,920 will form even though the molecules have 555 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:58,090 will form even though the molecules have enough activation energy that really 556 00:13:58,090 --> 00:13:58,100 enough activation energy that really 557 00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:00,100 enough activation energy that really doesn't take place but the if the 558 00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:00,110 doesn't take place but the if the 559 00:14:00,110 --> 00:14:01,570 doesn't take place but the if the collisions are taking place from the 560 00:14:01,570 --> 00:14:01,580 collisions are taking place from the 561 00:14:01,580 --> 00:14:04,540 collisions are taking place from the chlorine atoms side of the molecule then 562 00:14:04,540 --> 00:14:04,550 chlorine atoms side of the molecule then 563 00:14:04,550 --> 00:14:06,580 chlorine atoms side of the molecule then the product simply takes place this is 564 00:14:06,580 --> 00:14:06,590 the product simply takes place this is 565 00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:09,790 the product simply takes place this is what we mean by the orientation of the 566 00:14:09,790 --> 00:14:09,800 what we mean by the orientation of the 567 00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:12,040 what we mean by the orientation of the molecule but again remember we can't 568 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:12,050 molecule but again remember we can't 569 00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:15,640 molecule but again remember we can't really design them to orient properly 570 00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:15,650 really design them to orient properly 571 00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:17,140 really design them to orient properly and lead to the reaction because 572 00:14:17,140 --> 00:14:17,150 and lead to the reaction because 573 00:14:17,150 --> 00:14:19,660 and lead to the reaction because molecules are moving freely we can't 574 00:14:19,660 --> 00:14:19,670 molecules are moving freely we can't 575 00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:21,780 molecules are moving freely we can't control that 576 00:14:21,780 --> 00:14:21,790 control that 577 00:14:21,790 --> 00:14:26,050 control that okay now energy needed for reaction to 578 00:14:26,050 --> 00:14:26,060 okay now energy needed for reaction to 579 00:14:26,060 --> 00:14:28,450 okay now energy needed for reaction to take place activation energy this is 580 00:14:28,450 --> 00:14:28,460 take place activation energy this is 581 00:14:28,460 --> 00:14:31,660 take place activation energy this is again very important and if the 582 00:14:31,660 --> 00:14:31,670 again very important and if the 583 00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:33,970 again very important and if the colliding molecules have enough 584 00:14:33,970 --> 00:14:33,980 colliding molecules have enough 585 00:14:33,980 --> 00:14:36,280 colliding molecules have enough activation energy have enough energy 586 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:36,290 activation energy have enough energy 587 00:14:36,290 --> 00:14:38,050 activation energy have enough energy that means in the form of kinetic energy 588 00:14:38,050 --> 00:14:38,060 that means in the form of kinetic energy 589 00:14:38,060 --> 00:14:40,480 that means in the form of kinetic energy or whatever all the other energies then 590 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:40,490 or whatever all the other energies then 591 00:14:40,490 --> 00:14:43,150 or whatever all the other energies then they can simply lead to the chemical 592 00:14:43,150 --> 00:14:43,160 they can simply lead to the chemical 593 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:45,580 they can simply lead to the chemical reactions to the product actually lead 594 00:14:45,580 --> 00:14:45,590 reactions to the product actually lead 595 00:14:45,590 --> 00:14:49,860 reactions to the product actually lead to the products so here is again an 596 00:14:49,860 --> 00:14:49,870 to the products so here is again an 597 00:14:49,870 --> 00:14:54,220 to the products so here is again an analogy how we understand the activation 598 00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:54,230 analogy how we understand the activation 599 00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:55,930 analogy how we understand the activation energy so the minimum energy needed for 600 00:14:55,930 --> 00:14:55,940 energy so the minimum energy needed for 601 00:14:55,940 --> 00:14:57,550 energy so the minimum energy needed for the reaction to take place is called 602 00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,560 the reaction to take place is called 603 00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:59,980 the reaction to take place is called activation energy minimum energy if the 604 00:14:59,980 --> 00:14:59,990 activation energy minimum energy if the 605 00:14:59,990 --> 00:15:01,930 activation energy minimum energy if the molecules have greater energy they will 606 00:15:01,930 --> 00:15:01,940 molecules have greater energy they will 607 00:15:01,940 --> 00:15:04,420 molecules have greater energy they will definitely react greater energy than the 608 00:15:04,420 --> 00:15:04,430 definitely react greater energy than the 609 00:15:04,430 --> 00:15:06,580 definitely react greater energy than the activation energy an energy barrier must 610 00:15:06,580 --> 00:15:06,590 activation energy an energy barrier must 611 00:15:06,590 --> 00:15:09,580 activation energy an energy barrier must must be overcome for a reaction to take 612 00:15:09,580 --> 00:15:09,590 must be overcome for a reaction to take 613 00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:12,070 must be overcome for a reaction to take place much like the ball must be hit to 614 00:15:12,070 --> 00:15:12,080 place much like the ball must be hit to 615 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:15,670 place much like the ball must be hit to the O to overcome the barrier in the 616 00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:15,680 the O to overcome the barrier in the 617 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:18,670 the O to overcome the barrier in the figure below this is like you know if 618 00:15:18,670 --> 00:15:18,680 figure below this is like you know if 619 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:20,320 figure below this is like you know if you hit the molecule there golf-playing 620 00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:20,330 you hit the molecule there golf-playing 621 00:15:20,330 --> 00:15:22,990 you hit the molecule there golf-playing the goals if there is a hill here a 622 00:15:22,990 --> 00:15:23,000 the goals if there is a hill here a 623 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:24,850 the goals if there is a hill here a little bit like that so you have to 624 00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:24,860 little bit like that so you have to 625 00:15:24,860 --> 00:15:27,730 little bit like that so you have to really heat it with enough power and 626 00:15:27,730 --> 00:15:27,740 really heat it with enough power and 627 00:15:27,740 --> 00:15:30,610 really heat it with enough power and give enough energy to that ball so that 628 00:15:30,610 --> 00:15:30,620 give enough energy to that ball so that 629 00:15:30,620 --> 00:15:34,330 give enough energy to that ball so that it will go over this hill here if the 630 00:15:34,330 --> 00:15:34,340 it will go over this hill here if the 631 00:15:34,340 --> 00:15:38,110 it will go over this hill here if the energy is less than to get over this 632 00:15:38,110 --> 00:15:38,120 energy is less than to get over this 633 00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:40,480 energy is less than to get over this hill means the ball may 634 00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:40,490 hill means the ball may 635 00:15:40,490 --> 00:15:42,340 hill means the ball may probably come up here and then we'll 636 00:15:42,340 --> 00:15:42,350 probably come up here and then we'll 637 00:15:42,350 --> 00:15:45,040 probably come up here and then we'll come back but that corresponds to no 638 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:45,050 come back but that corresponds to no 639 00:15:45,050 --> 00:15:46,840 come back but that corresponds to no reactions as a matter of fact but if the 640 00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:46,850 reactions as a matter of fact but if the 641 00:15:46,850 --> 00:15:48,940 reactions as a matter of fact but if the ball comes out that way that corresponds 642 00:15:48,940 --> 00:15:48,950 ball comes out that way that corresponds 643 00:15:48,950 --> 00:15:52,360 ball comes out that way that corresponds to probably the reaction products are 644 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:52,370 to probably the reaction products are 645 00:15:52,370 --> 00:15:57,760 to probably the reaction products are simply forming ok now transition state 646 00:15:57,760 --> 00:15:57,770 simply forming ok now transition state 647 00:15:57,770 --> 00:16:00,880 simply forming ok now transition state as I said the activated complex 648 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:00,890 as I said the activated complex 649 00:16:00,890 --> 00:16:03,910 as I said the activated complex reactants gain energy as the reaction 650 00:16:03,910 --> 00:16:03,920 reactants gain energy as the reaction 651 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:06,550 reactants gain energy as the reaction proceeds until the particles reach to 652 00:16:06,550 --> 00:16:06,560 proceeds until the particles reach to 653 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,130 proceeds until the particles reach to the maximum energy state now this is 654 00:16:09,130 --> 00:16:09,140 the maximum energy state now this is 655 00:16:09,140 --> 00:16:11,920 the maximum energy state now this is simply means like when you have two 656 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:11,930 simply means like when you have two 657 00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:14,260 simply means like when you have two molecules are simply getting closer 658 00:16:14,260 --> 00:16:14,270 molecules are simply getting closer 659 00:16:14,270 --> 00:16:16,990 molecules are simply getting closer together right getting closer together 660 00:16:16,990 --> 00:16:17,000 together right getting closer together 661 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:18,760 together right getting closer together there's electrons and so on there's 662 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:18,770 there's electrons and so on there's 663 00:16:18,770 --> 00:16:20,889 there's electrons and so on there's going to be some repulsions between them 664 00:16:20,889 --> 00:16:20,899 going to be some repulsions between them 665 00:16:20,899 --> 00:16:23,110 going to be some repulsions between them right and what does that mean that means 666 00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:23,120 right and what does that mean that means 667 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:24,910 right and what does that mean that means that their potential energy will 668 00:16:24,910 --> 00:16:24,920 that their potential energy will 669 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:29,620 that their potential energy will increase right now the as the molecules 670 00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:29,630 increase right now the as the molecules 671 00:16:29,630 --> 00:16:32,470 increase right now the as the molecules getting together colliding their energy 672 00:16:32,470 --> 00:16:32,480 getting together colliding their energy 673 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:33,850 getting together colliding their energy kinetic energy is converted to their 674 00:16:33,850 --> 00:16:33,860 kinetic energy is converted to their 675 00:16:33,860 --> 00:16:36,160 kinetic energy is converted to their potential energy and that potential 676 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:36,170 potential energy and that potential 677 00:16:36,170 --> 00:16:38,500 potential energy and that potential energy in fact if enough to get that 678 00:16:38,500 --> 00:16:38,510 energy in fact if enough to get that 679 00:16:38,510 --> 00:16:41,290 energy in fact if enough to get that over that hill then the reaction and the 680 00:16:41,290 --> 00:16:41,300 over that hill then the reaction and the 681 00:16:41,300 --> 00:16:44,139 over that hill then the reaction and the product will take place and that state 682 00:16:44,139 --> 00:16:44,149 product will take place and that state 683 00:16:44,149 --> 00:16:46,600 product will take place and that state at the top there is called the 684 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:46,610 at the top there is called the 685 00:16:46,610 --> 00:16:51,310 at the top there is called the transition state and the reactants at 686 00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:51,320 transition state and the reactants at 687 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:54,540 transition state and the reactants at that transition state are different than 688 00:16:54,540 --> 00:16:54,550 that transition state are different than 689 00:16:54,550 --> 00:16:57,550 that transition state are different than reactants and the products in terms of 690 00:16:57,550 --> 00:16:57,560 reactants and the products in terms of 691 00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:01,870 reactants and the products in terms of chemical chemistry or chemical point of 692 00:17:01,870 --> 00:17:01,880 chemical chemistry or chemical point of 693 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:04,630 chemical chemistry or chemical point of view so acting at the transition state 694 00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:04,640 view so acting at the transition state 695 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:07,419 view so acting at the transition state when the two molecules get together and 696 00:17:07,419 --> 00:17:07,429 when the two molecules get together and 697 00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:10,870 when the two molecules get together and they just start reactant to lead to the 698 00:17:10,870 --> 00:17:10,880 they just start reactant to lead to the 699 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:13,150 they just start reactant to lead to the product that's called activated complex 700 00:17:13,150 --> 00:17:13,160 product that's called activated complex 701 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:15,280 product that's called activated complex activated complex and the lifetime of 702 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:15,290 activated complex and the lifetime of 703 00:17:15,290 --> 00:17:16,870 activated complex and the lifetime of that activated complex are very very 704 00:17:16,870 --> 00:17:16,880 that activated complex are very very 705 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:19,929 that activated complex are very very short actually and that is activated 706 00:17:19,929 --> 00:17:19,939 short actually and that is activated 707 00:17:19,939 --> 00:17:21,699 short actually and that is activated complex and that is also called the 708 00:17:21,699 --> 00:17:21,709 complex and that is also called the 709 00:17:21,709 --> 00:17:23,650 complex and that is also called the transition state the energy needed to 710 00:17:23,650 --> 00:17:23,660 transition state the energy needed to 711 00:17:23,660 --> 00:17:25,600 transition state the energy needed to form this state is called the activation 712 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:25,610 form this state is called the activation 713 00:17:25,610 --> 00:17:27,819 form this state is called the activation energy that's again you get that 714 00:17:27,819 --> 00:17:27,829 energy that's again you get that 715 00:17:27,829 --> 00:17:30,310 energy that's again you get that activation image from the kinetic energy 716 00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:30,320 activation image from the kinetic energy 717 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:32,320 activation image from the kinetic energy of the molecules as I said the kinetic 718 00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:32,330 of the molecules as I said the kinetic 719 00:17:32,330 --> 00:17:34,270 of the molecules as I said the kinetic energy is converted to the potential 720 00:17:34,270 --> 00:17:34,280 energy is converted to the potential 721 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:36,790 energy is converted to the potential energy and the energy goes up and 722 00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:36,800 energy and the energy goes up and 723 00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,020 energy and the energy goes up and reaches to the transition state actually 724 00:17:40,020 --> 00:17:40,030 reaches to the transition state actually 725 00:17:40,030 --> 00:17:42,610 reaches to the transition state actually now here is the example this is the 726 00:17:42,610 --> 00:17:42,620 now here is the example this is the 727 00:17:42,620 --> 00:17:46,620 now here is the example this is the isomerization of the nitrile and assira 728 00:17:46,620 --> 00:17:46,630 isomerization of the nitrile and assira 729 00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:49,810 isomerization of the nitrile and assira nitrile I so nitrile and Assyria nitrile 730 00:17:49,810 --> 00:17:49,820 nitrile I so nitrile and Assyria nitrile 731 00:17:49,820 --> 00:17:52,840 nitrile I so nitrile and Assyria nitrile and what we have there is actually we 732 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:52,850 and what we have there is actually we 733 00:17:52,850 --> 00:17:56,169 and what we have there is actually we have 734 00:17:56,169 --> 00:17:56,179 735 00:17:56,179 --> 00:18:00,549 this one is called iso nitrile and that 736 00:18:00,549 --> 00:18:00,559 this one is called iso nitrile and that 737 00:18:00,559 --> 00:18:10,859 this one is called iso nitrile and that simply goes to h3c why I can't write it 738 00:18:10,859 --> 00:18:10,869 simply goes to h3c why I can't write it 739 00:18:10,869 --> 00:18:16,299 simply goes to h3c why I can't write it and see and triple bond n this is 740 00:18:16,299 --> 00:18:16,309 and see and triple bond n this is 741 00:18:16,309 --> 00:18:19,119 and see and triple bond n this is nitrile and this is a seat 742 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:19,129 nitrile and this is a seat 743 00:18:19,129 --> 00:18:21,970 nitrile and this is a seat ISO nitrile iso nitride these are called 744 00:18:21,970 --> 00:18:21,980 ISO nitrile iso nitride these are called 745 00:18:21,980 --> 00:18:24,909 ISO nitrile iso nitride these are called isocyanides also I shouldn't say nice so 746 00:18:24,909 --> 00:18:24,919 isocyanides also I shouldn't say nice so 747 00:18:24,919 --> 00:18:27,159 isocyanides also I shouldn't say nice so what what what really happens there is 748 00:18:27,159 --> 00:18:27,169 what what what really happens there is 749 00:18:27,169 --> 00:18:32,200 what what what really happens there is you see again the starting over here 750 00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:32,210 you see again the starting over here 751 00:18:32,210 --> 00:18:33,609 you see again the starting over here this is the average sort of average 752 00:18:33,609 --> 00:18:33,619 this is the average sort of average 753 00:18:33,619 --> 00:18:36,340 this is the average sort of average kinetic energy or energy of the 754 00:18:36,340 --> 00:18:36,350 kinetic energy or energy of the 755 00:18:36,350 --> 00:18:38,230 kinetic energy or energy of the molecules if the molecules have enough 756 00:18:38,230 --> 00:18:38,240 molecules if the molecules have enough 757 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,080 molecules if the molecules have enough energy and the potential energy that 758 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:41,090 energy and the potential energy that 759 00:18:41,090 --> 00:18:42,279 energy and the potential energy that energy will be converted to the 760 00:18:42,279 --> 00:18:42,289 energy will be converted to the 761 00:18:42,289 --> 00:18:43,720 energy will be converted to the potential energy potential energy will 762 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:43,730 potential energy potential energy will 763 00:18:43,730 --> 00:18:46,149 potential energy potential energy will increase and increase and increase and 764 00:18:46,149 --> 00:18:46,159 increase and increase and increase and 765 00:18:46,159 --> 00:18:48,850 increase and increase and increase and it will reach that point that point is 766 00:18:48,850 --> 00:18:48,860 it will reach that point that point is 767 00:18:48,860 --> 00:18:51,070 it will reach that point that point is called the transition state and the 768 00:18:51,070 --> 00:18:51,080 called the transition state and the 769 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:53,379 called the transition state and the complex there is called the activated 770 00:18:53,379 --> 00:18:53,389 complex there is called the activated 771 00:18:53,389 --> 00:18:55,899 complex there is called the activated complex activated complex what is the 772 00:18:55,899 --> 00:18:55,909 complex activated complex what is the 773 00:18:55,909 --> 00:18:58,299 complex activated complex what is the form of the molecule here again what 774 00:18:58,299 --> 00:18:58,309 form of the molecule here again what 775 00:18:58,309 --> 00:19:00,970 form of the molecule here again what really happens as you go from reactant 776 00:19:00,970 --> 00:19:00,980 really happens as you go from reactant 777 00:19:00,980 --> 00:19:04,289 really happens as you go from reactant to the product this bond is broken and 778 00:19:04,289 --> 00:19:04,299 to the product this bond is broken and 779 00:19:04,299 --> 00:19:07,210 to the product this bond is broken and then new bond between that carbon and 780 00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:07,220 then new bond between that carbon and 781 00:19:07,220 --> 00:19:09,249 then new bond between that carbon and this carbon takes place so the 782 00:19:09,249 --> 00:19:09,259 this carbon takes place so the 783 00:19:09,259 --> 00:19:12,570 this carbon takes place so the activation state right over here this 784 00:19:12,570 --> 00:19:12,580 activation state right over here this 785 00:19:12,580 --> 00:19:18,190 activation state right over here this ch3 C methyl group here sort of this 786 00:19:18,190 --> 00:19:18,200 ch3 C methyl group here sort of this 787 00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,379 ch3 C methyl group here sort of this carbon binds here a little bit and 788 00:19:20,379 --> 00:19:20,389 carbon binds here a little bit and 789 00:19:20,389 --> 00:19:22,989 carbon binds here a little bit and they're a little bit this bump simply 790 00:19:22,989 --> 00:19:22,999 they're a little bit this bump simply 791 00:19:22,999 --> 00:19:25,840 they're a little bit this bump simply breaks up and that new bond forms and 792 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:25,850 breaks up and that new bond forms and 793 00:19:25,850 --> 00:19:28,029 breaks up and that new bond forms and the product comes out like this 794 00:19:28,029 --> 00:19:28,039 the product comes out like this 795 00:19:28,039 --> 00:19:30,909 the product comes out like this so again you see this is what I said the 796 00:19:30,909 --> 00:19:30,919 so again you see this is what I said the 797 00:19:30,919 --> 00:19:33,279 so again you see this is what I said the activated complex and in terms of 798 00:19:33,279 --> 00:19:33,289 activated complex and in terms of 799 00:19:33,289 --> 00:19:36,909 activated complex and in terms of chemical standpoint it is different than 800 00:19:36,909 --> 00:19:36,919 chemical standpoint it is different than 801 00:19:36,919 --> 00:19:39,700 chemical standpoint it is different than the reactant and it's different than the 802 00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:39,710 the reactant and it's different than the 803 00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:41,230 the reactant and it's different than the product also it's just sort of 804 00:19:41,230 --> 00:19:41,240 product also it's just sort of 805 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:43,840 product also it's just sort of intermediate between the reactants and 806 00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:43,850 intermediate between the reactants and 807 00:19:43,850 --> 00:19:46,509 intermediate between the reactants and the product okay in this graph this is 808 00:19:46,509 --> 00:19:46,519 the product okay in this graph this is 809 00:19:46,519 --> 00:19:48,850 the product okay in this graph this is called the energy profile of a chemical 810 00:19:48,850 --> 00:19:48,860 called the energy profile of a chemical 811 00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,070 called the energy profile of a chemical reaction graph and the graph is called 812 00:19:51,070 --> 00:19:51,080 reaction graph and the graph is called 813 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:53,009 reaction graph and the graph is called energy profile this is called 814 00:19:53,009 --> 00:19:53,019 energy profile this is called 815 00:19:53,019 --> 00:19:55,869 energy profile this is called reaction coordinate or reaction progress 816 00:19:55,869 --> 00:19:55,879 reaction coordinate or reaction progress 817 00:19:55,879 --> 00:19:58,869 reaction coordinate or reaction progress that means as the time goes on simply to 818 00:19:58,869 --> 00:19:58,879 that means as the time goes on simply to 819 00:19:58,879 --> 00:20:03,159 that means as the time goes on simply to the molecule in this case the since 820 00:20:03,159 --> 00:20:03,169 the molecule in this case the since 821 00:20:03,169 --> 00:20:06,600 the molecule in this case the since there is no collusions potential energy 822 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:06,610 there is no collusions potential energy 823 00:20:06,610 --> 00:20:08,529 there is no collusions potential energy kinetic energy of the molecule is 824 00:20:08,529 --> 00:20:08,539 kinetic energy of the molecule is 825 00:20:08,539 --> 00:20:10,180 kinetic energy of the molecule is converted to potential energy reaches to 826 00:20:10,180 --> 00:20:10,190 converted to potential energy reaches to 827 00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:12,730 converted to potential energy reaches to there and comes down here and this 828 00:20:12,730 --> 00:20:12,740 there and comes down here and this 829 00:20:12,740 --> 00:20:16,120 there and comes down here and this energy here that means the average 830 00:20:16,120 --> 00:20:16,130 energy here that means the average 831 00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:20,140 energy here that means the average energy sort of off the reactants and the 832 00:20:20,140 --> 00:20:20,150 energy sort of off the reactants and the 833 00:20:20,150 --> 00:20:23,020 energy sort of off the reactants and the transition state is called the 834 00:20:23,020 --> 00:20:23,030 transition state is called the 835 00:20:23,030 --> 00:20:24,850 transition state is called the activation energy that's called the 836 00:20:24,850 --> 00:20:24,860 activation energy that's called the 837 00:20:24,860 --> 00:20:28,090 activation energy that's called the activation energy and now this Delta e 838 00:20:28,090 --> 00:20:28,100 activation energy and now this Delta e 839 00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:32,470 activation energy and now this Delta e is actually the Delta e of the chemical 840 00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:32,480 is actually the Delta e of the chemical 841 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:34,390 is actually the Delta e of the chemical reaction internal energy of the chemical 842 00:20:34,390 --> 00:20:34,400 reaction internal energy of the chemical 843 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,600 reaction internal energy of the chemical reactions if you give that in terms of 844 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:36,610 reactions if you give that in terms of 845 00:20:36,610 --> 00:20:39,520 reactions if you give that in terms of Delta H you can also say that that's 846 00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:39,530 Delta H you can also say that that's 847 00:20:39,530 --> 00:20:40,779 Delta H you can also say that that's equal to the Delta H of the reaction 848 00:20:40,779 --> 00:20:40,789 equal to the Delta H of the reaction 849 00:20:40,789 --> 00:20:44,590 equal to the Delta H of the reaction this is the energy of the reactants at 850 00:20:44,590 --> 00:20:44,600 this is the energy of the reactants at 851 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:45,909 this is the energy of the reactants at the beginning this is the energy of the 852 00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:45,919 the beginning this is the energy of the 853 00:20:45,919 --> 00:20:48,100 the beginning this is the energy of the product the difference here is Delta e 854 00:20:48,100 --> 00:20:48,110 product the difference here is Delta e 855 00:20:48,110 --> 00:20:50,409 product the difference here is Delta e which is the internal energy of change 856 00:20:50,409 --> 00:20:50,419 which is the internal energy of change 857 00:20:50,419 --> 00:20:52,750 which is the internal energy of change of the reaction now is this reaction 858 00:20:52,750 --> 00:20:52,760 of the reaction now is this reaction 859 00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:59,039 of the reaction now is this reaction exothermic or endothermic yes 860 00:20:59,039 --> 00:20:59,049 exothermic or endothermic yes 861 00:20:59,049 --> 00:21:02,169 exothermic or endothermic yes exothermic right because that much 862 00:21:02,169 --> 00:21:02,179 exothermic right because that much 863 00:21:02,179 --> 00:21:04,029 exothermic right because that much energy will be released to the 864 00:21:04,029 --> 00:21:04,039 energy will be released to the 865 00:21:04,039 --> 00:21:06,760 energy will be released to the surrounding as the reaction goes from 866 00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:06,770 surrounding as the reaction goes from 867 00:21:06,770 --> 00:21:08,529 surrounding as the reaction goes from reactant to the product but there are 868 00:21:08,529 --> 00:21:08,539 reactant to the product but there are 869 00:21:08,539 --> 00:21:11,649 reactant to the product but there are cases where that the energy of the 870 00:21:11,649 --> 00:21:11,659 cases where that the energy of the 871 00:21:11,659 --> 00:21:13,330 cases where that the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the 872 00:21:13,330 --> 00:21:13,340 product is higher than the energy of the 873 00:21:13,340 --> 00:21:15,549 product is higher than the energy of the reactant in that case the internal 874 00:21:15,549 --> 00:21:15,559 reactant in that case the internal 875 00:21:15,559 --> 00:21:18,100 reactant in that case the internal energy change would be equals to the 876 00:21:18,100 --> 00:21:18,110 energy change would be equals to the 877 00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:21,460 energy change would be equals to the energy absorbed by the system means the 878 00:21:21,460 --> 00:21:21,470 energy absorbed by the system means the 879 00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:24,789 energy absorbed by the system means the reaction is endothermic endothermic so 880 00:21:24,789 --> 00:21:24,799 reaction is endothermic endothermic so 881 00:21:24,799 --> 00:21:26,500 reaction is endothermic endothermic so we may have endothermic or exothermic 882 00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:26,510 we may have endothermic or exothermic 883 00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,620 we may have endothermic or exothermic and the shape of the energy profile for 884 00:21:29,620 --> 00:21:29,630 and the shape of the energy profile for 885 00:21:29,630 --> 00:21:32,500 and the shape of the energy profile for the reaction will change as I explain 886 00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:32,510 the reaction will change as I explain 887 00:21:32,510 --> 00:21:36,779 the reaction will change as I explain you now if you go from the reverse side 888 00:21:36,779 --> 00:21:36,789 you now if you go from the reverse side 889 00:21:36,789 --> 00:21:40,750 you now if you go from the reverse side that means if you start with the product 890 00:21:40,750 --> 00:21:40,760 that means if you start with the product 891 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:43,539 that means if you start with the product I saw nitrile as we will see in a 892 00:21:43,539 --> 00:21:43,549 I saw nitrile as we will see in a 893 00:21:43,549 --> 00:21:46,330 I saw nitrile as we will see in a chemical equilibrium I see the nitrile 894 00:21:46,330 --> 00:21:46,340 chemical equilibrium I see the nitrile 895 00:21:46,340 --> 00:21:47,830 chemical equilibrium I see the nitrile this is actually a suit a nitrile I 896 00:21:47,830 --> 00:21:47,840 this is actually a suit a nitrile I 897 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:55,299 this is actually a suit a nitrile I can't all right a co nitrile then the 898 00:21:55,299 --> 00:21:55,309 can't all right a co nitrile then the 899 00:21:55,309 --> 00:21:57,580 can't all right a co nitrile then the reaction will be from this side to that 900 00:21:57,580 --> 00:21:57,590 reaction will be from this side to that 901 00:21:57,590 --> 00:22:00,340 reaction will be from this side to that side if you look at the reaction from 902 00:22:00,340 --> 00:22:00,350 side if you look at the reaction from 903 00:22:00,350 --> 00:22:04,090 side if you look at the reaction from that direction again the activation 904 00:22:04,090 --> 00:22:04,100 that direction again the activation 905 00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:05,980 that direction again the activation energy for the reaction from here to 906 00:22:05,980 --> 00:22:05,990 energy for the reaction from here to 907 00:22:05,990 --> 00:22:10,049 energy for the reaction from here to there will be equal to this actually 908 00:22:10,049 --> 00:22:10,059 there will be equal to this actually 909 00:22:10,059 --> 00:22:13,659 there will be equal to this actually right so that's equal to the activation 910 00:22:13,659 --> 00:22:13,669 right so that's equal to the activation 911 00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:15,430 right so that's equal to the activation energy as a matter of fact so you see 912 00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:15,440 energy as a matter of fact so you see 913 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:19,090 energy as a matter of fact so you see again for the forward reaction 914 00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:19,100 again for the forward reaction 915 00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:21,580 again for the forward reaction actually we can simply take the 916 00:22:21,580 --> 00:22:21,590 actually we can simply take the 917 00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:23,470 actually we can simply take the activation energy between the energy of 918 00:22:23,470 --> 00:22:23,480 activation energy between the energy of 919 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:24,730 activation energy between the energy of the reactants and the activation 920 00:22:24,730 --> 00:22:24,740 the reactants and the activation 921 00:22:24,740 --> 00:22:27,610 the reactants and the activation activated states for the others it will 922 00:22:27,610 --> 00:22:27,620 activated states for the others it will 923 00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:35,110 activated states for the others it will be over here and the from the reverse 924 00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:35,120 be over here and the from the reverse 925 00:22:35,120 --> 00:22:37,510 be over here and the from the reverse side in this case if that reaction will 926 00:22:37,510 --> 00:22:37,520 side in this case if that reaction will 927 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:41,799 side in this case if that reaction will be endothermic reaction and Delta e is 928 00:22:41,799 --> 00:22:41,809 be endothermic reaction and Delta e is 929 00:22:41,809 --> 00:22:45,010 be endothermic reaction and Delta e is actually added to the eg with an eg as 930 00:22:45,010 --> 00:22:45,020 actually added to the eg with an eg as 931 00:22:45,020 --> 00:22:49,200 actually added to the eg with an eg as we see internal the activation energy so 932 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:49,210 we see internal the activation energy so 933 00:22:49,210 --> 00:22:53,919 we see internal the activation energy so let's look at here plots are made to 934 00:22:53,919 --> 00:22:53,929 let's look at here plots are made to 935 00:22:53,929 --> 00:22:56,020 let's look at here plots are made to show the energy processed by the 936 00:22:56,020 --> 00:22:56,030 show the energy processed by the 937 00:22:56,030 --> 00:22:58,720 show the energy processed by the particles as the reaction proceeds over 938 00:22:58,720 --> 00:22:58,730 particles as the reaction proceeds over 939 00:22:58,730 --> 00:23:01,510 particles as the reaction proceeds over here at the highest energy state the 940 00:23:01,510 --> 00:23:01,520 here at the highest energy state the 941 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:03,640 here at the highest energy state the transition state is formed this part 942 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:03,650 transition state is formed this part 943 00:23:03,650 --> 00:23:05,860 transition state is formed this part right there and reaction can be 944 00:23:05,860 --> 00:23:05,870 right there and reaction can be 945 00:23:05,870 --> 00:23:08,140 right there and reaction can be endothermic or exothermic as we 946 00:23:08,140 --> 00:23:08,150 endothermic or exothermic as we 947 00:23:08,150 --> 00:23:12,430 endothermic or exothermic as we explained the shape of the curve energy 948 00:23:12,430 --> 00:23:12,440 explained the shape of the curve energy 949 00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:16,210 explained the shape of the curve energy profile will change now distributions of 950 00:23:16,210 --> 00:23:16,220 profile will change now distributions of 951 00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,830 profile will change now distributions of the energy of the molecules again is 952 00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:17,840 the energy of the molecules again is 953 00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:19,810 the energy of the molecules again is given by plots like this at any given 954 00:23:19,810 --> 00:23:19,820 given by plots like this at any given 955 00:23:19,820 --> 00:23:23,620 given by plots like this at any given temperature so now at higher 956 00:23:23,620 --> 00:23:23,630 temperature so now at higher 957 00:23:23,630 --> 00:23:26,049 temperature so now at higher temperatures the average kinetic energy 958 00:23:26,049 --> 00:23:26,059 temperatures the average kinetic energy 959 00:23:26,059 --> 00:23:30,070 temperatures the average kinetic energy of the molecules is higher compared to 960 00:23:30,070 --> 00:23:30,080 of the molecules is higher compared to 961 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,110 of the molecules is higher compared to the lower temperatures so if the 962 00:23:32,110 --> 00:23:32,120 the lower temperatures so if the 963 00:23:32,120 --> 00:23:36,669 the lower temperatures so if the activation energy for a reaction is this 964 00:23:36,669 --> 00:23:36,679 activation energy for a reaction is this 965 00:23:36,679 --> 00:23:39,399 activation energy for a reaction is this for example what does that means that 966 00:23:39,399 --> 00:23:39,409 for example what does that means that 967 00:23:39,409 --> 00:23:42,190 for example what does that means that means at higher temperature we will have 968 00:23:42,190 --> 00:23:42,200 means at higher temperature we will have 969 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:44,740 means at higher temperature we will have more molecules which have activation 970 00:23:44,740 --> 00:23:44,750 more molecules which have activation 971 00:23:44,750 --> 00:23:46,270 more molecules which have activation energy or greater than that that means 972 00:23:46,270 --> 00:23:46,280 energy or greater than that that means 973 00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:49,919 energy or greater than that that means that the rate of the reaction will be 974 00:23:49,919 --> 00:23:49,929 that the rate of the reaction will be 975 00:23:49,929 --> 00:23:52,990 that the rate of the reaction will be higher in higher temperature rates will 976 00:23:52,990 --> 00:23:53,000 higher in higher temperature rates will 977 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:57,840 higher in higher temperature rates will increase as the temperature increases 978 00:23:57,840 --> 00:23:57,850 979 00:23:57,850 --> 00:24:00,730 alright now the relationship between 980 00:24:00,730 --> 00:24:00,740 alright now the relationship between 981 00:24:00,740 --> 00:24:03,640 alright now the relationship between activation energy temperature and rate 982 00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:03,650 activation energy temperature and rate 983 00:24:03,650 --> 00:24:05,919 activation energy temperature and rate constant this is what I was telling you 984 00:24:05,919 --> 00:24:05,929 constant this is what I was telling you 985 00:24:05,929 --> 00:24:08,529 constant this is what I was telling you and that reaction that that equation 986 00:24:08,529 --> 00:24:08,539 and that reaction that that equation 987 00:24:08,539 --> 00:24:11,950 and that reaction that that equation actually here given this K this is the 988 00:24:11,950 --> 00:24:11,960 actually here given this K this is the 989 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,100 actually here given this K this is the rate or rate constant of the reaction 990 00:24:14,100 --> 00:24:14,110 rate or rate constant of the reaction 991 00:24:14,110 --> 00:24:17,560 rate or rate constant of the reaction equals to a times e to the EA activation 992 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:17,570 equals to a times e to the EA activation 993 00:24:17,570 --> 00:24:20,590 equals to a times e to the EA activation energy divided by RT this equation is 994 00:24:20,590 --> 00:24:20,600 energy divided by RT this equation is 995 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:22,720 energy divided by RT this equation is called our Henny's equation 996 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:22,730 called our Henny's equation 997 00:24:22,730 --> 00:24:26,890 called our Henny's equation - equation right so now activation 998 00:24:26,890 --> 00:24:26,900 - equation right so now activation 999 00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:28,720 - equation right so now activation energy can be determined graphically by 1000 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:28,730 energy can be determined graphically by 1001 00:24:28,730 --> 00:24:31,390 energy can be determined graphically by recognizing the equation this we can 1002 00:24:31,390 --> 00:24:31,400 recognizing the equation this we can 1003 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:32,530 recognizing the equation this we can simply take the natural 1004 00:24:32,530 --> 00:24:32,540 simply take the natural 1005 00:24:32,540 --> 00:24:34,600 simply take the natural logarithm both sides of the rme's 1006 00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:34,610 logarithm both sides of the rme's 1007 00:24:34,610 --> 00:24:36,400 logarithm both sides of the rme's equations and we you can put the 1008 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:36,410 equations and we you can put the 1009 00:24:36,410 --> 00:24:37,990 equations and we you can put the Arrhenius equations in logarithmic 1010 00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:38,000 Arrhenius equations in logarithmic 1011 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,390 Arrhenius equations in logarithmic natural logarithmic form in this way Ln 1012 00:24:40,390 --> 00:24:40,400 natural logarithmic form in this way Ln 1013 00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:42,310 natural logarithmic form in this way Ln K will be equal to the activation energy 1014 00:24:42,310 --> 00:24:42,320 K will be equal to the activation energy 1015 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:46,930 K will be equal to the activation energy divided by RT plus Ln a again if we know 1016 00:24:46,930 --> 00:24:46,940 divided by RT plus Ln a again if we know 1017 00:24:46,940 --> 00:24:50,140 divided by RT plus Ln a again if we know the rate constant at different 1018 00:24:50,140 --> 00:24:50,150 the rate constant at different 1019 00:24:50,150 --> 00:24:52,390 the rate constant at different temperatures then we can make this plot 1020 00:24:52,390 --> 00:24:52,400 temperatures then we can make this plot 1021 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:55,750 temperatures then we can make this plot here and from the slope of this plot we 1022 00:24:55,750 --> 00:24:55,760 here and from the slope of this plot we 1023 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:58,330 here and from the slope of this plot we can determine the activation energy of a 1024 00:24:58,330 --> 00:24:58,340 can determine the activation energy of a 1025 00:24:58,340 --> 00:24:59,950 can determine the activation energy of a reaction activation energy of reaction 1026 00:24:59,950 --> 00:24:59,960 reaction activation energy of reaction 1027 00:24:59,960 --> 00:25:02,440 reaction activation energy of reaction but what we need for this at least 1028 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:02,450 but what we need for this at least 1029 00:25:02,450 --> 00:25:06,580 but what we need for this at least actually two or more rate constant at 1030 00:25:06,580 --> 00:25:06,590 actually two or more rate constant at 1031 00:25:06,590 --> 00:25:08,620 actually two or more rate constant at different temperatures right different 1032 00:25:08,620 --> 00:25:08,630 different temperatures right different 1033 00:25:08,630 --> 00:25:10,660 different temperatures right different temperatures as a matter of fact so if 1034 00:25:10,660 --> 00:25:10,670 temperatures as a matter of fact so if 1035 00:25:10,670 --> 00:25:13,870 temperatures as a matter of fact so if we have for example two rate constants 1036 00:25:13,870 --> 00:25:13,880 we have for example two rate constants 1037 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:15,580 we have for example two rate constants at two different temperatures we can 1038 00:25:15,580 --> 00:25:15,590 at two different temperatures we can 1039 00:25:15,590 --> 00:25:18,610 at two different temperatures we can combine those two equations or Henny's 1040 00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:18,620 combine those two equations or Henny's 1041 00:25:18,620 --> 00:25:20,020 combine those two equations or Henny's equations and we can obtain this 1042 00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:20,030 equations and we can obtain this 1043 00:25:20,030 --> 00:25:22,420 equations and we can obtain this equations and this is very useful again 1044 00:25:22,420 --> 00:25:22,430 equations and this is very useful again 1045 00:25:22,430 --> 00:25:25,990 equations and this is very useful again ln k1 over k2 natural logarithm is equal 1046 00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:26,000 ln k1 over k2 natural logarithm is equal 1047 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:31,120 ln k1 over k2 natural logarithm is equal to EA over r 1 over t2 minus 1 over t 1 1048 00:25:31,120 --> 00:25:31,130 to EA over r 1 over t2 minus 1 over t 1 1049 00:25:31,130 --> 00:25:34,150 to EA over r 1 over t2 minus 1 over t 1 usually I take that as minus sign over 1050 00:25:34,150 --> 00:25:34,160 usually I take that as minus sign over 1051 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:38,560 usually I take that as minus sign over here and make this as put that k2 up 1052 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:38,570 here and make this as put that k2 up 1053 00:25:38,570 --> 00:25:40,840 here and make this as put that k2 up there actually and so on but you know 1054 00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:40,850 there actually and so on but you know 1055 00:25:40,850 --> 00:25:43,330 there actually and so on but you know from that you can just get that and 1056 00:25:43,330 --> 00:25:43,340 from that you can just get that and 1057 00:25:43,340 --> 00:25:45,700 from that you can just get that and follow the correct science so what does 1058 00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:45,710 follow the correct science so what does 1059 00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:48,760 follow the correct science so what does this means this simply means that if I 1060 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:48,770 this means this simply means that if I 1061 00:25:48,770 --> 00:25:53,410 this means this simply means that if I know the rate constant of reaction at 1062 00:25:53,410 --> 00:25:53,420 know the rate constant of reaction at 1063 00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:56,290 know the rate constant of reaction at two different temperatures at T 1 K 1 T 1064 00:25:56,290 --> 00:25:56,300 two different temperatures at T 1 K 1 T 1065 00:25:56,300 --> 00:25:59,950 two different temperatures at T 1 K 1 T 2 k2 then I buy using this without the 1066 00:25:59,950 --> 00:25:59,960 2 k2 then I buy using this without the 1067 00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:02,050 2 k2 then I buy using this without the graph actually draw in the graph I can 1068 00:26:02,050 --> 00:26:02,060 graph actually draw in the graph I can 1069 00:26:02,060 --> 00:26:04,870 graph actually draw in the graph I can calculate the activation energy right or 1070 00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:04,880 calculate the activation energy right or 1071 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:07,690 calculate the activation energy right or if I know the activation energy of a 1072 00:26:07,690 --> 00:26:07,700 if I know the activation energy of a 1073 00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:10,210 if I know the activation energy of a chemical reaction and if I know the rate 1074 00:26:10,210 --> 00:26:10,220 chemical reaction and if I know the rate 1075 00:26:10,220 --> 00:26:12,400 chemical reaction and if I know the rate constant at one temperature I can 1076 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:12,410 constant at one temperature I can 1077 00:26:12,410 --> 00:26:14,140 constant at one temperature I can calculate the rate constant at any 1078 00:26:14,140 --> 00:26:14,150 calculate the rate constant at any 1079 00:26:14,150 --> 00:26:16,540 calculate the rate constant at any temperatures right just put in the 1080 00:26:16,540 --> 00:26:16,550 temperatures right just put in the 1081 00:26:16,550 --> 00:26:19,180 temperatures right just put in the values here and we can simply calculate 1082 00:26:19,180 --> 00:26:19,190 values here and we can simply calculate 1083 00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:25,230 values here and we can simply calculate that ok 1084 00:26:25,230 --> 00:26:25,240 1085 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,690 now let's let's come down here I have 1086 00:26:28,690 --> 00:26:28,700 now let's let's come down here I have 1087 00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:32,410 now let's let's come down here I have yeah I guess I will I should be here why 1088 00:26:32,410 --> 00:26:32,420 yeah I guess I will I should be here why 1089 00:26:32,420 --> 00:26:34,510 yeah I guess I will I should be here why not all right right this is this problem 1090 00:26:34,510 --> 00:26:34,520 not all right right this is this problem 1091 00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:43,300 not all right right this is this problem here I picked it up from the book I just 1092 00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:43,310 here I picked it up from the book I just 1093 00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:44,830 here I picked it up from the book I just added this deal 1094 00:26:44,830 --> 00:26:44,840 added this deal 1095 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:48,190 added this deal d was not there I add that actually now 1096 00:26:48,190 --> 00:26:48,200 d was not there I add that actually now 1097 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,000 d was not there I add that actually now this is the chemical reaction right here 1098 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:51,010 this is the chemical reaction right here 1099 00:26:51,010 --> 00:26:55,120 this is the chemical reaction right here urea and urea the formula of that is 1100 00:26:55,120 --> 00:26:55,130 urea and urea the formula of that is 1101 00:26:55,130 --> 00:27:01,029 urea and urea the formula of that is actually like this why what is wrong 1102 00:27:01,029 --> 00:27:01,039 actually like this why what is wrong 1103 00:27:01,039 --> 00:27:04,029 actually like this why what is wrong button with my chalk I mean I can't 1104 00:27:04,029 --> 00:27:04,039 button with my chalk I mean I can't 1105 00:27:04,039 --> 00:27:17,169 button with my chalk I mean I can't write it this is the urea molecule 1106 00:27:17,169 --> 00:27:17,179 write it this is the urea molecule 1107 00:27:17,179 --> 00:27:20,110 write it this is the urea molecule actually there 1108 00:27:20,110 --> 00:27:20,120 actually there 1109 00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:22,870 actually there this one the open form of that is this 1110 00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:22,880 this one the open form of that is this 1111 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:27,720 this one the open form of that is this way reacts in acidic solution to form 1112 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:27,730 way reacts in acidic solution to form 1113 00:27:27,730 --> 00:27:31,539 way reacts in acidic solution to form ammonium cation and carbonate ion 1114 00:27:31,539 --> 00:27:31,549 ammonium cation and carbonate ion 1115 00:27:31,549 --> 00:27:33,220 ammonium cation and carbonate ion bicarbonate ion this is hydrogen 1116 00:27:33,220 --> 00:27:33,230 bicarbonate ion this is hydrogen 1117 00:27:33,230 --> 00:27:36,100 bicarbonate ion this is hydrogen carbonate ion as a matter of fact the 1118 00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:36,110 carbonate ion as a matter of fact the 1119 00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:38,350 carbonate ion as a matter of fact the reaction is first order in urea and 1120 00:27:38,350 --> 00:27:38,360 reaction is first order in urea and 1121 00:27:38,360 --> 00:27:41,950 reaction is first order in urea and first order overall now what does that 1122 00:27:41,950 --> 00:27:41,960 first order overall now what does that 1123 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:43,840 first order overall now what does that means that means the rate law for this 1124 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:43,850 means that means the rate law for this 1125 00:27:43,850 --> 00:27:48,880 means that means the rate law for this reaction would be as follow rate is 1126 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:48,890 reaction would be as follow rate is 1127 00:27:48,890 --> 00:27:54,039 reaction would be as follow rate is equal to K times the concentration of NH 1128 00:27:54,039 --> 00:27:54,049 equal to K times the concentration of NH 1129 00:27:54,049 --> 00:27:59,440 equal to K times the concentration of NH 2 co and H 2 like this this is the rate 1130 00:27:59,440 --> 00:27:59,450 2 co and H 2 like this this is the rate 1131 00:27:59,450 --> 00:28:02,919 2 co and H 2 like this this is the rate law of the reaction right because the 1132 00:28:02,919 --> 00:28:02,929 law of the reaction right because the 1133 00:28:02,929 --> 00:28:07,779 law of the reaction right because the first order in terms of with respect to 1134 00:28:07,779 --> 00:28:07,789 first order in terms of with respect to 1135 00:28:07,789 --> 00:28:09,820 first order in terms of with respect to the concentrations of urea and first or 1136 00:28:09,820 --> 00:28:09,830 the concentrations of urea and first or 1137 00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:11,850 the concentrations of urea and first or overall means this is the first order 1138 00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:11,860 overall means this is the first order 1139 00:28:11,860 --> 00:28:15,820 overall means this is the first order reactions now it says the ammonium the 1140 00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:15,830 reactions now it says the ammonium the 1141 00:28:15,830 --> 00:28:18,610 reactions now it says the ammonium the urea concentration is equal to 0.2 zero 1142 00:28:18,610 --> 00:28:18,620 urea concentration is equal to 0.2 zero 1143 00:28:18,620 --> 00:28:22,060 urea concentration is equal to 0.2 zero zero the rate measured at sixty one 1144 00:28:22,060 --> 00:28:22,070 zero the rate measured at sixty one 1145 00:28:22,070 --> 00:28:25,720 zero the rate measured at sixty one point O five is eight point five six 1146 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:25,730 point O five is eight point five six 1147 00:28:25,730 --> 00:28:28,720 point O five is eight point five six times ten to the minus five that's the 1148 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:28,730 times ten to the minus five that's the 1149 00:28:28,730 --> 00:28:31,710 times ten to the minus five that's the data given what is the rate constant 1150 00:28:31,710 --> 00:28:31,720 data given what is the rate constant 1151 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:34,360 data given what is the rate constant what is the rate constant we can easily 1152 00:28:34,360 --> 00:28:34,370 what is the rate constant we can easily 1153 00:28:34,370 --> 00:28:36,220 what is the rate constant we can easily determine that rate constant again by 1154 00:28:36,220 --> 00:28:36,230 determine that rate constant again by 1155 00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:43,590 determine that rate constant again by using this equation here right so the 1156 00:28:43,590 --> 00:28:43,600 using this equation here right so the 1157 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:48,630 using this equation here right so the let's say the rate is given as 8 point 1158 00:28:48,630 --> 00:28:48,640 let's say the rate is given as 8 point 1159 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:55,250 let's say the rate is given as 8 point 56 times 10 to the minus 5 1160 00:28:55,250 --> 00:28:55,260 56 times 10 to the minus 5 1161 00:28:55,260 --> 00:28:59,880 56 times 10 to the minus 5 now per mole per second and this is 1162 00:28:59,880 --> 00:28:59,890 now per mole per second and this is 1163 00:28:59,890 --> 00:29:03,660 now per mole per second and this is equals to K times and the concentration 1164 00:29:03,660 --> 00:29:03,670 equals to K times and the concentration 1165 00:29:03,670 --> 00:29:07,350 equals to K times and the concentration of urea again when we obtain that rate 1166 00:29:07,350 --> 00:29:07,360 of urea again when we obtain that rate 1167 00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:10,920 of urea again when we obtain that rate was point two zero zero this means point 1168 00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:10,930 was point two zero zero this means point 1169 00:29:10,930 --> 00:29:15,630 was point two zero zero this means point two zero zero molar and what is K K is 1170 00:29:15,630 --> 00:29:15,640 two zero zero molar and what is K K is 1171 00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:21,450 two zero zero molar and what is K K is equals to simply eight point 56 times 10 1172 00:29:21,450 --> 00:29:21,460 equals to simply eight point 56 times 10 1173 00:29:21,460 --> 00:29:28,080 equals to simply eight point 56 times 10 to the minus five divided by 0.2 0 zero 1174 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:28,090 to the minus five divided by 0.2 0 zero 1175 00:29:28,090 --> 00:29:31,590 to the minus five divided by 0.2 0 zero and that will be equal to the rate 1176 00:29:31,590 --> 00:29:31,600 and that will be equal to the rate 1177 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,490 and that will be equal to the rate constant let's see what I have simply 1178 00:29:35,490 --> 00:29:35,500 constant let's see what I have simply 1179 00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:52,020 constant let's see what I have simply calculated here yes that is for 28 times 1180 00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:52,030 calculated here yes that is for 28 times 1181 00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:56,510 calculated here yes that is for 28 times 10 to the minus 4 second to the minus 1 1182 00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:56,520 10 to the minus 4 second to the minus 1 1183 00:29:56,520 --> 00:30:00,180 10 to the minus 4 second to the minus 1 that is again the unit here the units 1184 00:30:00,180 --> 00:30:00,190 that is again the unit here the units 1185 00:30:00,190 --> 00:30:03,090 that is again the unit here the units are important I guess in this exam we 1186 00:30:03,090 --> 00:30:03,100 are important I guess in this exam we 1187 00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,390 are important I guess in this exam we will probably require you to write down 1188 00:30:06,390 --> 00:30:06,400 will probably require you to write down 1189 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:08,490 will probably require you to write down the units of the answer that you 1190 00:30:08,490 --> 00:30:08,500 the units of the answer that you 1191 00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:12,090 the units of the answer that you calculate it usually in fact the numbers 1192 00:30:12,090 --> 00:30:12,100 calculate it usually in fact the numbers 1193 00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:14,190 calculate it usually in fact the numbers that we get always have units with them 1194 00:30:14,190 --> 00:30:14,200 that we get always have units with them 1195 00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:16,770 that we get always have units with them so the unit are important this is the 1196 00:30:16,770 --> 00:30:16,780 so the unit are important this is the 1197 00:30:16,780 --> 00:30:20,250 so the unit are important this is the rate constant there now the second one 1198 00:30:20,250 --> 00:30:20,260 rate constant there now the second one 1199 00:30:20,260 --> 00:30:22,890 rate constant there now the second one it says what is the concentration of 1200 00:30:22,890 --> 00:30:22,900 it says what is the concentration of 1201 00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:27,600 it says what is the concentration of urea in this solution after for 10 to 1202 00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:27,610 urea in this solution after for 10 to 1203 00:30:27,610 --> 00:30:30,180 urea in this solution after for 10 to the 3/4 are actually that's 4000 seconds 1204 00:30:30,180 --> 00:30:30,190 the 3/4 are actually that's 4000 seconds 1205 00:30:30,190 --> 00:30:31,830 the 3/4 are actually that's 4000 seconds if the starting concentration there is 1206 00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:31,840 if the starting concentration there is 1207 00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:36,810 if the starting concentration there is 0.5 0 0 molar hmm now here you see again 1208 00:30:36,810 --> 00:30:36,820 0.5 0 0 molar hmm now here you see again 1209 00:30:36,820 --> 00:30:40,140 0.5 0 0 molar hmm now here you see again we asked to calculate the concentration 1210 00:30:40,140 --> 00:30:40,150 we asked to calculate the concentration 1211 00:30:40,150 --> 00:30:42,900 we asked to calculate the concentration of the reactant after a certain time we 1212 00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:42,910 of the reactant after a certain time we 1213 00:30:42,910 --> 00:30:46,200 of the reactant after a certain time we have to use the integrated rate law for 1214 00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:46,210 have to use the integrated rate law for 1215 00:30:46,210 --> 00:30:48,930 have to use the integrated rate law for the first order reaction right so what 1216 00:30:48,930 --> 00:30:48,940 the first order reaction right so what 1217 00:30:48,940 --> 00:30:51,420 the first order reaction right so what is the integrated rate law for the first 1218 00:30:51,420 --> 00:30:51,430 is the integrated rate law for the first 1219 00:30:51,430 --> 00:30:56,990 is the integrated rate law for the first order reaction and that is ln simply a 1220 00:30:56,990 --> 00:30:57,000 order reaction and that is ln simply a 1221 00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:03,060 order reaction and that is ln simply a over a0 and equals to minus K times T 1222 00:31:03,060 --> 00:31:03,070 over a0 and equals to minus K times T 1223 00:31:03,070 --> 00:31:06,510 over a0 and equals to minus K times T like this or you can get that to the 1224 00:31:06,510 --> 00:31:06,520 like this or you can get that to the 1225 00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:08,910 like this or you can get that to the other side and so on now 1226 00:31:08,910 --> 00:31:08,920 other side and so on now 1227 00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:15,080 other side and so on now what we simply know here that the a 1228 00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:15,090 1229 00:31:15,090 --> 00:31:19,110 initial concentration it says if the 1230 00:31:19,110 --> 00:31:19,120 initial concentration it says if the 1231 00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:21,540 initial concentration it says if the initial concentration is 0.5 0 0 molar 1232 00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:21,550 initial concentration is 0.5 0 0 molar 1233 00:31:21,550 --> 00:31:27,180 initial concentration is 0.5 0 0 molar and this is 0.5 0 0 molar and we know 1234 00:31:27,180 --> 00:31:27,190 and this is 0.5 0 0 molar and we know 1235 00:31:27,190 --> 00:31:32,790 and this is 0.5 0 0 molar and we know the time also time is equal to 4 0 0 1236 00:31:32,790 --> 00:31:32,800 the time also time is equal to 4 0 0 1237 00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:37,050 the time also time is equal to 4 0 0 times 10 to the 3 second like this now 1238 00:31:37,050 --> 00:31:37,060 times 10 to the 3 second like this now 1239 00:31:37,060 --> 00:31:39,300 times 10 to the 3 second like this now again this is at the same temperature do 1240 00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:39,310 again this is at the same temperature do 1241 00:31:39,310 --> 00:31:41,280 again this is at the same temperature do we know the rate constant yes we know 1242 00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:41,290 we know the rate constant yes we know 1243 00:31:41,290 --> 00:31:43,170 we know the rate constant yes we know the rate constant right there so by 1244 00:31:43,170 --> 00:31:43,180 the rate constant right there so by 1245 00:31:43,180 --> 00:31:45,150 the rate constant right there so by using that we know the rate constant we 1246 00:31:45,150 --> 00:31:45,160 using that we know the rate constant we 1247 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:48,360 using that we know the rate constant we know the actually T we know that value 1248 00:31:48,360 --> 00:31:48,370 know the actually T we know that value 1249 00:31:48,370 --> 00:31:51,000 know the actually T we know that value and we can calculate the concentrations 1250 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:51,010 and we can calculate the concentrations 1251 00:31:51,010 --> 00:31:53,460 and we can calculate the concentrations of a and the concentrations of a that I 1252 00:31:53,460 --> 00:31:53,470 of a and the concentrations of a that I 1253 00:31:53,470 --> 00:31:56,220 of a and the concentrations of a that I have calculated actually concentration 1254 00:31:56,220 --> 00:31:56,230 have calculated actually concentration 1255 00:31:56,230 --> 00:32:02,960 have calculated actually concentration of let's say a here turns out to be as 1256 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:02,970 of let's say a here turns out to be as 1257 00:32:02,970 --> 00:32:09,500 of let's say a here turns out to be as 0.090 3 molar so this is the answer for 1258 00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:09,510 0.090 3 molar so this is the answer for 1259 00:32:09,510 --> 00:32:13,970 0.090 3 molar so this is the answer for B actually after 4,000 seconds actually 1260 00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:13,980 B actually after 4,000 seconds actually 1261 00:32:13,980 --> 00:32:18,540 B actually after 4,000 seconds actually concentrations of the initial at urea 1262 00:32:18,540 --> 00:32:18,550 concentrations of the initial at urea 1263 00:32:18,550 --> 00:32:20,930 concentrations of the initial at urea actually it would be equal to this now 1264 00:32:20,930 --> 00:32:20,940 actually it would be equal to this now 1265 00:32:20,940 --> 00:32:26,220 actually it would be equal to this now it is always a good custom to check your 1266 00:32:26,220 --> 00:32:26,230 it is always a good custom to check your 1267 00:32:26,230 --> 00:32:28,770 it is always a good custom to check your answer use your logic and see if it is 1268 00:32:28,770 --> 00:32:28,780 answer use your logic and see if it is 1269 00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:31,860 answer use your logic and see if it is logical the answer is now sometimes you 1270 00:32:31,860 --> 00:32:31,870 logical the answer is now sometimes you 1271 00:32:31,870 --> 00:32:33,870 logical the answer is now sometimes you may get an answer here which will be 1272 00:32:33,870 --> 00:32:33,880 may get an answer here which will be 1273 00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:38,340 may get an answer here which will be greater than 0.5 right it is possible or 1274 00:32:38,340 --> 00:32:38,350 greater than 0.5 right it is possible or 1275 00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,390 greater than 0.5 right it is possible or you may just do an error somewhere put 1276 00:32:42,390 --> 00:32:42,400 you may just do an error somewhere put 1277 00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:44,040 you may just do an error somewhere put it in the right you know instead of 1278 00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:44,050 it in the right you know instead of 1279 00:32:44,050 --> 00:32:44,940 it in the right you know instead of putting it 1280 00:32:44,940 --> 00:32:44,950 putting it 1281 00:32:44,950 --> 00:32:47,100 putting it nominator put in denominator and so on 1282 00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:47,110 nominator put in denominator and so on 1283 00:32:47,110 --> 00:32:49,950 nominator put in denominator and so on so this is logical again at least 1284 00:32:49,950 --> 00:32:49,960 so this is logical again at least 1285 00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:52,380 so this is logical again at least logical in terms of what it is less than 1286 00:32:52,380 --> 00:32:52,390 logical in terms of what it is less than 1287 00:32:52,390 --> 00:32:54,510 logical in terms of what it is less than the initial concentration you know if it 1288 00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:54,520 the initial concentration you know if it 1289 00:32:54,520 --> 00:32:55,860 the initial concentration you know if it is greater than issue of concentration 1290 00:32:55,860 --> 00:32:55,870 is greater than issue of concentration 1291 00:32:55,870 --> 00:32:56,970 is greater than issue of concentration that case you have done something wrong 1292 00:32:56,970 --> 00:32:56,980 that case you have done something wrong 1293 00:32:56,980 --> 00:32:59,640 that case you have done something wrong so please make that little check and 1294 00:32:59,640 --> 00:32:59,650 so please make that little check and 1295 00:32:59,650 --> 00:33:01,050 so please make that little check and again when you get the number of the 1296 00:33:01,050 --> 00:33:01,060 again when you get the number of the 1297 00:33:01,060 --> 00:33:04,230 again when you get the number of the answer as a matter of fact now the beads 1298 00:33:04,230 --> 00:33:04,240 answer as a matter of fact now the beads 1299 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:08,790 answer as a matter of fact now the beads no see it says what is the half-life for 1300 00:33:08,790 --> 00:33:08,800 no see it says what is the half-life for 1301 00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:12,240 no see it says what is the half-life for this reaction at 60 1.05 degrees 1302 00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:12,250 this reaction at 60 1.05 degrees 1303 00:33:12,250 --> 00:33:14,460 this reaction at 60 1.05 degrees centigrade we can find it out because we 1304 00:33:14,460 --> 00:33:14,470 centigrade we can find it out because we 1305 00:33:14,470 --> 00:33:17,190 centigrade we can find it out because we know that from this actually we know 1306 00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:17,200 know that from this actually we know 1307 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:21,510 know that from this actually we know that the t 1/2 for the first order 1308 00:33:21,510 --> 00:33:21,520 that the t 1/2 for the first order 1309 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:22,310 that the t 1/2 for the first order reaction 1310 00:33:22,310 --> 00:33:22,320 reaction 1311 00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:24,860 reaction for the first order reaction is equals 1312 00:33:24,860 --> 00:33:24,870 for the first order reaction is equals 1313 00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:29,570 for the first order reaction is equals to Ln natural logarithm of 2 divided by 1314 00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:29,580 to Ln natural logarithm of 2 divided by 1315 00:33:29,580 --> 00:33:33,050 to Ln natural logarithm of 2 divided by K and if you take that K value is given 1316 00:33:33,050 --> 00:33:33,060 K and if you take that K value is given 1317 00:33:33,060 --> 00:33:36,590 K and if you take that K value is given Ln 2 and you can calculate the half-life 1318 00:33:36,590 --> 00:33:36,600 Ln 2 and you can calculate the half-life 1319 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,130 Ln 2 and you can calculate the half-life and the half-life turns out to be 16 20 1320 00:33:40,130 --> 00:33:40,140 and the half-life turns out to be 16 20 1321 00:33:40,140 --> 00:33:44,480 and the half-life turns out to be 16 20 seconds 1620 second this is our 1322 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:44,490 seconds 1620 second this is our 1323 00:33:44,490 --> 00:33:50,330 seconds 1620 second this is our half-life again answer to the C now this 1324 00:33:50,330 --> 00:33:50,340 half-life again answer to the C now this 1325 00:33:50,340 --> 00:33:57,370 half-life again answer to the C now this is I added it there right and again it 1326 00:33:57,370 --> 00:33:57,380 is I added it there right and again it 1327 00:33:57,380 --> 00:34:03,170 is I added it there right and again it involves using our Hennis equation or 1328 00:34:03,170 --> 00:34:03,180 involves using our Hennis equation or 1329 00:34:03,180 --> 00:34:05,630 involves using our Hennis equation or Hannah's equation that equation I gave 1330 00:34:05,630 --> 00:34:05,640 Hannah's equation that equation I gave 1331 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:08,450 Hannah's equation that equation I gave you remember D which gives you the 1332 00:34:08,450 --> 00:34:08,460 you remember D which gives you the 1333 00:34:08,460 --> 00:34:10,909 you remember D which gives you the relationship between the rate constant 1334 00:34:10,909 --> 00:34:10,919 relationship between the rate constant 1335 00:34:10,919 --> 00:34:14,990 relationship between the rate constant and the temperature and the activation 1336 00:34:14,990 --> 00:34:15,000 and the temperature and the activation 1337 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,409 and the temperature and the activation energy of the reaction this is the or 1338 00:34:18,409 --> 00:34:18,419 energy of the reaction this is the or 1339 00:34:18,419 --> 00:34:20,990 energy of the reaction this is the or Hennis equation again and when we simply 1340 00:34:20,990 --> 00:34:21,000 Hennis equation again and when we simply 1341 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,409 Hennis equation again and when we simply take that natural logarithm of K is 1342 00:34:24,409 --> 00:34:24,419 take that natural logarithm of K is 1343 00:34:24,419 --> 00:34:28,940 take that natural logarithm of K is equals to minus e activation energy 1344 00:34:28,940 --> 00:34:28,950 equals to minus e activation energy 1345 00:34:28,950 --> 00:34:33,770 equals to minus e activation energy divided by RT and this becomes plus Ln a 1346 00:34:33,770 --> 00:34:33,780 divided by RT and this becomes plus Ln a 1347 00:34:33,780 --> 00:34:36,409 divided by RT and this becomes plus Ln a now remember this is our hennas constant 1348 00:34:36,409 --> 00:34:36,419 now remember this is our hennas constant 1349 00:34:36,419 --> 00:34:39,680 now remember this is our hennas constant this is constant at a given temperature 1350 00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:39,690 this is constant at a given temperature 1351 00:34:39,690 --> 00:34:43,669 this is constant at a given temperature like this so from there we have this 1352 00:34:43,669 --> 00:34:43,679 like this so from there we have this 1353 00:34:43,679 --> 00:34:46,760 like this so from there we have this form for two different temperatures 1354 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:46,770 form for two different temperatures 1355 00:34:46,770 --> 00:34:52,430 form for two different temperatures let's say Ln K 2 divided by K 1 at 1356 00:34:52,430 --> 00:34:52,440 let's say Ln K 2 divided by K 1 at 1357 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:54,860 let's say Ln K 2 divided by K 1 at temperature 1 and temperature 2 equals 1358 00:34:54,860 --> 00:34:54,870 temperature 1 and temperature 2 equals 1359 00:34:54,870 --> 00:35:03,230 temperature 1 and temperature 2 equals to minus EA over R now here 1 over T 2 1360 00:35:03,230 --> 00:35:03,240 to minus EA over R now here 1 over T 2 1361 00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:06,080 to minus EA over R now here 1 over T 2 minus 1 over T 1 this is what I was 1362 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:06,090 minus 1 over T 1 this is what I was 1363 00:35:06,090 --> 00:35:08,620 minus 1 over T 1 this is what I was trying to tell you like if I put this 1364 00:35:08,620 --> 00:35:08,630 trying to tell you like if I put this 1365 00:35:08,630 --> 00:35:12,740 trying to tell you like if I put this make this ratio as k2 over k1 then I can 1366 00:35:12,740 --> 00:35:12,750 make this ratio as k2 over k1 then I can 1367 00:35:12,750 --> 00:35:15,470 make this ratio as k2 over k1 then I can make that as minus sign here about the 1368 00:35:15,470 --> 00:35:15,480 make that as minus sign here about the 1369 00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:18,710 make that as minus sign here about the first one is 1 over T 2 minus 1 over T 1 1370 00:35:18,710 --> 00:35:18,720 first one is 1 over T 2 minus 1 over T 1 1371 00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,950 first one is 1 over T 2 minus 1 over T 1 here now what we need to do here just 1372 00:35:21,950 --> 00:35:21,960 here now what we need to do here just 1373 00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:24,290 here now what we need to do here just put the values and calculate the 1374 00:35:24,290 --> 00:35:24,300 put the values and calculate the 1375 00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:28,370 put the values and calculate the activation energy again we know the K 1 1376 00:35:28,370 --> 00:35:28,380 activation energy again we know the K 1 1377 00:35:28,380 --> 00:35:35,240 activation energy again we know the K 1 and we know K 2 again at 70 105 degree 1378 00:35:35,240 --> 00:35:35,250 and we know K 2 again at 70 105 degree 1379 00:35:35,250 --> 00:35:36,559 and we know K 2 again at 70 105 degree centigrade 1380 00:35:36,559 --> 00:35:36,569 centigrade 1381 00:35:36,569 --> 00:35:42,200 centigrade then we know our R is constant and the R 1382 00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:42,210 then we know our R is constant and the R 1383 00:35:42,210 --> 00:35:49,299 then we know our R is constant and the R is simply equals to 8.314 joules per 1384 00:35:49,299 --> 00:35:49,309 is simply equals to 8.314 joules per 1385 00:35:49,309 --> 00:35:54,980 is simply equals to 8.314 joules per mole per Kelvin like this and the other 1386 00:35:54,980 --> 00:35:54,990 mole per Kelvin like this and the other 1387 00:35:54,990 --> 00:35:58,700 mole per Kelvin like this and the other things here we have to be careful when 1388 00:35:58,700 --> 00:35:58,710 things here we have to be careful when 1389 00:35:58,710 --> 00:36:03,349 things here we have to be careful when we use temperature in equations the unit 1390 00:36:03,349 --> 00:36:03,359 we use temperature in equations the unit 1391 00:36:03,359 --> 00:36:07,220 we use temperature in equations the unit always has to be in Kelvin right so 1392 00:36:07,220 --> 00:36:07,230 always has to be in Kelvin right so 1393 00:36:07,230 --> 00:36:11,870 always has to be in Kelvin right so those degrees centigrade Celsius units 1394 00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:11,880 those degrees centigrade Celsius units 1395 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:14,390 those degrees centigrade Celsius units has to be converted to the Kelvin and 1396 00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:14,400 has to be converted to the Kelvin and 1397 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:15,500 has to be converted to the Kelvin and you have to put it there 1398 00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:15,510 you have to put it there 1399 00:36:15,510 --> 00:36:17,870 you have to put it there remember again to convert it to Kelvin 1400 00:36:17,870 --> 00:36:17,880 remember again to convert it to Kelvin 1401 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:22,309 remember again to convert it to Kelvin you just add 273 point 15 right and then 1402 00:36:22,309 --> 00:36:22,319 you just add 273 point 15 right and then 1403 00:36:22,319 --> 00:36:26,210 you just add 273 point 15 right and then you just put the values everything is 1404 00:36:26,210 --> 00:36:26,220 you just put the values everything is 1405 00:36:26,220 --> 00:36:28,730 you just put the values everything is known except the activation energy and 1406 00:36:28,730 --> 00:36:28,740 known except the activation energy and 1407 00:36:28,740 --> 00:36:31,760 known except the activation energy and the rest is actually math activation 1408 00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:31,770 the rest is actually math activation 1409 00:36:31,770 --> 00:36:34,400 the rest is actually math activation energy that I have calculated you can do 1410 00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:34,410 energy that I have calculated you can do 1411 00:36:34,410 --> 00:36:40,579 energy that I have calculated you can do it yourself is equal to 75 point 75 75 1412 00:36:40,579 --> 00:36:40,589 it yourself is equal to 75 point 75 75 1413 00:36:40,589 --> 00:36:48,740 it yourself is equal to 75 point 75 75 point 75 kilojoules per mole okay so 1414 00:36:48,740 --> 00:36:48,750 point 75 kilojoules per mole okay so 1415 00:36:48,750 --> 00:36:51,920 point 75 kilojoules per mole okay so this is how we simply work with the 1416 00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:51,930 this is how we simply work with the 1417 00:36:51,930 --> 00:36:54,799 this is how we simply work with the kinetics problem using in fact different 1418 00:36:54,799 --> 00:36:54,809 kinetics problem using in fact different 1419 00:36:54,809 --> 00:36:59,599 kinetics problem using in fact different equations our Hennis equations and so on 1420 00:36:59,599 --> 00:36:59,609 equations our Hennis equations and so on 1421 00:36:59,609 --> 00:37:06,049 equations our Hennis equations and so on actually by using this our Henny's 1422 00:37:06,049 --> 00:37:06,059 actually by using this our Henny's 1423 00:37:06,059 --> 00:37:09,019 actually by using this our Henny's equation for two different temperatures 1424 00:37:09,019 --> 00:37:09,029 equation for two different temperatures 1425 00:37:09,029 --> 00:37:14,329 equation for two different temperatures and different rate constants depending 1426 00:37:14,329 --> 00:37:14,339 and different rate constants depending 1427 00:37:14,339 --> 00:37:18,620 and different rate constants depending on whatever unknown you can determine it 1428 00:37:18,620 --> 00:37:18,630 on whatever unknown you can determine it 1429 00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:20,750 on whatever unknown you can determine it right suppose you know the temperatures 1430 00:37:20,750 --> 00:37:20,760 right suppose you know the temperatures 1431 00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:24,620 right suppose you know the temperatures activation energy and the one off the 1432 00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:24,630 activation energy and the one off the 1433 00:37:24,630 --> 00:37:26,210 activation energy and the one off the rate constant you can determine the rate 1434 00:37:26,210 --> 00:37:26,220 rate constant you can determine the rate 1435 00:37:26,220 --> 00:37:28,819 rate constant you can determine the rate constant at any given temperatures if 1436 00:37:28,819 --> 00:37:28,829 constant at any given temperatures if 1437 00:37:28,829 --> 00:37:31,430 constant at any given temperatures if the rate constants are given activation 1438 00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:31,440 the rate constants are given activation 1439 00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:32,809 the rate constants are given activation as these are given one temperature is 1440 00:37:32,809 --> 00:37:32,819 as these are given one temperature is 1441 00:37:32,819 --> 00:37:34,640 as these are given one temperature is given you can calculate the other 1442 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:34,650 given you can calculate the other 1443 00:37:34,650 --> 00:37:36,859 given you can calculate the other temperature corresponding to the second 1444 00:37:36,859 --> 00:37:36,869 temperature corresponding to the second 1445 00:37:36,869 --> 00:37:39,670 temperature corresponding to the second rate constant so on I mean just just 1446 00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:39,680 rate constant so on I mean just just 1447 00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:42,859 rate constant so on I mean just just mathematical equations you can use it in 1448 00:37:42,859 --> 00:37:42,869 mathematical equations you can use it in 1449 00:37:42,869 --> 00:37:44,480 mathematical equations you can use it in different way to calculate whatever 1450 00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:44,490 different way to calculate whatever 1451 00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:47,120 different way to calculate whatever asked actually right just have to 1452 00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:47,130 asked actually right just have to 1453 00:37:47,130 --> 00:37:49,850 asked actually right just have to rearrange the things and look what 1454 00:37:49,850 --> 00:37:49,860 rearrange the things and look what 1455 00:37:49,860 --> 00:37:52,540 rearrange the things and look what the values there and put them in a 1456 00:37:52,540 --> 00:37:52,550 the values there and put them in a 1457 00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:55,220 the values there and put them in a correct units the unit is also very 1458 00:37:55,220 --> 00:37:55,230 correct units the unit is also very 1459 00:37:55,230 --> 00:37:56,990 correct units the unit is also very important because if you put here 1460 00:37:56,990 --> 00:37:57,000 important because if you put here 1461 00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:01,940 important because if you put here degrees Celsius instead of Kelvin unit 1462 00:38:01,940 --> 00:38:01,950 degrees Celsius instead of Kelvin unit 1463 00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:05,300 degrees Celsius instead of Kelvin unit right the answer will be wrong and again 1464 00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:05,310 right the answer will be wrong and again 1465 00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:08,960 right the answer will be wrong and again if you take the value of R as 0.08 to 1466 00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:08,970 if you take the value of R as 0.08 to 1467 00:38:08,970 --> 00:38:11,150 if you take the value of R as 0.08 to Oleta atmosphere and so and so the 1468 00:38:11,150 --> 00:38:11,160 Oleta atmosphere and so and so the 1469 00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:13,640 Oleta atmosphere and so and so the answer will be wrong right so when 1470 00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:13,650 answer will be wrong right so when 1471 00:38:13,650 --> 00:38:15,710 answer will be wrong right so when you're dealing with equations that have 1472 00:38:15,710 --> 00:38:15,720 you're dealing with equations that have 1473 00:38:15,720 --> 00:38:19,430 you're dealing with equations that have energy in it R has to be taken in units 1474 00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:19,440 energy in it R has to be taken in units 1475 00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:23,060 energy in it R has to be taken in units of energy in joules actually it's 8.314 1476 00:38:23,060 --> 00:38:23,070 of energy in joules actually it's 8.314 1477 00:38:23,070 --> 00:38:32,390 of energy in joules actually it's 8.314 I think joules per mole per Kelvin okay 1478 00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:32,400 I think joules per mole per Kelvin okay 1479 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,500 I think joules per mole per Kelvin okay now let's look at here what does it says 1480 00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:36,510 now let's look at here what does it says 1481 00:38:36,510 --> 00:38:40,510 now let's look at here what does it says Lowe's versus theory let's read this 1482 00:38:40,510 --> 00:38:40,520 Lowe's versus theory let's read this 1483 00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:45,410 Lowe's versus theory let's read this kinetics gives what happens okay we call 1484 00:38:45,410 --> 00:38:45,420 kinetics gives what happens okay we call 1485 00:38:45,420 --> 00:38:48,380 kinetics gives what happens okay we call the description the rate law that means 1486 00:38:48,380 --> 00:38:48,390 the description the rate law that means 1487 00:38:48,390 --> 00:38:52,160 the description the rate law that means we describe the rate and the rate law 1488 00:38:52,160 --> 00:38:52,170 we describe the rate and the rate law 1489 00:38:52,170 --> 00:38:54,890 we describe the rate and the rate law describes the reaction that's what he 1490 00:38:54,890 --> 00:38:54,900 describes the reaction that's what he 1491 00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:56,720 describes the reaction that's what he says I guess I don't like this sentence 1492 00:38:56,720 --> 00:38:56,730 says I guess I don't like this sentence 1493 00:38:56,730 --> 00:39:00,050 says I guess I don't like this sentence over here but it's okay why do we 1494 00:39:00,050 --> 00:39:00,060 over here but it's okay why do we 1495 00:39:00,060 --> 00:39:03,530 over here but it's okay why do we observe that rate law we explain with 1496 00:39:03,530 --> 00:39:03,540 observe that rate law we explain with 1497 00:39:03,540 --> 00:39:07,820 observe that rate law we explain with the theory called mechanism now remember 1498 00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:07,830 the theory called mechanism now remember 1499 00:39:07,830 --> 00:39:13,060 the theory called mechanism now remember the mechanism was the details of how 1500 00:39:13,060 --> 00:39:13,070 the mechanism was the details of how 1501 00:39:13,070 --> 00:39:17,360 the mechanism was the details of how reactants are converted to the products 1502 00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:17,370 reactants are converted to the products 1503 00:39:17,370 --> 00:39:19,730 reactants are converted to the products in a chemical reactions when we write 1504 00:39:19,730 --> 00:39:19,740 in a chemical reactions when we write 1505 00:39:19,740 --> 00:39:21,950 in a chemical reactions when we write down a chemical reaction it doesn't 1506 00:39:21,950 --> 00:39:21,960 down a chemical reaction it doesn't 1507 00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:23,780 down a chemical reaction it doesn't usually takes place as it is written 1508 00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:23,790 usually takes place as it is written 1509 00:39:23,790 --> 00:39:26,210 usually takes place as it is written there if there are two reactants 1510 00:39:26,210 --> 00:39:26,220 there if there are two reactants 1511 00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:28,520 there if there are two reactants actually the reaction doesn't take place 1512 00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:28,530 actually the reaction doesn't take place 1513 00:39:28,530 --> 00:39:31,460 actually the reaction doesn't take place usually those two molecules colliding 1514 00:39:31,460 --> 00:39:31,470 usually those two molecules colliding 1515 00:39:31,470 --> 00:39:34,310 usually those two molecules colliding and given the product no there are other 1516 00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:34,320 and given the product no there are other 1517 00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:37,550 and given the product no there are other steps between the reactant and the 1518 00:39:37,550 --> 00:39:37,560 steps between the reactant and the 1519 00:39:37,560 --> 00:39:40,370 steps between the reactant and the product and usually these are series of 1520 00:39:40,370 --> 00:39:40,380 product and usually these are series of 1521 00:39:40,380 --> 00:39:42,910 product and usually these are series of chemical reactions chemical reactions 1522 00:39:42,910 --> 00:39:42,920 chemical reactions chemical reactions 1523 00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:46,910 chemical reactions chemical reactions and these chemical reactions the set of 1524 00:39:46,910 --> 00:39:46,920 and these chemical reactions the set of 1525 00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:49,100 and these chemical reactions the set of these chemical reactions actually called 1526 00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:49,110 these chemical reactions actually called 1527 00:39:49,110 --> 00:39:53,210 these chemical reactions actually called the mechanism of chemical reaction now 1528 00:39:53,210 --> 00:39:53,220 the mechanism of chemical reaction now 1529 00:39:53,220 --> 00:39:56,480 the mechanism of chemical reaction now why the mechanism is important first of 1530 00:39:56,480 --> 00:39:56,490 why the mechanism is important first of 1531 00:39:56,490 --> 00:39:59,480 why the mechanism is important first of all we know more things about the 1532 00:39:59,480 --> 00:39:59,490 all we know more things about the 1533 00:39:59,490 --> 00:40:00,980 all we know more things about the chemical reaction how the chemical 1534 00:40:00,980 --> 00:40:00,990 chemical reaction how the chemical 1535 00:40:00,990 --> 00:40:02,760 chemical reaction how the chemical reaction is taking place now 1536 00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:02,770 reaction is taking place now 1537 00:40:02,770 --> 00:40:06,150 reaction is taking place now what is forming what is reacting what 1538 00:40:06,150 --> 00:40:06,160 what is forming what is reacting what 1539 00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:09,510 what is forming what is reacting what kind of activated complex and so on but 1540 00:40:09,510 --> 00:40:09,520 kind of activated complex and so on but 1541 00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:15,390 kind of activated complex and so on but second again if we know the rate law of 1542 00:40:15,390 --> 00:40:15,400 second again if we know the rate law of 1543 00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:20,070 second again if we know the rate law of a chemical reaction we can propose a 1544 00:40:20,070 --> 00:40:20,080 a chemical reaction we can propose a 1545 00:40:20,080 --> 00:40:23,750 a chemical reaction we can propose a mechanism for the chemical reactions 1546 00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:23,760 mechanism for the chemical reactions 1547 00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:27,720 mechanism for the chemical reactions which fits the rate law or vice-versa if 1548 00:40:27,720 --> 00:40:27,730 which fits the rate law or vice-versa if 1549 00:40:27,730 --> 00:40:30,480 which fits the rate law or vice-versa if I know the mechanism of a chemical 1550 00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:30,490 I know the mechanism of a chemical 1551 00:40:30,490 --> 00:40:34,470 I know the mechanism of a chemical reaction then I can write down the rate 1552 00:40:34,470 --> 00:40:34,480 reaction then I can write down the rate 1553 00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:37,140 reaction then I can write down the rate law for that reactions so you see again 1554 00:40:37,140 --> 00:40:37,150 law for that reactions so you see again 1555 00:40:37,150 --> 00:40:40,410 law for that reactions so you see again the rate law and the mechanism means the 1556 00:40:40,410 --> 00:40:40,420 the rate law and the mechanism means the 1557 00:40:40,420 --> 00:40:42,870 the rate law and the mechanism means the series of the reaction that taken place 1558 00:40:42,870 --> 00:40:42,880 series of the reaction that taken place 1559 00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:44,910 series of the reaction that taken place between the reactants and the products 1560 00:40:44,910 --> 00:40:44,920 between the reactants and the products 1561 00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:47,970 between the reactants and the products are related to each other as a matter of 1562 00:40:47,970 --> 00:40:47,980 are related to each other as a matter of 1563 00:40:47,980 --> 00:40:55,050 are related to each other as a matter of fact now let's make an exhibit a series 1564 00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:55,060 fact now let's make an exhibit a series 1565 00:40:55,060 --> 00:40:56,460 fact now let's make an exhibit a series of stepwise reaction that show how 1566 00:40:56,460 --> 00:40:56,470 of stepwise reaction that show how 1567 00:40:56,470 --> 00:40:59,310 of stepwise reaction that show how reactants become products now another 1568 00:40:59,310 --> 00:40:59,320 reactants become products now another 1569 00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:01,920 reactants become products now another things here I have to probably remind 1570 00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:01,930 things here I have to probably remind 1571 00:41:01,930 --> 00:41:05,310 things here I have to probably remind you we haven't suppose that I have a 1572 00:41:05,310 --> 00:41:05,320 you we haven't suppose that I have a 1573 00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:12,750 you we haven't suppose that I have a reaction like this to a plus B going to 1574 00:41:12,750 --> 00:41:12,760 reaction like this to a plus B going to 1575 00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:20,090 reaction like this to a plus B going to C plus D like this now the rate law for 1576 00:41:20,090 --> 00:41:20,100 C plus D like this now the rate law for 1577 00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:26,220 C plus D like this now the rate law for this reaction cannot be written directly 1578 00:41:26,220 --> 00:41:26,230 this reaction cannot be written directly 1579 00:41:26,230 --> 00:41:29,130 this reaction cannot be written directly from the chemical equation balanced 1580 00:41:29,130 --> 00:41:29,140 from the chemical equation balanced 1581 00:41:29,140 --> 00:41:33,420 from the chemical equation balanced chemical equations okay I can't really 1582 00:41:33,420 --> 00:41:33,430 chemical equations okay I can't really 1583 00:41:33,430 --> 00:41:35,310 chemical equations okay I can't really say that the rate law for this reaction 1584 00:41:35,310 --> 00:41:35,320 say that the rate law for this reaction 1585 00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:38,850 say that the rate law for this reaction is equal to K times concentration of a 1586 00:41:38,850 --> 00:41:38,860 is equal to K times concentration of a 1587 00:41:38,860 --> 00:41:41,040 is equal to K times concentration of a since I have the coefficient to 2 and 1588 00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:41,050 since I have the coefficient to 2 and 1589 00:41:41,050 --> 00:41:47,490 since I have the coefficient to 2 and times B and know this is not correct it 1590 00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:47,500 times B and know this is not correct it 1591 00:41:47,500 --> 00:41:51,480 times B and know this is not correct it may but I can't really write it by 1592 00:41:51,480 --> 00:41:51,490 may but I can't really write it by 1593 00:41:51,490 --> 00:41:53,700 may but I can't really write it by looking at the balanced chemical 1594 00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:53,710 looking at the balanced chemical 1595 00:41:53,710 --> 00:41:56,840 looking at the balanced chemical equation for the chemical reactions so 1596 00:41:56,840 --> 00:41:56,850 equation for the chemical reactions so 1597 00:41:56,850 --> 00:42:00,800 equation for the chemical reactions so what that simply means that the 1598 00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:00,810 what that simply means that the 1599 00:42:00,810 --> 00:42:03,930 what that simply means that the coefficients in front of the reactants 1600 00:42:03,930 --> 00:42:03,940 coefficients in front of the reactants 1601 00:42:03,940 --> 00:42:06,840 coefficients in front of the reactants are not as the exponents of their 1602 00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:06,850 are not as the exponents of their 1603 00:42:06,850 --> 00:42:09,630 are not as the exponents of their concentrations in the rate load no so 1604 00:42:09,630 --> 00:42:09,640 concentrations in the rate load no so 1605 00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:12,240 concentrations in the rate load no so how can I write down the rate law I have 1606 00:42:12,240 --> 00:42:12,250 how can I write down the rate law I have 1607 00:42:12,250 --> 00:42:14,520 how can I write down the rate law I have to do the experiments remember I have to 1608 00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:14,530 to do the experiments remember I have to 1609 00:42:14,530 --> 00:42:16,320 to do the experiments remember I have to simply do serious 1610 00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:16,330 simply do serious 1611 00:42:16,330 --> 00:42:19,350 simply do serious of reactions at different concentrations 1612 00:42:19,350 --> 00:42:19,360 of reactions at different concentrations 1613 00:42:19,360 --> 00:42:23,640 of reactions at different concentrations of the reactants and find out how the 1614 00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:23,650 of the reactants and find out how the 1615 00:42:23,650 --> 00:42:27,300 of the reactants and find out how the rate depends on the concentration when 1616 00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:27,310 rate depends on the concentration when 1617 00:42:27,310 --> 00:42:28,680 rate depends on the concentration when you increase double the concentration 1618 00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:28,690 you increase double the concentration 1619 00:42:28,690 --> 00:42:30,720 you increase double the concentration remember as I said if the rate doubles 1620 00:42:30,720 --> 00:42:30,730 remember as I said if the rate doubles 1621 00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:32,820 remember as I said if the rate doubles means that the exponent of the 1622 00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:32,830 means that the exponent of the 1623 00:42:32,830 --> 00:42:36,690 means that the exponent of the concentration here is 1 now if it is 1624 00:42:36,690 --> 00:42:36,700 concentration here is 1 now if it is 1625 00:42:36,700 --> 00:42:39,240 concentration here is 1 now if it is quadruples that means it is true and 1626 00:42:39,240 --> 00:42:39,250 quadruples that means it is true and 1627 00:42:39,250 --> 00:42:42,650 quadruples that means it is true and this way I simply by experimentally I 1628 00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:42,660 this way I simply by experimentally I 1629 00:42:42,660 --> 00:42:45,570 this way I simply by experimentally I determine the rate law of a chemical 1630 00:42:45,570 --> 00:42:45,580 determine the rate law of a chemical 1631 00:42:45,580 --> 00:42:47,910 determine the rate law of a chemical reactions I can't write it directly by 1632 00:42:47,910 --> 00:42:47,920 reactions I can't write it directly by 1633 00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:50,130 reactions I can't write it directly by looking at the balance equation we have 1634 00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:50,140 looking at the balance equation we have 1635 00:42:50,140 --> 00:42:53,250 looking at the balance equation we have to remember that we never do that but if 1636 00:42:53,250 --> 00:42:53,260 to remember that we never do that but if 1637 00:42:53,260 --> 00:42:57,660 to remember that we never do that but if I know the mechanism then I can simply 1638 00:42:57,660 --> 00:42:57,670 I know the mechanism then I can simply 1639 00:42:57,670 --> 00:42:59,580 I know the mechanism then I can simply write down the rate law as we will show 1640 00:42:59,580 --> 00:42:59,590 write down the rate law as we will show 1641 00:42:59,590 --> 00:43:05,060 write down the rate law as we will show you but in other things the reactions 1642 00:43:05,060 --> 00:43:05,070 you but in other things the reactions 1643 00:43:05,070 --> 00:43:10,350 you but in other things the reactions which we call the mechanism are all one 1644 00:43:10,350 --> 00:43:10,360 which we call the mechanism are all one 1645 00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:14,730 which we call the mechanism are all one step reactions one step reaction means 1646 00:43:14,730 --> 00:43:14,740 step reactions one step reaction means 1647 00:43:14,740 --> 00:43:19,500 step reactions one step reaction means this actually if I know that this is a 1648 00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:19,510 this actually if I know that this is a 1649 00:43:19,510 --> 00:43:21,600 this actually if I know that this is a one-step reaction what does that means 1650 00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:21,610 one-step reaction what does that means 1651 00:43:21,610 --> 00:43:24,930 one-step reaction what does that means that means to a molecules and 1b 1652 00:43:24,930 --> 00:43:24,940 that means to a molecules and 1b 1653 00:43:24,940 --> 00:43:26,880 that means to a molecules and 1b molecules collide with each other and 1654 00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:26,890 molecules collide with each other and 1655 00:43:26,890 --> 00:43:30,060 molecules collide with each other and then the product C and D forms this is 1656 00:43:30,060 --> 00:43:30,070 then the product C and D forms this is 1657 00:43:30,070 --> 00:43:33,570 then the product C and D forms this is one one-step reaction actually now if I 1658 00:43:33,570 --> 00:43:33,580 one one-step reaction actually now if I 1659 00:43:33,580 --> 00:43:36,150 one one-step reaction actually now if I know that the this reaction in one step 1660 00:43:36,150 --> 00:43:36,160 know that the this reaction in one step 1661 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:38,370 know that the this reaction in one step then the rate low I can write down the 1662 00:43:38,370 --> 00:43:38,380 then the rate low I can write down the 1663 00:43:38,380 --> 00:43:39,810 then the rate low I can write down the rate or rate law will be equal to that 1664 00:43:39,810 --> 00:43:39,820 rate or rate law will be equal to that 1665 00:43:39,820 --> 00:43:43,190 rate or rate law will be equal to that but if I don't know that the reaction is 1666 00:43:43,190 --> 00:43:43,200 but if I don't know that the reaction is 1667 00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:46,260 but if I don't know that the reaction is one-step reaction again I can't write 1668 00:43:46,260 --> 00:43:46,270 one-step reaction again I can't write 1669 00:43:46,270 --> 00:43:47,580 one-step reaction again I can't write down the rate law I have to do 1670 00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:47,590 down the rate law I have to do 1671 00:43:47,590 --> 00:43:48,930 down the rate law I have to do experiment to determine it 1672 00:43:48,930 --> 00:43:48,940 experiment to determine it 1673 00:43:48,940 --> 00:43:53,550 experiment to determine it experimentally so all the steps in the 1674 00:43:53,550 --> 00:43:53,560 experimentally so all the steps in the 1675 00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:54,180 experimentally so all the steps in the mechanism 1676 00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:54,190 mechanism 1677 00:43:54,190 --> 00:43:56,370 mechanism those are reactions between reactant and 1678 00:43:56,370 --> 00:43:56,380 those are reactions between reactant and 1679 00:43:56,380 --> 00:44:00,740 those are reactions between reactant and the product steps are one step mechanism 1680 00:44:00,740 --> 00:44:00,750 the product steps are one step mechanism 1681 00:44:00,750 --> 00:44:03,270 the product steps are one step mechanism actually one step reaction is what does 1682 00:44:03,270 --> 00:44:03,280 actually one step reaction is what does 1683 00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:05,430 actually one step reaction is what does that means that means that by looking at 1684 00:44:05,430 --> 00:44:05,440 that means that means that by looking at 1685 00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:07,710 that means that means that by looking at their chemical reaction balance chemical 1686 00:44:07,710 --> 00:44:07,720 their chemical reaction balance chemical 1687 00:44:07,720 --> 00:44:09,590 their chemical reaction balance chemical reaction I can write down the rate law 1688 00:44:09,590 --> 00:44:09,600 reaction I can write down the rate law 1689 00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:13,200 reaction I can write down the rate law let's look at what this simply means I 1690 00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:13,210 let's look at what this simply means I 1691 00:44:13,210 --> 00:44:19,260 let's look at what this simply means I guess here here is now you see again 1692 00:44:19,260 --> 00:44:19,270 guess here here is now you see again 1693 00:44:19,270 --> 00:44:23,070 guess here here is now you see again these are all one step elementary they 1694 00:44:23,070 --> 00:44:23,080 these are all one step elementary they 1695 00:44:23,080 --> 00:44:24,360 these are all one step elementary they are called elementary reactions or 1696 00:44:24,360 --> 00:44:24,370 are called elementary reactions or 1697 00:44:24,370 --> 00:44:25,950 are called elementary reactions or one-step reaction elementary one-step 1698 00:44:25,950 --> 00:44:25,960 one-step reaction elementary one-step 1699 00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:28,210 one-step reaction elementary one-step reaction and it 1700 00:44:28,210 --> 00:44:28,220 reaction and it 1701 00:44:28,220 --> 00:44:30,700 reaction and it it is this kind like this we call it 1702 00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:30,710 it is this kind like this we call it 1703 00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:33,130 it is this kind like this we call it Union molecular and what does that mean 1704 00:44:33,130 --> 00:44:33,140 Union molecular and what does that mean 1705 00:44:33,140 --> 00:44:34,300 Union molecular and what does that mean that simply means that the molecule 1706 00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:34,310 that simply means that the molecule 1707 00:44:34,310 --> 00:44:37,089 that simply means that the molecule actually decomposes to form the product 1708 00:44:37,089 --> 00:44:37,099 actually decomposes to form the product 1709 00:44:37,099 --> 00:44:38,440 actually decomposes to form the product as a matter of fact whatever the product 1710 00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:38,450 as a matter of fact whatever the product 1711 00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:41,680 as a matter of fact whatever the product is and the rate law for this reaction 1712 00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:41,690 is and the rate law for this reaction 1713 00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:45,010 is and the rate law for this reaction will be equal to K times concentrations 1714 00:44:45,010 --> 00:44:45,020 will be equal to K times concentrations 1715 00:44:45,020 --> 00:44:48,130 will be equal to K times concentrations of a how why why I can write it directly 1716 00:44:48,130 --> 00:44:48,140 of a how why why I can write it directly 1717 00:44:48,140 --> 00:44:50,200 of a how why why I can write it directly by looking at there because it is 1718 00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:50,210 by looking at there because it is 1719 00:44:50,210 --> 00:44:51,670 by looking at there because it is elementary reaction one-step reaction 1720 00:44:51,670 --> 00:44:51,680 elementary reaction one-step reaction 1721 00:44:51,680 --> 00:44:53,680 elementary reaction one-step reaction and then a mental reaction one-step 1722 00:44:53,680 --> 00:44:53,690 and then a mental reaction one-step 1723 00:44:53,690 --> 00:44:55,780 and then a mental reaction one-step reactions in fact I can write down the 1724 00:44:55,780 --> 00:44:55,790 reactions in fact I can write down the 1725 00:44:55,790 --> 00:44:57,160 reactions in fact I can write down the rate law by looking at the balance 1726 00:44:57,160 --> 00:44:57,170 rate law by looking at the balance 1727 00:44:57,170 --> 00:44:59,320 rate law by looking at the balance chemical equations and these are usually 1728 00:44:59,320 --> 00:44:59,330 chemical equations and these are usually 1729 00:44:59,330 --> 00:45:03,640 chemical equations and these are usually the reactions that is in the mechanism 1730 00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:03,650 the reactions that is in the mechanism 1731 00:45:03,650 --> 00:45:06,370 the reactions that is in the mechanism or that makes the mechanism off the 1732 00:45:06,370 --> 00:45:06,380 or that makes the mechanism off the 1733 00:45:06,380 --> 00:45:08,109 or that makes the mechanism off the chemical reactions as a matter of fact 1734 00:45:08,109 --> 00:45:08,119 chemical reactions as a matter of fact 1735 00:45:08,119 --> 00:45:11,620 chemical reactions as a matter of fact and this is called uni molecular now by 1736 00:45:11,620 --> 00:45:11,630 and this is called uni molecular now by 1737 00:45:11,630 --> 00:45:14,950 and this is called uni molecular now by molecular if I have like a a product 1738 00:45:14,950 --> 00:45:14,960 molecular if I have like a a product 1739 00:45:14,960 --> 00:45:17,170 molecular if I have like a a product they simply collide with each other or a 1740 00:45:17,170 --> 00:45:17,180 they simply collide with each other or a 1741 00:45:17,180 --> 00:45:19,690 they simply collide with each other or a be collide with each other one step 1742 00:45:19,690 --> 00:45:19,700 be collide with each other one step 1743 00:45:19,700 --> 00:45:21,670 be collide with each other one step elementary reaction to form the product 1744 00:45:21,670 --> 00:45:21,680 elementary reaction to form the product 1745 00:45:21,680 --> 00:45:24,580 elementary reaction to form the product then the rate will be equal to K times 1746 00:45:24,580 --> 00:45:24,590 then the rate will be equal to K times 1747 00:45:24,590 --> 00:45:25,960 then the rate will be equal to K times the concentration of a times 1748 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:25,970 the concentration of a times 1749 00:45:25,970 --> 00:45:28,540 the concentration of a times concentration of B I don't have the if I 1750 00:45:28,540 --> 00:45:28,550 concentration of B I don't have the if I 1751 00:45:28,550 --> 00:45:32,470 concentration of B I don't have the if I have here two for example then I would 1752 00:45:32,470 --> 00:45:32,480 have here two for example then I would 1753 00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:35,530 have here two for example then I would have put it here too because the 1754 00:45:35,530 --> 00:45:35,540 have put it here too because the 1755 00:45:35,540 --> 00:45:37,060 have put it here too because the elementary one-step reaction but 1756 00:45:37,060 --> 00:45:37,070 elementary one-step reaction but 1757 00:45:37,070 --> 00:45:39,609 elementary one-step reaction but remember termolecular reactions are very 1758 00:45:39,609 --> 00:45:39,619 remember termolecular reactions are very 1759 00:45:39,619 --> 00:45:42,579 remember termolecular reactions are very seldom and very very slow we don't 1760 00:45:42,579 --> 00:45:42,589 seldom and very very slow we don't 1761 00:45:42,589 --> 00:45:44,859 seldom and very very slow we don't really consider those but there are 1762 00:45:44,859 --> 00:45:44,869 really consider those but there are 1763 00:45:44,869 --> 00:45:48,190 really consider those but there are cases here as we will see now this is 1764 00:45:48,190 --> 00:45:48,200 cases here as we will see now this is 1765 00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,200 cases here as we will see now this is the biomolecular by molecular means that 1766 00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:50,210 the biomolecular by molecular means that 1767 00:45:50,210 --> 00:45:53,320 the biomolecular by molecular means that two reactant molecules to reaction 1768 00:45:53,320 --> 00:45:53,330 two reactant molecules to reaction 1769 00:45:53,330 --> 00:45:54,790 two reactant molecules to reaction molecules collide with each other and 1770 00:45:54,790 --> 00:45:54,800 molecules collide with each other and 1771 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,390 molecules collide with each other and the product forms that's all it is now 1772 00:45:58,390 --> 00:45:58,400 the product forms that's all it is now 1773 00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,960 the product forms that's all it is now termolecular involves the collisions of 1774 00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:01,970 termolecular involves the collisions of 1775 00:46:01,970 --> 00:46:05,109 termolecular involves the collisions of three molecules at the same point at the 1776 00:46:05,109 --> 00:46:05,119 three molecules at the same point at the 1777 00:46:05,119 --> 00:46:07,630 three molecules at the same point at the same time in three-dimensional space 1778 00:46:07,630 --> 00:46:07,640 same time in three-dimensional space 1779 00:46:07,640 --> 00:46:10,690 same time in three-dimensional space right and the probability of happening 1780 00:46:10,690 --> 00:46:10,700 right and the probability of happening 1781 00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:14,260 right and the probability of happening that is very very low so what does that 1782 00:46:14,260 --> 00:46:14,270 that is very very low so what does that 1783 00:46:14,270 --> 00:46:16,510 that is very very low so what does that means that means that the rate of the 1784 00:46:16,510 --> 00:46:16,520 means that means that the rate of the 1785 00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:19,000 means that means that the rate of the termolecular reactions are very very 1786 00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:19,010 termolecular reactions are very very 1787 00:46:19,010 --> 00:46:21,970 termolecular reactions are very very slow and we just neglect them usually we 1788 00:46:21,970 --> 00:46:21,980 slow and we just neglect them usually we 1789 00:46:21,980 --> 00:46:24,380 slow and we just neglect them usually we neglect them very 1790 00:46:24,380 --> 00:46:24,390 neglect them very 1791 00:46:24,390 --> 00:46:27,359 neglect them very where we have the turbo liquid reaction 1792 00:46:27,359 --> 00:46:27,369 where we have the turbo liquid reaction 1793 00:46:27,369 --> 00:46:29,999 where we have the turbo liquid reaction but you see again even this case since 1794 00:46:29,999 --> 00:46:30,009 but you see again even this case since 1795 00:46:30,009 --> 00:46:32,819 but you see again even this case since it is elementary reaction we can write 1796 00:46:32,819 --> 00:46:32,829 it is elementary reaction we can write 1797 00:46:32,829 --> 00:46:35,519 it is elementary reaction we can write down the rate low as K times a to the 1798 00:46:35,519 --> 00:46:35,529 down the rate low as K times a to the 1799 00:46:35,529 --> 00:46:37,709 down the rate low as K times a to the third because we have three of those 1800 00:46:37,709 --> 00:46:37,719 third because we have three of those 1801 00:46:37,719 --> 00:46:40,019 third because we have three of those three a goes to the product and this one 1802 00:46:40,019 --> 00:46:40,029 three a goes to the product and this one 1803 00:46:40,029 --> 00:46:42,749 three a goes to the product and this one will be to a be actually like this then 1804 00:46:42,749 --> 00:46:42,759 will be to a be actually like this then 1805 00:46:42,759 --> 00:46:45,539 will be to a be actually like this then it is equal to this and so on again as I 1806 00:46:45,539 --> 00:46:45,549 it is equal to this and so on again as I 1807 00:46:45,549 --> 00:46:48,630 it is equal to this and so on again as I said I said that this we can't write it 1808 00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:48,640 said I said that this we can't write it 1809 00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:51,539 said I said that this we can't write it by looking at this because we don't know 1810 00:46:51,539 --> 00:46:51,549 by looking at this because we don't know 1811 00:46:51,549 --> 00:46:53,430 by looking at this because we don't know whether it's a one-step reaction but if 1812 00:46:53,430 --> 00:46:53,440 whether it's a one-step reaction but if 1813 00:46:53,440 --> 00:46:54,769 whether it's a one-step reaction but if you know it's a one-step reaction 1814 00:46:54,769 --> 00:46:54,779 you know it's a one-step reaction 1815 00:46:54,779 --> 00:46:57,120 you know it's a one-step reaction elementary reactions we can write it 1816 00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:57,130 elementary reactions we can write it 1817 00:46:57,130 --> 00:46:59,459 elementary reactions we can write it here and that's the exactly written here 1818 00:46:59,459 --> 00:46:59,469 here and that's the exactly written here 1819 00:46:59,469 --> 00:47:01,739 here and that's the exactly written here like this and another termolecular 1820 00:47:01,739 --> 00:47:01,749 like this and another termolecular 1821 00:47:01,749 --> 00:47:05,579 like this and another termolecular three of those again KABC see again 1 1 1822 00:47:05,579 --> 00:47:05,589 three of those again KABC see again 1 1 1823 00:47:05,589 --> 00:47:09,319 three of those again KABC see again 1 1 1 like this so these are simply called 1824 00:47:09,319 --> 00:47:09,329 1 like this so these are simply called 1825 00:47:09,329 --> 00:47:13,410 1 like this so these are simply called molecularity of the elementary reaction 1826 00:47:13,410 --> 00:47:13,420 molecularity of the elementary reaction 1827 00:47:13,420 --> 00:47:15,749 molecularity of the elementary reaction what does that means how many molecules 1828 00:47:15,749 --> 00:47:15,759 what does that means how many molecules 1829 00:47:15,759 --> 00:47:19,499 what does that means how many molecules are involved in collusion first step 1830 00:47:19,499 --> 00:47:19,509 are involved in collusion first step 1831 00:47:19,509 --> 00:47:21,390 are involved in collusion first step collisions that's what it means if one 1832 00:47:21,390 --> 00:47:21,400 collisions that's what it means if one 1833 00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,400 collisions that's what it means if one molecule decomposes you know molecular 1834 00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:23,410 molecule decomposes you know molecular 1835 00:47:23,410 --> 00:47:26,400 molecule decomposes you know molecular to by molecular three molecules actually 1836 00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:26,410 to by molecular three molecules actually 1837 00:47:26,410 --> 00:47:30,120 to by molecular three molecules actually term molecular right reactions so we 1838 00:47:30,120 --> 00:47:30,130 term molecular right reactions so we 1839 00:47:30,130 --> 00:47:34,620 term molecular right reactions so we will have this kind of reactions in the 1840 00:47:34,620 --> 00:47:34,630 will have this kind of reactions in the 1841 00:47:34,630 --> 00:47:36,779 will have this kind of reactions in the mechanism steps actually the mechanism 1842 00:47:36,779 --> 00:47:36,789 mechanism steps actually the mechanism 1843 00:47:36,789 --> 00:47:39,839 mechanism steps actually the mechanism series of reaction between reactants and 1844 00:47:39,839 --> 00:47:39,849 series of reaction between reactants and 1845 00:47:39,849 --> 00:47:42,809 series of reaction between reactants and the products as we describe that now 1846 00:47:42,809 --> 00:47:42,819 the products as we describe that now 1847 00:47:42,819 --> 00:47:45,180 the products as we describe that now this is the explanation again that 1848 00:47:45,180 --> 00:47:45,190 this is the explanation again that 1849 00:47:45,190 --> 00:47:47,609 this is the explanation again that termolecular that means collisions of 1850 00:47:47,609 --> 00:47:47,619 termolecular that means collisions of 1851 00:47:47,619 --> 00:47:50,430 termolecular that means collisions of three molecules steps required three 1852 00:47:50,430 --> 00:47:50,440 three molecules steps required three 1853 00:47:50,440 --> 00:47:52,140 three molecules steps required three molecules simultaneously collide with 1854 00:47:52,140 --> 00:47:52,150 molecules simultaneously collide with 1855 00:47:52,150 --> 00:47:53,939 molecules simultaneously collide with the proper orientation and the proper 1856 00:47:53,939 --> 00:47:53,949 the proper orientation and the proper 1857 00:47:53,949 --> 00:47:57,420 the proper orientation and the proper energy these are rare if they indeed do 1858 00:47:57,420 --> 00:47:57,430 energy these are rare if they indeed do 1859 00:47:57,430 --> 00:48:01,349 energy these are rare if they indeed do a cure these must be slower than you 1860 00:48:01,349 --> 00:48:01,359 a cure these must be slower than you 1861 00:48:01,359 --> 00:48:03,269 a cure these must be slower than you know molecular biomolecular step nearly 1862 00:48:03,269 --> 00:48:03,279 know molecular biomolecular step nearly 1863 00:48:03,279 --> 00:48:06,359 know molecular biomolecular step nearly all mechanisms use only in a molecular 1864 00:48:06,359 --> 00:48:06,369 all mechanisms use only in a molecular 1865 00:48:06,369 --> 00:48:08,819 all mechanisms use only in a molecular or by molecular reactions what does that 1866 00:48:08,819 --> 00:48:08,829 or by molecular reactions what does that 1867 00:48:08,829 --> 00:48:10,589 or by molecular reactions what does that means that means that termolecular 1868 00:48:10,589 --> 00:48:10,599 means that means that termolecular 1869 00:48:10,599 --> 00:48:13,229 means that means that termolecular reactions are too slow to be considered 1870 00:48:13,229 --> 00:48:13,239 reactions are too slow to be considered 1871 00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:15,920 reactions are too slow to be considered usually right too slow to be considered 1872 00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:15,930 usually right too slow to be considered 1873 00:48:15,930 --> 00:48:19,589 usually right too slow to be considered okay I guess this is the end of first 1874 00:48:19,589 --> 00:48:19,599 okay I guess this is the end of first 1875 00:48:19,599 --> 00:48:21,329 okay I guess this is the end of first hour let's have a break and come back 1876 00:48:21,329 --> 00:48:21,339 hour let's have a break and come back 1877 00:48:21,339 --> 00:48:24,029 hour let's have a break and come back after 15 No ten minutes right ten 1878 00:48:24,029 --> 00:48:24,039 after 15 No ten minutes right ten 1879 00:48:24,039 --> 00:48:26,309 after 15 No ten minutes right ten minutes