1 00:00:10,250 --> 00:00:14,650 now in this hour actually about 15 2 00:00:14,650 --> 00:00:14,660 now in this hour actually about 15 3 00:00:14,660 --> 00:00:17,770 now in this hour actually about 15 minutes I will talk about equilibrium 4 00:00:17,770 --> 00:00:17,780 minutes I will talk about equilibrium 5 00:00:17,780 --> 00:00:22,090 minutes I will talk about equilibrium and then I will solve some problems at 6 00:00:22,090 --> 00:00:22,100 and then I will solve some problems at 7 00:00:22,100 --> 00:00:24,760 and then I will solve some problems at the end of chapters that I picked up in 8 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:24,770 the end of chapters that I picked up in 9 00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:29,769 the end of chapters that I picked up in the last half hour actually okay last 10 00:00:29,769 --> 00:00:29,779 the last half hour actually okay last 11 00:00:29,779 --> 00:00:31,690 the last half hour actually okay last time remember we have started chemical 12 00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:31,700 time remember we have started chemical 13 00:00:31,700 --> 00:00:34,270 time remember we have started chemical equilibrium and what we said that every 14 00:00:34,270 --> 00:00:34,280 equilibrium and what we said that every 15 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:37,270 equilibrium and what we said that every reaction actually reaches to in 16 00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:37,280 reaction actually reaches to in 17 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:41,020 reaction actually reaches to in equilibrium but depending on whether the 18 00:00:41,020 --> 00:00:41,030 equilibrium but depending on whether the 19 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:43,630 equilibrium but depending on whether the equilibrium is close to the products or 20 00:00:43,630 --> 00:00:43,640 equilibrium is close to the products or 21 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:46,090 equilibrium is close to the products or close to the reactants if it is too 22 00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:46,100 close to the reactants if it is too 23 00:00:46,100 --> 00:00:48,700 close to the reactants if it is too close to the products that means most of 24 00:00:48,700 --> 00:00:48,710 close to the products that means most of 25 00:00:48,710 --> 00:00:52,600 close to the products that means most of the 99.999% of the reactants are 26 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:52,610 the 99.999% of the reactants are 27 00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:54,850 the 99.999% of the reactants are converted to the products we simply say 28 00:00:54,850 --> 00:00:54,860 converted to the products we simply say 29 00:00:54,860 --> 00:00:57,880 converted to the products we simply say that the reaction is complete right now 30 00:00:57,880 --> 00:00:57,890 that the reaction is complete right now 31 00:00:57,890 --> 00:01:01,180 that the reaction is complete right now if on the other side if it is the 32 00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:01,190 if on the other side if it is the 33 00:01:01,190 --> 00:01:03,340 if on the other side if it is the equilibrium is close to the reactant 34 00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:03,350 equilibrium is close to the reactant 35 00:01:03,350 --> 00:01:06,249 equilibrium is close to the reactant side that means very very small amount 36 00:01:06,249 --> 00:01:06,259 side that means very very small amount 37 00:01:06,259 --> 00:01:09,100 side that means very very small amount of the reactants is converted to the 38 00:01:09,100 --> 00:01:09,110 of the reactants is converted to the 39 00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:12,760 of the reactants is converted to the products we simply say that the reaction 40 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:12,770 products we simply say that the reaction 41 00:01:12,770 --> 00:01:15,010 products we simply say that the reaction is not taken place but we should 42 00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:15,020 is not taken place but we should 43 00:01:15,020 --> 00:01:17,170 is not taken place but we should remember that every reaction is 44 00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:17,180 remember that every reaction is 45 00:01:17,180 --> 00:01:21,490 remember that every reaction is reversible and every reaction has simply 46 00:01:21,490 --> 00:01:21,500 reversible and every reaction has simply 47 00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:23,640 reversible and every reaction has simply an equilibrium and equilibrium constants 48 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:23,650 an equilibrium and equilibrium constants 49 00:01:23,650 --> 00:01:28,170 an equilibrium and equilibrium constants now again let's go through very quickly 50 00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:28,180 now again let's go through very quickly 51 00:01:28,180 --> 00:01:31,300 now again let's go through very quickly we have simply taken the decompositions 52 00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:31,310 we have simply taken the decompositions 53 00:01:31,310 --> 00:01:33,370 we have simply taken the decompositions of dinitrogen tetroxide 54 00:01:33,370 --> 00:01:33,380 of dinitrogen tetroxide 55 00:01:33,380 --> 00:01:37,660 of dinitrogen tetroxide to nitrogen dioxide and one is actually 56 00:01:37,660 --> 00:01:37,670 to nitrogen dioxide and one is actually 57 00:01:37,670 --> 00:01:39,730 to nitrogen dioxide and one is actually colorless this is colorless this is 58 00:01:39,730 --> 00:01:39,740 colorless this is colorless this is 59 00:01:39,740 --> 00:01:44,860 colorless this is colorless this is brown and when you start with the no.2 60 00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:44,870 brown and when you start with the no.2 61 00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:48,700 brown and when you start with the no.2 or you start with the only no.2 or if 62 00:01:48,700 --> 00:01:48,710 or you start with the only no.2 or if 63 00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,730 or you start with the only no.2 or if you start only with n2o4 you reach to an 64 00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:51,740 you start only with n2o4 you reach to an 65 00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:55,600 you start only with n2o4 you reach to an equilibrium equilibrium now the rate of 66 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:55,610 equilibrium equilibrium now the rate of 67 00:01:55,610 --> 00:02:00,130 equilibrium equilibrium now the rate of the reaction actually forward is given 68 00:02:00,130 --> 00:02:00,140 the reaction actually forward is given 69 00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,109 the reaction actually forward is given like this for example when you start 70 00:02:02,109 --> 00:02:02,119 like this for example when you start 71 00:02:02,119 --> 00:02:06,270 like this for example when you start with n2o4 dinitrogen tetroxide and rate 72 00:02:06,270 --> 00:02:06,280 with n2o4 dinitrogen tetroxide and rate 73 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:09,100 with n2o4 dinitrogen tetroxide and rate decreases as the time goes on this is 74 00:02:09,100 --> 00:02:09,110 decreases as the time goes on this is 75 00:02:09,110 --> 00:02:12,910 decreases as the time goes on this is the forward rate expression rate low 76 00:02:12,910 --> 00:02:12,920 the forward rate expression rate low 77 00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:16,240 the forward rate expression rate low expression now this is again 78 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:16,250 expression now this is again 79 00:02:16,250 --> 00:02:19,990 expression now this is again the formations of the n2o4 that means 80 00:02:19,990 --> 00:02:20,000 the formations of the n2o4 that means 81 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,440 the formations of the n2o4 that means the reverse rate of the reaction now 82 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:23,450 the reverse rate of the reaction now 83 00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:24,250 the reverse rate of the reaction now this is 84 00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:24,260 this is 85 00:02:24,260 --> 00:02:26,199 this is Creason as the time goes on because the 86 00:02:26,199 --> 00:02:26,209 Creason as the time goes on because the 87 00:02:26,209 --> 00:02:27,869 Creason as the time goes on because the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide 88 00:02:27,869 --> 00:02:27,879 concentrations of nitrogen dioxide 89 00:02:27,879 --> 00:02:30,910 concentrations of nitrogen dioxide increases as it decomposes dinitrogen 90 00:02:30,910 --> 00:02:30,920 increases as it decomposes dinitrogen 91 00:02:30,920 --> 00:02:34,270 increases as it decomposes dinitrogen tetroxide and it reaches to a point 92 00:02:34,270 --> 00:02:34,280 tetroxide and it reaches to a point 93 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:36,940 tetroxide and it reaches to a point where the forward rate and the reverse 94 00:02:36,940 --> 00:02:36,950 where the forward rate and the reverse 95 00:02:36,950 --> 00:02:40,059 where the forward rate and the reverse rate are equal and we say this is the 96 00:02:40,059 --> 00:02:40,069 rate are equal and we say this is the 97 00:02:40,069 --> 00:02:43,059 rate are equal and we say this is the equilibrium point and we say equilibrium 98 00:02:43,059 --> 00:02:43,069 equilibrium point and we say equilibrium 99 00:02:43,069 --> 00:02:46,270 equilibrium point and we say equilibrium is achieved again this is as I said last 100 00:02:46,270 --> 00:02:46,280 is achieved again this is as I said last 101 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:49,240 is achieved again this is as I said last time dynamic equilibrium actually 102 00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:49,250 time dynamic equilibrium actually 103 00:02:49,250 --> 00:02:51,490 time dynamic equilibrium actually dynamic equilibrium and dynamic 104 00:02:51,490 --> 00:02:51,500 dynamic equilibrium and dynamic 105 00:02:51,500 --> 00:02:54,280 dynamic equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium is indicated in reactions if 106 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:54,290 equilibrium is indicated in reactions if 107 00:02:54,290 --> 00:02:58,509 equilibrium is indicated in reactions if he particularly emphasized would like to 108 00:02:58,509 --> 00:02:58,519 he particularly emphasized would like to 109 00:02:58,519 --> 00:03:01,149 he particularly emphasized would like to emphasize on equilibrium instead of one 110 00:03:01,149 --> 00:03:01,159 emphasize on equilibrium instead of one 111 00:03:01,159 --> 00:03:04,509 emphasize on equilibrium instead of one arrow we use two arrows this is means a 112 00:03:04,509 --> 00:03:04,519 arrow we use two arrows this is means a 113 00:03:04,519 --> 00:03:07,420 arrow we use two arrows this is means a reversible reaction and the equilibrium 114 00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:07,430 reversible reaction and the equilibrium 115 00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:11,559 reversible reaction and the equilibrium again now this is the rate of the 116 00:03:11,559 --> 00:03:11,569 again now this is the rate of the 117 00:03:11,569 --> 00:03:15,280 again now this is the rate of the reactions simply like this and when we 118 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:15,290 reactions simply like this and when we 119 00:03:15,290 --> 00:03:19,629 reactions simply like this and when we simply reach the equilibrium point where 120 00:03:19,629 --> 00:03:19,639 simply reach the equilibrium point where 121 00:03:19,639 --> 00:03:21,580 simply reach the equilibrium point where the forward and reverse reactions are 122 00:03:21,580 --> 00:03:21,590 the forward and reverse reactions are 123 00:03:21,590 --> 00:03:23,979 the forward and reverse reactions are equal rate of the reverse and forward 124 00:03:23,979 --> 00:03:23,989 equal rate of the reverse and forward 125 00:03:23,989 --> 00:03:26,460 equal rate of the reverse and forward reactions are equal then we have this 126 00:03:26,460 --> 00:03:26,470 reactions are equal then we have this 127 00:03:26,470 --> 00:03:31,319 reactions are equal then we have this simply ratio of the product 128 00:03:31,319 --> 00:03:31,329 simply ratio of the product 129 00:03:31,329 --> 00:03:33,360 simply ratio of the product concentration raised to the power 2 130 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:33,370 concentration raised to the power 2 131 00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:35,909 concentration raised to the power 2 divided by the reactant concentration 132 00:03:35,909 --> 00:03:35,919 divided by the reactant concentration 133 00:03:35,919 --> 00:03:39,039 divided by the reactant concentration molar concentrations would be equal to 134 00:03:39,039 --> 00:03:39,049 molar concentrations would be equal to 135 00:03:39,049 --> 00:03:42,339 molar concentrations would be equal to KF over kr since KF and kr rate constant 136 00:03:42,339 --> 00:03:42,349 KF over kr since KF and kr rate constant 137 00:03:42,349 --> 00:03:43,930 KF over kr since KF and kr rate constant and they are constant as long as the 138 00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:43,940 and they are constant as long as the 139 00:03:43,940 --> 00:03:45,849 and they are constant as long as the temperature is constant that means that 140 00:03:45,849 --> 00:03:45,859 temperature is constant that means that 141 00:03:45,859 --> 00:03:48,879 temperature is constant that means that this ratio of the molar concentrations 142 00:03:48,879 --> 00:03:48,889 this ratio of the molar concentrations 143 00:03:48,889 --> 00:03:54,030 this ratio of the molar concentrations do not change if the if the if the if 144 00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:54,040 do not change if the if the if the if 145 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:57,159 do not change if the if the if the if temperature is not changing actually and 146 00:03:57,159 --> 00:03:57,169 temperature is not changing actually and 147 00:03:57,169 --> 00:03:59,939 temperature is not changing actually and this is again remember it we have to 148 00:03:59,939 --> 00:03:59,949 this is again remember it we have to 149 00:03:59,949 --> 00:04:02,559 this is again remember it we have to assume this imagine this in a closed 150 00:04:02,559 --> 00:04:02,569 assume this imagine this in a closed 151 00:04:02,569 --> 00:04:05,710 assume this imagine this in a closed system in a closed system right not an 152 00:04:05,710 --> 00:04:05,720 system in a closed system right not an 153 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:08,649 system in a closed system right not an open system and this ratio of the rate 154 00:04:08,649 --> 00:04:08,659 open system and this ratio of the rate 155 00:04:08,659 --> 00:04:12,759 open system and this ratio of the rate constants is called the rate equilibrium 156 00:04:12,759 --> 00:04:12,769 constants is called the rate equilibrium 157 00:04:12,769 --> 00:04:15,189 constants is called the rate equilibrium constant of the reaction which is we 158 00:04:15,189 --> 00:04:15,199 constant of the reaction which is we 159 00:04:15,199 --> 00:04:19,000 constant of the reaction which is we indicated as qaq as a matter of fact now 160 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:19,010 indicated as qaq as a matter of fact now 161 00:04:19,010 --> 00:04:22,420 indicated as qaq as a matter of fact now this is for example the reactions of 162 00:04:22,420 --> 00:04:22,430 this is for example the reactions of 163 00:04:22,430 --> 00:04:25,560 this is for example the reactions of nitrogen with the hydrogen this is a 164 00:04:25,560 --> 00:04:25,570 nitrogen with the hydrogen this is a 165 00:04:25,570 --> 00:04:34,230 nitrogen with the hydrogen this is a harbor yes 166 00:04:34,230 --> 00:04:34,240 167 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:39,750 reaction fixations of simply nitrogen 168 00:04:39,750 --> 00:04:39,760 reaction fixations of simply nitrogen 169 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:42,850 reaction fixations of simply nitrogen with the hydrogen again this is a very 170 00:04:42,850 --> 00:04:42,860 with the hydrogen again this is a very 171 00:04:42,860 --> 00:04:46,060 with the hydrogen again this is a very very important reaction industrially why 172 00:04:46,060 --> 00:04:46,070 very important reaction industrially why 173 00:04:46,070 --> 00:04:51,460 very important reaction industrially why because it involves the preparation 174 00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:51,470 because it involves the preparation 175 00:04:51,470 --> 00:04:54,160 because it involves the preparation productions of ammonia and ammonia is 176 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:54,170 productions of ammonia and ammonia is 177 00:04:54,170 --> 00:04:57,100 productions of ammonia and ammonia is used as a fertilizers that is converted 178 00:04:57,100 --> 00:04:57,110 used as a fertilizers that is converted 179 00:04:57,110 --> 00:04:59,350 used as a fertilizers that is converted to other fertilisers and it is also used 180 00:04:59,350 --> 00:04:59,360 to other fertilisers and it is also used 181 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:04,330 to other fertilisers and it is also used to produce again some explosives as a 182 00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:04,340 to produce again some explosives as a 183 00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:07,110 to produce again some explosives as a matter of fact and particularly this 184 00:05:07,110 --> 00:05:07,120 matter of fact and particularly this 185 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:10,000 matter of fact and particularly this product and the other products obtained 186 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:10,010 product and the other products obtained 187 00:05:10,010 --> 00:05:14,340 product and the other products obtained from the ammonia is used as fertilizers 188 00:05:14,340 --> 00:05:14,350 from the ammonia is used as fertilizers 189 00:05:14,350 --> 00:05:16,780 from the ammonia is used as fertilizers the main fertilizer is synthetic 190 00:05:16,780 --> 00:05:16,790 the main fertilizer is synthetic 191 00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:19,500 the main fertilizer is synthetic fertilizers is ammonia and ammonium 192 00:05:19,500 --> 00:05:19,510 fertilizers is ammonia and ammonium 193 00:05:19,510 --> 00:05:22,180 fertilizers is ammonia and ammonium compounds of nitrogen actually the main 194 00:05:22,180 --> 00:05:22,190 compounds of nitrogen actually the main 195 00:05:22,190 --> 00:05:25,030 compounds of nitrogen actually the main things here is as an element is nitrogen 196 00:05:25,030 --> 00:05:25,040 things here is as an element is nitrogen 197 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:29,470 things here is as an element is nitrogen because all the plants needs nitrogen 198 00:05:29,470 --> 00:05:29,480 because all the plants needs nitrogen 199 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:34,920 because all the plants needs nitrogen potassium actually and phosphorus in 200 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:34,930 potassium actually and phosphorus in 201 00:05:34,930 --> 00:05:37,600 potassium actually and phosphorus in some of them actually but nitrogen is 202 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:37,610 some of them actually but nitrogen is 203 00:05:37,610 --> 00:05:41,080 some of them actually but nitrogen is the main things that the plants really 204 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:41,090 the main things that the plants really 205 00:05:41,090 --> 00:05:44,560 the main things that the plants really need and if you give the nitrogen as its 206 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:44,570 need and if you give the nitrogen as its 207 00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:47,530 need and if you give the nitrogen as its compounds as a fertilizer and that is 208 00:05:47,530 --> 00:05:47,540 compounds as a fertilizer and that is 209 00:05:47,540 --> 00:05:50,740 compounds as a fertilizer and that is good for the plant again now if I have 210 00:05:50,740 --> 00:05:50,750 good for the plant again now if I have 211 00:05:50,750 --> 00:05:54,250 good for the plant again now if I have an equilibrium reaction like this and 212 00:05:54,250 --> 00:05:54,260 an equilibrium reaction like this and 213 00:05:54,260 --> 00:05:56,610 an equilibrium reaction like this and then I can write down the equilibrium 214 00:05:56,610 --> 00:05:56,620 then I can write down the equilibrium 215 00:05:56,620 --> 00:05:59,800 then I can write down the equilibrium constant expression this is called the 216 00:05:59,800 --> 00:05:59,810 constant expression this is called the 217 00:05:59,810 --> 00:06:02,920 constant expression this is called the equilibrium constant expression for this 218 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:02,930 equilibrium constant expression for this 219 00:06:02,930 --> 00:06:05,320 equilibrium constant expression for this equilibrium reaction all in gaseous 220 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:05,330 equilibrium reaction all in gaseous 221 00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:08,200 equilibrium reaction all in gaseous state again now you see again we simply 222 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:08,210 state again now you see again we simply 223 00:06:08,210 --> 00:06:11,050 state again now you see again we simply take the concentrations of the product 224 00:06:11,050 --> 00:06:11,060 take the concentrations of the product 225 00:06:11,060 --> 00:06:13,780 take the concentrations of the product molar concentrations raised to the power 226 00:06:13,780 --> 00:06:13,790 molar concentrations raised to the power 227 00:06:13,790 --> 00:06:16,390 molar concentrations raised to the power two their coefficients in the balanced 228 00:06:16,390 --> 00:06:16,400 two their coefficients in the balanced 229 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:18,240 two their coefficients in the balanced chemical equations divided by the 230 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:18,250 chemical equations divided by the 231 00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:20,980 chemical equations divided by the concentrations of the reactants raised 232 00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:20,990 concentrations of the reactants raised 233 00:06:20,990 --> 00:06:22,990 concentrations of the reactants raised to the power of their coefficients in 234 00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:23,000 to the power of their coefficients in 235 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,540 to the power of their coefficients in the balanced equations so here the 236 00:06:25,540 --> 00:06:25,550 the balanced equations so here the 237 00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:29,350 the balanced equations so here the coefficient here is 1 so the power here 238 00:06:29,350 --> 00:06:29,360 coefficient here is 1 so the power here 239 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,560 coefficient here is 1 so the power here is 1 concentration at region 3 3 and to 240 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:32,570 is 1 concentration at region 3 3 and to 241 00:06:32,570 --> 00:06:35,380 is 1 concentration at region 3 3 and to 2 and this is the equilibrium constant 242 00:06:35,380 --> 00:06:35,390 2 and this is the equilibrium constant 243 00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:38,710 2 and this is the equilibrium constant you see again I have K sub C here this C 244 00:06:38,710 --> 00:06:38,720 you see again I have K sub C here this C 245 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,350 you see again I have K sub C here this C means that the equilibrium constant is 246 00:06:41,350 --> 00:06:41,360 means that the equilibrium constant is 247 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:44,290 means that the equilibrium constant is given in terms of molar concentrations 248 00:06:44,290 --> 00:06:44,300 given in terms of molar concentrations 249 00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:47,590 given in terms of molar concentrations of the species reactant and product 250 00:06:47,590 --> 00:06:47,600 of the species reactant and product 251 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:50,520 of the species reactant and product we use simply the molar concentrations 252 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:50,530 we use simply the molar concentrations 253 00:06:50,530 --> 00:06:54,280 we use simply the molar concentrations now in general again if we consider an 254 00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:54,290 now in general again if we consider an 255 00:06:54,290 --> 00:06:56,710 now in general again if we consider an equilibrium reaction like this the 256 00:06:56,710 --> 00:06:56,720 equilibrium reaction like this the 257 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:58,420 equilibrium reaction like this the equilibrium expression for the reaction 258 00:06:58,420 --> 00:06:58,430 equilibrium expression for the reaction 259 00:06:58,430 --> 00:07:00,930 equilibrium expression for the reaction will be equal to K sub C actually 260 00:07:00,930 --> 00:07:00,940 will be equal to K sub C actually 261 00:07:00,940 --> 00:07:03,430 will be equal to K sub C actually products and reactants what we should 262 00:07:03,430 --> 00:07:03,440 products and reactants what we should 263 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:06,190 products and reactants what we should always remember here that the powers 264 00:07:06,190 --> 00:07:06,200 always remember here that the powers 265 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:10,240 always remember here that the powers here exponents are the coefficient of 266 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:10,250 here exponents are the coefficient of 267 00:07:10,250 --> 00:07:13,180 here exponents are the coefficient of this species in the balanced equations 268 00:07:13,180 --> 00:07:13,190 this species in the balanced equations 269 00:07:13,190 --> 00:07:15,460 this species in the balanced equations right over here like this all of them 270 00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:15,470 right over here like this all of them 271 00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:18,760 right over here like this all of them are the same way now we can also write 272 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:18,770 are the same way now we can also write 273 00:07:18,770 --> 00:07:21,490 are the same way now we can also write down the equilibrium expression in terms 274 00:07:21,490 --> 00:07:21,500 down the equilibrium expression in terms 275 00:07:21,500 --> 00:07:25,090 down the equilibrium expression in terms of pressure and when we do that instead 276 00:07:25,090 --> 00:07:25,100 of pressure and when we do that instead 277 00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:27,610 of pressure and when we do that instead of concentrations of the species we 278 00:07:27,610 --> 00:07:27,620 of concentrations of the species we 279 00:07:27,620 --> 00:07:30,430 of concentrations of the species we write down the partial pressures of each 280 00:07:30,430 --> 00:07:30,440 write down the partial pressures of each 281 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:34,030 write down the partial pressures of each species in equilibrium but remember the 282 00:07:34,030 --> 00:07:34,040 species in equilibrium but remember the 283 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:36,760 species in equilibrium but remember the KP will have mean and if we are dealing 284 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:36,770 KP will have mean and if we are dealing 285 00:07:36,770 --> 00:07:39,700 KP will have mean and if we are dealing with gases reactions at least some of 286 00:07:39,700 --> 00:07:39,710 with gases reactions at least some of 287 00:07:39,710 --> 00:07:41,590 with gases reactions at least some of the reactants and the products are gases 288 00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:41,600 the reactants and the products are gases 289 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,400 the reactants and the products are gases so instead of molar concentration we can 290 00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:44,410 so instead of molar concentration we can 291 00:07:44,410 --> 00:07:47,680 so instead of molar concentration we can simply give the partial pressures of 292 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:47,690 simply give the partial pressures of 293 00:07:47,690 --> 00:07:50,410 simply give the partial pressures of each species and again in the 294 00:07:50,410 --> 00:07:50,420 each species and again in the 295 00:07:50,420 --> 00:07:52,360 each species and again in the equilibrium expression here which is 296 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:52,370 equilibrium expression here which is 297 00:07:52,370 --> 00:07:55,000 equilibrium expression here which is called KP equilibrium expression we 298 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:55,010 called KP equilibrium expression we 299 00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:57,910 called KP equilibrium expression we raised the pressures of each species to 300 00:07:57,910 --> 00:07:57,920 raised the pressures of each species to 301 00:07:57,920 --> 00:08:00,270 raised the pressures of each species to the exponents which is equal to the 302 00:08:00,270 --> 00:08:00,280 the exponents which is equal to the 303 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:03,070 the exponents which is equal to the coefficient in the balanced equations 304 00:08:03,070 --> 00:08:03,080 coefficient in the balanced equations 305 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:07,270 coefficient in the balanced equations again just the same form but just in one 306 00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:07,280 again just the same form but just in one 307 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:09,280 again just the same form but just in one case we have the molar concentration the 308 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:09,290 case we have the molar concentration the 309 00:08:09,290 --> 00:08:11,530 case we have the molar concentration the other case partial pressures of each 310 00:08:11,530 --> 00:08:11,540 other case partial pressures of each 311 00:08:11,540 --> 00:08:14,620 other case partial pressures of each species there now there is certainly 312 00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:14,630 species there now there is certainly 313 00:08:14,630 --> 00:08:19,000 species there now there is certainly relationship between KC and KP we can go 314 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:19,010 relationship between KC and KP we can go 315 00:08:19,010 --> 00:08:22,420 relationship between KC and KP we can go from KC to KP or from KP to KC what does 316 00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:22,430 from KC to KP or from KP to KC what does 317 00:08:22,430 --> 00:08:24,150 from KC to KP or from KP to KC what does that means that simply means if we know 318 00:08:24,150 --> 00:08:24,160 that means that simply means if we know 319 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,970 that means that simply means if we know KC for an equilibrium reaction then we 320 00:08:27,970 --> 00:08:27,980 KC for an equilibrium reaction then we 321 00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:31,210 KC for an equilibrium reaction then we can calculate KP for that reaction at a 322 00:08:31,210 --> 00:08:31,220 can calculate KP for that reaction at a 323 00:08:31,220 --> 00:08:34,570 can calculate KP for that reaction at a given temperature now here how we do it 324 00:08:34,570 --> 00:08:34,580 given temperature now here how we do it 325 00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:37,719 given temperature now here how we do it again we simply write down this equation 326 00:08:37,719 --> 00:08:37,729 again we simply write down this equation 327 00:08:37,729 --> 00:08:41,620 again we simply write down this equation for gases PV is equal to NRT ideal gas 328 00:08:41,620 --> 00:08:41,630 for gases PV is equal to NRT ideal gas 329 00:08:41,630 --> 00:08:43,690 for gases PV is equal to NRT ideal gas equations ideal gas law 330 00:08:43,690 --> 00:08:43,700 equations ideal gas law 331 00:08:43,700 --> 00:08:47,170 equations ideal gas law now rearranging that we get simply V on 332 00:08:47,170 --> 00:08:47,180 now rearranging that we get simply V on 333 00:08:47,180 --> 00:08:51,910 now rearranging that we get simply V on this side and over V RT now n over V is 334 00:08:51,910 --> 00:08:51,920 this side and over V RT now n over V is 335 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,330 this side and over V RT now n over V is actually number of moles of the gas per 336 00:08:55,330 --> 00:08:55,340 actually number of moles of the gas per 337 00:08:55,340 --> 00:08:59,110 actually number of moles of the gas per unit volume liters again and that means 338 00:08:59,110 --> 00:08:59,120 unit volume liters again and that means 339 00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:01,240 unit volume liters again and that means that the moles per liter 340 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:01,250 that the moles per liter 341 00:09:01,250 --> 00:09:03,630 that the moles per liter and it is equal to the molar 342 00:09:03,630 --> 00:09:03,640 and it is equal to the molar 343 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:06,100 and it is equal to the molar concentration of that species molar 344 00:09:06,100 --> 00:09:06,110 concentration of that species molar 345 00:09:06,110 --> 00:09:08,290 concentration of that species molar concentrations of that species so if we 346 00:09:08,290 --> 00:09:08,300 concentrations of that species so if we 347 00:09:08,300 --> 00:09:11,290 concentrations of that species so if we simply replace the molar concentrations 348 00:09:11,290 --> 00:09:11,300 simply replace the molar concentrations 349 00:09:11,300 --> 00:09:13,210 simply replace the molar concentrations take the molar concentration here and 350 00:09:13,210 --> 00:09:13,220 take the molar concentration here and 351 00:09:13,220 --> 00:09:17,950 take the molar concentration here and replace it with P over RT or vice versa 352 00:09:17,950 --> 00:09:17,960 replace it with P over RT or vice versa 353 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,560 replace it with P over RT or vice versa if you simply replace the P by molar 354 00:09:20,560 --> 00:09:20,570 if you simply replace the P by molar 355 00:09:20,570 --> 00:09:23,560 if you simply replace the P by molar concentrations time RT then we have this 356 00:09:23,560 --> 00:09:23,570 concentrations time RT then we have this 357 00:09:23,570 --> 00:09:25,870 concentrations time RT then we have this relationship which is simply says that 358 00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:25,880 relationship which is simply says that 359 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:30,280 relationship which is simply says that the KP would be equal to KC times our T 360 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:30,290 the KP would be equal to KC times our T 361 00:09:30,290 --> 00:09:32,830 the KP would be equal to KC times our T raised to the power Delta n what is 362 00:09:32,830 --> 00:09:32,840 raised to the power Delta n what is 363 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,400 raised to the power Delta n what is Delta n Delta n is the moles of gaseous 364 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:36,410 Delta n Delta n is the moles of gaseous 365 00:09:36,410 --> 00:09:39,820 Delta n Delta n is the moles of gaseous product minus moles of reactant products 366 00:09:39,820 --> 00:09:39,830 product minus moles of reactant products 367 00:09:39,830 --> 00:09:44,830 product minus moles of reactant products again remember we only take into 368 00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:44,840 again remember we only take into 369 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:47,710 again remember we only take into consideration the gaseous reactant or 370 00:09:47,710 --> 00:09:47,720 consideration the gaseous reactant or 371 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:49,720 consideration the gaseous reactant or the product in the species we just take 372 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:49,730 the product in the species we just take 373 00:09:49,730 --> 00:09:52,360 the product in the species we just take the difference over here now if you just 374 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:52,370 the difference over here now if you just 375 00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:55,600 the difference over here now if you just say KC will be equal to KP RT minus 376 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:55,610 say KC will be equal to KP RT minus 377 00:09:55,610 --> 00:09:58,510 say KC will be equal to KP RT minus Delta and there and it would be the same 378 00:09:58,510 --> 00:09:58,520 Delta and there and it would be the same 379 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:01,000 Delta and there and it would be the same things so this means if you know one 380 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:01,010 things so this means if you know one 381 00:10:01,010 --> 00:10:03,130 things so this means if you know one equilibrium constant that music Leland 382 00:10:03,130 --> 00:10:03,140 equilibrium constant that music Leland 383 00:10:03,140 --> 00:10:05,890 equilibrium constant that music Leland constant in partial pressures we can 384 00:10:05,890 --> 00:10:05,900 constant in partial pressures we can 385 00:10:05,900 --> 00:10:08,170 constant in partial pressures we can convert it to the equilibrium constant 386 00:10:08,170 --> 00:10:08,180 convert it to the equilibrium constant 387 00:10:08,180 --> 00:10:10,630 convert it to the equilibrium constant in molar concentrations but what we have 388 00:10:10,630 --> 00:10:10,640 in molar concentrations but what we have 389 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:12,520 in molar concentrations but what we have to know we have to know the temperature 390 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:12,530 to know we have to know the temperature 391 00:10:12,530 --> 00:10:15,579 to know we have to know the temperature right then this is the gas constant and 392 00:10:15,579 --> 00:10:15,589 right then this is the gas constant and 393 00:10:15,589 --> 00:10:21,130 right then this is the gas constant and this is the temperature simply okay here 394 00:10:21,130 --> 00:10:21,140 this is the temperature simply okay here 395 00:10:21,140 --> 00:10:21,940 this is the temperature simply okay here again 396 00:10:21,940 --> 00:10:21,950 again 397 00:10:21,950 --> 00:10:25,000 again we give some values which simply says 398 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:25,010 we give some values which simply says 399 00:10:25,010 --> 00:10:29,140 we give some values which simply says that no matter where you start with what 400 00:10:29,140 --> 00:10:29,150 that no matter where you start with what 401 00:10:29,150 --> 00:10:31,240 that no matter where you start with what concentration you start at the end 402 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:31,250 concentration you start at the end 403 00:10:31,250 --> 00:10:34,240 concentration you start at the end actually the ratio which is given an 404 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:34,250 actually the ratio which is given an 405 00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:36,250 actually the ratio which is given an equilibrium expression will always be 406 00:10:36,250 --> 00:10:36,260 equilibrium expression will always be 407 00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:39,430 equilibrium expression will always be equal to the equilibrium constant and at 408 00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:39,440 equal to the equilibrium constant and at 409 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:41,470 equal to the equilibrium constant and at the same temperature again remember the 410 00:10:41,470 --> 00:10:41,480 the same temperature again remember the 411 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,760 the same temperature again remember the equilibrium constant will only depends 412 00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:45,770 equilibrium constant will only depends 413 00:10:45,770 --> 00:10:48,010 equilibrium constant will only depends on the temperature on the temperature 414 00:10:48,010 --> 00:10:48,020 on the temperature on the temperature 415 00:10:48,020 --> 00:10:49,750 on the temperature on the temperature when the temperature changes equilibrium 416 00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:49,760 when the temperature changes equilibrium 417 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:52,420 when the temperature changes equilibrium constant also changes so let's look at 418 00:10:52,420 --> 00:10:52,430 constant also changes so let's look at 419 00:10:52,430 --> 00:10:54,910 constant also changes so let's look at here again as you can see the ratio of 420 00:10:54,910 --> 00:10:54,920 here again as you can see the ratio of 421 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:57,790 here again as you can see the ratio of no.2 two divided by this this is the 422 00:10:57,790 --> 00:10:57,800 no.2 two divided by this this is the 423 00:10:57,800 --> 00:10:58,990 no.2 two divided by this this is the equilibrium expression for the 424 00:10:58,990 --> 00:10:59,000 equilibrium expression for the 425 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:00,340 equilibrium expression for the decomposition of the dinitrogen 426 00:11:00,340 --> 00:11:00,350 decomposition of the dinitrogen 427 00:11:00,350 --> 00:11:03,370 decomposition of the dinitrogen tetroxide remains constant at this 428 00:11:03,370 --> 00:11:03,380 tetroxide remains constant at this 429 00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,590 tetroxide remains constant at this temperature no matter what the initial 430 00:11:05,590 --> 00:11:05,600 temperature no matter what the initial 431 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:10,120 temperature no matter what the initial concentrations of no.2 and n2o4 n2o4 are 432 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:10,130 concentrations of no.2 and n2o4 n2o4 are 433 00:11:10,130 --> 00:11:12,699 concentrations of no.2 and n2o4 n2o4 are so and it doesn't matter where you start 434 00:11:12,699 --> 00:11:12,709 so and it doesn't matter where you start 435 00:11:12,709 --> 00:11:13,840 so and it doesn't matter where you start and 436 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:13,850 and 437 00:11:13,850 --> 00:11:16,240 and what mixture of these you start when the 438 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:16,250 what mixture of these you start when the 439 00:11:16,250 --> 00:11:18,670 what mixture of these you start when the system reaches to the equilibrium at the 440 00:11:18,670 --> 00:11:18,680 system reaches to the equilibrium at the 441 00:11:18,680 --> 00:11:20,140 system reaches to the equilibrium at the same temperature if the temperature is 442 00:11:20,140 --> 00:11:20,150 same temperature if the temperature is 443 00:11:20,150 --> 00:11:23,050 same temperature if the temperature is the same that means that the ratio would 444 00:11:23,050 --> 00:11:23,060 the same that means that the ratio would 445 00:11:23,060 --> 00:11:25,540 the same that means that the ratio would always be equal to the equilibrium 446 00:11:25,540 --> 00:11:25,550 always be equal to the equilibrium 447 00:11:25,550 --> 00:11:28,240 always be equal to the equilibrium constant in this case K sub C if you 448 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:28,250 constant in this case K sub C if you 449 00:11:28,250 --> 00:11:31,120 constant in this case K sub C if you take those in molar concentrations like 450 00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:31,130 take those in molar concentrations like 451 00:11:31,130 --> 00:11:35,530 take those in molar concentrations like this now magnitude of K this is what 452 00:11:35,530 --> 00:11:35,540 this now magnitude of K this is what 453 00:11:35,540 --> 00:11:38,290 this now magnitude of K this is what really what the colibri inconstant tell 454 00:11:38,290 --> 00:11:38,300 really what the colibri inconstant tell 455 00:11:38,300 --> 00:11:40,840 really what the colibri inconstant tell us right the value of the equilibrium 456 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:40,850 us right the value of the equilibrium 457 00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:44,380 us right the value of the equilibrium constant is very important for a 458 00:11:44,380 --> 00:11:44,390 constant is very important for a 459 00:11:44,390 --> 00:11:48,670 constant is very important for a chemical reaction why because if the 460 00:11:48,670 --> 00:11:48,680 chemical reaction why because if the 461 00:11:48,680 --> 00:11:53,280 chemical reaction why because if the equilibrium constant is very very large 462 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:53,290 equilibrium constant is very very large 463 00:11:53,290 --> 00:11:58,180 equilibrium constant is very very large right like 10 to the 20 10 to the 30 50 464 00:11:58,180 --> 00:11:58,190 right like 10 to the 20 10 to the 30 50 465 00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:00,850 right like 10 to the 20 10 to the 30 50 very large what does that means that 466 00:12:00,850 --> 00:12:00,860 very large what does that means that 467 00:12:00,860 --> 00:12:04,690 very large what does that means that means almost all of the reactants are 468 00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:04,700 means almost all of the reactants are 469 00:12:04,700 --> 00:12:07,450 means almost all of the reactants are converted to the products right now on 470 00:12:07,450 --> 00:12:07,460 converted to the products right now on 471 00:12:07,460 --> 00:12:08,410 converted to the products right now on the other side if the equilibria 472 00:12:08,410 --> 00:12:08,420 the other side if the equilibria 473 00:12:08,420 --> 00:12:11,410 the other side if the equilibria constant is very very small 10 to the 474 00:12:11,410 --> 00:12:11,420 constant is very very small 10 to the 475 00:12:11,420 --> 00:12:14,650 constant is very very small 10 to the minus 50 for example right close to zero 476 00:12:14,650 --> 00:12:14,660 minus 50 for example right close to zero 477 00:12:14,660 --> 00:12:17,470 minus 50 for example right close to zero in that case that means that the 478 00:12:17,470 --> 00:12:17,480 in that case that means that the 479 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:20,440 in that case that means that the reactants almost not converted to the 480 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:20,450 reactants almost not converted to the 481 00:12:20,450 --> 00:12:23,140 reactants almost not converted to the product at all so that we say that 482 00:12:23,140 --> 00:12:23,150 product at all so that we say that 483 00:12:23,150 --> 00:12:26,320 product at all so that we say that reaction is not taking place so now what 484 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:26,330 reaction is not taking place so now what 485 00:12:26,330 --> 00:12:28,270 reaction is not taking place so now what the equilibrium constant value tells us 486 00:12:28,270 --> 00:12:28,280 the equilibrium constant value tells us 487 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:32,490 the equilibrium constant value tells us actually it tells us to what degree the 488 00:12:32,490 --> 00:12:32,500 actually it tells us to what degree the 489 00:12:32,500 --> 00:12:35,410 actually it tells us to what degree the reactants are converted to the products 490 00:12:35,410 --> 00:12:35,420 reactants are converted to the products 491 00:12:35,420 --> 00:12:38,050 reactants are converted to the products to reach to the equilibrium right to 492 00:12:38,050 --> 00:12:38,060 to reach to the equilibrium right to 493 00:12:38,060 --> 00:12:39,940 to reach to the equilibrium right to reach the equilibrium if the equilibrium 494 00:12:39,940 --> 00:12:39,950 reach the equilibrium if the equilibrium 495 00:12:39,950 --> 00:12:42,400 reach the equilibrium if the equilibrium constant is large then that means we are 496 00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:42,410 constant is large then that means we are 497 00:12:42,410 --> 00:12:44,140 constant is large then that means we are on the product side if the equilibrium 498 00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:44,150 on the product side if the equilibrium 499 00:12:44,150 --> 00:12:46,090 on the product side if the equilibrium constant is small that means we're in 500 00:12:46,090 --> 00:12:46,100 constant is small that means we're in 501 00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:46,800 constant is small that means we're in the react 502 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:46,810 the react 503 00:12:46,810 --> 00:12:49,180 the react reactant side what does that means that 504 00:12:49,180 --> 00:12:49,190 reactant side what does that means that 505 00:12:49,190 --> 00:12:51,040 reactant side what does that means that means the logical level constant means 506 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:51,050 means the logical level constant means 507 00:12:51,050 --> 00:12:55,120 means the logical level constant means at equilibrium we have products almost 508 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:55,130 at equilibrium we have products almost 509 00:12:55,130 --> 00:12:57,400 at equilibrium we have products almost all products very small amount of 510 00:12:57,400 --> 00:12:57,410 all products very small amount of 511 00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:00,280 all products very small amount of reactants but almost nothing now on the 512 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:00,290 reactants but almost nothing now on the 513 00:13:00,290 --> 00:13:01,900 reactants but almost nothing now on the other side if the equilibrium constant 514 00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:01,910 other side if the equilibrium constant 515 00:13:01,910 --> 00:13:03,700 other side if the equilibrium constant is too small that means at the 516 00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:03,710 is too small that means at the 517 00:13:03,710 --> 00:13:06,880 is too small that means at the equilibrium then we have large amount of 518 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:06,890 equilibrium then we have large amount of 519 00:13:06,890 --> 00:13:09,100 equilibrium then we have large amount of reactants and very very small amount of 520 00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:09,110 reactants and very very small amount of 521 00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:11,710 reactants and very very small amount of the products means the reaction in this 522 00:13:11,710 --> 00:13:11,720 the products means the reaction in this 523 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,780 the products means the reaction in this case is not taking place here we 524 00:13:13,780 --> 00:13:13,790 case is not taking place here we 525 00:13:13,790 --> 00:13:16,150 case is not taking place here we dependent on the K values and the action 526 00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:16,160 dependent on the K values and the action 527 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:19,240 dependent on the K values and the action is complete we call it so here the 528 00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:19,250 is complete we call it so here the 529 00:13:19,250 --> 00:13:22,510 is complete we call it so here the expression it says when the K is much 530 00:13:22,510 --> 00:13:22,520 expression it says when the K is much 531 00:13:22,520 --> 00:13:24,550 expression it says when the K is much larger than 1 the reaction favors the 532 00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:24,560 larger than 1 the reaction favors the 533 00:13:24,560 --> 00:13:26,770 larger than 1 the reaction favors the product you know what that simply means 534 00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:26,780 product you know what that simply means 535 00:13:26,780 --> 00:13:27,820 product you know what that simply means right 536 00:13:27,820 --> 00:13:27,830 right 537 00:13:27,830 --> 00:13:30,010 right the products predominate at equilibrium 538 00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:30,020 the products predominate at equilibrium 539 00:13:30,020 --> 00:13:31,990 the products predominate at equilibrium that means very large amount of products 540 00:13:31,990 --> 00:13:32,000 that means very large amount of products 541 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:34,000 that means very large amount of products if the K is small the reaction favors 542 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:34,010 if the K is small the reaction favors 543 00:13:34,010 --> 00:13:37,030 if the K is small the reaction favors reactors predominant at equilibrium so 544 00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:37,040 reactors predominant at equilibrium so 545 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,480 reactors predominant at equilibrium so again when we look at a chemical 546 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:39,490 again when we look at a chemical 547 00:13:39,490 --> 00:13:42,100 again when we look at a chemical equilibrium constant value for a 548 00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:42,110 equilibrium constant value for a 549 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:44,950 equilibrium constant value for a chemical reaction we can actually guess 550 00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:44,960 chemical reaction we can actually guess 551 00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:48,160 chemical reaction we can actually guess to what degree the reactants will be 552 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:48,170 to what degree the reactants will be 553 00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:50,140 to what degree the reactants will be converted to the products reactants will 554 00:13:50,140 --> 00:13:50,150 converted to the products reactants will 555 00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:54,010 converted to the products reactants will be converted to the products let's look 556 00:13:54,010 --> 00:13:54,020 be converted to the products let's look 557 00:13:54,020 --> 00:13:56,769 be converted to the products let's look over here again the directions of the 558 00:13:56,769 --> 00:13:56,779 over here again the directions of the 559 00:13:56,779 --> 00:13:58,900 over here again the directions of the chemical equilibrium and K the 560 00:13:58,900 --> 00:13:58,910 chemical equilibrium and K the 561 00:13:58,910 --> 00:14:01,480 chemical equilibrium and K the equilibrium constant of the reaction in 562 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:01,490 equilibrium constant of the reaction in 563 00:14:01,490 --> 00:14:03,460 equilibrium constant of the reaction in the reverse reaction is reciprocal of 564 00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:03,470 the reverse reaction is reciprocal of 565 00:14:03,470 --> 00:14:04,840 the reverse reaction is reciprocal of the equilibrium constant of the forward 566 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:04,850 the equilibrium constant of the forward 567 00:14:04,850 --> 00:14:08,170 the equilibrium constant of the forward reaction that means K C is equal to this 568 00:14:08,170 --> 00:14:08,180 reaction that means K C is equal to this 569 00:14:08,180 --> 00:14:11,140 reaction that means K C is equal to this and equal equals to that at 100 degree 570 00:14:11,140 --> 00:14:11,150 and equal equals to that at 100 degree 571 00:14:11,150 --> 00:14:15,430 and equal equals to that at 100 degree centigrade now if I simply write down 572 00:14:15,430 --> 00:14:15,440 centigrade now if I simply write down 573 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:17,470 centigrade now if I simply write down this reaction now this is just the 574 00:14:17,470 --> 00:14:17,480 this reaction now this is just the 575 00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:20,470 this reaction now this is just the reverse of this reaction right 2 times 576 00:14:20,470 --> 00:14:20,480 reverse of this reaction right 2 times 577 00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:24,820 reverse of this reaction right 2 times no.2 and dinitrogen tetroxide this is 578 00:14:24,820 --> 00:14:24,830 no.2 and dinitrogen tetroxide this is 579 00:14:24,830 --> 00:14:27,040 no.2 and dinitrogen tetroxide this is the decomposition decompositions of 580 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:27,050 the decomposition decompositions of 581 00:14:27,050 --> 00:14:30,130 the decomposition decompositions of dinitrogen tetroxide this is the 582 00:14:30,130 --> 00:14:30,140 dinitrogen tetroxide this is the 583 00:14:30,140 --> 00:14:33,460 dinitrogen tetroxide this is the formation of the dinitrogen tetroxide 584 00:14:33,460 --> 00:14:33,470 formation of the dinitrogen tetroxide 585 00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,710 formation of the dinitrogen tetroxide starting from this these two are reverse 586 00:14:35,710 --> 00:14:35,720 starting from this these two are reverse 587 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:37,150 starting from this these two are reverse reaction if we write down the 588 00:14:37,150 --> 00:14:37,160 reaction if we write down the 589 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:38,710 reaction if we write down the equilibrium constant for this it would 590 00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:38,720 equilibrium constant for this it would 591 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:40,150 equilibrium constant for this it would be equal to that equilibrium constant 592 00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:40,160 be equal to that equilibrium constant 593 00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:41,560 be equal to that equilibrium constant for this we go to that what is that 594 00:14:41,560 --> 00:14:41,570 for this we go to that what is that 595 00:14:41,570 --> 00:14:43,690 for this we go to that what is that means that simply means that when we 596 00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:43,700 means that simply means that when we 597 00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:47,800 means that simply means that when we reverse the reactions in fact the 598 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:47,810 reverse the reactions in fact the 599 00:14:47,810 --> 00:14:50,950 reverse the reactions in fact the equilibrium constant will be reversed 600 00:14:50,950 --> 00:14:50,960 equilibrium constant will be reversed 601 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,400 equilibrium constant will be reversed actually two like 1 over the value here 602 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:54,410 actually two like 1 over the value here 603 00:14:54,410 --> 00:14:57,490 actually two like 1 over the value here actually this value is equals to 1 over 604 00:14:57,490 --> 00:14:57,500 actually this value is equals to 1 over 605 00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:00,790 actually this value is equals to 1 over this right 1 over that and that's equal 606 00:15:00,790 --> 00:15:00,800 this right 1 over that and that's equal 607 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,390 this right 1 over that and that's equal to this 1 so when we reverse the 608 00:15:03,390 --> 00:15:03,400 to this 1 so when we reverse the 609 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:05,590 to this 1 so when we reverse the equilibrium reactions the equilibrium 610 00:15:05,590 --> 00:15:05,600 equilibrium reactions the equilibrium 611 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,350 equilibrium reactions the equilibrium constant well values will be reversed to 612 00:15:08,350 --> 00:15:08,360 constant well values will be reversed to 613 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:12,070 constant well values will be reversed to but it would be like 1 over value now 614 00:15:12,070 --> 00:15:12,080 but it would be like 1 over value now 615 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:15,840 but it would be like 1 over value now when we let's see if I have that if I 616 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:15,850 when we let's see if I have that if I 617 00:15:15,850 --> 00:15:19,810 when we let's see if I have that if I simply multiply as you see an 618 00:15:19,810 --> 00:15:19,820 simply multiply as you see an 619 00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,780 simply multiply as you see an equilibrium reaction by a coefficient in 620 00:15:22,780 --> 00:15:22,790 equilibrium reaction by a coefficient in 621 00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:25,329 equilibrium reaction by a coefficient in this case we multiply by 2 and write 622 00:15:25,329 --> 00:15:25,339 this case we multiply by 2 and write 623 00:15:25,339 --> 00:15:26,980 this case we multiply by 2 and write down the equilibrium expression for this 624 00:15:26,980 --> 00:15:26,990 down the equilibrium expression for this 625 00:15:26,990 --> 00:15:29,800 down the equilibrium expression for this and this is equal to this again if you 626 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:29,810 and this is equal to this again if you 627 00:15:29,810 --> 00:15:32,380 and this is equal to this again if you compare these two what does that means 628 00:15:32,380 --> 00:15:32,390 compare these two what does that means 629 00:15:32,390 --> 00:15:34,810 compare these two what does that means this is actually equal to the square of 630 00:15:34,810 --> 00:15:34,820 this is actually equal to the square of 631 00:15:34,820 --> 00:15:36,850 this is actually equal to the square of Mount what does that means that means 632 00:15:36,850 --> 00:15:36,860 Mount what does that means that means 633 00:15:36,860 --> 00:15:38,350 Mount what does that means that means that the equilibrium constant the new 634 00:15:38,350 --> 00:15:38,360 that the equilibrium constant the new 635 00:15:38,360 --> 00:15:40,360 that the equilibrium constant the new equilibrium constant for this reaction 636 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:40,370 equilibrium constant for this reaction 637 00:15:40,370 --> 00:15:41,380 equilibrium constant for this reaction which is 638 00:15:41,380 --> 00:15:41,390 which is 639 00:15:41,390 --> 00:15:44,020 which is multiplied by a coefficient two is the 640 00:15:44,020 --> 00:15:44,030 multiplied by a coefficient two is the 641 00:15:44,030 --> 00:15:48,010 multiplied by a coefficient two is the square of this value if I multiply it by 642 00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:48,020 square of this value if I multiply it by 643 00:15:48,020 --> 00:15:49,630 square of this value if I multiply it by three than the equilibrium expression 644 00:15:49,630 --> 00:15:49,640 three than the equilibrium expression 645 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:54,030 three than the equilibrium expression for that will be the cube of that right 646 00:15:54,030 --> 00:15:54,040 for that will be the cube of that right 647 00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:57,280 for that will be the cube of that right reactions so in other words if I know 648 00:15:57,280 --> 00:15:57,290 reactions so in other words if I know 649 00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:58,840 reactions so in other words if I know the equilibrium constant for this 650 00:15:58,840 --> 00:15:58,850 the equilibrium constant for this 651 00:15:58,850 --> 00:16:02,320 the equilibrium constant for this reaction at a given temperature so I can 652 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:02,330 reaction at a given temperature so I can 653 00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:03,850 reaction at a given temperature so I can write down the equilibrium constant for 654 00:16:03,850 --> 00:16:03,860 write down the equilibrium constant for 655 00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:05,650 write down the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction I can write down 656 00:16:05,650 --> 00:16:05,660 the reverse reaction I can write down 657 00:16:05,660 --> 00:16:06,670 the reverse reaction I can write down the equilibrium constant for the 658 00:16:06,670 --> 00:16:06,680 the equilibrium constant for the 659 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:08,230 the equilibrium constant for the reactions which is multiplied by a 660 00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:08,240 reactions which is multiplied by a 661 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:10,900 reactions which is multiplied by a constant any constant as a matter of 662 00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:10,910 constant any constant as a matter of 663 00:16:10,910 --> 00:16:17,440 constant any constant as a matter of fact okay now here is again when the two 664 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:17,450 fact okay now here is again when the two 665 00:16:17,450 --> 00:16:19,390 fact okay now here is again when the two consecutive equilibrium a cure the 666 00:16:19,390 --> 00:16:19,400 consecutive equilibrium a cure the 667 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:21,840 consecutive equilibrium a cure the equation can be added to give a single 668 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:21,850 equation can be added to give a single 669 00:16:21,850 --> 00:16:24,940 equation can be added to give a single equilibrium the equilibrium constant of 670 00:16:24,940 --> 00:16:24,950 equilibrium the equilibrium constant of 671 00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:27,520 equilibrium the equilibrium constant of the new reaction is the product of the 672 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:27,530 the new reaction is the product of the 673 00:16:27,530 --> 00:16:30,550 the new reaction is the product of the two constants this simply means that if 674 00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:30,560 two constants this simply means that if 675 00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:34,180 two constants this simply means that if I have a reaction like this k1 is equal 676 00:16:34,180 --> 00:16:34,190 I have a reaction like this k1 is equal 677 00:16:34,190 --> 00:16:36,430 I have a reaction like this k1 is equal to this right the equilibrium constant 678 00:16:36,430 --> 00:16:36,440 to this right the equilibrium constant 679 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:38,950 to this right the equilibrium constant for this reaction and second equilibrium 680 00:16:38,950 --> 00:16:38,960 for this reaction and second equilibrium 681 00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:41,140 for this reaction and second equilibrium reaction k2 is equal to this when I 682 00:16:41,140 --> 00:16:41,150 reaction k2 is equal to this when I 683 00:16:41,150 --> 00:16:43,570 reaction k2 is equal to this when I simply add up these two I get this 684 00:16:43,570 --> 00:16:43,580 simply add up these two I get this 685 00:16:43,580 --> 00:16:46,380 simply add up these two I get this reaction over here now the equilibrium 686 00:16:46,380 --> 00:16:46,390 reaction over here now the equilibrium 687 00:16:46,390 --> 00:16:49,090 reaction over here now the equilibrium constant of this reaction will be 688 00:16:49,090 --> 00:16:49,100 constant of this reaction will be 689 00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:51,280 constant of this reaction will be directly obtained from the equilibrium 690 00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:51,290 directly obtained from the equilibrium 691 00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:52,570 directly obtained from the equilibrium constant of the first and second 692 00:16:52,570 --> 00:16:52,580 constant of the first and second 693 00:16:52,580 --> 00:16:54,370 constant of the first and second reaction that I added up side by side 694 00:16:54,370 --> 00:16:54,380 reaction that I added up side by side 695 00:16:54,380 --> 00:16:57,550 reaction that I added up side by side and that simply means k3 equilibrium 696 00:16:57,550 --> 00:16:57,560 and that simply means k3 equilibrium 697 00:16:57,560 --> 00:16:59,230 and that simply means k3 equilibrium constant for this reaction would be 698 00:16:59,230 --> 00:16:59,240 constant for this reaction would be 699 00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:01,750 constant for this reaction would be equal to k1 times k2 so if I know the 700 00:17:01,750 --> 00:17:01,760 equal to k1 times k2 so if I know the 701 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:04,569 equal to k1 times k2 so if I know the values of k1 and k2 I can calculate the 702 00:17:04,569 --> 00:17:04,579 values of k1 and k2 I can calculate the 703 00:17:04,579 --> 00:17:10,750 values of k1 and k2 I can calculate the value of k3 again now homogeneous versus 704 00:17:10,750 --> 00:17:10,760 value of k3 again now homogeneous versus 705 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:13,030 value of k3 again now homogeneous versus heterogeneous equilibrium now this 706 00:17:13,030 --> 00:17:13,040 heterogeneous equilibrium now this 707 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:16,689 heterogeneous equilibrium now this simply means that the phases of the 708 00:17:16,689 --> 00:17:16,699 simply means that the phases of the 709 00:17:16,699 --> 00:17:19,660 simply means that the phases of the reactants and the product if all the 710 00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:19,670 reactants and the product if all the 711 00:17:19,670 --> 00:17:21,760 reactants and the product if all the reactants and the products are in the 712 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:21,770 reactants and the products are in the 713 00:17:21,770 --> 00:17:24,819 reactants and the products are in the same phase we call them homogeneous and 714 00:17:24,819 --> 00:17:24,829 same phase we call them homogeneous and 715 00:17:24,829 --> 00:17:29,290 same phase we call them homogeneous and if some are solid some are gas some are 716 00:17:29,290 --> 00:17:29,300 if some are solid some are gas some are 717 00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:31,630 if some are solid some are gas some are solutions we call that heterogeneous 718 00:17:31,630 --> 00:17:31,640 solutions we call that heterogeneous 719 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:32,350 solutions we call that heterogeneous equilibria 720 00:17:32,350 --> 00:17:32,360 equilibria 721 00:17:32,360 --> 00:17:34,420 equilibria let's see what it says here homogeneous 722 00:17:34,420 --> 00:17:34,430 let's see what it says here homogeneous 723 00:17:34,430 --> 00:17:36,610 let's see what it says here homogeneous you could be a cure when all reactants 724 00:17:36,610 --> 00:17:36,620 you could be a cure when all reactants 725 00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:38,580 you could be a cure when all reactants and the products are in the same phase 726 00:17:38,580 --> 00:17:38,590 and the products are in the same phase 727 00:17:38,590 --> 00:17:40,420 and the products are in the same phase heterogeneous you could be a cure when 728 00:17:40,420 --> 00:17:40,430 heterogeneous you could be a cure when 729 00:17:40,430 --> 00:17:42,760 heterogeneous you could be a cure when there's something in the equilibrium is 730 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:42,770 there's something in the equilibrium is 731 00:17:42,770 --> 00:17:46,960 there's something in the equilibrium is in a different phase the value used for 732 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:46,970 in a different phase the value used for 733 00:17:46,970 --> 00:17:48,580 in a different phase the value used for the concentrations of computer substance 734 00:17:48,580 --> 00:17:48,590 the concentrations of computer substance 735 00:17:48,590 --> 00:17:53,200 the concentrations of computer substance is always 1 now this is little bit wrong 736 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:53,210 is always 1 now this is little bit wrong 737 00:17:53,210 --> 00:17:53,950 is always 1 now this is little bit wrong here 738 00:17:53,950 --> 00:17:53,960 here 739 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:58,990 here it's not right actually because this 740 00:17:58,990 --> 00:17:59,000 it's not right actually because this 741 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:02,789 it's not right actually because this this simply says that if I have solid 742 00:18:02,789 --> 00:18:02,799 this simply says that if I have solid 743 00:18:02,799 --> 00:18:06,850 this simply says that if I have solid reactant or solid product right pure 744 00:18:06,850 --> 00:18:06,860 reactant or solid product right pure 745 00:18:06,860 --> 00:18:09,760 reactant or solid product right pure solid reactant or solid product it says 746 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:09,770 solid reactant or solid product it says 747 00:18:09,770 --> 00:18:13,000 solid reactant or solid product it says that we assume the equilibrium constant 748 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:13,010 that we assume the equilibrium constant 749 00:18:13,010 --> 00:18:16,690 that we assume the equilibrium constant is a the the the concentration is equal 750 00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:16,700 is a the the the concentration is equal 751 00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:19,269 is a the the the concentration is equal to one no it is not because what is the 752 00:18:19,269 --> 00:18:19,279 to one no it is not because what is the 753 00:18:19,279 --> 00:18:21,100 to one no it is not because what is the concentration concentration is actually 754 00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:21,110 concentration concentration is actually 755 00:18:21,110 --> 00:18:23,289 concentration concentration is actually the number of moles of the substance in 756 00:18:23,289 --> 00:18:23,299 the number of moles of the substance in 757 00:18:23,299 --> 00:18:26,440 the number of moles of the substance in 1 liter volume if the densities are 758 00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:26,450 1 liter volume if the densities are 759 00:18:26,450 --> 00:18:28,990 1 liter volume if the densities are different actually the then the the 760 00:18:28,990 --> 00:18:29,000 different actually the then the the 761 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,180 different actually the then the the concentrations or the number of moles in 762 00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:31,190 concentrations or the number of moles in 763 00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:33,700 concentrations or the number of moles in 1 liter even its solid or liquid pure 764 00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:33,710 1 liter even its solid or liquid pure 765 00:18:33,710 --> 00:18:36,490 1 liter even its solid or liquid pure liquid will be different right but when 766 00:18:36,490 --> 00:18:36,500 liquid will be different right but when 767 00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:37,840 liquid will be different right but when we write down the equilibrium expression 768 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:37,850 we write down the equilibrium expression 769 00:18:37,850 --> 00:18:40,360 we write down the equilibrium expression as we will see it we don't really write 770 00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:40,370 as we will see it we don't really write 771 00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:44,519 as we will see it we don't really write down the solids we only write down the 772 00:18:44,519 --> 00:18:44,529 down the solids we only write down the 773 00:18:44,529 --> 00:18:48,070 down the solids we only write down the solutions or the gases as we have here 774 00:18:48,070 --> 00:18:48,080 solutions or the gases as we have here 775 00:18:48,080 --> 00:18:51,310 solutions or the gases as we have here now that simply means like consider the 776 00:18:51,310 --> 00:18:51,320 now that simply means like consider the 777 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:53,639 now that simply means like consider the decomposition of calcium carbonate 778 00:18:53,639 --> 00:18:53,649 decomposition of calcium carbonate 779 00:18:53,649 --> 00:18:57,010 decomposition of calcium carbonate solids to calcium oxide solid and carbon 780 00:18:57,010 --> 00:18:57,020 solids to calcium oxide solid and carbon 781 00:18:57,020 --> 00:18:59,440 solids to calcium oxide solid and carbon dioxide and the equilibrium constant 782 00:18:59,440 --> 00:18:59,450 dioxide and the equilibrium constant 783 00:18:59,450 --> 00:19:03,250 dioxide and the equilibrium constant here is written as KC is equal to the 784 00:19:03,250 --> 00:19:03,260 here is written as KC is equal to the 785 00:19:03,260 --> 00:19:04,750 here is written as KC is equal to the equilibrium concentrations of carbon 786 00:19:04,750 --> 00:19:04,760 equilibrium concentrations of carbon 787 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:07,450 equilibrium concentrations of carbon dioxide or and KP is equal to this 788 00:19:07,450 --> 00:19:07,460 dioxide or and KP is equal to this 789 00:19:07,460 --> 00:19:10,779 dioxide or and KP is equal to this directly this doesn't mean that the 790 00:19:10,779 --> 00:19:10,789 directly this doesn't mean that the 791 00:19:10,789 --> 00:19:13,510 directly this doesn't mean that the concentrations of the calcium oxide and 792 00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:13,520 concentrations of the calcium oxide and 793 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:15,210 concentrations of the calcium oxide and the constant concentrations of the 794 00:19:15,210 --> 00:19:15,220 the constant concentrations of the 795 00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:18,970 the constant concentrations of the calcium carbonate is one no as it says 796 00:19:18,970 --> 00:19:18,980 calcium carbonate is one no as it says 797 00:19:18,980 --> 00:19:21,220 calcium carbonate is one no as it says in the previous one previous slides 798 00:19:21,220 --> 00:19:21,230 in the previous one previous slides 799 00:19:21,230 --> 00:19:24,760 in the previous one previous slides right now the concentrations of these do 800 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:24,770 right now the concentrations of these do 801 00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:27,310 right now the concentrations of these do not appear here because the 802 00:19:27,310 --> 00:19:27,320 not appear here because the 803 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:30,250 not appear here because the concentrations of solid calcium oxide is 804 00:19:30,250 --> 00:19:30,260 concentrations of solid calcium oxide is 805 00:19:30,260 --> 00:19:32,919 concentrations of solid calcium oxide is constant what does that means that 806 00:19:32,919 --> 00:19:32,929 constant what does that means that 807 00:19:32,929 --> 00:19:34,690 constant what does that means that simply literally means the number of 808 00:19:34,690 --> 00:19:34,700 simply literally means the number of 809 00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:36,639 simply literally means the number of moles of calcium oxide in one liter 810 00:19:36,639 --> 00:19:36,649 moles of calcium oxide in one liter 811 00:19:36,649 --> 00:19:39,940 moles of calcium oxide in one liter volume of solid calcium oxide right well 812 00:19:39,940 --> 00:19:39,950 volume of solid calcium oxide right well 813 00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:41,980 volume of solid calcium oxide right well so that will always be constant it will 814 00:19:41,980 --> 00:19:41,990 so that will always be constant it will 815 00:19:41,990 --> 00:19:43,389 so that will always be constant it will never change during the chemical 816 00:19:43,389 --> 00:19:43,399 never change during the chemical 817 00:19:43,399 --> 00:19:45,549 never change during the chemical reaction and the same thing is also true 818 00:19:45,549 --> 00:19:45,559 reaction and the same thing is also true 819 00:19:45,559 --> 00:19:47,110 reaction and the same thing is also true for the calcium carbonate the 820 00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:47,120 for the calcium carbonate the 821 00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:50,470 for the calcium carbonate the concentrations of that solids again in 1 822 00:19:50,470 --> 00:19:50,480 concentrations of that solids again in 1 823 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:52,810 concentrations of that solids again in 1 liter solid is number of moles would be 824 00:19:52,810 --> 00:19:52,820 liter solid is number of moles would be 825 00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:55,029 liter solid is number of moles would be the same that that never changes so in 826 00:19:55,029 --> 00:19:55,039 the same that that never changes so in 827 00:19:55,039 --> 00:19:57,700 the same that that never changes so in the equilibrium expression actually let 828 00:19:57,700 --> 00:19:57,710 the equilibrium expression actually let 829 00:19:57,710 --> 00:20:02,980 the equilibrium expression actually let me just show you that 830 00:20:02,980 --> 00:20:02,990 831 00:20:02,990 --> 00:20:07,270 I can get this now the equilibrium 832 00:20:07,270 --> 00:20:07,280 I can get this now the equilibrium 833 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:11,230 I can get this now the equilibrium expression K sub C actually let's call 834 00:20:11,230 --> 00:20:11,240 expression K sub C actually let's call 835 00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,080 expression K sub C actually let's call that K sub C prime would be equals to 836 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:14,090 that K sub C prime would be equals to 837 00:20:14,090 --> 00:20:18,520 that K sub C prime would be equals to the concentration of calcium oxide and 838 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:18,530 the concentration of calcium oxide and 839 00:20:18,530 --> 00:20:22,890 the concentration of calcium oxide and then concentration of carbon dioxide 840 00:20:22,890 --> 00:20:22,900 then concentration of carbon dioxide 841 00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:26,280 then concentration of carbon dioxide divided by the concentrations of calcium 842 00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:26,290 divided by the concentrations of calcium 843 00:20:26,290 --> 00:20:32,040 divided by the concentrations of calcium carbonate but now since these are 844 00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:32,050 carbonate but now since these are 845 00:20:32,050 --> 00:20:35,770 carbonate but now since these are constant for the solids or if you have 846 00:20:35,770 --> 00:20:35,780 constant for the solids or if you have 847 00:20:35,780 --> 00:20:38,140 constant for the solids or if you have pure water for example the 848 00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:38,150 pure water for example the 849 00:20:38,150 --> 00:20:40,600 pure water for example the concentrations of water in pure water is 850 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:40,610 concentrations of water in pure water is 851 00:20:40,610 --> 00:20:43,240 concentrations of water in pure water is the number of moles of water in 1 liter 852 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:43,250 the number of moles of water in 1 liter 853 00:20:43,250 --> 00:20:46,150 the number of moles of water in 1 liter of water and that's equal to 56.66 854 00:20:46,150 --> 00:20:46,160 of water and that's equal to 56.66 855 00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:48,040 of water and that's equal to 56.66 something and it's constant it never 856 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:48,050 something and it's constant it never 857 00:20:48,050 --> 00:20:51,010 something and it's constant it never changes as long as it is U in the water 858 00:20:51,010 --> 00:20:51,020 changes as long as it is U in the water 859 00:20:51,020 --> 00:20:53,320 changes as long as it is U in the water it is constant and this is also the same 860 00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:53,330 it is constant and this is also the same 861 00:20:53,330 --> 00:20:55,000 it is constant and this is also the same the concentrations are not changing so 862 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:55,010 the concentrations are not changing so 863 00:20:55,010 --> 00:20:58,690 the concentrations are not changing so if these are not changing I can simply 864 00:20:58,690 --> 00:20:58,700 if these are not changing I can simply 865 00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:01,360 if these are not changing I can simply combine them with this case of C let's 866 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:01,370 combine them with this case of C let's 867 00:21:01,370 --> 00:21:04,419 combine them with this case of C let's say times the concentrations of calcium 868 00:21:04,419 --> 00:21:04,429 say times the concentrations of calcium 869 00:21:04,429 --> 00:21:07,450 say times the concentrations of calcium carbonate divided by the concentrations 870 00:21:07,450 --> 00:21:07,460 carbonate divided by the concentrations 871 00:21:07,460 --> 00:21:10,030 carbonate divided by the concentrations of calcium oxide since these are all 872 00:21:10,030 --> 00:21:10,040 of calcium oxide since these are all 873 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:13,330 of calcium oxide since these are all constant that's constant so this is 874 00:21:13,330 --> 00:21:13,340 constant that's constant so this is 875 00:21:13,340 --> 00:21:16,120 constant that's constant so this is equal to a new constant I call that K 876 00:21:16,120 --> 00:21:16,130 equal to a new constant I call that K 877 00:21:16,130 --> 00:21:19,120 equal to a new constant I call that K sub C actually they case say K sub C is 878 00:21:19,120 --> 00:21:19,130 sub C actually they case say K sub C is 879 00:21:19,130 --> 00:21:21,850 sub C actually they case say K sub C is equal to this and it's constant right 880 00:21:21,850 --> 00:21:21,860 equal to this and it's constant right 881 00:21:21,860 --> 00:21:25,799 equal to this and it's constant right and that is equals to the carbon dioxide 882 00:21:25,799 --> 00:21:25,809 and that is equals to the carbon dioxide 883 00:21:25,809 --> 00:21:29,110 and that is equals to the carbon dioxide concentrations of carbon dioxide so in 884 00:21:29,110 --> 00:21:29,120 concentrations of carbon dioxide so in 885 00:21:29,120 --> 00:21:32,410 concentrations of carbon dioxide so in the previous slide as I told you which 886 00:21:32,410 --> 00:21:32,420 the previous slide as I told you which 887 00:21:32,420 --> 00:21:36,070 the previous slide as I told you which says that the value the value used for 888 00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:36,080 says that the value the value used for 889 00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:37,600 says that the value the value used for the concentrations of pure substance is 890 00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:37,610 the concentrations of pure substance is 891 00:21:37,610 --> 00:21:40,780 the concentrations of pure substance is always 1 that's what we use but you 892 00:21:40,780 --> 00:21:40,790 always 1 that's what we use but you 893 00:21:40,790 --> 00:21:43,500 always 1 that's what we use but you should know where it's coming from right 894 00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:43,510 should know where it's coming from right 895 00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:45,730 should know where it's coming from right it's coming from because the 896 00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:45,740 it's coming from because the 897 00:21:45,740 --> 00:21:48,070 it's coming from because the concentrations are constant so we 898 00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:48,080 concentrations are constant so we 899 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:50,200 concentrations are constant so we combine the constants here with this 900 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:50,210 combine the constants here with this 901 00:21:50,210 --> 00:21:52,360 combine the constants here with this constant obtain a new constant and that 902 00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:52,370 constant obtain a new constant and that 903 00:21:52,370 --> 00:21:55,030 constant obtain a new constant and that one is K sub C which is equals to the 904 00:21:55,030 --> 00:21:55,040 one is K sub C which is equals to the 905 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,190 one is K sub C which is equals to the carbon dioxide same thing is also true 906 00:21:57,190 --> 00:21:57,200 carbon dioxide same thing is also true 907 00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:02,410 carbon dioxide same thing is also true for the KP value 2 again yes I guess I 908 00:22:02,410 --> 00:22:02,420 for the KP value 2 again yes I guess I 909 00:22:02,420 --> 00:22:08,200 for the KP value 2 again yes I guess I will stop it here let's say and solve 910 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:08,210 will stop it here let's say and solve 911 00:22:08,210 --> 00:22:11,860 will stop it here let's say and solve some problems from previous chapters or 912 00:22:11,860 --> 00:22:11,870 some problems from previous chapters or 913 00:22:11,870 --> 00:22:15,090 some problems from previous chapters or the chapters that will be in 914 00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:15,100 the chapters that will be in 915 00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,029 the chapters that will be in put it in the exam what is that not 916 00:22:18,029 --> 00:22:18,039 put it in the exam what is that not 917 00:22:18,039 --> 00:22:20,760 put it in the exam what is that not tomorrow - Saturday right it's not 918 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:20,770 tomorrow - Saturday right it's not 919 00:22:20,770 --> 00:22:33,049 tomorrow - Saturday right it's not exactly okay oh let's see 920 00:22:33,049 --> 00:22:33,059 921 00:22:33,059 --> 00:22:37,849 I picked up some example problems and I 922 00:22:37,849 --> 00:22:37,859 I picked up some example problems and I 923 00:22:37,859 --> 00:22:41,239 I picked up some example problems and I will go through those quickly if I can 924 00:22:41,239 --> 00:22:41,249 will go through those quickly if I can 925 00:22:41,249 --> 00:22:44,869 will go through those quickly if I can simply says now one thing one one 926 00:22:44,869 --> 00:22:44,879 simply says now one thing one one 927 00:22:44,879 --> 00:22:48,049 simply says now one thing one one problem I picked up from previous exams 928 00:22:48,049 --> 00:22:48,059 problem I picked up from previous exams 929 00:22:48,059 --> 00:22:53,869 problem I picked up from previous exams here is the reactions given this is 930 00:22:53,869 --> 00:22:53,879 here is the reactions given this is 931 00:22:53,879 --> 00:22:59,449 here is the reactions given this is about rate constant inaccurate remember 932 00:22:59,449 --> 00:22:59,459 about rate constant inaccurate remember 933 00:22:59,459 --> 00:23:01,819 about rate constant inaccurate remember this a true means in active solutions in 934 00:23:01,819 --> 00:23:01,829 this a true means in active solutions in 935 00:23:01,829 --> 00:23:13,449 this a true means in active solutions in water actually and plus bromide and plus 936 00:23:13,449 --> 00:23:13,459 water actually and plus bromide and plus 937 00:23:13,459 --> 00:23:18,049 water actually and plus bromide and plus 6h plus a cures in acidic solution 938 00:23:18,049 --> 00:23:18,059 6h plus a cures in acidic solution 939 00:23:18,059 --> 00:23:22,549 6h plus a cures in acidic solution this is bromate ion actually and then 940 00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:22,559 this is bromate ion actually and then 941 00:23:22,559 --> 00:23:32,389 this is bromate ion actually and then the Prolog it goes to three PR to liquid 942 00:23:32,389 --> 00:23:32,399 the Prolog it goes to three PR to liquid 943 00:23:32,399 --> 00:23:39,019 the Prolog it goes to three PR to liquid and plus three H 2 O liquid this is the 944 00:23:39,019 --> 00:23:39,029 and plus three H 2 O liquid this is the 945 00:23:39,029 --> 00:23:41,179 and plus three H 2 O liquid this is the reaction given in fact a chemical 946 00:23:41,179 --> 00:23:41,189 reaction given in fact a chemical 947 00:23:41,189 --> 00:23:46,039 reaction given in fact a chemical reaction it says at a particular instant 948 00:23:46,039 --> 00:23:46,049 reaction it says at a particular instant 949 00:23:46,049 --> 00:23:55,419 reaction it says at a particular instant in time at a particular instant in time 950 00:23:55,419 --> 00:23:55,429 in time at a particular instant in time 951 00:23:55,429 --> 00:23:58,819 in time at a particular instant in time that means like in a reaction as the 952 00:23:58,819 --> 00:23:58,829 that means like in a reaction as the 953 00:23:58,829 --> 00:24:01,279 that means like in a reaction as the reaction is taking place just one time 954 00:24:01,279 --> 00:24:01,289 reaction is taking place just one time 955 00:24:01,289 --> 00:24:09,279 reaction is taking place just one time you know in an instant time the value of 956 00:24:09,279 --> 00:24:09,289 957 00:24:09,289 --> 00:24:22,989 value of minus Delta PR over delta T is 958 00:24:22,989 --> 00:24:22,999 value of minus Delta PR over delta T is 959 00:24:22,999 --> 00:24:29,929 value of minus Delta PR over delta T is equals to two point two times ten to the 960 00:24:29,929 --> 00:24:29,939 equals to two point two times ten to the 961 00:24:29,939 --> 00:24:36,319 equals to two point two times ten to the minus three mol per molarity per second 962 00:24:36,319 --> 00:24:36,329 minus three mol per molarity per second 963 00:24:36,329 --> 00:24:39,669 minus three mol per molarity per second polarity per second so this is actually 964 00:24:39,669 --> 00:24:39,679 polarity per second so this is actually 965 00:24:39,679 --> 00:24:46,160 polarity per second so this is actually the rate of decomposition or the rate of 966 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:46,170 the rate of decomposition or the rate of 967 00:24:46,170 --> 00:24:49,040 the rate of decomposition or the rate of of the bromide right rate of consumption 968 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:49,050 of the bromide right rate of consumption 969 00:24:49,050 --> 00:24:51,470 of the bromide right rate of consumption of the bromide is given at an instant 970 00:24:51,470 --> 00:24:51,480 of the bromide is given at an instant 971 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:53,480 of the bromide is given at an instant time reaction is going on whatever it is 972 00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:53,490 time reaction is going on whatever it is 973 00:24:53,490 --> 00:25:00,040 time reaction is going on whatever it is it says what is the value what is the 974 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:00,050 it says what is the value what is the 975 00:25:00,050 --> 00:25:12,290 it says what is the value what is the value of Delta bromine molar 976 00:25:12,290 --> 00:25:12,300 value of Delta bromine molar 977 00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:21,790 value of Delta bromine molar concentration delta T in the same time 978 00:25:21,790 --> 00:25:21,800 979 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,170 that means it's within that in that 980 00:25:24,170 --> 00:25:24,180 that means it's within that in that 981 00:25:24,180 --> 00:25:26,600 that means it's within that in that particular instant time right there at 982 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:26,610 particular instant time right there at 983 00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:28,760 particular instant time right there at that moment when this is equal to this 984 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:28,770 that moment when this is equal to this 985 00:25:28,770 --> 00:25:31,430 that moment when this is equal to this what is the value of that at actually 986 00:25:31,430 --> 00:25:31,440 what is the value of that at actually 987 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:33,620 what is the value of that at actually this simply means that in an instant 988 00:25:33,620 --> 00:25:33,630 this simply means that in an instant 989 00:25:33,630 --> 00:25:37,280 this simply means that in an instant time for this reaction if the the rate 990 00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:37,290 time for this reaction if the the rate 991 00:25:37,290 --> 00:25:39,530 time for this reaction if the the rate of consumptions of Rome I'd is equals to 992 00:25:39,530 --> 00:25:39,540 of consumptions of Rome I'd is equals to 993 00:25:39,540 --> 00:25:40,940 of consumptions of Rome I'd is equals to two point two times ten to the minus 994 00:25:40,940 --> 00:25:40,950 two point two times ten to the minus 995 00:25:40,950 --> 00:25:44,300 two point two times ten to the minus three it asks you what is the rate of 996 00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:44,310 three it asks you what is the rate of 997 00:25:44,310 --> 00:25:48,560 three it asks you what is the rate of production of bromine at the same time 998 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:48,570 production of bromine at the same time 999 00:25:48,570 --> 00:25:50,750 production of bromine at the same time right bromine at the same time and it 1000 00:25:50,750 --> 00:25:50,760 right bromine at the same time and it 1001 00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:54,050 right bromine at the same time and it can be calculated now remember what we 1002 00:25:54,050 --> 00:25:54,060 can be calculated now remember what we 1003 00:25:54,060 --> 00:25:58,070 can be calculated now remember what we simply do to relate the consumption or 1004 00:25:58,070 --> 00:25:58,080 simply do to relate the consumption or 1005 00:25:58,080 --> 00:25:59,960 simply do to relate the consumption or productions of the reactants and the 1006 00:25:59,960 --> 00:25:59,970 productions of the reactants and the 1007 00:25:59,970 --> 00:26:04,460 productions of the reactants and the products we simply write down this the 1008 00:26:04,460 --> 00:26:04,470 products we simply write down this the 1009 00:26:04,470 --> 00:26:07,750 products we simply write down this the consumption rate of this which is Delta 1010 00:26:07,750 --> 00:26:07,760 consumption rate of this which is Delta 1011 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:16,910 consumption rate of this which is Delta B r o2 o3 minus over delta t minus right 1012 00:26:16,910 --> 00:26:16,920 B r o2 o3 minus over delta t minus right 1013 00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:20,210 B r o2 o3 minus over delta t minus right because this is the consumption it is 1014 00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:20,220 because this is the consumption it is 1015 00:26:20,220 --> 00:26:23,330 because this is the consumption it is the equation would be equals to minus 1016 00:26:23,330 --> 00:26:23,340 the equation would be equals to minus 1017 00:26:23,340 --> 00:26:26,270 the equation would be equals to minus one over or I should probably put the 1018 00:26:26,270 --> 00:26:26,280 one over or I should probably put the 1019 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:28,190 one over or I should probably put the minus on the other side one over five 1020 00:26:28,190 --> 00:26:28,200 minus on the other side one over five 1021 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:40,370 minus on the other side one over five minus Delta P R minus delta T right one 1022 00:26:40,370 --> 00:26:40,380 minus Delta P R minus delta T right one 1023 00:26:40,380 --> 00:26:42,320 minus Delta P R minus delta T right one over five we just divided by five 1024 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:42,330 over five we just divided by five 1025 00:26:42,330 --> 00:26:45,380 over five we just divided by five because the rate of consumption of this 1026 00:26:45,380 --> 00:26:45,390 because the rate of consumption of this 1027 00:26:45,390 --> 00:26:48,160 because the rate of consumption of this is five times of that in molar 1028 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:48,170 is five times of that in molar 1029 00:26:48,170 --> 00:26:50,990 is five times of that in molar concentration values right so we have to 1030 00:26:50,990 --> 00:26:51,000 concentration values right so we have to 1031 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,270 concentration values right so we have to divide it by five now if I related to 1032 00:26:53,270 --> 00:26:53,280 divide it by five now if I related to 1033 00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,300 divide it by five now if I related to for example this one over here it will 1034 00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:56,310 for example this one over here it will 1035 00:26:56,310 --> 00:26:59,360 for example this one over here it will be again one over six minor 1036 00:26:59,360 --> 00:26:59,370 be again one over six minor 1037 00:26:59,370 --> 00:27:03,110 be again one over six minor delta h plus concentration divided by 1038 00:27:03,110 --> 00:27:03,120 delta h plus concentration divided by 1039 00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:07,310 delta h plus concentration divided by delta t like this and then i can relate 1040 00:27:07,310 --> 00:27:07,320 delta t like this and then i can relate 1041 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:10,280 delta t like this and then i can relate it to the rate of production of the 1042 00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:10,290 it to the rate of production of the 1043 00:27:10,290 --> 00:27:12,070 it to the rate of production of the products and that would be equals to 1044 00:27:12,070 --> 00:27:12,080 products and that would be equals to 1045 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:20,150 products and that would be equals to simply 1 over 3 and b delta B are 2 1046 00:27:20,150 --> 00:27:20,160 simply 1 over 3 and b delta B are 2 1047 00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:24,049 simply 1 over 3 and b delta B are 2 molar concentration and divided by delta 1048 00:27:24,049 --> 00:27:24,059 molar concentration and divided by delta 1049 00:27:24,059 --> 00:27:27,940 molar concentration and divided by delta T and that would be also equals to 1050 00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:27,950 T and that would be also equals to 1051 00:27:27,950 --> 00:27:37,690 T and that would be also equals to simply 1 over 3 Delta h2o divided by 1052 00:27:37,690 --> 00:27:37,700 simply 1 over 3 Delta h2o divided by 1053 00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:40,430 simply 1 over 3 Delta h2o divided by delta T this is the relation we can 1054 00:27:40,430 --> 00:27:40,440 delta T this is the relation we can 1055 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:43,790 delta T this is the relation we can write down for every chemical reaction 1056 00:27:43,790 --> 00:27:43,800 write down for every chemical reaction 1057 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:46,610 write down for every chemical reaction what provided that we are given the 1058 00:27:46,610 --> 00:27:46,620 what provided that we are given the 1059 00:27:46,620 --> 00:27:48,890 what provided that we are given the balanced chemical equation it should be 1060 00:27:48,890 --> 00:27:48,900 balanced chemical equation it should be 1061 00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:50,930 balanced chemical equation it should be balanced chemical equation now what it 1062 00:27:50,930 --> 00:27:50,940 balanced chemical equation now what it 1063 00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:53,840 balanced chemical equation now what it says here it says that the rate of 1064 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:53,850 says here it says that the rate of 1065 00:27:53,850 --> 00:27:56,930 says here it says that the rate of consumption is equal to that that means 1066 00:27:56,930 --> 00:27:56,940 consumption is equal to that that means 1067 00:27:56,940 --> 00:28:01,760 consumption is equal to that that means that this value here is given right and 1068 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:01,770 that this value here is given right and 1069 00:28:01,770 --> 00:28:05,180 that this value here is given right and we are asked to calculate this so we can 1070 00:28:05,180 --> 00:28:05,190 we are asked to calculate this so we can 1071 00:28:05,190 --> 00:28:08,270 we are asked to calculate this so we can simply pick up this one and this one 1072 00:28:08,270 --> 00:28:08,280 simply pick up this one and this one 1073 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:12,610 simply pick up this one and this one here and I'll calculate the rate of 1074 00:28:12,610 --> 00:28:12,620 here and I'll calculate the rate of 1075 00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:17,299 here and I'll calculate the rate of production of bromine here just put in 1076 00:28:17,299 --> 00:28:17,309 production of bromine here just put in 1077 00:28:17,309 --> 00:28:21,940 production of bromine here just put in the values so let's do that 1078 00:28:21,940 --> 00:28:21,950 1079 00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:38,850 again we have to be careful here 1080 00:28:38,850 --> 00:28:38,860 1081 00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:43,580 so I can simply write down one over five 1082 00:28:43,580 --> 00:28:43,590 so I can simply write down one over five 1083 00:28:43,590 --> 00:28:52,860 so I can simply write down one over five minus Delta BR bromide over delta T like 1084 00:28:52,860 --> 00:28:52,870 minus Delta BR bromide over delta T like 1085 00:28:52,870 --> 00:29:01,080 minus Delta BR bromide over delta T like this equals to 1 over 3 coefficient 1086 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:01,090 this equals to 1 over 3 coefficient 1087 00:29:01,090 --> 00:29:08,399 this equals to 1 over 3 coefficient there and then we have simply Delta er 1088 00:29:08,399 --> 00:29:08,409 there and then we have simply Delta er 1089 00:29:08,409 --> 00:29:16,620 there and then we have simply Delta er to delta T so this value is given what 1090 00:29:16,620 --> 00:29:16,630 to delta T so this value is given what 1091 00:29:16,630 --> 00:29:22,740 to delta T so this value is given what is that 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 I'm 1092 00:29:22,740 --> 00:29:22,750 is that 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 I'm 1093 00:29:22,750 --> 00:29:25,649 is that 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 I'm looking for this value here so I can 1094 00:29:25,649 --> 00:29:25,659 looking for this value here so I can 1095 00:29:25,659 --> 00:29:31,980 looking for this value here so I can simply write it down as Delta BR to 1096 00:29:31,980 --> 00:29:31,990 simply write it down as Delta BR to 1097 00:29:31,990 --> 00:29:37,159 simply write it down as Delta BR to bromine over delta T would be equals to 1098 00:29:37,159 --> 00:29:37,169 bromine over delta T would be equals to 1099 00:29:37,169 --> 00:29:44,310 bromine over delta T would be equals to simply 3 over 5 - actually it's not - 1100 00:29:44,310 --> 00:29:44,320 simply 3 over 5 - actually it's not - 1101 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:47,549 simply 3 over 5 - actually it's not - right because this - is equal to that we 1102 00:29:47,549 --> 00:29:47,559 right because this - is equal to that we 1103 00:29:47,559 --> 00:29:49,560 right because this - is equal to that we have to remember and that I can simply 1104 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:49,570 have to remember and that I can simply 1105 00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,820 have to remember and that I can simply put here 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 1106 00:29:53,820 --> 00:29:53,830 put here 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 1107 00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:58,039 put here 2.2 times 10 to the minus 3 that is the rate of consumption of 1108 00:29:58,039 --> 00:29:58,049 that is the rate of consumption of 1109 00:29:58,049 --> 00:30:01,500 that is the rate of consumption of bromide ion bromide ion and this will 1110 00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:01,510 bromide ion bromide ion and this will 1111 00:30:01,510 --> 00:30:04,980 bromide ion bromide ion and this will simply give me the result result is 1 1112 00:30:04,980 --> 00:30:04,990 simply give me the result result is 1 1113 00:30:04,990 --> 00:30:12,360 simply give me the result result is 1 point 32 times 10 to the minus 3 molar 1114 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:12,370 point 32 times 10 to the minus 3 molar 1115 00:30:12,370 --> 00:30:15,840 point 32 times 10 to the minus 3 molar per second so this is the answer 1116 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:15,850 per second so this is the answer 1117 00:30:15,850 --> 00:30:19,500 per second so this is the answer actually we can simply solve questions 1118 00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:19,510 actually we can simply solve questions 1119 00:30:19,510 --> 00:30:23,009 actually we can simply solve questions like that once we have the balanced 1120 00:30:23,009 --> 00:30:23,019 like that once we have the balanced 1121 00:30:23,019 --> 00:30:26,669 like that once we have the balanced chemical equation we relate the rate of 1122 00:30:26,669 --> 00:30:26,679 chemical equation we relate the rate of 1123 00:30:26,679 --> 00:30:32,070 chemical equation we relate the rate of consumption or rate of production using 1124 00:30:32,070 --> 00:30:32,080 consumption or rate of production using 1125 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:33,750 consumption or rate of production using the coefficients with each other in fact 1126 00:30:33,750 --> 00:30:33,760 the coefficients with each other in fact 1127 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:39,790 the coefficients with each other in fact yes 1128 00:30:39,790 --> 00:30:39,800 1129 00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:50,230 okay now let's I have nine seven 1130 00:30:50,230 --> 00:30:50,240 1131 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:53,270 that means chapter nine and problem 1132 00:30:53,270 --> 00:30:53,280 that means chapter nine and problem 1133 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:56,810 that means chapter nine and problem seven at the end of the chapter here a 1134 00:30:56,810 --> 00:30:56,820 seven at the end of the chapter here a 1135 00:30:56,820 --> 00:31:01,160 seven at the end of the chapter here a molecule is given and that molecule let 1136 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:01,170 molecule is given and that molecule let 1137 00:31:01,170 --> 00:31:07,010 molecule is given and that molecule let me put it down here carbon double bond 1138 00:31:07,010 --> 00:31:07,020 me put it down here carbon double bond 1139 00:31:07,020 --> 00:31:11,210 me put it down here carbon double bond carbon single bond carbon single bond 1140 00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:11,220 carbon single bond carbon single bond 1141 00:31:11,220 --> 00:31:16,640 carbon single bond carbon single bond carbon triple bond carbon and single 1142 00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:16,650 carbon triple bond carbon and single 1143 00:31:16,650 --> 00:31:48,510 carbon triple bond carbon and single bond carbon then we have the hydrogen's 1144 00:31:48,510 --> 00:31:48,520 1145 00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:51,930 yes let me see if I get then one two 1146 00:31:51,930 --> 00:31:51,940 yes let me see if I get then one two 1147 00:31:51,940 --> 00:31:55,290 yes let me see if I get then one two three four five six carbon one two three 1148 00:31:55,290 --> 00:31:55,300 three four five six carbon one two three 1149 00:31:55,300 --> 00:32:04,470 three four five six carbon one two three four five six carbon yes oh okay wait 1150 00:32:04,470 --> 00:32:04,480 four five six carbon yes oh okay wait 1151 00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:09,900 four five six carbon yes oh okay wait wait yes that would be two hydrogen's 1152 00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:09,910 wait yes that would be two hydrogen's 1153 00:32:09,910 --> 00:32:13,230 wait yes that would be two hydrogen's there one hydrogen here two hydrogen 1154 00:32:13,230 --> 00:32:13,240 there one hydrogen here two hydrogen 1155 00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:14,970 there one hydrogen here two hydrogen there I guess this is correct 1156 00:32:14,970 --> 00:32:14,980 there I guess this is correct 1157 00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:17,940 there I guess this is correct right now this is again very simple but 1158 00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:17,950 right now this is again very simple but 1159 00:32:17,950 --> 00:32:20,760 right now this is again very simple but it says what is the hybridization at 1160 00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:20,770 it says what is the hybridization at 1161 00:32:20,770 --> 00:32:24,410 it says what is the hybridization at each carbon atom in the molecule 1162 00:32:24,410 --> 00:32:24,420 each carbon atom in the molecule 1163 00:32:24,420 --> 00:32:27,500 each carbon atom in the molecule hybridization in each carbon atom right 1164 00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:27,510 hybridization in each carbon atom right 1165 00:32:27,510 --> 00:32:30,180 hybridization in each carbon atom right this is actually the Lewis structure of 1166 00:32:30,180 --> 00:32:30,190 this is actually the Lewis structure of 1167 00:32:30,190 --> 00:32:33,600 this is actually the Lewis structure of that so can you tell me what is the 1168 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:33,610 that so can you tell me what is the 1169 00:32:33,610 --> 00:32:43,290 that so can you tell me what is the hybridization here sp2 yes sp2 now how 1170 00:32:43,290 --> 00:32:43,300 hybridization here sp2 yes sp2 now how 1171 00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:48,900 hybridization here sp2 yes sp2 now how about this one that's also SP two right 1172 00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:48,910 about this one that's also SP two right 1173 00:32:48,910 --> 00:32:52,500 about this one that's also SP two right three domains there sp2 now how about 1174 00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:52,510 three domains there sp2 now how about 1175 00:32:52,510 --> 00:33:00,210 three domains there sp2 now how about this one sp3 this one is P that's pretty 1176 00:33:00,210 --> 00:33:00,220 this one sp3 this one is P that's pretty 1177 00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:06,320 this one sp3 this one is P that's pretty good this one is also SP this one is sp3 1178 00:33:06,320 --> 00:33:06,330 good this one is also SP this one is sp3 1179 00:33:06,330 --> 00:33:10,490 good this one is also SP this one is sp3 all right so now what is the geometry 1180 00:33:10,490 --> 00:33:10,500 all right so now what is the geometry 1181 00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,710 all right so now what is the geometry around this carbon if I consider this 1182 00:33:13,710 --> 00:33:13,720 around this carbon if I consider this 1183 00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:18,270 around this carbon if I consider this one this one and that carbon trigonal 1184 00:33:18,270 --> 00:33:18,280 one this one and that carbon trigonal 1185 00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:21,390 one this one and that carbon trigonal planar right trigonal planar and the 1186 00:33:21,390 --> 00:33:21,400 planar right trigonal planar and the 1187 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:23,100 planar right trigonal planar and the same thing is true here if I consider 1188 00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:23,110 same thing is true here if I consider 1189 00:33:23,110 --> 00:33:26,370 same thing is true here if I consider this this and this again that's three 1190 00:33:26,370 --> 00:33:26,380 this this and this again that's three 1191 00:33:26,380 --> 00:33:27,750 this this and this again that's three Gono planar that means they're all on 1192 00:33:27,750 --> 00:33:27,760 Gono planar that means they're all on 1193 00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:30,420 Gono planar that means they're all on the same plane right they all on the 1194 00:33:30,420 --> 00:33:30,430 the same plane right they all on the 1195 00:33:30,430 --> 00:33:33,870 the same plane right they all on the same plane and this one is different and 1196 00:33:33,870 --> 00:33:33,880 same plane and this one is different and 1197 00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:39,000 same plane and this one is different and how about here this is linear there if I 1198 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:39,010 how about here this is linear there if I 1199 00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:41,850 how about here this is linear there if I simply find out the angles in fact then 1200 00:33:41,850 --> 00:33:41,860 simply find out the angles in fact then 1201 00:33:41,860 --> 00:33:45,450 simply find out the angles in fact then these angles will will be 120 degrees 1202 00:33:45,450 --> 00:33:45,460 these angles will will be 120 degrees 1203 00:33:45,460 --> 00:33:47,580 these angles will will be 120 degrees somewhere about 120 degrees and this 1204 00:33:47,580 --> 00:33:47,590 somewhere about 120 degrees and this 1205 00:33:47,590 --> 00:33:51,540 somewhere about 120 degrees and this angle here simply this one is 180 1206 00:33:51,540 --> 00:33:51,550 angle here simply this one is 180 1207 00:33:51,550 --> 00:33:54,600 angle here simply this one is 180 degrees right that one is planar so we 1208 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:54,610 degrees right that one is planar so we 1209 00:33:54,610 --> 00:33:57,570 degrees right that one is planar so we we should know that it says how many 1210 00:33:57,570 --> 00:33:57,580 we should know that it says how many 1211 00:33:57,580 --> 00:34:00,440 we should know that it says how many sigma bonds are there in the molecule 1212 00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:00,450 sigma bonds are there in the molecule 1213 00:34:00,450 --> 00:34:01,820 sigma bonds are there in the molecule now 1214 00:34:01,820 --> 00:34:01,830 now 1215 00:34:01,830 --> 00:34:05,010 now Sigma bonds is always present if the two 1216 00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:05,020 Sigma bonds is always present if the two 1217 00:34:05,020 --> 00:34:07,710 Sigma bonds is always present if the two atoms are bonded to each other right so 1218 00:34:07,710 --> 00:34:07,720 atoms are bonded to each other right so 1219 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:12,330 atoms are bonded to each other right so one two three four five six seven eight 1220 00:34:12,330 --> 00:34:12,340 one two three four five six seven eight 1221 00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:16,250 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen thirteen 1222 00:34:16,250 --> 00:34:16,260 nine ten eleven twelve thirteen thirteen 1223 00:34:16,260 --> 00:34:21,180 nine ten eleven twelve thirteen thirteen Sigma bonds remember again the 1224 00:34:21,180 --> 00:34:21,190 Sigma bonds remember again the 1225 00:34:21,190 --> 00:34:22,950 Sigma bonds remember again the symmetries these are symmetric with 1226 00:34:22,950 --> 00:34:22,960 symmetries these are symmetric with 1227 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:27,030 symmetries these are symmetric with respect to the axis bond axis now how 1228 00:34:27,030 --> 00:34:27,040 respect to the axis bond axis now how 1229 00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:30,630 respect to the axis bond axis now how many PI bonds it says now again remember 1230 00:34:30,630 --> 00:34:30,640 many PI bonds it says now again remember 1231 00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:32,340 many PI bonds it says now again remember if I have a double bond between two 1232 00:34:32,340 --> 00:34:32,350 if I have a double bond between two 1233 00:34:32,350 --> 00:34:35,510 if I have a double bond between two carbon the second bond one is actually 1234 00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:35,520 carbon the second bond one is actually 1235 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:40,260 carbon the second bond one is actually the PI bond remember the PI bond is 1236 00:34:40,260 --> 00:34:40,270 the PI bond remember the PI bond is 1237 00:34:40,270 --> 00:34:46,170 the PI bond remember the PI bond is simply like this in a plane actually so 1238 00:34:46,170 --> 00:34:46,180 simply like this in a plane actually so 1239 00:34:46,180 --> 00:34:52,290 simply like this in a plane actually so in this case I have one here two three 1240 00:34:52,290 --> 00:34:52,300 in this case I have one here two three 1241 00:34:52,300 --> 00:35:00,750 in this case I have one here two three here and that means three PI bonds right 1242 00:35:00,750 --> 00:35:00,760 here and that means three PI bonds right 1243 00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:03,000 here and that means three PI bonds right now we have to remember this this is 1244 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:03,010 now we have to remember this this is 1245 00:35:03,010 --> 00:35:05,010 now we have to remember this this is very important again now when we have 1246 00:35:05,010 --> 00:35:05,020 very important again now when we have 1247 00:35:05,020 --> 00:35:10,380 very important again now when we have these two pi bonds are in a plane which 1248 00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:10,390 these two pi bonds are in a plane which 1249 00:35:10,390 --> 00:35:13,530 these two pi bonds are in a plane which are perpendicular to each other right 1250 00:35:13,530 --> 00:35:13,540 are perpendicular to each other right 1251 00:35:13,540 --> 00:35:16,770 are perpendicular to each other right one PI bond is like this and the other 1252 00:35:16,770 --> 00:35:16,780 one PI bond is like this and the other 1253 00:35:16,780 --> 00:35:18,660 one PI bond is like this and the other PI bond is like this perpendicular to 1254 00:35:18,660 --> 00:35:18,670 PI bond is like this perpendicular to 1255 00:35:18,670 --> 00:35:22,590 PI bond is like this perpendicular to that and remember again and other things 1256 00:35:22,590 --> 00:35:22,600 that and remember again and other things 1257 00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,880 that and remember again and other things when you simply form an sp2 1258 00:35:25,880 --> 00:35:25,890 when you simply form an sp2 1259 00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:30,090 when you simply form an sp2 hybridization there is one p orbital 1260 00:35:30,090 --> 00:35:30,100 hybridization there is one p orbital 1261 00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:32,490 hybridization there is one p orbital here which is not involved in bonding 1262 00:35:32,490 --> 00:35:32,500 here which is not involved in bonding 1263 00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:35,250 here which is not involved in bonding and that p orbital is always 1264 00:35:35,250 --> 00:35:35,260 and that p orbital is always 1265 00:35:35,260 --> 00:35:39,300 and that p orbital is always perpendicular to this plane right so if 1266 00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:39,310 perpendicular to this plane right so if 1267 00:35:39,310 --> 00:35:41,250 perpendicular to this plane right so if a PI bond is actually taking place 1268 00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:41,260 a PI bond is actually taking place 1269 00:35:41,260 --> 00:35:44,250 a PI bond is actually taking place between these two over here that means 1270 00:35:44,250 --> 00:35:44,260 between these two over here that means 1271 00:35:44,260 --> 00:35:50,040 between these two over here that means that that pi bond is in this plane here 1272 00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:50,050 that that pi bond is in this plane here 1273 00:35:50,050 --> 00:35:52,770 that that pi bond is in this plane here right because I have a py orbital like 1274 00:35:52,770 --> 00:35:52,780 right because I have a py orbital like 1275 00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:55,050 right because I have a py orbital like this here perpendicular to that p 1276 00:35:55,050 --> 00:35:55,060 this here perpendicular to that p 1277 00:35:55,060 --> 00:35:57,210 this here perpendicular to that p orbital here perpendicular they have to 1278 00:35:57,210 --> 00:35:57,220 orbital here perpendicular they have to 1279 00:35:57,220 --> 00:35:59,940 orbital here perpendicular they have to simply combine like this which is 1280 00:35:59,940 --> 00:35:59,950 simply combine like this which is 1281 00:35:59,950 --> 00:36:04,260 simply combine like this which is perpendicular to the plane here to form 1282 00:36:04,260 --> 00:36:04,270 perpendicular to the plane here to form 1283 00:36:04,270 --> 00:36:06,510 perpendicular to the plane here to form the PI bond in this case I have one like 1284 00:36:06,510 --> 00:36:06,520 the PI bond in this case I have one like 1285 00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:10,980 the PI bond in this case I have one like that and I have one like that right so 1286 00:36:10,980 --> 00:36:10,990 that and I have one like that right so 1287 00:36:10,990 --> 00:36:15,090 that and I have one like that right so that you should simply think about that 1288 00:36:15,090 --> 00:36:15,100 that you should simply think about that 1289 00:36:15,100 --> 00:36:15,620 that you should simply think about that when you have 1290 00:36:15,620 --> 00:36:15,630 when you have 1291 00:36:15,630 --> 00:36:18,860 when you have the pie bands in fact there are two pi 1292 00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:18,870 the pie bands in fact there are two pi 1293 00:36:18,870 --> 00:36:20,480 the pie bands in fact there are two pi bonds between the two atoms 1294 00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:20,490 bonds between the two atoms 1295 00:36:20,490 --> 00:36:30,710 bonds between the two atoms perpendicular to each other and then it 1296 00:36:30,710 --> 00:36:30,720 perpendicular to each other and then it 1297 00:36:30,720 --> 00:36:33,440 perpendicular to each other and then it says identify the angles angles I guess 1298 00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:33,450 says identify the angles angles I guess 1299 00:36:33,450 --> 00:36:35,990 says identify the angles angles I guess I guess you can identify that again it 1300 00:36:35,990 --> 00:36:36,000 I guess you can identify that again it 1301 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:37,880 I guess you can identify that again it is not going to be exactly 120 degrees 1302 00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:37,890 is not going to be exactly 120 degrees 1303 00:36:37,890 --> 00:36:40,250 is not going to be exactly 120 degrees but if you just say in those cases about 1304 00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:40,260 but if you just say in those cases about 1305 00:36:40,260 --> 00:36:44,600 but if you just say in those cases about like 120 degree use like about 120 1306 00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:44,610 like 120 degree use like about 120 1307 00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,640 like 120 degree use like about 120 degrees that's fine 1308 00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:46,650 degrees that's fine 1309 00:36:46,650 --> 00:36:50,270 degrees that's fine or if you think that is less than 120 1310 00:36:50,270 --> 00:36:50,280 or if you think that is less than 120 1311 00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:51,770 or if you think that is less than 120 degrees you can just say less than 1312 00:36:51,770 --> 00:36:51,780 degrees you can just say less than 1313 00:36:51,780 --> 00:36:55,010 degrees you can just say less than hundred 20 greater than but about 120 1314 00:36:55,010 --> 00:36:55,020 hundred 20 greater than but about 120 1315 00:36:55,020 --> 00:37:17,819 hundred 20 greater than but about 120 would be actually enough okay now 1316 00:37:17,819 --> 00:37:17,829 1317 00:37:17,829 --> 00:37:52,360 any questions 1318 00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:52,370 1319 00:37:52,370 --> 00:38:06,160 now another 9 1320 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:06,170 1321 00:38:06,170 --> 00:38:10,270 problem 76 at the end of chapter it says 1322 00:38:10,270 --> 00:38:10,280 problem 76 at the end of chapter it says 1323 00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:16,280 problem 76 at the end of chapter it says actually may just briefly right there 1324 00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:16,290 actually may just briefly right there 1325 00:38:16,290 --> 00:38:21,230 actually may just briefly right there what it says the peroxide iron Oh - - - 1326 00:38:21,230 --> 00:38:21,240 what it says the peroxide iron Oh - - - 1327 00:38:21,240 --> 00:38:23,210 what it says the peroxide iron Oh - - - has longer bond lengths than the 1328 00:38:23,210 --> 00:38:23,220 has longer bond lengths than the 1329 00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:29,060 has longer bond lengths than the superoxide Oh - - iron so it says let's 1330 00:38:29,060 --> 00:38:29,070 superoxide Oh - - iron so it says let's 1331 00:38:29,070 --> 00:38:39,440 superoxide Oh - - iron so it says let's say bond length of peroxide iron right 1332 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:39,450 say bond length of peroxide iron right 1333 00:38:39,450 --> 00:38:44,930 say bond length of peroxide iron right this is peroxide has longer bond length 1334 00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:44,940 this is peroxide has longer bond length 1335 00:38:44,940 --> 00:38:47,990 this is peroxide has longer bond length than the super oxide that means longer 1336 00:38:47,990 --> 00:38:48,000 than the super oxide that means longer 1337 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:58,010 than the super oxide that means longer than bond length of superoxide which is 1338 00:38:58,010 --> 00:38:58,020 than bond length of superoxide which is 1339 00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,750 than bond length of superoxide which is this super oxide iron and then question 1340 00:39:02,750 --> 00:39:02,760 this super oxide iron and then question 1341 00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:06,200 this super oxide iron and then question is why explain it says and then it's 1342 00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:06,210 is why explain it says and then it's 1343 00:39:06,210 --> 00:39:08,750 is why explain it says and then it's also B it says the magnetic properties 1344 00:39:08,750 --> 00:39:08,760 also B it says the magnetic properties 1345 00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:14,510 also B it says the magnetic properties of no let me take this see see it says 1346 00:39:14,510 --> 00:39:14,520 of no let me take this see see it says 1347 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:18,950 of no let me take this see see it says all - 2 plus iron has stronger oxygen 1348 00:39:18,950 --> 00:39:18,960 all - 2 plus iron has stronger oxygen 1349 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:22,550 all - 2 plus iron has stronger oxygen oxygen bond than the o2 itself bond 1350 00:39:22,550 --> 00:39:22,560 oxygen bond than the o2 itself bond 1351 00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:35,840 oxygen bond than the o2 itself bond strength of all - 2 plus ion is simply 1352 00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:35,850 strength of all - 2 plus ion is simply 1353 00:39:35,850 --> 00:39:38,420 strength of all - 2 plus ion is simply greater than stronger actually bounced 1354 00:39:38,420 --> 00:39:38,430 greater than stronger actually bounced 1355 00:39:38,430 --> 00:39:40,610 greater than stronger actually bounced on strength greater than the bond 1356 00:39:40,610 --> 00:39:40,620 on strength greater than the bond 1357 00:39:40,620 --> 00:39:46,270 on strength greater than the bond strength 1358 00:39:46,270 --> 00:39:46,280 1359 00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:54,640 of oxygen o2 now considering the things 1360 00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:54,650 of oxygen o2 now considering the things 1361 00:39:54,650 --> 00:39:56,970 of oxygen o2 now considering the things let me put the be there anyhow I guess 1362 00:39:56,970 --> 00:39:56,980 let me put the be there anyhow I guess 1363 00:39:56,980 --> 00:40:00,839 let me put the be there anyhow I guess it says the magnetic property of b2 are 1364 00:40:00,839 --> 00:40:00,849 it says the magnetic property of b2 are 1365 00:40:00,849 --> 00:40:06,310 it says the magnetic property of b2 are consistent with the PI to PI mo being 1366 00:40:06,310 --> 00:40:06,320 consistent with the PI to PI mo being 1367 00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:15,670 consistent with the PI to PI mo being lower energy than the Sigma 2p mo for BR 1368 00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:15,680 lower energy than the Sigma 2p mo for BR 1369 00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:22,950 lower energy than the Sigma 2p mo for BR b and i boron molecule and dye boron so 1370 00:40:22,950 --> 00:40:22,960 b and i boron molecule and dye boron so 1371 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:35,859 b and i boron molecule and dye boron so Sigma 2p is higher energy let's put that 1372 00:40:35,859 --> 00:40:35,869 Sigma 2p is higher energy let's put that 1373 00:40:35,869 --> 00:40:42,910 Sigma 2p is higher energy let's put that here now 2 P PI 2p being lower energy 1374 00:40:42,910 --> 00:40:42,920 here now 2 P PI 2p being lower energy 1375 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:47,530 here now 2 P PI 2p being lower energy than the Sigma 2p is less energy no 1376 00:40:47,530 --> 00:40:47,540 than the Sigma 2p is less energy no 1377 00:40:47,540 --> 00:40:53,160 than the Sigma 2p is less energy no greater energy then PI 2p orbitals 1378 00:40:53,160 --> 00:40:53,170 greater energy then PI 2p orbitals 1379 00:40:53,170 --> 00:40:58,060 greater energy then PI 2p orbitals explain again all of these are why now 1380 00:40:58,060 --> 00:40:58,070 explain again all of these are why now 1381 00:40:58,070 --> 00:41:01,570 explain again all of these are why now when we have questions like that the 1382 00:41:01,570 --> 00:41:01,580 when we have questions like that the 1383 00:41:01,580 --> 00:41:03,460 when we have questions like that the only way to approach that is the 1384 00:41:03,460 --> 00:41:03,470 only way to approach that is the 1385 00:41:03,470 --> 00:41:07,660 only way to approach that is the molecular orbital Theory approach mo 1386 00:41:07,660 --> 00:41:07,670 molecular orbital Theory approach mo 1387 00:41:07,670 --> 00:41:11,109 molecular orbital Theory approach mo approach now we have simply covered only 1388 00:41:11,109 --> 00:41:11,119 approach now we have simply covered only 1389 00:41:11,119 --> 00:41:15,359 approach now we have simply covered only the second row diatomic molecules 1390 00:41:15,359 --> 00:41:15,369 the second row diatomic molecules 1391 00:41:15,369 --> 00:41:17,620 the second row diatomic molecules molecular orbitals of second law 1392 00:41:17,620 --> 00:41:17,630 molecular orbitals of second law 1393 00:41:17,630 --> 00:41:21,130 molecular orbitals of second law diatomic molecules so the best way to 1394 00:41:21,130 --> 00:41:21,140 diatomic molecules so the best way to 1395 00:41:21,140 --> 00:41:23,470 diatomic molecules so the best way to start a problem like this you just have 1396 00:41:23,470 --> 00:41:23,480 start a problem like this you just have 1397 00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:28,120 start a problem like this you just have to do draw and molecular orbital energy 1398 00:41:28,120 --> 00:41:28,130 to do draw and molecular orbital energy 1399 00:41:28,130 --> 00:41:32,589 to do draw and molecular orbital energy level diagram for simple second period 1400 00:41:32,589 --> 00:41:32,599 level diagram for simple second period 1401 00:41:32,599 --> 00:41:36,730 level diagram for simple second period diatomic molecules which has simply 1s 1402 00:41:36,730 --> 00:41:36,740 diatomic molecules which has simply 1s 1403 00:41:36,740 --> 00:41:40,210 diatomic molecules which has simply 1s 2s and 2p electrons that's all so if I 1404 00:41:40,210 --> 00:41:40,220 2s and 2p electrons that's all so if I 1405 00:41:40,220 --> 00:41:44,109 2s and 2p electrons that's all so if I do that let me this is the energy over 1406 00:41:44,109 --> 00:41:44,119 do that let me this is the energy over 1407 00:41:44,119 --> 00:41:48,430 do that let me this is the energy over here I have 1s let's put that here and 1408 00:41:48,430 --> 00:41:48,440 here I have 1s let's put that here and 1409 00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:52,000 here I have 1s let's put that here and then I have simply 2's here and then I 1410 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:52,010 then I have simply 2's here and then I 1411 00:41:52,010 --> 00:41:56,800 then I have simply 2's here and then I have P 2p orbitals and the same things 1412 00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:56,810 have P 2p orbitals and the same things 1413 00:41:56,810 --> 00:42:00,130 have P 2p orbitals and the same things as over here these are all 1414 00:42:00,130 --> 00:42:00,140 as over here these are all 1415 00:42:00,140 --> 00:42:05,110 as over here these are all diatomic molecules 2p and let's say this 1416 00:42:05,110 --> 00:42:05,120 diatomic molecules 2p and let's say this 1417 00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:10,450 diatomic molecules 2p and let's say this is 2s and this is 1s usually we don't 1418 00:42:10,450 --> 00:42:10,460 is 2s and this is 1s usually we don't 1419 00:42:10,460 --> 00:42:13,060 is 2s and this is 1s usually we don't simply consider the 1s it's the core 1420 00:42:13,060 --> 00:42:13,070 simply consider the 1s it's the core 1421 00:42:13,070 --> 00:42:15,880 simply consider the 1s it's the core electrons interactions of those to form 1422 00:42:15,880 --> 00:42:15,890 electrons interactions of those to form 1423 00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:19,000 electrons interactions of those to form the molecular orbitals will be very weak 1424 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:19,010 the molecular orbitals will be very weak 1425 00:42:19,010 --> 00:42:22,930 the molecular orbitals will be very weak but it is a good custom to keep because 1426 00:42:22,930 --> 00:42:22,940 but it is a good custom to keep because 1427 00:42:22,940 --> 00:42:24,840 but it is a good custom to keep because you have to count the electrons you know 1428 00:42:24,840 --> 00:42:24,850 you have to count the electrons you know 1429 00:42:24,850 --> 00:42:28,560 you have to count the electrons you know in the molecules or in the ion species 1430 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:28,570 in the molecules or in the ion species 1431 00:42:28,570 --> 00:42:33,610 in the molecules or in the ion species to calculate the bond order and so let's 1432 00:42:33,610 --> 00:42:33,620 to calculate the bond order and so let's 1433 00:42:33,620 --> 00:42:43,870 to calculate the bond order and so let's say this is the Sigma 1 s and this is 1434 00:42:43,870 --> 00:42:43,880 say this is the Sigma 1 s and this is 1435 00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:53,460 say this is the Sigma 1 s and this is Sigma star 1s and then I have simply 1436 00:42:53,460 --> 00:42:53,470 1437 00:42:53,470 --> 00:43:01,030 Sigma 2 s and this is Sigma star 2s and 1438 00:43:01,030 --> 00:43:01,040 Sigma 2 s and this is Sigma star 2s and 1439 00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:21,810 Sigma 2 s and this is Sigma star 2s and then P orbitals this is again Sigma 2p 1440 00:43:21,810 --> 00:43:21,820 then P orbitals this is again Sigma 2p 1441 00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:25,240 then P orbitals this is again Sigma 2p orbitals this is Sigma star you can call 1442 00:43:25,240 --> 00:43:25,250 orbitals this is Sigma star you can call 1443 00:43:25,250 --> 00:43:28,210 orbitals this is Sigma star you can call that - pizzette it doesn't matter this 1444 00:43:28,210 --> 00:43:28,220 that - pizzette it doesn't matter this 1445 00:43:28,220 --> 00:43:35,370 that - pizzette it doesn't matter this is Sigma star 2p now these two are pi 1446 00:43:35,370 --> 00:43:35,380 is Sigma star 2p now these two are pi 1447 00:43:35,380 --> 00:43:40,720 is Sigma star 2p now these two are pi 2px and 2py both are pi and this one 1448 00:43:40,720 --> 00:43:40,730 2px and 2py both are pi and this one 1449 00:43:40,730 --> 00:43:45,070 2px and 2py both are pi and this one will be PI star 2p x and y you can call 1450 00:43:45,070 --> 00:43:45,080 will be PI star 2p x and y you can call 1451 00:43:45,080 --> 00:43:49,570 will be PI star 2p x and y you can call that as again now to really say about 1452 00:43:49,570 --> 00:43:49,580 that as again now to really say about 1453 00:43:49,580 --> 00:43:53,380 that as again now to really say about the bond length comparison of the bond 1454 00:43:53,380 --> 00:43:53,390 the bond length comparison of the bond 1455 00:43:53,390 --> 00:43:58,140 the bond length comparison of the bond length we have to compare the bond order 1456 00:43:58,140 --> 00:43:58,150 length we have to compare the bond order 1457 00:43:58,150 --> 00:44:02,470 length we have to compare the bond order remember the higher the bond order the 1458 00:44:02,470 --> 00:44:02,480 remember the higher the bond order the 1459 00:44:02,480 --> 00:44:05,680 remember the higher the bond order the more stable the molecule or the ionic 1460 00:44:05,680 --> 00:44:05,690 more stable the molecule or the ionic 1461 00:44:05,690 --> 00:44:09,400 more stable the molecule or the ionic species that means the stronger the bond 1462 00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:09,410 species that means the stronger the bond 1463 00:44:09,410 --> 00:44:11,950 species that means the stronger the bond between them right the stronger the bond 1464 00:44:11,950 --> 00:44:11,960 between them right the stronger the bond 1465 00:44:11,960 --> 00:44:14,560 between them right the stronger the bond stronger bond means 1466 00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:14,570 stronger bond means 1467 00:44:14,570 --> 00:44:17,930 stronger bond means short-distance bond lengths short bond 1468 00:44:17,930 --> 00:44:17,940 short-distance bond lengths short bond 1469 00:44:17,940 --> 00:44:22,070 short-distance bond lengths short bond lengths are represents strong bonds long 1470 00:44:22,070 --> 00:44:22,080 lengths are represents strong bonds long 1471 00:44:22,080 --> 00:44:25,700 lengths are represents strong bonds long bonds represents weak bonds so we simply 1472 00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:25,710 bonds represents weak bonds so we simply 1473 00:44:25,710 --> 00:44:30,410 bonds represents weak bonds so we simply have to calculate the all to let's say o 1474 00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:30,420 have to calculate the all to let's say o 1475 00:44:30,420 --> 00:44:36,350 have to calculate the all to let's say o - - bond order right o to - pant order 1476 00:44:36,350 --> 00:44:36,360 - - bond order right o to - pant order 1477 00:44:36,360 --> 00:44:38,630 - - bond order right o to - pant order now what we going to do here we will use 1478 00:44:38,630 --> 00:44:38,640 now what we going to do here we will use 1479 00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:41,210 now what we going to do here we will use that we should always draw this diagram 1480 00:44:41,210 --> 00:44:41,220 that we should always draw this diagram 1481 00:44:41,220 --> 00:44:43,400 that we should always draw this diagram somewhere put that to use it air you 1482 00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:43,410 somewhere put that to use it air you 1483 00:44:43,410 --> 00:44:45,290 somewhere put that to use it air you know and I'll count the number of 1484 00:44:45,290 --> 00:44:45,300 know and I'll count the number of 1485 00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:47,510 know and I'll count the number of electrons that I have in this species 1486 00:44:47,510 --> 00:44:47,520 electrons that I have in this species 1487 00:44:47,520 --> 00:44:49,630 electrons that I have in this species the number of electrons here eighteen 1488 00:44:49,630 --> 00:44:49,640 the number of electrons here eighteen 1489 00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:53,540 the number of electrons here eighteen right yeah that eighteen yes eight eight 1490 00:44:53,540 --> 00:44:53,550 right yeah that eighteen yes eight eight 1491 00:44:53,550 --> 00:44:56,690 right yeah that eighteen yes eight eight sixteen this is two miners each oxygen 1492 00:44:56,690 --> 00:44:56,700 sixteen this is two miners each oxygen 1493 00:44:56,700 --> 00:44:59,600 sixteen this is two miners each oxygen has eight electrons right and then two 1494 00:44:59,600 --> 00:44:59,610 has eight electrons right and then two 1495 00:44:59,610 --> 00:45:03,530 has eight electrons right and then two oxygen 16 two more eighteen then I will 1496 00:45:03,530 --> 00:45:03,540 oxygen 16 two more eighteen then I will 1497 00:45:03,540 --> 00:45:05,720 oxygen 16 two more eighteen then I will simply put the 18 electrons starting 1498 00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:05,730 simply put the 18 electrons starting 1499 00:45:05,730 --> 00:45:15,050 simply put the 18 electrons starting from there just fill this out that 1500 00:45:15,050 --> 00:45:15,060 from there just fill this out that 1501 00:45:15,060 --> 00:45:19,240 from there just fill this out that becomes 14 and then I will have simply 1502 00:45:19,240 --> 00:45:19,250 becomes 14 and then I will have simply 1503 00:45:19,250 --> 00:45:25,700 becomes 14 and then I will have simply 16 and 18 that is right now what is the 1504 00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:25,710 16 and 18 that is right now what is the 1505 00:45:25,710 --> 00:45:29,960 16 and 18 that is right now what is the bond order 402 - I will simply write 1506 00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:29,970 bond order 402 - I will simply write 1507 00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:32,000 bond order 402 - I will simply write down the number of electrons in bonding 1508 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:32,010 down the number of electrons in bonding 1509 00:45:32,010 --> 00:45:34,160 down the number of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals I can leave that up 1510 00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:34,170 molecular orbitals I can leave that up 1511 00:45:34,170 --> 00:45:38,360 molecular orbitals I can leave that up again but you know if I have it here it 1512 00:45:38,360 --> 00:45:38,370 again but you know if I have it here it 1513 00:45:38,370 --> 00:45:40,640 again but you know if I have it here it is probably better write down the number 1514 00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:40,650 is probably better write down the number 1515 00:45:40,650 --> 00:45:43,310 is probably better write down the number of count the number of electrons in 1516 00:45:43,310 --> 00:45:43,320 of count the number of electrons in 1517 00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:48,560 of count the number of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals 2 4 6 8 10 1518 00:45:48,560 --> 00:45:48,570 bonding molecular orbitals 2 4 6 8 10 1519 00:45:48,570 --> 00:45:53,480 bonding molecular orbitals 2 4 6 8 10 right so that means 10 - since total 1520 00:45:53,480 --> 00:45:53,490 right so that means 10 - since total 1521 00:45:53,490 --> 00:45:55,430 right so that means 10 - since total number of electrons is 18 there's eight 1522 00:45:55,430 --> 00:45:55,440 number of electrons is 18 there's eight 1523 00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:56,960 number of electrons is 18 there's eight electrons in the anti-bonding molecular 1524 00:45:56,960 --> 00:45:56,970 electrons in the anti-bonding molecular 1525 00:45:56,970 --> 00:46:00,170 electrons in the anti-bonding molecular orbitals so that means minus 8 divided 1526 00:46:00,170 --> 00:46:00,180 orbitals so that means minus 8 divided 1527 00:46:00,180 --> 00:46:03,760 orbitals so that means minus 8 divided by 2 this would be equals to simply 1 1528 00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:03,770 by 2 this would be equals to simply 1 1529 00:46:03,770 --> 00:46:05,060 by 2 this would be equals to simply 1 right 1530 00:46:05,060 --> 00:46:05,070 right 1531 00:46:05,070 --> 00:46:09,320 right then we write down the calculate the 1532 00:46:09,320 --> 00:46:09,330 then we write down the calculate the 1533 00:46:09,330 --> 00:46:14,090 then we write down the calculate the bond order for the oxygen simply super 1534 00:46:14,090 --> 00:46:14,100 bond order for the oxygen simply super 1535 00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:18,170 bond order for the oxygen simply super oxide molecule o2 - and in that case Oh 1536 00:46:18,170 --> 00:46:18,180 oxide molecule o2 - and in that case Oh 1537 00:46:18,180 --> 00:46:23,750 oxide molecule o2 - and in that case Oh - - how many electrons I have 17 1538 00:46:23,750 --> 00:46:23,760 - - how many electrons I have 17 1539 00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:24,790 - - how many electrons I have 17 electrons one 1540 00:46:24,790 --> 00:46:24,800 electrons one 1541 00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,750 electrons one less one less and the bount order will 1542 00:46:28,750 --> 00:46:28,760 less one less and the bount order will 1543 00:46:28,760 --> 00:46:30,790 less one less and the bount order will be equals to again I don't have to 1544 00:46:30,790 --> 00:46:30,800 be equals to again I don't have to 1545 00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:33,040 be equals to again I don't have to really count once I I have this because 1546 00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:33,050 really count once I I have this because 1547 00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:35,530 really count once I I have this because the electron that I will take will be 1548 00:46:35,530 --> 00:46:35,540 the electron that I will take will be 1549 00:46:35,540 --> 00:46:37,540 the electron that I will take will be from the highest energy level I will 1550 00:46:37,540 --> 00:46:37,550 from the highest energy level I will 1551 00:46:37,550 --> 00:46:39,640 from the highest energy level I will take one of that electrons what does 1552 00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:39,650 take one of that electrons what does 1553 00:46:39,650 --> 00:46:41,170 take one of that electrons what does that means that means the number of 1554 00:46:41,170 --> 00:46:41,180 that means that means the number of 1555 00:46:41,180 --> 00:46:43,330 that means that means the number of electrons in the anti-bonding electric 1556 00:46:43,330 --> 00:46:43,340 electrons in the anti-bonding electric 1557 00:46:43,340 --> 00:46:45,250 electrons in the anti-bonding electric and anti-bonding molecular orbital would 1558 00:46:45,250 --> 00:46:45,260 and anti-bonding molecular orbital would 1559 00:46:45,260 --> 00:46:49,300 and anti-bonding molecular orbital would be one less than the peroxide and that 1560 00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:49,310 be one less than the peroxide and that 1561 00:46:49,310 --> 00:46:52,750 be one less than the peroxide and that means that the bond order 10 minus 7 1562 00:46:52,750 --> 00:46:52,760 means that the bond order 10 minus 7 1563 00:46:52,760 --> 00:46:57,510 means that the bond order 10 minus 7 divided by 2 which is equal to 1.5 so 1564 00:46:57,510 --> 00:46:57,520 divided by 2 which is equal to 1.5 so 1565 00:46:57,520 --> 00:47:00,610 divided by 2 which is equal to 1.5 so which one has a stronger bond if i 1566 00:47:00,610 --> 00:47:00,620 which one has a stronger bond if i 1567 00:47:00,620 --> 00:47:03,910 which one has a stronger bond if i consider both of these like this 1568 00:47:03,910 --> 00:47:03,920 consider both of these like this 1569 00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:06,580 consider both of these like this the bunk again you know in one case it 1570 00:47:06,580 --> 00:47:06,590 the bunk again you know in one case it 1571 00:47:06,590 --> 00:47:09,310 the bunk again you know in one case it is minus 1 the other case is 2 minus 1 1572 00:47:09,310 --> 00:47:09,320 is minus 1 the other case is 2 minus 1 1573 00:47:09,320 --> 00:47:13,150 is minus 1 the other case is 2 minus 1 which one has stronger bond karach side 1574 00:47:13,150 --> 00:47:13,160 which one has stronger bond karach side 1575 00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:20,440 which one has stronger bond karach side or superoxide which one has stronger 1576 00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:20,450 or superoxide which one has stronger 1577 00:47:20,450 --> 00:47:25,750 or superoxide which one has stronger bond superoxide right because bond order 1578 00:47:25,750 --> 00:47:25,760 bond superoxide right because bond order 1579 00:47:25,760 --> 00:47:29,860 bond superoxide right because bond order is higher greater greater bond order 1580 00:47:29,860 --> 00:47:29,870 is higher greater greater bond order 1581 00:47:29,870 --> 00:47:33,730 is higher greater greater bond order means more stable molecule that means 1582 00:47:33,730 --> 00:47:33,740 means more stable molecule that means 1583 00:47:33,740 --> 00:47:37,990 means more stable molecule that means stronger bond between the atoms clear so 1584 00:47:37,990 --> 00:47:38,000 stronger bond between the atoms clear so 1585 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:41,410 stronger bond between the atoms clear so so what what I expect actually the bond 1586 00:47:41,410 --> 00:47:41,420 so what what I expect actually the bond 1587 00:47:41,420 --> 00:47:46,840 so what what I expect actually the bond length of the o2 2 minus peroxide will 1588 00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:46,850 length of the o2 2 minus peroxide will 1589 00:47:46,850 --> 00:47:48,850 length of the o2 2 minus peroxide will be greater than the superoxide why 1590 00:47:48,850 --> 00:47:48,860 be greater than the superoxide why 1591 00:47:48,860 --> 00:47:53,530 be greater than the superoxide why because the bond order in peroxide 1592 00:47:53,530 --> 00:47:53,540 because the bond order in peroxide 1593 00:47:53,540 --> 00:47:55,810 because the bond order in peroxide actually is less than the bond order in 1594 00:47:55,810 --> 00:47:55,820 actually is less than the bond order in 1595 00:47:55,820 --> 00:47:59,080 actually is less than the bond order in superoxide clear that's how we explain 1596 00:47:59,080 --> 00:47:59,090 superoxide clear that's how we explain 1597 00:47:59,090 --> 00:48:03,160 superoxide clear that's how we explain that now here for the bond strength of 1598 00:48:03,160 --> 00:48:03,170 that now here for the bond strength of 1599 00:48:03,170 --> 00:48:07,890 that now here for the bond strength of o2 and all this over here if I simply 1600 00:48:07,890 --> 00:48:07,900 o2 and all this over here if I simply 1601 00:48:07,900 --> 00:48:16,180 o2 and all this over here if I simply calculate that now let's calculate the 1602 00:48:16,180 --> 00:48:16,190 calculate that now let's calculate the 1603 00:48:16,190 --> 00:48:20,800 calculate that now let's calculate the bond order for all true how many how 1604 00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:20,810 bond order for all true how many how 1605 00:48:20,810 --> 00:48:24,970 bond order for all true how many how many electrons 16 electrons right in Oh 1606 00:48:24,970 --> 00:48:24,980 many electrons 16 electrons right in Oh 1607 00:48:24,980 --> 00:48:28,390 many electrons 16 electrons right in Oh - and that would be equals to again we 1608 00:48:28,390 --> 00:48:28,400 - and that would be equals to again we 1609 00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:30,070 - and that would be equals to again we will take 3 electrons from there 1610 00:48:30,070 --> 00:48:30,080 will take 3 electrons from there 1611 00:48:30,080 --> 00:48:33,280 will take 3 electrons from there actually remember the oxygen molecule is 1612 00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:33,290 actually remember the oxygen molecule is 1613 00:48:33,290 --> 00:48:36,430 actually remember the oxygen molecule is paramagnetic and the para magnetism of 1614 00:48:36,430 --> 00:48:36,440 paramagnetic and the para magnetism of 1615 00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:38,109 paramagnetic and the para magnetism of oxygen molecule is 1616 00:48:38,109 --> 00:48:38,119 oxygen molecule is 1617 00:48:38,119 --> 00:48:41,200 oxygen molecule is only be explained can only be explained 1618 00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:41,210 only be explained can only be explained 1619 00:48:41,210 --> 00:48:44,019 only be explained can only be explained by the molecular orbital theory approach 1620 00:48:44,019 --> 00:48:44,029 by the molecular orbital theory approach 1621 00:48:44,029 --> 00:48:46,450 by the molecular orbital theory approach with this approach otherwise you can't 1622 00:48:46,450 --> 00:48:46,460 with this approach otherwise you can't 1623 00:48:46,460 --> 00:48:48,670 with this approach otherwise you can't really predict it from the Lewis or 1624 00:48:48,670 --> 00:48:48,680 really predict it from the Lewis or 1625 00:48:48,680 --> 00:48:50,980 really predict it from the Lewis or valence band theories and so on 1626 00:48:50,980 --> 00:48:50,990 valence band theories and so on 1627 00:48:50,990 --> 00:48:53,289 valence band theories and so on so I will simply take those two 1628 00:48:53,289 --> 00:48:53,299 so I will simply take those two 1629 00:48:53,299 --> 00:48:55,569 so I will simply take those two electrons there leave their three 1630 00:48:55,569 --> 00:48:55,579 electrons there leave their three 1631 00:48:55,579 --> 00:48:57,400 electrons there leave their three electrons only what does that means this 1632 00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:57,410 electrons only what does that means this 1633 00:48:57,410 --> 00:49:01,180 electrons only what does that means this is going to be 10 minus 6 10 minus 6 1634 00:49:01,180 --> 00:49:01,190 is going to be 10 minus 6 10 minus 6 1635 00:49:01,190 --> 00:49:04,749 is going to be 10 minus 6 10 minus 6 divided by 2 equals to 2 bump order for 1636 00:49:04,749 --> 00:49:04,759 divided by 2 equals to 2 bump order for 1637 00:49:04,759 --> 00:49:06,819 divided by 2 equals to 2 bump order for the all true is true now what is the 1638 00:49:06,819 --> 00:49:06,829 the all true is true now what is the 1639 00:49:06,829 --> 00:49:11,309 the all true is true now what is the bond order of all - what is that 2 plus 1640 00:49:11,309 --> 00:49:11,319 bond order of all - what is that 2 plus 1641 00:49:11,319 --> 00:49:17,079 bond order of all - what is that 2 plus now o - 2 plus has 14 electrons now 1642 00:49:17,079 --> 00:49:17,089 now o - 2 plus has 14 electrons now 1643 00:49:17,089 --> 00:49:18,940 now o - 2 plus has 14 electrons now compared to this what does that means 1644 00:49:18,940 --> 00:49:18,950 compared to this what does that means 1645 00:49:18,950 --> 00:49:20,980 compared to this what does that means that means I take all of those 4 1646 00:49:20,980 --> 00:49:20,990 that means I take all of those 4 1647 00:49:20,990 --> 00:49:24,880 that means I take all of those 4 electrons there and what happens if I 1648 00:49:24,880 --> 00:49:24,890 electrons there and what happens if I 1649 00:49:24,890 --> 00:49:27,099 electrons there and what happens if I take those 4 electrons there then the 1650 00:49:27,099 --> 00:49:27,109 take those 4 electrons there then the 1651 00:49:27,109 --> 00:49:29,140 take those 4 electrons there then the bond order will be calculated as 10 1652 00:49:29,140 --> 00:49:29,150 bond order will be calculated as 10 1653 00:49:29,150 --> 00:49:30,519 bond order will be calculated as 10 electrons again in bonding molecular 1654 00:49:30,519 --> 00:49:30,529 electrons again in bonding molecular 1655 00:49:30,529 --> 00:49:34,239 electrons again in bonding molecular orbitals - 4 electrons in anti-bonding 1656 00:49:34,239 --> 00:49:34,249 orbitals - 4 electrons in anti-bonding 1657 00:49:34,249 --> 00:49:36,789 orbitals - 4 electrons in anti-bonding molecular orbitals divided by 2 this is 1658 00:49:36,789 --> 00:49:36,799 molecular orbitals divided by 2 this is 1659 00:49:36,799 --> 00:49:40,799 molecular orbitals divided by 2 this is equal to 3 right so you see again the 1660 00:49:40,799 --> 00:49:40,809 equal to 3 right so you see again the 1661 00:49:40,809 --> 00:49:43,960 equal to 3 right so you see again the oxygen diatomic oxygen with two plus 1662 00:49:43,960 --> 00:49:43,970 oxygen diatomic oxygen with two plus 1663 00:49:43,970 --> 00:49:48,940 oxygen diatomic oxygen with two plus charge has bound order of 3 which means 1664 00:49:48,940 --> 00:49:48,950 charge has bound order of 3 which means 1665 00:49:48,950 --> 00:49:52,180 charge has bound order of 3 which means very very strong oxygen oxygen bond and 1666 00:49:52,180 --> 00:49:52,190 very very strong oxygen oxygen bond and 1667 00:49:52,190 --> 00:49:55,299 very very strong oxygen oxygen bond and that means very very short oxygen oxygen 1668 00:49:55,299 --> 00:49:55,309 that means very very short oxygen oxygen 1669 00:49:55,309 --> 00:50:01,029 that means very very short oxygen oxygen bond now for the boron molecule this 1670 00:50:01,029 --> 00:50:01,039 bond now for the boron molecule this 1671 00:50:01,039 --> 00:50:07,569 bond now for the boron molecule this boron molecule that time how many 1672 00:50:07,569 --> 00:50:07,579 boron molecule that time how many 1673 00:50:07,579 --> 00:50:10,720 boron molecule that time how many electrons 10 electrons there and that 10 1674 00:50:10,720 --> 00:50:10,730 electrons 10 electrons there and that 10 1675 00:50:10,730 --> 00:50:17,279 electrons 10 electrons there and that 10 electron if I simply count that 2 4 6 8 1676 00:50:17,279 --> 00:50:17,289 electron if I simply count that 2 4 6 8 1677 00:50:17,289 --> 00:50:18,700 electron if I simply count that 2 4 6 8 10 1678 00:50:18,700 --> 00:50:18,710 10 1679 00:50:18,710 --> 00:50:27,489 10 now boron molecule is paramagnetic that 1680 00:50:27,489 --> 00:50:27,499 now boron molecule is paramagnetic that 1681 00:50:27,499 --> 00:50:31,059 now boron molecule is paramagnetic that means it has unpaired electrons if I use 1682 00:50:31,059 --> 00:50:31,069 means it has unpaired electrons if I use 1683 00:50:31,069 --> 00:50:35,049 means it has unpaired electrons if I use this diagram boron molecule will be 1684 00:50:35,049 --> 00:50:35,059 this diagram boron molecule will be 1685 00:50:35,059 --> 00:50:36,009 this diagram boron molecule will be diamagnetic 1686 00:50:36,009 --> 00:50:36,019 diamagnetic 1687 00:50:36,019 --> 00:50:38,470 diamagnetic there will be no unpaired electrons but 1688 00:50:38,470 --> 00:50:38,480 there will be no unpaired electrons but 1689 00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:40,479 there will be no unpaired electrons but remember what happens after the nitrogen 1690 00:50:40,479 --> 00:50:40,489 remember what happens after the nitrogen 1691 00:50:40,489 --> 00:50:43,299 remember what happens after the nitrogen these two changes the Clay's the 1692 00:50:43,299 --> 00:50:43,309 these two changes the Clay's the 1693 00:50:43,309 --> 00:50:47,710 these two changes the Clay's the energies of the PI and Sigma 2p reverses 1694 00:50:47,710 --> 00:50:47,720 energies of the PI and Sigma 2p reverses 1695 00:50:47,720 --> 00:50:50,799 energies of the PI and Sigma 2p reverses now when that comes down over here then 1696 00:50:50,799 --> 00:50:50,809 now when that comes down over here then 1697 00:50:50,809 --> 00:50:51,940 now when that comes down over here then the two electron will go 1698 00:50:51,940 --> 00:50:51,950 the two electron will go 1699 00:50:51,950 --> 00:50:56,880 the two electron will go one here one there just like ones rule 1700 00:50:56,880 --> 00:50:56,890 1701 00:50:56,890 --> 00:51:00,849 right and then we have two unpaired 1702 00:51:00,849 --> 00:51:00,859 right and then we have two unpaired 1703 00:51:00,859 --> 00:51:05,760 right and then we have two unpaired electron in Rome die 1704 00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:05,770 electron in Rome die 1705 00:51:05,770 --> 00:51:10,060 electron in Rome die pour on molecule and it is poly magnetic 1706 00:51:10,060 --> 00:51:10,070 pour on molecule and it is poly magnetic 1707 00:51:10,070 --> 00:51:12,579 pour on molecule and it is poly magnetic and that's what it says here actually in 1708 00:51:12,579 --> 00:51:12,589 and that's what it says here actually in 1709 00:51:12,589 --> 00:51:18,010 and that's what it says here actually in over here this the para magnetism of be 1710 00:51:18,010 --> 00:51:18,020 over here this the para magnetism of be 1711 00:51:18,020 --> 00:51:22,540 over here this the para magnetism of be two molecule proves that Sigma 2p is 1712 00:51:22,540 --> 00:51:22,550 two molecule proves that Sigma 2p is 1713 00:51:22,550 --> 00:51:27,430 two molecule proves that Sigma 2p is less energy than the Sigma 2 pi and the 1714 00:51:27,430 --> 00:51:27,440 less energy than the Sigma 2 pi and the 1715 00:51:27,440 --> 00:51:31,089 less energy than the Sigma 2 pi and the PI comes down pi is more energetic I 1716 00:51:31,089 --> 00:51:31,099 PI comes down pi is more energetic I 1717 00:51:31,099 --> 00:51:34,450 PI comes down pi is more energetic I should probably not yes this is greater 1718 00:51:34,450 --> 00:51:34,460 should probably not yes this is greater 1719 00:51:34,460 --> 00:51:37,359 should probably not yes this is greater means higher over here this goes over 1720 00:51:37,359 --> 00:51:37,369 means higher over here this goes over 1721 00:51:37,369 --> 00:51:39,220 means higher over here this goes over here that goes down there that's what it 1722 00:51:39,220 --> 00:51:39,230 here that goes down there that's what it 1723 00:51:39,230 --> 00:51:56,349 here that goes down there that's what it says actually yes question okay now what 1724 00:51:56,349 --> 00:51:56,359 says actually yes question okay now what 1725 00:51:56,359 --> 00:51:59,770 says actually yes question okay now what I said is what this simply says that the 1726 00:51:59,770 --> 00:51:59,780 I said is what this simply says that the 1727 00:51:59,780 --> 00:52:03,130 I said is what this simply says that the energy order Sigma 2 P is greater than 2 1728 00:52:03,130 --> 00:52:03,140 energy order Sigma 2 P is greater than 2 1729 00:52:03,140 --> 00:52:05,020 energy order Sigma 2 P is greater than 2 pi means this is higher this is lower 1730 00:52:05,020 --> 00:52:05,030 pi means this is higher this is lower 1731 00:52:05,030 --> 00:52:08,020 pi means this is higher this is lower and that's here it's just to reverse 1732 00:52:08,020 --> 00:52:08,030 and that's here it's just to reverse 1733 00:52:08,030 --> 00:52:12,190 and that's here it's just to reverse right it will be like this ok that means 1734 00:52:12,190 --> 00:52:12,200 right it will be like this ok that means 1735 00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:13,930 right it will be like this ok that means that this will be about those two will 1736 00:52:13,930 --> 00:52:13,940 that this will be about those two will 1737 00:52:13,940 --> 00:52:18,040 that this will be about those two will be down here now for the this B 2 1738 00:52:18,040 --> 00:52:18,050 be down here now for the this B 2 1739 00:52:18,050 --> 00:52:20,829 be down here now for the this B 2 molecules I have 10 electrons if I start 1740 00:52:20,829 --> 00:52:20,839 molecules I have 10 electrons if I start 1741 00:52:20,839 --> 00:52:22,900 molecules I have 10 electrons if I start putting the two 10 electrons eight up to 1742 00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:22,910 putting the two 10 electrons eight up to 1743 00:52:22,910 --> 00:52:25,599 putting the two 10 electrons eight up to here two more electrons if the next 1744 00:52:25,599 --> 00:52:25,609 here two more electrons if the next 1745 00:52:25,609 --> 00:52:29,260 here two more electrons if the next level is this then I have to put two 1746 00:52:29,260 --> 00:52:29,270 level is this then I have to put two 1747 00:52:29,270 --> 00:52:31,599 level is this then I have to put two electrons in the Sigma 2p which means 1748 00:52:31,599 --> 00:52:31,609 electrons in the Sigma 2p which means 1749 00:52:31,609 --> 00:52:33,880 electrons in the Sigma 2p which means that it will be diamagnetic but if the 1750 00:52:33,880 --> 00:52:33,890 that it will be diamagnetic but if the 1751 00:52:33,890 --> 00:52:38,980 that it will be diamagnetic but if the next level is this next one then I have 1752 00:52:38,980 --> 00:52:38,990 next level is this next one then I have 1753 00:52:38,990 --> 00:52:40,180 next level is this next one then I have to put one electron there it will be 1754 00:52:40,180 --> 00:52:40,190 to put one electron there it will be 1755 00:52:40,190 --> 00:52:42,490 to put one electron there it will be paramagnetic since the molecule is 1756 00:52:42,490 --> 00:52:42,500 paramagnetic since the molecule is 1757 00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:44,500 paramagnetic since the molecule is paramagnetic mean is that it says that 1758 00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:44,510 paramagnetic mean is that it says that 1759 00:52:44,510 --> 00:52:48,420 paramagnetic mean is that it says that Sigma 2p is higher energy than the Sigma 1760 00:52:48,420 --> 00:52:48,430 Sigma 2p is higher energy than the Sigma 1761 00:52:48,430 --> 00:52:54,910 Sigma 2p is higher energy than the Sigma Pi 2p right by looking at the 1762 00:52:54,910 --> 00:52:54,920 Pi 2p right by looking at the 1763 00:52:54,920 --> 00:52:56,290 Pi 2p right by looking at the paramagnetism we measured the 1764 00:52:56,290 --> 00:52:56,300 paramagnetism we measured the 1765 00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:57,270 paramagnetism we measured the paramagnetism 1766 00:52:57,270 --> 00:52:57,280 paramagnetism 1767 00:52:57,280 --> 00:53:00,819 paramagnetism or you find out simply that the molecule 1768 00:53:00,819 --> 00:53:00,829 or you find out simply that the molecule 1769 00:53:00,829 --> 00:53:02,950 or you find out simply that the molecule is paramagnetic like oxygen molecule is 1770 00:53:02,950 --> 00:53:02,960 is paramagnetic like oxygen molecule is 1771 00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:05,440 is paramagnetic like oxygen molecule is paramagnetic why because it has those 1772 00:53:05,440 --> 00:53:05,450 paramagnetic why because it has those 1773 00:53:05,450 --> 00:53:05,740 paramagnetic why because it has those two 1774 00:53:05,740 --> 00:53:05,750 two 1775 00:53:05,750 --> 00:53:08,500 two electrons here in the same direction 1776 00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:08,510 electrons here in the same direction 1777 00:53:08,510 --> 00:53:10,900 electrons here in the same direction right unpaired electrons unpaired 1778 00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:10,910 right unpaired electrons unpaired 1779 00:53:10,910 --> 00:53:13,240 right unpaired electrons unpaired electrons yes 1780 00:53:13,240 --> 00:53:13,250 electrons yes 1781 00:53:13,250 --> 00:53:17,980 electrons yes now tomorrow afternoon I will be 1782 00:53:17,980 --> 00:53:17,990 now tomorrow afternoon I will be 1783 00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:20,860 now tomorrow afternoon I will be available in my office to answer 1784 00:53:20,860 --> 00:53:20,870 available in my office to answer 1785 00:53:20,870 --> 00:53:27,210 available in my office to answer questions if you have before the exam so 1786 00:53:27,210 --> 00:53:27,220 questions if you have before the exam so 1787 00:53:27,220 --> 00:53:29,800 questions if you have before the exam so now another thing see let me let me just 1788 00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:29,810 now another thing see let me let me just 1789 00:53:29,810 --> 00:53:41,560 now another thing see let me let me just say one more things remember 1790 00:53:41,560 --> 00:53:41,570 1791 00:53:41,570 --> 00:53:45,250 your book when he talks about the 1792 00:53:45,250 --> 00:53:45,260 your book when he talks about the 1793 00:53:45,260 --> 00:53:50,020 your book when he talks about the hybridization of the atomic orbitals in 1794 00:53:50,020 --> 00:53:50,030 hybridization of the atomic orbitals in 1795 00:53:50,030 --> 00:53:54,670 hybridization of the atomic orbitals in one atom it only goes up to sp3 1796 00:53:54,670 --> 00:53:54,680 one atom it only goes up to sp3 1797 00:53:54,680 --> 00:53:58,570 one atom it only goes up to sp3 hybridization right but we simply said 1798 00:53:58,570 --> 00:53:58,580 hybridization right but we simply said 1799 00:53:58,580 --> 00:54:02,170 hybridization right but we simply said we have PCL 5 and we have SF 6 for 1800 00:54:02,170 --> 00:54:02,180 we have PCL 5 and we have SF 6 for 1801 00:54:02,180 --> 00:54:05,830 we have PCL 5 and we have SF 6 for example we know the structure the 1802 00:54:05,830 --> 00:54:05,840 example we know the structure the 1803 00:54:05,840 --> 00:54:07,810 example we know the structure the geometry here is trigonal bi-pyramidal 1804 00:54:07,810 --> 00:54:07,820 geometry here is trigonal bi-pyramidal 1805 00:54:07,820 --> 00:54:11,560 geometry here is trigonal bi-pyramidal and there are five bonds bonded to the 1806 00:54:11,560 --> 00:54:11,570 and there are five bonds bonded to the 1807 00:54:11,570 --> 00:54:14,200 and there are five bonds bonded to the phosphors here six bonds bond to the 1808 00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:14,210 phosphors here six bonds bond to the 1809 00:54:14,210 --> 00:54:17,490 phosphors here six bonds bond to the phosphors and b number of electron pairs 1810 00:54:17,490 --> 00:54:17,500 phosphors and b number of electron pairs 1811 00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:20,170 phosphors and b number of electron pairs around the phosphorous or electron 1812 00:54:20,170 --> 00:54:20,180 around the phosphorous or electron 1813 00:54:20,180 --> 00:54:26,370 around the phosphorous or electron domains are octahedral they are simply 1814 00:54:26,370 --> 00:54:26,380 domains are octahedral they are simply 1815 00:54:26,380 --> 00:54:28,600 domains are octahedral they are simply directed toward the corner of an 1816 00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:28,610 directed toward the corner of an 1817 00:54:28,610 --> 00:54:31,600 directed toward the corner of an octahedron and the hybridization on the 1818 00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:31,610 octahedron and the hybridization on the 1819 00:54:31,610 --> 00:54:35,910 octahedron and the hybridization on the sulfur here we said that sp3 now since 1820 00:54:35,910 --> 00:54:35,920 sulfur here we said that sp3 now since 1821 00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:41,290 sulfur here we said that sp3 now since this sp3 will give you three hybrid 1822 00:54:41,290 --> 00:54:41,300 this sp3 will give you three hybrid 1823 00:54:41,300 --> 00:54:44,050 this sp3 will give you three hybrid orbitals but you need five and when you 1824 00:54:44,050 --> 00:54:44,060 orbitals but you need five and when you 1825 00:54:44,060 --> 00:54:46,240 orbitals but you need five and when you need five we simply said you just put 1826 00:54:46,240 --> 00:54:46,250 need five we simply said you just put 1827 00:54:46,250 --> 00:54:52,960 need five we simply said you just put here D 2 SP 3 D 2 this one here SP SP 3 1828 00:54:52,960 --> 00:54:52,970 here D 2 SP 3 D 2 this one here SP SP 3 1829 00:54:52,970 --> 00:54:57,640 here D 2 SP 3 D 2 this one here SP SP 3 D only again four orbitals no 5 orbitals 1830 00:54:57,640 --> 00:54:57,650 D only again four orbitals no 5 orbitals 1831 00:54:57,650 --> 00:55:01,930 D only again four orbitals no 5 orbitals 5 hybrid orbitals 5 atomic orbitals 500 1832 00:55:01,930 --> 00:55:01,940 5 hybrid orbitals 5 atomic orbitals 500 1833 00:55:01,940 --> 00:55:04,720 5 hybrid orbitals 5 atomic orbitals 500 orbitals 6 atomic orbitals 6 hybrid 1834 00:55:04,720 --> 00:55:04,730 orbitals 6 atomic orbitals 6 hybrid 1835 00:55:04,730 --> 00:55:07,900 orbitals 6 atomic orbitals 6 hybrid orbitals but your book says that the 1836 00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:07,910 orbitals but your book says that the 1837 00:55:07,910 --> 00:55:10,840 orbitals but your book says that the hybridizations do not apply to these 1838 00:55:10,840 --> 00:55:10,850 hybridizations do not apply to these 1839 00:55:10,850 --> 00:55:13,960 hybridizations do not apply to these molecules when you have more than 4 1840 00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:13,970 molecules when you have more than 4 1841 00:55:13,970 --> 00:55:17,320 molecules when you have more than 4 bonds but that's actually not true but 1842 00:55:17,320 --> 00:55:17,330 bonds but that's actually not true but 1843 00:55:17,330 --> 00:55:22,150 bonds but that's actually not true but in the exam if there is a question about 1844 00:55:22,150 --> 00:55:22,160 in the exam if there is a question about 1845 00:55:22,160 --> 00:55:25,150 in the exam if there is a question about this if you know that you're sure it's 1846 00:55:25,150 --> 00:55:25,160 this if you know that you're sure it's 1847 00:55:25,160 --> 00:55:31,060 this if you know that you're sure it's an sp3 D or SP 3 D 2 you can write it 1848 00:55:31,060 --> 00:55:31,070 an sp3 D or SP 3 D 2 you can write it 1849 00:55:31,070 --> 00:55:34,620 an sp3 D or SP 3 D 2 you can write it down or if you just say not applicable 1850 00:55:34,620 --> 00:55:34,630 down or if you just say not applicable 1851 00:55:34,630 --> 00:55:40,870 down or if you just say not applicable or be accepted clear