1 00:00:08,700 --> 00:00:13,270 the effect of catalyzed 2 00:00:13,270 --> 00:00:13,280 the effect of catalyzed 3 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:16,330 the effect of catalyzed on equilibrium constant now the 4 00:00:16,330 --> 00:00:16,340 on equilibrium constant now the 5 00:00:16,340 --> 00:00:20,790 on equilibrium constant now the catalysed remember increases the rate of 6 00:00:20,790 --> 00:00:20,800 catalysed remember increases the rate of 7 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:26,140 catalysed remember increases the rate of reaction right now it increases the rate 8 00:00:26,140 --> 00:00:26,150 reaction right now it increases the rate 9 00:00:26,150 --> 00:00:28,480 reaction right now it increases the rate of reaction forward and increases the 10 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:28,490 of reaction forward and increases the 11 00:00:28,490 --> 00:00:32,350 of reaction forward and increases the rate of reaction and reverse also so 12 00:00:32,350 --> 00:00:32,360 rate of reaction and reverse also so 13 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:35,200 rate of reaction and reverse also so what really happens that the catalyze do 14 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:35,210 what really happens that the catalyze do 15 00:00:35,210 --> 00:00:37,690 what really happens that the catalyze do not have any changes do not have any 16 00:00:37,690 --> 00:00:37,700 not have any changes do not have any 17 00:00:37,700 --> 00:00:40,440 not have any changes do not have any effect on the equilibrium constant and 18 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:40,450 effect on the equilibrium constant and 19 00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:46,930 effect on the equilibrium constant and equilibrium system but it only decreases 20 00:00:46,930 --> 00:00:46,940 equilibrium system but it only decreases 21 00:00:46,940 --> 00:00:49,599 equilibrium system but it only decreases the time required to reach to the 22 00:00:49,599 --> 00:00:49,609 the time required to reach to the 23 00:00:49,609 --> 00:00:55,660 the time required to reach to the equilibrium so if you have the catalyzed 24 00:00:55,660 --> 00:00:55,670 equilibrium so if you have the catalyzed 25 00:00:55,670 --> 00:00:58,419 equilibrium so if you have the catalyzed actually and the time required to reach 26 00:00:58,419 --> 00:00:58,429 actually and the time required to reach 27 00:00:58,429 --> 00:01:02,410 actually and the time required to reach the equilibrium will be shorter than the 28 00:01:02,410 --> 00:01:02,420 the equilibrium will be shorter than the 29 00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:05,310 the equilibrium will be shorter than the same reaction without catalyze so here 30 00:01:05,310 --> 00:01:05,320 same reaction without catalyze so here 31 00:01:05,320 --> 00:01:08,410 same reaction without catalyze so here what it says catalyze increases rate of 32 00:01:08,410 --> 00:01:08,420 what it says catalyze increases rate of 33 00:01:08,420 --> 00:01:11,530 what it says catalyze increases rate of both forward and reverse reaction 34 00:01:11,530 --> 00:01:11,540 both forward and reverse reaction 35 00:01:11,540 --> 00:01:13,510 both forward and reverse reaction equilibrium is achieved faster but the 36 00:01:13,510 --> 00:01:13,520 equilibrium is achieved faster but the 37 00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:14,920 equilibrium is achieved faster but the equilibrium composition remains 38 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:14,930 equilibrium composition remains 39 00:01:14,930 --> 00:01:17,230 equilibrium composition remains unaltered equilibrium what does that 40 00:01:17,230 --> 00:01:17,240 unaltered equilibrium what does that 41 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:18,999 unaltered equilibrium what does that mean that means that the pollutant 42 00:01:18,999 --> 00:01:19,009 mean that means that the pollutant 43 00:01:19,009 --> 00:01:23,350 mean that means that the pollutant constant is not changing right it's not 44 00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:23,360 constant is not changing right it's not 45 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:26,350 constant is not changing right it's not changing and activation energy or is 46 00:01:26,350 --> 00:01:26,360 changing and activation energy or is 47 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:28,060 changing and activation energy or is lowered allowing equilibrium to be 48 00:01:28,060 --> 00:01:28,070 lowered allowing equilibrium to be 49 00:01:28,070 --> 00:01:31,690 lowered allowing equilibrium to be established at lower temperatures as a 50 00:01:31,690 --> 00:01:31,700 established at lower temperatures as a 51 00:01:31,700 --> 00:01:35,789 established at lower temperatures as a matter of fact and but again the 52 00:01:35,789 --> 00:01:35,799 matter of fact and but again the 53 00:01:35,799 --> 00:01:39,010 matter of fact and but again the equilibrium constant do not change only 54 00:01:39,010 --> 00:01:39,020 equilibrium constant do not change only 55 00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:41,649 equilibrium constant do not change only this is again important only the time 56 00:01:41,649 --> 00:01:41,659 this is again important only the time 57 00:01:41,659 --> 00:01:44,999 this is again important only the time required to reach to the equilibrium is 58 00:01:44,999 --> 00:01:45,009 required to reach to the equilibrium is 59 00:01:45,009 --> 00:01:50,590 required to reach to the equilibrium is shorter as a matter of fact okay this is 60 00:01:50,590 --> 00:01:50,600 shorter as a matter of fact okay this is 61 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:59,030 shorter as a matter of fact okay this is the 62 00:01:59,030 --> 00:01:59,040 63 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:03,680 and of equilibrium chapter now the next 64 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:03,690 and of equilibrium chapter now the next 65 00:02:03,690 --> 00:02:07,580 and of equilibrium chapter now the next chapter is thermodynamics that we will 66 00:02:07,580 --> 00:02:07,590 chapter is thermodynamics that we will 67 00:02:07,590 --> 00:03:02,980 chapter is thermodynamics that we will cover thermodynamics 68 00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:02,990 69 00:03:02,990 --> 00:03:08,440 now thermodynamics actually is very very 70 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:08,450 now thermodynamics actually is very very 71 00:03:08,450 --> 00:03:14,230 now thermodynamics actually is very very important because thermodynamic deals 72 00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:14,240 important because thermodynamic deals 73 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:20,860 important because thermodynamic deals with energy and again remember energy 74 00:03:20,860 --> 00:03:20,870 with energy and again remember energy 75 00:03:20,870 --> 00:03:27,070 with energy and again remember energy almost is involved in any process in any 76 00:03:27,070 --> 00:03:27,080 almost is involved in any process in any 77 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:31,900 almost is involved in any process in any I would say chemical reactions or other 78 00:03:31,900 --> 00:03:31,910 I would say chemical reactions or other 79 00:03:31,910 --> 00:03:33,850 I would say chemical reactions or other physical processes any physical 80 00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:33,860 physical processes any physical 81 00:03:33,860 --> 00:03:38,860 physical processes any physical processes as I said you one time the 82 00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:38,870 processes as I said you one time the 83 00:03:38,870 --> 00:03:41,950 processes as I said you one time the beginning of the semester the energy 84 00:03:41,950 --> 00:03:41,960 beginning of the semester the energy 85 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:46,630 beginning of the semester the energy actually makes the world go around that 86 00:03:46,630 --> 00:03:46,640 actually makes the world go around that 87 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:50,170 actually makes the world go around that simply means if there is no energy there 88 00:03:50,170 --> 00:03:50,180 simply means if there is no energy there 89 00:03:50,180 --> 00:03:53,830 simply means if there is no energy there will be nothing so energy is very very 90 00:03:53,830 --> 00:03:53,840 will be nothing so energy is very very 91 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:55,270 will be nothing so energy is very very important now 92 00:03:55,270 --> 00:03:55,280 important now 93 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:57,670 important now the thermodynamic deals with the energy 94 00:03:57,670 --> 00:03:57,680 the thermodynamic deals with the energy 95 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,450 the thermodynamic deals with the energy we said it deals with the changes of the 96 00:04:01,450 --> 00:04:01,460 we said it deals with the changes of the 97 00:04:01,460 --> 00:04:04,810 we said it deals with the changes of the energy from one form to the other forms 98 00:04:04,810 --> 00:04:04,820 energy from one form to the other forms 99 00:04:04,820 --> 00:04:09,850 energy from one form to the other forms and the efficiency of the energy used in 100 00:04:09,850 --> 00:04:09,860 and the efficiency of the energy used in 101 00:04:09,860 --> 00:04:14,290 and the efficiency of the energy used in a process and so on so very very 102 00:04:14,290 --> 00:04:14,300 a process and so on so very very 103 00:04:14,300 --> 00:04:18,670 a process and so on so very very important particularly for the engineers 104 00:04:18,670 --> 00:04:18,680 important particularly for the engineers 105 00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:20,050 important particularly for the engineers some of the engine and mechanical 106 00:04:20,050 --> 00:04:20,060 some of the engine and mechanical 107 00:04:20,060 --> 00:04:26,820 some of the engine and mechanical engineers and all engineers I guess now 108 00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:26,830 engineers and all engineers I guess now 109 00:04:26,830 --> 00:04:30,250 engineers and all engineers I guess now before we start thermodynamics we should 110 00:04:30,250 --> 00:04:30,260 before we start thermodynamics we should 111 00:04:30,260 --> 00:04:33,430 before we start thermodynamics we should probably remember few things from 112 00:04:33,430 --> 00:04:33,440 probably remember few things from 113 00:04:33,440 --> 00:04:35,200 probably remember few things from Chapter five I guess is with thermo 114 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:35,210 Chapter five I guess is with thermo 115 00:04:35,210 --> 00:04:40,270 Chapter five I guess is with thermo chemistry now what we simply have to 116 00:04:40,270 --> 00:04:40,280 chemistry now what we simply have to 117 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:47,040 chemistry now what we simply have to remember system so when we say system in 118 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:47,050 remember system so when we say system in 119 00:04:47,050 --> 00:04:49,510 remember system so when we say system in thermodynamics that means it is the part 120 00:04:49,510 --> 00:04:49,520 thermodynamics that means it is the part 121 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:52,840 thermodynamics that means it is the part of the universe that we focus our 122 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:52,850 of the universe that we focus our 123 00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:57,400 of the universe that we focus our attention it is called system right we 124 00:04:57,400 --> 00:04:57,410 attention it is called system right we 125 00:04:57,410 --> 00:05:01,150 attention it is called system right we define that before now then we simply 126 00:05:01,150 --> 00:05:01,160 define that before now then we simply 127 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:09,490 define that before now then we simply define surrounding 128 00:05:09,490 --> 00:05:09,500 129 00:05:09,500 --> 00:05:14,510 so surrounding again is defined as the 130 00:05:14,510 --> 00:05:14,520 so surrounding again is defined as the 131 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:18,590 so surrounding again is defined as the part of the universe after we take out 132 00:05:18,590 --> 00:05:18,600 part of the universe after we take out 133 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:24,140 part of the universe after we take out our system so the system and surround 134 00:05:24,140 --> 00:05:24,150 our system so the system and surround 135 00:05:24,150 --> 00:05:28,340 our system so the system and surround them simply makes the universe right so 136 00:05:28,340 --> 00:05:28,350 them simply makes the universe right so 137 00:05:28,350 --> 00:05:32,120 them simply makes the universe right so we should remember that again when we 138 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:32,130 we should remember that again when we 139 00:05:32,130 --> 00:05:34,430 we should remember that again when we say surrounded means we take out the 140 00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:34,440 say surrounded means we take out the 141 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:39,910 say surrounded means we take out the system and the rest is surrounded now I 142 00:05:39,910 --> 00:05:39,920 system and the rest is surrounded now I 143 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:42,020 system and the rest is surrounded now I should probably put over here that 144 00:05:42,020 --> 00:05:42,030 should probably put over here that 145 00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:53,630 should probably put over here that system plus surrounding equals two 146 00:05:53,630 --> 00:05:53,640 system plus surrounding equals two 147 00:05:53,640 --> 00:06:02,210 system plus surrounding equals two universe right that's what the terms are 148 00:06:02,210 --> 00:06:02,220 universe right that's what the terms are 149 00:06:02,220 --> 00:06:06,050 universe right that's what the terms are now again we have talked about some 150 00:06:06,050 --> 00:06:06,060 now again we have talked about some 151 00:06:06,060 --> 00:06:10,790 now again we have talked about some thermodynamic functions in Chapter five 152 00:06:10,790 --> 00:06:10,800 thermodynamic functions in Chapter five 153 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:15,530 thermodynamic functions in Chapter five in and that was the first one was two 154 00:06:15,530 --> 00:06:15,540 in and that was the first one was two 155 00:06:15,540 --> 00:06:20,090 in and that was the first one was two and heat this is simply represented by Q 156 00:06:20,090 --> 00:06:20,100 and heat this is simply represented by Q 157 00:06:20,100 --> 00:06:34,420 and heat this is simply represented by Q it is heat and W again is work and E is 158 00:06:34,420 --> 00:06:34,430 it is heat and W again is work and E is 159 00:06:34,430 --> 00:06:42,680 it is heat and W again is work and E is internal energy that means the total 160 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:42,690 internal energy that means the total 161 00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:46,970 internal energy that means the total energy content of a system is called the 162 00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:46,980 energy content of a system is called the 163 00:06:46,980 --> 00:06:49,190 energy content of a system is called the internal energy whatever that in any 164 00:06:49,190 --> 00:06:49,200 internal energy whatever that in any 165 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,690 internal energy whatever that in any form of the energies internal energy and 166 00:06:52,690 --> 00:06:52,700 form of the energies internal energy and 167 00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:56,270 form of the energies internal energy and the change in internal energy is also 168 00:06:56,270 --> 00:06:56,280 the change in internal energy is also 169 00:06:56,280 --> 00:07:02,240 the change in internal energy is also given by Delta e internal energy then we 170 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:02,250 given by Delta e internal energy then we 171 00:07:02,250 --> 00:07:04,940 given by Delta e internal energy then we have the relationship between the 172 00:07:04,940 --> 00:07:04,950 have the relationship between the 173 00:07:04,950 --> 00:07:07,940 have the relationship between the internal energy change of the system and 174 00:07:07,940 --> 00:07:07,950 internal energy change of the system and 175 00:07:07,950 --> 00:07:11,750 internal energy change of the system and the heat and work involved and that was 176 00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:11,760 the heat and work involved and that was 177 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:18,350 the heat and work involved and that was remember is Delta e is equal to Q plus W 178 00:07:18,350 --> 00:07:18,360 remember is Delta e is equal to Q plus W 179 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:22,490 remember is Delta e is equal to Q plus W and again here we 180 00:07:22,490 --> 00:07:22,500 and again here we 181 00:07:22,500 --> 00:07:27,440 and again here we we talked about the pressure-volume work 182 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:27,450 we talked about the pressure-volume work 183 00:07:27,450 --> 00:07:31,760 we talked about the pressure-volume work this is equals to minus P times Delta V 184 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:31,770 this is equals to minus P times Delta V 185 00:07:31,770 --> 00:07:35,120 this is equals to minus P times Delta V volume change but this equation is very 186 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:35,130 volume change but this equation is very 187 00:07:35,130 --> 00:07:38,930 volume change but this equation is very very important and it simply says that 188 00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:38,940 very important and it simply says that 189 00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:47,180 very important and it simply says that the total energy of the universe is 190 00:07:47,180 --> 00:07:47,190 the total energy of the universe is 191 00:07:47,190 --> 00:07:52,820 the total energy of the universe is constant that means never changes total 192 00:07:52,820 --> 00:07:52,830 constant that means never changes total 193 00:07:52,830 --> 00:07:55,310 constant that means never changes total energy so the energy can go from one 194 00:07:55,310 --> 00:07:55,320 energy so the energy can go from one 195 00:07:55,320 --> 00:07:58,450 energy so the energy can go from one form to the others or the energy may be 196 00:07:58,450 --> 00:07:58,460 form to the others or the energy may be 197 00:07:58,460 --> 00:08:00,710 form to the others or the energy may be transferred from the system to the 198 00:08:00,710 --> 00:08:00,720 transferred from the system to the 199 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:02,900 transferred from the system to the surrounding or from surrounding to the 200 00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:02,910 surrounding or from surrounding to the 201 00:08:02,910 --> 00:08:08,510 surrounding or from surrounding to the system but as long as the total energy 202 00:08:08,510 --> 00:08:08,520 system but as long as the total energy 203 00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:11,090 system but as long as the total energy of the universe that will never changes 204 00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:11,100 of the universe that will never changes 205 00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:14,000 of the universe that will never changes and this is the expression mathematical 206 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:14,010 and this is the expression mathematical 207 00:08:14,010 --> 00:08:21,880 and this is the expression mathematical expressions of what first law of 208 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:21,890 expressions of what first law of 209 00:08:21,890 --> 00:08:24,170 expressions of what first law of thermodynamics right this is the first 210 00:08:24,170 --> 00:08:24,180 thermodynamics right this is the first 211 00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:30,100 thermodynamics right this is the first law of thermodynamics first law of 212 00:08:30,100 --> 00:08:30,110 law of thermodynamics first law of 213 00:08:30,110 --> 00:08:38,240 law of thermodynamics first law of thermodynamics now as you can say or 214 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:38,250 thermodynamics now as you can say or 215 00:08:38,250 --> 00:08:41,510 thermodynamics now as you can say or guess actually says we say it first law 216 00:08:41,510 --> 00:08:41,520 guess actually says we say it first law 217 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:43,730 guess actually says we say it first law that means there must be second and 218 00:08:43,730 --> 00:08:43,740 that means there must be second and 219 00:08:43,740 --> 00:08:47,660 that means there must be second and third law and yes there are second and 220 00:08:47,660 --> 00:08:47,670 third law and yes there are second and 221 00:08:47,670 --> 00:08:49,430 third law and yes there are second and third law of thermodynamics which we 222 00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:49,440 third law of thermodynamics which we 223 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:51,890 third law of thermodynamics which we will cover in this chapter we will again 224 00:08:51,890 --> 00:08:51,900 will cover in this chapter we will again 225 00:08:51,900 --> 00:08:54,410 will cover in this chapter we will again explain those two but we have simply 226 00:08:54,410 --> 00:08:54,420 explain those two but we have simply 227 00:08:54,420 --> 00:08:56,390 explain those two but we have simply talked about this first law that is the 228 00:08:56,390 --> 00:08:56,400 talked about this first law that is the 229 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,900 talked about this first law that is the first law of thermodynamics expression 230 00:08:59,900 --> 00:08:59,910 first law of thermodynamics expression 231 00:08:59,910 --> 00:09:02,150 first law of thermodynamics expression actually internal energy equals to the Q 232 00:09:02,150 --> 00:09:02,160 actually internal energy equals to the Q 233 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:05,900 actually internal energy equals to the Q plus we heat and the work involved now 234 00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:05,910 plus we heat and the work involved now 235 00:09:05,910 --> 00:09:08,180 plus we heat and the work involved now in addition to that there we have also 236 00:09:08,180 --> 00:09:08,190 in addition to that there we have also 237 00:09:08,190 --> 00:09:12,290 in addition to that there we have also described the enthalpy change of a 238 00:09:12,290 --> 00:09:12,300 described the enthalpy change of a 239 00:09:12,300 --> 00:09:16,310 described the enthalpy change of a system and again the enthalpy change of 240 00:09:16,310 --> 00:09:16,320 system and again the enthalpy change of 241 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:21,490 system and again the enthalpy change of a system is simply defined as the heat 242 00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:21,500 a system is simply defined as the heat 243 00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:25,850 a system is simply defined as the heat involved under constant pressure that 244 00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:25,860 involved under constant pressure that 245 00:09:25,860 --> 00:09:28,640 involved under constant pressure that means if the process is taking place on 246 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:28,650 means if the process is taking place on 247 00:09:28,650 --> 00:09:31,730 means if the process is taking place on the constant pressure the heat involved 248 00:09:31,730 --> 00:09:31,740 the constant pressure the heat involved 249 00:09:31,740 --> 00:09:34,400 the constant pressure the heat involved is directly equals to the enthalpy 250 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:34,410 is directly equals to the enthalpy 251 00:09:34,410 --> 00:09:35,369 is directly equals to the enthalpy change 252 00:09:35,369 --> 00:09:35,379 change 253 00:09:35,379 --> 00:09:38,089 change of that system so enthalpy is another 254 00:09:38,089 --> 00:09:38,099 of that system so enthalpy is another 255 00:09:38,099 --> 00:09:41,819 of that system so enthalpy is another energy function actually thermodynamic 256 00:09:41,819 --> 00:09:41,829 energy function actually thermodynamic 257 00:09:41,829 --> 00:09:46,409 energy function actually thermodynamic function and remember it is designated 258 00:09:46,409 --> 00:09:46,419 function and remember it is designated 259 00:09:46,419 --> 00:09:50,400 function and remember it is designated by capital H the enthalpy and the change 260 00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:50,410 by capital H the enthalpy and the change 261 00:09:50,410 --> 00:09:54,599 by capital H the enthalpy and the change in enthalpy is designated by Delta H 262 00:09:54,599 --> 00:09:54,609 in enthalpy is designated by Delta H 263 00:09:54,609 --> 00:09:59,419 in enthalpy is designated by Delta H Delta H and the Delta H is equals to 264 00:09:59,419 --> 00:09:59,429 Delta H and the Delta H is equals to 265 00:09:59,429 --> 00:10:04,169 Delta H and the Delta H is equals to simply Q sub P that means that the 266 00:10:04,169 --> 00:10:04,179 simply Q sub P that means that the 267 00:10:04,179 --> 00:10:06,719 simply Q sub P that means that the process is taking place under constant 268 00:10:06,719 --> 00:10:06,729 process is taking place under constant 269 00:10:06,729 --> 00:10:14,539 process is taking place under constant pressure so constant pressure constant 270 00:10:14,539 --> 00:10:14,549 271 00:10:14,549 --> 00:10:18,299 pressure and that's it so if I have the 272 00:10:18,299 --> 00:10:18,309 pressure and that's it so if I have the 273 00:10:18,309 --> 00:10:23,189 pressure and that's it so if I have the heat change for the process which is 274 00:10:23,189 --> 00:10:23,199 heat change for the process which is 275 00:10:23,199 --> 00:10:24,449 heat change for the process which is taking place under constant pressure 276 00:10:24,449 --> 00:10:24,459 taking place under constant pressure 277 00:10:24,459 --> 00:10:26,669 taking place under constant pressure that is also equal to the enthalpy 278 00:10:26,669 --> 00:10:26,679 that is also equal to the enthalpy 279 00:10:26,679 --> 00:10:30,089 that is also equal to the enthalpy change of the process as a matter of 280 00:10:30,089 --> 00:10:30,099 change of the process as a matter of 281 00:10:30,099 --> 00:10:32,849 change of the process as a matter of fact and that's equal to now there's 282 00:10:32,849 --> 00:10:32,859 fact and that's equal to now there's 283 00:10:32,859 --> 00:10:35,039 fact and that's equal to now there's also we have also seen the relationship 284 00:10:35,039 --> 00:10:35,049 also we have also seen the relationship 285 00:10:35,049 --> 00:10:40,319 also we have also seen the relationship between the enthalpy change and the 286 00:10:40,319 --> 00:10:40,329 between the enthalpy change and the 287 00:10:40,329 --> 00:10:42,929 between the enthalpy change and the internal energy change of the system 288 00:10:42,929 --> 00:10:42,939 internal energy change of the system 289 00:10:42,939 --> 00:10:46,859 internal energy change of the system remember again the mathematical equation 290 00:10:46,859 --> 00:10:46,869 remember again the mathematical equation 291 00:10:46,869 --> 00:10:48,809 remember again the mathematical equation which gives the relation between the 292 00:10:48,809 --> 00:10:48,819 which gives the relation between the 293 00:10:48,819 --> 00:10:51,569 which gives the relation between the enthalpy and the internal energy is this 294 00:10:51,569 --> 00:10:51,579 enthalpy and the internal energy is this 295 00:10:51,579 --> 00:10:56,969 enthalpy and the internal energy is this H is equal to e plus P times V these are 296 00:10:56,969 --> 00:10:56,979 H is equal to e plus P times V these are 297 00:10:56,979 --> 00:10:59,129 H is equal to e plus P times V these are also functions again pressure and volume 298 00:10:59,129 --> 00:10:59,139 also functions again pressure and volume 299 00:10:59,139 --> 00:11:01,739 also functions again pressure and volume actually of the system and that is the 300 00:11:01,739 --> 00:11:01,749 actually of the system and that is the 301 00:11:01,749 --> 00:11:04,739 actually of the system and that is the enthalpy and when we simply take the 302 00:11:04,739 --> 00:11:04,749 enthalpy and when we simply take the 303 00:11:04,749 --> 00:11:08,999 enthalpy and when we simply take the Delta H and we have to take the Delta e 304 00:11:08,999 --> 00:11:09,009 Delta H and we have to take the Delta e 305 00:11:09,009 --> 00:11:12,989 Delta H and we have to take the Delta e here this is Delta e and this is going 306 00:11:12,989 --> 00:11:12,999 here this is Delta e and this is going 307 00:11:12,999 --> 00:11:18,689 here this is Delta e and this is going to be Delta PV like this now remember 308 00:11:18,689 --> 00:11:18,699 to be Delta PV like this now remember 309 00:11:18,699 --> 00:11:24,629 to be Delta PV like this now remember again Delta e and plus Delta PV would be 310 00:11:24,629 --> 00:11:24,639 again Delta e and plus Delta PV would be 311 00:11:24,639 --> 00:11:27,689 again Delta e and plus Delta PV would be equals to P times Delta V and then V 312 00:11:27,689 --> 00:11:27,699 equals to P times Delta V and then V 313 00:11:27,699 --> 00:11:31,259 equals to P times Delta V and then V times Delta P let's say it will be P 314 00:11:31,259 --> 00:11:31,269 times Delta P let's say it will be P 315 00:11:31,269 --> 00:11:37,519 times Delta P let's say it will be P times Delta V and plus V times delta T 316 00:11:37,519 --> 00:11:37,529 times Delta V and plus V times delta T 317 00:11:37,529 --> 00:11:42,689 times Delta V and plus V times delta T now remember if the process is taking 318 00:11:42,689 --> 00:11:42,699 now remember if the process is taking 319 00:11:42,699 --> 00:11:45,840 now remember if the process is taking place under constant pressure Delta P 320 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:45,850 place under constant pressure Delta P 321 00:11:45,850 --> 00:11:48,269 place under constant pressure Delta P that means the change in pressure is 322 00:11:48,269 --> 00:11:48,279 that means the change in pressure is 323 00:11:48,279 --> 00:11:48,780 that means the change in pressure is zero 324 00:11:48,780 --> 00:11:48,790 zero 325 00:11:48,790 --> 00:11:51,990 zero because it's constant so this is simply 326 00:11:51,990 --> 00:11:52,000 because it's constant so this is simply 327 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:53,850 because it's constant so this is simply equals to zero 328 00:11:53,850 --> 00:11:53,860 equals to zero 329 00:11:53,860 --> 00:11:59,490 equals to zero under constant T when the pressure so 330 00:11:59,490 --> 00:11:59,500 under constant T when the pressure so 331 00:11:59,500 --> 00:12:03,480 under constant T when the pressure so the equation actually will be again as 332 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:03,490 the equation actually will be again as 333 00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:14,030 the equation actually will be again as follow Delta H is equals to Delta e plus 334 00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:14,040 follow Delta H is equals to Delta e plus 335 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:20,040 follow Delta H is equals to Delta e plus P Delta V P Delta V now we can simply 336 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:20,050 P Delta V P Delta V now we can simply 337 00:12:20,050 --> 00:12:24,560 P Delta V P Delta V now we can simply replace this P Delta V by minus V 338 00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:24,570 replace this P Delta V by minus V 339 00:12:24,570 --> 00:12:27,510 replace this P Delta V by minus V because the work pressure volume work is 340 00:12:27,510 --> 00:12:27,520 because the work pressure volume work is 341 00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:31,320 because the work pressure volume work is defined as minus P Delta V and we can 342 00:12:31,320 --> 00:12:31,330 defined as minus P Delta V and we can 343 00:12:31,330 --> 00:12:35,670 defined as minus P Delta V and we can write down Delta e is Delta e equals to 344 00:12:35,670 --> 00:12:35,680 write down Delta e is Delta e equals to 345 00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:40,440 write down Delta e is Delta e equals to Delta e minus W that is the work 346 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:40,450 Delta e minus W that is the work 347 00:12:40,450 --> 00:12:43,140 Delta e minus W that is the work involved work involved now again 348 00:12:43,140 --> 00:12:43,150 involved work involved now again 349 00:12:43,150 --> 00:12:46,740 involved work involved now again remember the sign of these when we have 350 00:12:46,740 --> 00:12:46,750 remember the sign of these when we have 351 00:12:46,750 --> 00:12:51,680 remember the sign of these when we have the two positive means that the system 352 00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:51,690 the two positive means that the system 353 00:12:51,690 --> 00:12:54,510 the two positive means that the system absorbed heat and the process is 354 00:12:54,510 --> 00:12:54,520 absorbed heat and the process is 355 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:58,050 absorbed heat and the process is endothermic and if Q is minus negative 356 00:12:58,050 --> 00:12:58,060 endothermic and if Q is minus negative 357 00:12:58,060 --> 00:13:00,740 endothermic and if Q is minus negative means that the process is exothermic 358 00:13:00,740 --> 00:13:00,750 means that the process is exothermic 359 00:13:00,750 --> 00:13:03,600 means that the process is exothermic energy is released from the system to 360 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:03,610 energy is released from the system to 361 00:13:03,610 --> 00:13:06,780 energy is released from the system to the surrounding energy is released from 362 00:13:06,780 --> 00:13:06,790 the surrounding energy is released from 363 00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:09,000 the surrounding energy is released from the system to the surrounding now the 364 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:09,010 the system to the surrounding now the 365 00:13:09,010 --> 00:13:13,320 the system to the surrounding now the sign of work is also if the system does 366 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:13,330 sign of work is also if the system does 367 00:13:13,330 --> 00:13:19,770 sign of work is also if the system does the work it is - if the system if the 368 00:13:19,770 --> 00:13:19,780 the work it is - if the system if the 369 00:13:19,780 --> 00:13:22,710 the work it is - if the system if the work is done on the system the work sign 370 00:13:22,710 --> 00:13:22,720 work is done on the system the work sign 371 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:26,370 work is done on the system the work sign of the work will be + right so just like 372 00:13:26,370 --> 00:13:26,380 of the work will be + right so just like 373 00:13:26,380 --> 00:13:29,670 of the work will be + right so just like the sign of - there is also a sign of 374 00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:29,680 the sign of - there is also a sign of 375 00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:32,970 the sign of - there is also a sign of work we should be clear in our mind 376 00:13:32,970 --> 00:13:32,980 work we should be clear in our mind 377 00:13:32,980 --> 00:13:35,940 work we should be clear in our mind about those signs again when we have 378 00:13:35,940 --> 00:13:35,950 about those signs again when we have 379 00:13:35,950 --> 00:13:39,390 about those signs again when we have positive work negative work positive Q 380 00:13:39,390 --> 00:13:39,400 positive work negative work positive Q 381 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:44,700 positive work negative work positive Q and negative 2 and so on now in other 382 00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:44,710 and negative 2 and so on now in other 383 00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:47,570 and negative 2 and so on now in other things that we have talked about is the 384 00:13:47,570 --> 00:13:47,580 things that we have talked about is the 385 00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:53,120 things that we have talked about is the state function this is important also 386 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:53,130 state function this is important also 387 00:13:53,130 --> 00:14:02,340 state function this is important also state functions now we simply say that 388 00:14:02,340 --> 00:14:02,350 state functions now we simply say that 389 00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:08,160 state functions now we simply say that if the change in a function going from 390 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:08,170 if the change in a function going from 391 00:14:08,170 --> 00:14:11,160 if the change in a function going from the initial to the final state is 392 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:11,170 the initial to the final state is 393 00:14:11,170 --> 00:14:15,689 the initial to the final state is independent of the path followed that 394 00:14:15,689 --> 00:14:15,699 independent of the path followed that 395 00:14:15,699 --> 00:14:19,620 independent of the path followed that function is called a state function but 396 00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:19,630 function is called a state function but 397 00:14:19,630 --> 00:14:22,350 function is called a state function but if the change in the function depends on 398 00:14:22,350 --> 00:14:22,360 if the change in the function depends on 399 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:25,410 if the change in the function depends on the path we follow from initial to the 400 00:14:25,410 --> 00:14:25,420 the path we follow from initial to the 401 00:14:25,420 --> 00:14:28,139 the path we follow from initial to the final or from one point initial to the 402 00:14:28,139 --> 00:14:28,149 final or from one point initial to the 403 00:14:28,149 --> 00:14:31,079 final or from one point initial to the final state actually then it will be not 404 00:14:31,079 --> 00:14:31,089 final state actually then it will be not 405 00:14:31,089 --> 00:14:35,460 final state actually then it will be not a state function now here again internal 406 00:14:35,460 --> 00:14:35,470 a state function now here again internal 407 00:14:35,470 --> 00:14:42,689 a state function now here again internal energy and enthalpy are state functions 408 00:14:42,689 --> 00:14:42,699 energy and enthalpy are state functions 409 00:14:42,699 --> 00:14:49,920 energy and enthalpy are state functions these are simply state functions now we 410 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:49,930 these are simply state functions now we 411 00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:54,509 these are simply state functions now we can also add here pressure volume these 412 00:14:54,509 --> 00:14:54,519 can also add here pressure volume these 413 00:14:54,519 --> 00:14:58,019 can also add here pressure volume these are also state functions - you can add 414 00:14:58,019 --> 00:14:58,029 are also state functions - you can add 415 00:14:58,029 --> 00:15:00,030 are also state functions - you can add pressure volume temperature these are 416 00:15:00,030 --> 00:15:00,040 pressure volume temperature these are 417 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,100 pressure volume temperature these are also state function changing those it 418 00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:02,110 also state function changing those it 419 00:15:02,110 --> 00:15:04,490 also state function changing those it doesn't matter which way you go actually 420 00:15:04,490 --> 00:15:04,500 doesn't matter which way you go actually 421 00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:09,620 doesn't matter which way you go actually but on the other side the heat and work 422 00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:09,630 but on the other side the heat and work 423 00:15:09,630 --> 00:15:13,350 but on the other side the heat and work is not a state function because it 424 00:15:13,350 --> 00:15:13,360 is not a state function because it 425 00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:16,620 is not a state function because it actually depends how we go from initial 426 00:15:16,620 --> 00:15:16,630 actually depends how we go from initial 427 00:15:16,630 --> 00:15:19,949 actually depends how we go from initial to the final or which path we follow to 428 00:15:19,949 --> 00:15:19,959 to the final or which path we follow to 429 00:15:19,959 --> 00:15:22,579 to the final or which path we follow to go from initial to the final state in a 430 00:15:22,579 --> 00:15:22,589 go from initial to the final state in a 431 00:15:22,589 --> 00:15:25,590 go from initial to the final state in a process so the work involved will be 432 00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:25,600 process so the work involved will be 433 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:27,840 process so the work involved will be different and the Q involved will also 434 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:27,850 different and the Q involved will also 435 00:15:27,850 --> 00:15:29,790 different and the Q involved will also be different but some of the work and 436 00:15:29,790 --> 00:15:29,800 be different but some of the work and 437 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:33,180 be different but some of the work and the Q which is the first law actually 438 00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:33,190 the Q which is the first law actually 439 00:15:33,190 --> 00:15:35,670 the Q which is the first law actually that will not change right so you can 440 00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:35,680 that will not change right so you can 441 00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:37,259 that will not change right so you can simply say by looking at the first law 442 00:15:37,259 --> 00:15:37,269 simply say by looking at the first law 443 00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:41,939 simply say by looking at the first law that if the Q decreases W will increase 444 00:15:41,939 --> 00:15:41,949 that if the Q decreases W will increase 445 00:15:41,949 --> 00:15:43,740 that if the Q decreases W will increase and so on those are but the sum will 446 00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:43,750 and so on those are but the sum will 447 00:15:43,750 --> 00:15:46,110 and so on those are but the sum will always be the same so we can simply say 448 00:15:46,110 --> 00:15:46,120 always be the same so we can simply say 449 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:51,389 always be the same so we can simply say that Q and W are not state functions are 450 00:15:51,389 --> 00:15:51,399 that Q and W are not state functions are 451 00:15:51,399 --> 00:15:59,579 that Q and W are not state functions are not state functions say functions okay 452 00:15:59,579 --> 00:15:59,589 not state functions say functions okay 453 00:15:59,589 --> 00:16:04,530 not state functions say functions okay now actually thermal chemical 454 00:16:04,530 --> 00:16:04,540 now actually thermal chemical 455 00:16:04,540 --> 00:16:07,319 now actually thermal chemical thermodynamics is the area of chemistry 456 00:16:07,319 --> 00:16:07,329 thermodynamics is the area of chemistry 457 00:16:07,329 --> 00:16:09,689 thermodynamics is the area of chemistry it says that deals with the energy 458 00:16:09,689 --> 00:16:09,699 it says that deals with the energy 459 00:16:09,699 --> 00:16:13,110 it says that deals with the energy relationship any energies involved in 460 00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:13,120 relationship any energies involved in 461 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:16,110 relationship any energies involved in chemical processes that will be 462 00:16:16,110 --> 00:16:16,120 chemical processes that will be 463 00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:18,079 chemical processes that will be with the chemical thermodynamics 464 00:16:18,079 --> 00:16:18,089 with the chemical thermodynamics 465 00:16:18,089 --> 00:16:21,569 with the chemical thermodynamics chemical thermodynamics we call it the 466 00:16:21,569 --> 00:16:21,579 chemical thermodynamics we call it the 467 00:16:21,579 --> 00:16:24,329 chemical thermodynamics we call it the matter of fact now another term that we 468 00:16:24,329 --> 00:16:24,339 matter of fact now another term that we 469 00:16:24,339 --> 00:16:26,600 matter of fact now another term that we should probably make clear is the 470 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:26,610 should probably make clear is the 471 00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:37,280 should probably make clear is the kinetics and thermodynamics 472 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:37,290 473 00:16:37,290 --> 00:16:40,970 thermodynamics now 474 00:16:40,970 --> 00:16:40,980 thermodynamics now 475 00:16:40,980 --> 00:16:46,110 thermodynamics now genetics tells us how fast the reaction 476 00:16:46,110 --> 00:16:46,120 genetics tells us how fast the reaction 477 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:49,799 genetics tells us how fast the reaction will take place right it is about the 478 00:16:49,799 --> 00:16:49,809 will take place right it is about the 479 00:16:49,809 --> 00:16:54,559 will take place right it is about the speed of the chemical reactions but the 480 00:16:54,559 --> 00:16:54,569 speed of the chemical reactions but the 481 00:16:54,569 --> 00:16:58,110 speed of the chemical reactions but the thermodynamics does not say anything 482 00:16:58,110 --> 00:16:58,120 thermodynamics does not say anything 483 00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:00,809 thermodynamics does not say anything about the kinetics of the reaction it is 484 00:17:00,809 --> 00:17:00,819 about the kinetics of the reaction it is 485 00:17:00,819 --> 00:17:04,380 about the kinetics of the reaction it is not it never is interested in how fast 486 00:17:04,380 --> 00:17:04,390 not it never is interested in how fast 487 00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:07,139 not it never is interested in how fast the reaction will take place 488 00:17:07,139 --> 00:17:07,149 the reaction will take place 489 00:17:07,149 --> 00:17:09,240 the reaction will take place what is thermodynamic is interested 490 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:09,250 what is thermodynamic is interested 491 00:17:09,250 --> 00:17:13,049 what is thermodynamic is interested thermodynamic is interested in to what 492 00:17:13,049 --> 00:17:13,059 thermodynamic is interested in to what 493 00:17:13,059 --> 00:17:16,380 thermodynamic is interested in to what degree in a chemical reaction the 494 00:17:16,380 --> 00:17:16,390 degree in a chemical reaction the 495 00:17:16,390 --> 00:17:18,149 degree in a chemical reaction the reactions will be converted to the 496 00:17:18,149 --> 00:17:18,159 reactions will be converted to the 497 00:17:18,159 --> 00:17:21,510 reactions will be converted to the product and what does that means that 498 00:17:21,510 --> 00:17:21,520 product and what does that means that 499 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:24,960 product and what does that means that means the chemical thermodynamics or 500 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:24,970 means the chemical thermodynamics or 501 00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:30,539 means the chemical thermodynamics or thermodynamics is actually about the 502 00:17:30,539 --> 00:17:30,549 thermodynamics is actually about the 503 00:17:30,549 --> 00:17:34,680 thermodynamics is actually about the system at equilibrium right about the 504 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:34,690 system at equilibrium right about the 505 00:17:34,690 --> 00:17:38,539 system at equilibrium right about the system at equilibrium it doesn't really 506 00:17:38,539 --> 00:17:38,549 system at equilibrium it doesn't really 507 00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:40,560 system at equilibrium it doesn't really thermodynamic is not interested in how 508 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:40,570 thermodynamic is not interested in how 509 00:17:40,570 --> 00:17:42,600 thermodynamic is not interested in how fast the reaction will take place but it 510 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:42,610 fast the reaction will take place but it 511 00:17:42,610 --> 00:17:46,049 fast the reaction will take place but it is interested interested in how far the 512 00:17:46,049 --> 00:17:46,059 is interested interested in how far the 513 00:17:46,059 --> 00:17:49,200 is interested interested in how far the reaction will go that means how far the 514 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:49,210 reaction will go that means how far the 515 00:17:49,210 --> 00:17:51,630 reaction will go that means how far the reaction will go until it reaches to the 516 00:17:51,630 --> 00:17:51,640 reaction will go until it reaches to the 517 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:53,880 reaction will go until it reaches to the equilibrium it always talks about the 518 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:53,890 equilibrium it always talks about the 519 00:17:53,890 --> 00:17:56,870 equilibrium it always talks about the equilibrium now actually you may have 520 00:17:56,870 --> 00:17:56,880 equilibrium now actually you may have 521 00:17:56,880 --> 00:17:58,019 equilibrium now actually you may have thermodynamically 522 00:17:58,019 --> 00:17:58,029 thermodynamically 523 00:17:58,029 --> 00:18:01,260 thermodynamically a reaction spontaneous reaction as we 524 00:18:01,260 --> 00:18:01,270 a reaction spontaneous reaction as we 525 00:18:01,270 --> 00:18:05,399 a reaction spontaneous reaction as we will say but the rate of the reaction if 526 00:18:05,399 --> 00:18:05,409 will say but the rate of the reaction if 527 00:18:05,409 --> 00:18:07,230 will say but the rate of the reaction if the rate of the reaction is very very 528 00:18:07,230 --> 00:18:07,240 the rate of the reaction is very very 529 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:09,990 the rate of the reaction is very very slow we can look at the reaction like 530 00:18:09,990 --> 00:18:10,000 slow we can look at the reaction like 531 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,019 slow we can look at the reaction like it's not taking place but according to 532 00:18:13,019 --> 00:18:13,029 it's not taking place but according to 533 00:18:13,029 --> 00:18:14,190 it's not taking place but according to thermodynamics if the equilibrium 534 00:18:14,190 --> 00:18:14,200 thermodynamics if the equilibrium 535 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:17,730 thermodynamics if the equilibrium constant is large then it will say that 536 00:18:17,730 --> 00:18:17,740 constant is large then it will say that 537 00:18:17,740 --> 00:18:20,669 constant is large then it will say that the reaction will take place but it 538 00:18:20,669 --> 00:18:20,679 the reaction will take place but it 539 00:18:20,679 --> 00:18:22,230 the reaction will take place but it doesn't say anything about the speed of 540 00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:22,240 doesn't say anything about the speed of 541 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:25,560 doesn't say anything about the speed of the reaction so kinetics and 542 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:25,570 the reaction so kinetics and 543 00:18:25,570 --> 00:18:28,169 the reaction so kinetics and thermodynamics are two different areas 544 00:18:28,169 --> 00:18:28,179 thermodynamics are two different areas 545 00:18:28,179 --> 00:18:28,940 thermodynamics are two different areas and they 546 00:18:28,940 --> 00:18:28,950 and they 547 00:18:28,950 --> 00:18:30,950 and they look at the problem from two 548 00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:30,960 look at the problem from two 549 00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:33,740 look at the problem from two perspectives one from the speed the 550 00:18:33,740 --> 00:18:33,750 perspectives one from the speed the 551 00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:35,600 perspectives one from the speed the other one is only the colibri room 552 00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:35,610 other one is only the colibri room 553 00:18:35,610 --> 00:18:39,050 other one is only the colibri room system if he interested in the 554 00:18:39,050 --> 00:18:39,060 system if he interested in the 555 00:18:39,060 --> 00:18:41,600 system if he interested in the equilibrium system so since this is the 556 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:41,610 equilibrium system so since this is the 557 00:18:41,610 --> 00:18:45,860 equilibrium system so since this is the speed I should say more and this is the 558 00:18:45,860 --> 00:18:45,870 speed I should say more and this is the 559 00:18:45,870 --> 00:18:54,650 speed I should say more and this is the equilibrium how fast and how far the 560 00:18:54,650 --> 00:18:54,660 equilibrium how fast and how far the 561 00:18:54,660 --> 00:18:56,510 equilibrium how fast and how far the reaction will go how far the reaction 562 00:18:56,510 --> 00:18:56,520 reaction will go how far the reaction 563 00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:59,240 reaction will go how far the reaction will go is thermo dynamics how fast the 564 00:18:59,240 --> 00:18:59,250 will go is thermo dynamics how fast the 565 00:18:59,250 --> 00:19:01,990 will go is thermo dynamics how fast the reaction will go is about the kinetics 566 00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:02,000 reaction will go is about the kinetics 567 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:10,270 reaction will go is about the kinetics question ok now let's see look at here 568 00:19:10,270 --> 00:19:10,280 question ok now let's see look at here 569 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:22,770 question ok now let's see look at here what happened all right 570 00:19:22,770 --> 00:19:22,780 571 00:19:22,780 --> 00:19:25,780 let's look at the first line it says the 572 00:19:25,780 --> 00:19:25,790 let's look at the first line it says the 573 00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:27,909 let's look at the first line it says the first law of thermodynamics again we 574 00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:27,919 first law of thermodynamics again we 575 00:19:27,919 --> 00:19:31,690 first law of thermodynamics again we have talked about that here from chapter 576 00:19:31,690 --> 00:19:31,700 have talked about that here from chapter 577 00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:38,320 have talked about that here from chapter 5 that is the expression the total 578 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:38,330 5 that is the expression the total 579 00:19:38,330 --> 00:19:40,860 5 that is the expression the total energy of the universe is constant 580 00:19:40,860 --> 00:19:40,870 energy of the universe is constant 581 00:19:40,870 --> 00:19:44,110 energy of the universe is constant energy can however be converted from one 582 00:19:44,110 --> 00:19:44,120 energy can however be converted from one 583 00:19:44,120 --> 00:19:46,690 energy can however be converted from one form to another or transferred from a 584 00:19:46,690 --> 00:19:46,700 form to another or transferred from a 585 00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:48,909 form to another or transferred from a system to the surrounding or vice-versa 586 00:19:48,909 --> 00:19:48,919 system to the surrounding or vice-versa 587 00:19:48,919 --> 00:19:51,520 system to the surrounding or vice-versa from the surrounding to the system again 588 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:51,530 from the surrounding to the system again 589 00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:54,220 from the surrounding to the system again as we said so we know what surrounding 590 00:19:54,220 --> 00:19:54,230 as we said so we know what surrounding 591 00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:56,470 as we said so we know what surrounding and system is here those are very 592 00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:56,480 and system is here those are very 593 00:19:56,480 --> 00:20:00,159 and system is here those are very important that you should simply have 594 00:20:00,159 --> 00:20:00,169 important that you should simply have 595 00:20:00,169 --> 00:20:04,390 important that you should simply have notions of those now we talked about the 596 00:20:04,390 --> 00:20:04,400 notions of those now we talked about the 597 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:08,440 notions of those now we talked about the enthalpy and now there is entropy which 598 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:08,450 enthalpy and now there is entropy which 599 00:20:08,450 --> 00:20:11,950 enthalpy and now there is entropy which is a new term it's again a thermodynamic 600 00:20:11,950 --> 00:20:11,960 is a new term it's again a thermodynamic 601 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:16,570 is a new term it's again a thermodynamic term thermodynamic function the enthalpy 602 00:20:16,570 --> 00:20:16,580 term thermodynamic function the enthalpy 603 00:20:16,580 --> 00:20:18,669 term thermodynamic function the enthalpy is the heat absorbed by the system 604 00:20:18,669 --> 00:20:18,679 is the heat absorbed by the system 605 00:20:18,679 --> 00:20:21,669 is the heat absorbed by the system during a constant pressure process as we 606 00:20:21,669 --> 00:20:21,679 during a constant pressure process as we 607 00:20:21,679 --> 00:20:24,220 during a constant pressure process as we have said over here that's equal to Q 608 00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:24,230 have said over here that's equal to Q 609 00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:28,140 have said over here that's equal to Q sub P we call it entropy is measure of 610 00:20:28,140 --> 00:20:28,150 sub P we call it entropy is measure of 611 00:20:28,150 --> 00:20:34,120 sub P we call it entropy is measure of randomness in a system now both play 612 00:20:34,120 --> 00:20:34,130 randomness in a system now both play 613 00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:36,130 randomness in a system now both play role in determining whether the process 614 00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:36,140 role in determining whether the process 615 00:20:36,140 --> 00:20:39,400 role in determining whether the process is spontaneous or non-spontaneous now 616 00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:39,410 is spontaneous or non-spontaneous now 617 00:20:39,410 --> 00:20:41,940 is spontaneous or non-spontaneous now there is another term came out here 618 00:20:41,940 --> 00:20:41,950 there is another term came out here 619 00:20:41,950 --> 00:20:44,740 there is another term came out here spontaneous and non spontaneous as we 620 00:20:44,740 --> 00:20:44,750 spontaneous and non spontaneous as we 621 00:20:44,750 --> 00:20:45,970 spontaneous and non spontaneous as we will talk about that later 622 00:20:45,970 --> 00:20:45,980 will talk about that later 623 00:20:45,980 --> 00:20:48,310 will talk about that later spontaneous simply means that if a 624 00:20:48,310 --> 00:20:48,320 spontaneous simply means that if a 625 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:50,620 spontaneous simply means that if a process is taking place by itself 626 00:20:50,620 --> 00:20:50,630 process is taking place by itself 627 00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:54,159 process is taking place by itself without any outside interference any 628 00:20:54,159 --> 00:20:54,169 without any outside interference any 629 00:20:54,169 --> 00:20:57,640 without any outside interference any outside simply assistant and that 630 00:20:57,640 --> 00:20:57,650 outside simply assistant and that 631 00:20:57,650 --> 00:20:59,200 outside simply assistant and that process is called 632 00:20:59,200 --> 00:20:59,210 process is called 633 00:20:59,210 --> 00:21:01,120 process is called spontaneous process it just takes place 634 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:01,130 spontaneous process it just takes place 635 00:21:01,130 --> 00:21:05,260 spontaneous process it just takes place by itself right now the entropy again we 636 00:21:05,260 --> 00:21:05,270 by itself right now the entropy again we 637 00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:07,180 by itself right now the entropy again we have to think about this again measure 638 00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:07,190 have to think about this again measure 639 00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:12,539 have to think about this again measure of randomness in this systina system and 640 00:21:12,539 --> 00:21:12,549 of randomness in this systina system and 641 00:21:12,549 --> 00:21:15,850 of randomness in this systina system and deals with me again as we see number of 642 00:21:15,850 --> 00:21:15,860 deals with me again as we see number of 643 00:21:15,860 --> 00:21:20,740 deals with me again as we see number of microstates how many different ways the 644 00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:20,750 microstates how many different ways the 645 00:21:20,750 --> 00:21:22,960 microstates how many different ways the energy and the positions of the 646 00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:22,970 energy and the positions of the 647 00:21:22,970 --> 00:21:24,789 energy and the positions of the particles in the system can be different 648 00:21:24,789 --> 00:21:24,799 particles in the system can be different 649 00:21:24,799 --> 00:21:27,669 particles in the system can be different from those are the number of microstates 650 00:21:27,669 --> 00:21:27,679 from those are the number of microstates 651 00:21:27,679 --> 00:21:30,010 from those are the number of microstates actually and it is involved in number of 652 00:21:30,010 --> 00:21:30,020 actually and it is involved in number of 653 00:21:30,020 --> 00:21:32,590 actually and it is involved in number of microstates so more like you know 654 00:21:32,590 --> 00:21:32,600 microstates so more like you know 655 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,020 microstates so more like you know randomness what is the opposite word of 656 00:21:35,020 --> 00:21:35,030 randomness what is the opposite word of 657 00:21:35,030 --> 00:21:35,590 randomness what is the opposite word of this Ren 658 00:21:35,590 --> 00:21:35,600 this Ren 659 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,980 this Ren this what is the opposite of 10k else 660 00:21:38,980 --> 00:21:38,990 this what is the opposite of 10k else 661 00:21:38,990 --> 00:21:40,870 this what is the opposite of 10k else right so it's actually a measure of 662 00:21:40,870 --> 00:21:40,880 right so it's actually a measure of 663 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:43,779 right so it's actually a measure of chaos chaos and the greater the chaos 664 00:21:43,779 --> 00:21:43,789 chaos chaos and the greater the chaos 665 00:21:43,789 --> 00:21:47,590 chaos chaos and the greater the chaos actually the larger the entropy of the 666 00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:47,600 actually the larger the entropy of the 667 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,380 actually the larger the entropy of the system or greater than randomness the 668 00:21:50,380 --> 00:21:50,390 system or greater than randomness the 669 00:21:50,390 --> 00:21:52,720 system or greater than randomness the larger the entropy if the randomness is 670 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:52,730 larger the entropy if the randomness is 671 00:21:52,730 --> 00:21:56,140 larger the entropy if the randomness is simply low then the entropy of that 672 00:21:56,140 --> 00:21:56,150 simply low then the entropy of that 673 00:21:56,150 --> 00:22:00,029 simply low then the entropy of that system is low again like consider this 674 00:22:00,029 --> 00:22:00,039 system is low again like consider this 675 00:22:00,039 --> 00:22:02,500 system is low again like consider this auditorium students sitting in the 676 00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:02,510 auditorium students sitting in the 677 00:22:02,510 --> 00:22:06,250 auditorium students sitting in the chairs that is as an entropy now and now 678 00:22:06,250 --> 00:22:06,260 chairs that is as an entropy now and now 679 00:22:06,260 --> 00:22:08,799 chairs that is as an entropy now and now if you every student starts walking 680 00:22:08,799 --> 00:22:08,809 if you every student starts walking 681 00:22:08,809 --> 00:22:13,200 if you every student starts walking around and that system will also have a 682 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:13,210 around and that system will also have a 683 00:22:13,210 --> 00:22:14,409 around and that system will also have a entropy 684 00:22:14,409 --> 00:22:14,419 entropy 685 00:22:14,419 --> 00:22:16,960 entropy now in which case the randomness is 686 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:16,970 now in which case the randomness is 687 00:22:16,970 --> 00:22:19,299 now in which case the randomness is higher when all students are walking in 688 00:22:19,299 --> 00:22:19,309 higher when all students are walking in 689 00:22:19,309 --> 00:22:22,029 higher when all students are walking in the room right and that means that the 690 00:22:22,029 --> 00:22:22,039 the room right and that means that the 691 00:22:22,039 --> 00:22:24,820 the room right and that means that the entropy of the system with the students 692 00:22:24,820 --> 00:22:24,830 entropy of the system with the students 693 00:22:24,830 --> 00:22:27,149 entropy of the system with the students walking around in a classroom is higher 694 00:22:27,149 --> 00:22:27,159 walking around in a classroom is higher 695 00:22:27,159 --> 00:22:29,529 walking around in a classroom is higher compared to the entropy of that 696 00:22:29,529 --> 00:22:29,539 compared to the entropy of that 697 00:22:29,539 --> 00:22:31,690 compared to the entropy of that classroom when the students are sitting 698 00:22:31,690 --> 00:22:31,700 classroom when the students are sitting 699 00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:34,870 classroom when the students are sitting in their chairs so this is like the 700 00:22:34,870 --> 00:22:34,880 in their chairs so this is like the 701 00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:37,240 in their chairs so this is like the concept of entropy let's see we will 702 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:37,250 concept of entropy let's see we will 703 00:22:37,250 --> 00:22:42,909 concept of entropy let's see we will talk about that more now spontaneous 704 00:22:42,909 --> 00:22:42,919 talk about that more now spontaneous 705 00:22:42,919 --> 00:22:44,740 talk about that more now spontaneous this is again important spontaneous 706 00:22:44,740 --> 00:22:44,750 this is again important spontaneous 707 00:22:44,750 --> 00:22:48,279 this is again important spontaneous process spontaneous process again it 708 00:22:48,279 --> 00:22:48,289 process spontaneous process again it 709 00:22:48,289 --> 00:22:50,490 process spontaneous process again it says precedes without any outside 710 00:22:50,490 --> 00:22:50,500 says precedes without any outside 711 00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:54,789 says precedes without any outside assistance for example the gas in a 712 00:22:54,789 --> 00:22:54,799 assistance for example the gas in a 713 00:22:54,799 --> 00:22:58,149 assistance for example the gas in a vessel a will spontaneously a fuse into 714 00:22:58,149 --> 00:22:58,159 vessel a will spontaneously a fuse into 715 00:22:58,159 --> 00:23:00,279 vessel a will spontaneously a fuse into the vessel B but it will not 716 00:23:00,279 --> 00:23:00,289 the vessel B but it will not 717 00:23:00,289 --> 00:23:03,930 the vessel B but it will not spontaneously be returned to vessel a 718 00:23:03,930 --> 00:23:03,940 spontaneously be returned to vessel a 719 00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,960 spontaneously be returned to vessel a what this simply says actually as follow 720 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:06,970 what this simply says actually as follow 721 00:23:06,970 --> 00:23:10,539 what this simply says actually as follow if I have a gas over here like this and 722 00:23:10,539 --> 00:23:10,549 if I have a gas over here like this and 723 00:23:10,549 --> 00:23:14,919 if I have a gas over here like this and then this is empty vacuum and here I 724 00:23:14,919 --> 00:23:14,929 then this is empty vacuum and here I 725 00:23:14,929 --> 00:23:17,470 then this is empty vacuum and here I have the stopcock suppose that I open 726 00:23:17,470 --> 00:23:17,480 have the stopcock suppose that I open 727 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:19,659 have the stopcock suppose that I open that stopcock what will happen everybody 728 00:23:19,659 --> 00:23:19,669 that stopcock what will happen everybody 729 00:23:19,669 --> 00:23:22,840 that stopcock what will happen everybody guess is that actually the gas from this 730 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:22,850 guess is that actually the gas from this 731 00:23:22,850 --> 00:23:27,520 guess is that actually the gas from this side a side will a fuse into the B side 732 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:27,530 side a side will a fuse into the B side 733 00:23:27,530 --> 00:23:31,090 side a side will a fuse into the B side and then finally it will fill out the 734 00:23:31,090 --> 00:23:31,100 and then finally it will fill out the 735 00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:32,140 and then finally it will fill out the hole 736 00:23:32,140 --> 00:23:32,150 hole 737 00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:36,010 hole a and B side of the flat this process is 738 00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:36,020 a and B side of the flat this process is 739 00:23:36,020 --> 00:23:38,649 a and B side of the flat this process is a spontaneous process you don't have to 740 00:23:38,649 --> 00:23:38,659 a spontaneous process you don't have to 741 00:23:38,659 --> 00:23:40,779 a spontaneous process you don't have to be anything just open the stopcock 742 00:23:40,779 --> 00:23:40,789 be anything just open the stopcock 743 00:23:40,789 --> 00:23:43,720 be anything just open the stopcock that's all is let the gas go and expand 744 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:43,730 that's all is let the gas go and expand 745 00:23:43,730 --> 00:23:46,419 that's all is let the gas go and expand and fill out the hole but the reverse of 746 00:23:46,419 --> 00:23:46,429 and fill out the hole but the reverse of 747 00:23:46,429 --> 00:23:49,000 and fill out the hole but the reverse of this spontaneous process what is that 748 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:49,010 this spontaneous process what is that 749 00:23:49,010 --> 00:23:49,660 this spontaneous process what is that means 750 00:23:49,660 --> 00:23:49,670 means 751 00:23:49,670 --> 00:23:52,870 means and assuming that all gases when the 752 00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:52,880 and assuming that all gases when the 753 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,150 and assuming that all gases when the stopcock is open you have a gas all over 754 00:23:55,150 --> 00:23:55,160 stopcock is open you have a gas all over 755 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:58,750 stopcock is open you have a gas all over here homogeneously distributed in this 756 00:23:58,750 --> 00:23:58,760 here homogeneously distributed in this 757 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:02,350 here homogeneously distributed in this container assuming that all of the gases 758 00:24:02,350 --> 00:24:02,360 container assuming that all of the gases 759 00:24:02,360 --> 00:24:05,830 container assuming that all of the gases in one time will go into this part 760 00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:05,840 in one time will go into this part 761 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,140 in one time will go into this part nothing on that side that is not 762 00:24:08,140 --> 00:24:08,150 nothing on that side that is not 763 00:24:08,150 --> 00:24:11,140 nothing on that side that is not spontaneous at all right or we can 764 00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:11,150 spontaneous at all right or we can 765 00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:14,980 spontaneous at all right or we can simply explain that with others now just 766 00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:14,990 simply explain that with others now just 767 00:24:14,990 --> 00:24:20,770 simply explain that with others now just drop in this bull pen and fall in that 768 00:24:20,770 --> 00:24:20,780 drop in this bull pen and fall in that 769 00:24:20,780 --> 00:24:25,030 drop in this bull pen and fall in that bull pen is a spontaneous process right 770 00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:25,040 bull pen is a spontaneous process right 771 00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:29,140 bull pen is a spontaneous process right but getting back to this bull pen up 772 00:24:29,140 --> 00:24:29,150 but getting back to this bull pen up 773 00:24:29,150 --> 00:24:31,960 but getting back to this bull pen up here is not a spontaneous process it 774 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:31,970 here is not a spontaneous process it 775 00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:34,060 here is not a spontaneous process it doesn't takes place by yourself I mean 776 00:24:34,060 --> 00:24:34,070 doesn't takes place by yourself I mean 777 00:24:34,070 --> 00:24:37,150 doesn't takes place by yourself I mean so this is a game similar to that now 778 00:24:37,150 --> 00:24:37,160 so this is a game similar to that now 779 00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:40,450 so this is a game similar to that now here again it says simply drop in these 780 00:24:40,450 --> 00:24:40,460 here again it says simply drop in these 781 00:24:40,460 --> 00:24:43,840 here again it says simply drop in these two eggs like this is a spontaneous 782 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:43,850 two eggs like this is a spontaneous 783 00:24:43,850 --> 00:24:46,480 two eggs like this is a spontaneous process dropping of that and they break 784 00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:46,490 process dropping of that and they break 785 00:24:46,490 --> 00:24:50,440 process dropping of that and they break actually but reverse of this these eggs 786 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:50,450 actually but reverse of this these eggs 787 00:24:50,450 --> 00:24:53,340 actually but reverse of this these eggs will never come together back and 788 00:24:53,340 --> 00:24:53,350 will never come together back and 789 00:24:53,350 --> 00:24:56,770 will never come together back and reconstitute themselves be an egg and go 790 00:24:56,770 --> 00:24:56,780 reconstitute themselves be an egg and go 791 00:24:56,780 --> 00:24:59,910 reconstitute themselves be an egg and go up here that is not a spontaneous right 792 00:24:59,910 --> 00:24:59,920 up here that is not a spontaneous right 793 00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:04,690 up here that is not a spontaneous right so the processes that are spontaneous in 794 00:25:04,690 --> 00:25:04,700 so the processes that are spontaneous in 795 00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:06,640 so the processes that are spontaneous in one direction are non spontaneous in the 796 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:06,650 one direction are non spontaneous in the 797 00:25:06,650 --> 00:25:09,190 one direction are non spontaneous in the reverse direction as we said over here 798 00:25:09,190 --> 00:25:09,200 reverse direction as we said over here 799 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:18,160 reverse direction as we said over here now this Spontini T of a process is very 800 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:18,170 now this Spontini T of a process is very 801 00:25:18,170 --> 00:25:21,360 now this Spontini T of a process is very important from the chemists standpoint 802 00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:21,370 important from the chemists standpoint 803 00:25:21,370 --> 00:25:24,880 important from the chemists standpoint why because in chemistry we deal with 804 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:24,890 why because in chemistry we deal with 805 00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:27,640 why because in chemistry we deal with chemical reactions what is the chemical 806 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:27,650 chemical reactions what is the chemical 807 00:25:27,650 --> 00:25:31,210 chemical reactions what is the chemical reactions we have reactants we mix the 808 00:25:31,210 --> 00:25:31,220 reactions we have reactants we mix the 809 00:25:31,220 --> 00:25:33,790 reactions we have reactants we mix the reactants and we want to get to us right 810 00:25:33,790 --> 00:25:33,800 reactants and we want to get to us right 811 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:34,500 reactants and we want to get to us right now 812 00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:34,510 now 813 00:25:34,510 --> 00:25:40,290 now if a chemical reaction is spontaneous 814 00:25:40,290 --> 00:25:40,300 if a chemical reaction is spontaneous 815 00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:46,380 if a chemical reaction is spontaneous means that as soon as you simply mix the 816 00:25:46,380 --> 00:25:46,390 means that as soon as you simply mix the 817 00:25:46,390 --> 00:25:49,950 means that as soon as you simply mix the reactant species the product will form 818 00:25:49,950 --> 00:25:49,960 reactant species the product will form 819 00:25:49,960 --> 00:25:53,770 reactant species the product will form right so that means to know the 820 00:25:53,770 --> 00:25:53,780 right so that means to know the 821 00:25:53,780 --> 00:25:56,680 right so that means to know the spontaneity of a chemical reaction is 822 00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:56,690 spontaneity of a chemical reaction is 823 00:25:56,690 --> 00:25:59,370 spontaneity of a chemical reaction is very very important if we know that the 824 00:25:59,370 --> 00:25:59,380 very very important if we know that the 825 00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:01,390 very very important if we know that the chemical reaction is not spontaneous 826 00:26:01,390 --> 00:26:01,400 chemical reaction is not spontaneous 827 00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:03,010 chemical reaction is not spontaneous there's no use 828 00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:03,020 there's no use 829 00:26:03,020 --> 00:26:07,090 there's no use to try to get that product and try to 830 00:26:07,090 --> 00:26:07,100 to try to get that product and try to 831 00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:08,890 to try to get that product and try to carry out that chemical reactions right 832 00:26:08,890 --> 00:26:08,900 carry out that chemical reactions right 833 00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:11,950 carry out that chemical reactions right we can actually carry out that reactions 834 00:26:11,950 --> 00:26:11,960 we can actually carry out that reactions 835 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:15,250 we can actually carry out that reactions by using energy definitely but without 836 00:26:15,250 --> 00:26:15,260 by using energy definitely but without 837 00:26:15,260 --> 00:26:18,760 by using energy definitely but without an outside interference it will not take 838 00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:18,770 an outside interference it will not take 839 00:26:18,770 --> 00:26:20,770 an outside interference it will not take place if the reaction is not spontaneous 840 00:26:20,770 --> 00:26:20,780 place if the reaction is not spontaneous 841 00:26:20,780 --> 00:26:22,180 place if the reaction is not spontaneous so the spontaneous reaction is 842 00:26:22,180 --> 00:26:22,190 so the spontaneous reaction is 843 00:26:22,190 --> 00:26:24,190 so the spontaneous reaction is particularly used in industry are very 844 00:26:24,190 --> 00:26:24,200 particularly used in industry are very 845 00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:26,620 particularly used in industry are very very important very very important so 846 00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:26,630 very important very very important so 847 00:26:26,630 --> 00:26:31,030 very important very very important so the question is can we guess which 848 00:26:31,030 --> 00:26:31,040 the question is can we guess which 849 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:33,670 the question is can we guess which reactions will be spontaneous and which 850 00:26:33,670 --> 00:26:33,680 reactions will be spontaneous and which 851 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:36,160 reactions will be spontaneous and which reactions will not be spontaneous by 852 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:36,170 reactions will not be spontaneous by 853 00:26:36,170 --> 00:26:38,650 reactions will not be spontaneous by using thermodynamic data and thermo that 854 00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:38,660 using thermodynamic data and thermo that 855 00:26:38,660 --> 00:26:40,510 using thermodynamic data and thermo that get the knowledge of thermodynamics yes 856 00:26:40,510 --> 00:26:40,520 get the knowledge of thermodynamics yes 857 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:44,230 get the knowledge of thermodynamics yes we will talk about that actually and as 858 00:26:44,230 --> 00:26:44,240 we will talk about that actually and as 859 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:48,580 we will talk about that actually and as we will see for the spontaneity there 860 00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:48,590 we will see for the spontaneity there 861 00:26:48,590 --> 00:26:53,970 we will see for the spontaneity there are two main factors one is the energy 862 00:26:53,970 --> 00:26:53,980 are two main factors one is the energy 863 00:26:53,980 --> 00:26:58,120 are two main factors one is the energy involved in the in the process and the 864 00:26:58,120 --> 00:26:58,130 involved in the in the process and the 865 00:26:58,130 --> 00:27:01,390 involved in the in the process and the second is entropy change involved in the 866 00:27:01,390 --> 00:27:01,400 second is entropy change involved in the 867 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:10,120 second is entropy change involved in the process now the energy try to make the 868 00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:10,130 process now the energy try to make the 869 00:27:10,130 --> 00:27:12,640 process now the energy try to make the process spontaneous in the direction 870 00:27:12,640 --> 00:27:12,650 process spontaneous in the direction 871 00:27:12,650 --> 00:27:18,390 process spontaneous in the direction which the process will be exothermic 872 00:27:18,390 --> 00:27:18,400 which the process will be exothermic 873 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,700 which the process will be exothermic that means the energy try to make the 874 00:27:21,700 --> 00:27:21,710 that means the energy try to make the 875 00:27:21,710 --> 00:27:24,160 that means the energy try to make the shift in reaction in an exothermic 876 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:24,170 shift in reaction in an exothermic 877 00:27:24,170 --> 00:27:29,620 shift in reaction in an exothermic directions but the entropy may not so we 878 00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:29,630 directions but the entropy may not so we 879 00:27:29,630 --> 00:27:33,580 directions but the entropy may not so we have actually an energy we can call that 880 00:27:33,580 --> 00:27:33,590 have actually an energy we can call that 881 00:27:33,590 --> 00:27:36,550 have actually an energy we can call that under constant pressure as the enthalpy 882 00:27:36,550 --> 00:27:36,560 under constant pressure as the enthalpy 883 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:38,920 under constant pressure as the enthalpy change and the entropy change are the 884 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:38,930 change and the entropy change are the 885 00:27:38,930 --> 00:27:41,950 change and the entropy change are the two factors that will determine whether 886 00:27:41,950 --> 00:27:41,960 two factors that will determine whether 887 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,080 two factors that will determine whether the process will be spontaneous or 888 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:44,090 the process will be spontaneous or 889 00:27:44,090 --> 00:27:46,090 the process will be spontaneous or non-spontaneous and we will see that 890 00:27:46,090 --> 00:27:46,100 non-spontaneous and we will see that 891 00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,120 non-spontaneous and we will see that later again in this chapter now here it 892 00:27:49,120 --> 00:27:49,130 later again in this chapter now here it 893 00:27:49,130 --> 00:27:51,850 later again in this chapter now here it says we can simply change the 894 00:27:51,850 --> 00:27:51,860 says we can simply change the 895 00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:54,310 says we can simply change the spontaneity of a process by changing the 896 00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:54,320 spontaneity of a process by changing the 897 00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:58,810 spontaneity of a process by changing the temperature of the process temperature 898 00:27:58,810 --> 00:27:58,820 temperature of the process temperature 899 00:27:58,820 --> 00:28:00,990 temperature of the process temperature and pressure can affect the spontaneity 900 00:28:00,990 --> 00:28:01,000 and pressure can affect the spontaneity 901 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:03,460 and pressure can affect the spontaneity here again an example of how the 902 00:28:03,460 --> 00:28:03,470 here again an example of how the 903 00:28:03,470 --> 00:28:05,920 here again an example of how the temperature affects it says very simple 904 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:05,930 temperature affects it says very simple 905 00:28:05,930 --> 00:28:10,380 temperature affects it says very simple for example if you have an ice at 906 00:28:10,380 --> 00:28:10,390 for example if you have an ice at 907 00:28:10,390 --> 00:28:12,700 for example if you have an ice at greater than zero degree centigrade 908 00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:12,710 greater than zero degree centigrade 909 00:28:12,710 --> 00:28:15,820 greater than zero degree centigrade under one atmosphere pressure let's say 910 00:28:15,820 --> 00:28:15,830 under one atmosphere pressure let's say 911 00:28:15,830 --> 00:28:16,750 under one atmosphere pressure let's say 10 degrees 912 00:28:16,750 --> 00:28:16,760 10 degrees 913 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:18,880 10 degrees 11 degrees and so on what will happen 914 00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:18,890 11 degrees and so on what will happen 915 00:28:18,890 --> 00:28:23,200 11 degrees and so on what will happen the ice will nowt to liquid water right 916 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:23,210 the ice will nowt to liquid water right 917 00:28:23,210 --> 00:28:26,710 the ice will nowt to liquid water right and this process is spontaneous but what 918 00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:26,720 and this process is spontaneous but what 919 00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:29,560 and this process is spontaneous but what about zero degrees centigrade 920 00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:29,570 about zero degrees centigrade 921 00:28:29,570 --> 00:28:33,070 about zero degrees centigrade now if we decrease the temperature below 922 00:28:33,070 --> 00:28:33,080 now if we decrease the temperature below 923 00:28:33,080 --> 00:28:36,280 now if we decrease the temperature below zero degree centigrade then mountain of 924 00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:36,290 zero degree centigrade then mountain of 925 00:28:36,290 --> 00:28:40,420 zero degree centigrade then mountain of ice will not be spontaneous right will 926 00:28:40,420 --> 00:28:40,430 ice will not be spontaneous right will 927 00:28:40,430 --> 00:28:44,400 ice will not be spontaneous right will not be sparking so this is how 928 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:44,410 not be sparking so this is how 929 00:28:44,410 --> 00:28:49,320 not be sparking so this is how temperature simply affects the 930 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:49,330 931 00:28:49,330 --> 00:28:52,390 spontaneity of the process now another 932 00:28:52,390 --> 00:28:52,400 spontaneity of the process now another 933 00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,410 spontaneity of the process now another term that we should simply know 934 00:28:55,410 --> 00:28:55,420 term that we should simply know 935 00:28:55,420 --> 00:29:03,300 term that we should simply know reversible and irreversible processes 936 00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:03,310 937 00:29:03,310 --> 00:29:13,590 reversible versus irreversible now 938 00:29:13,590 --> 00:29:13,600 reversible versus irreversible now 939 00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:18,280 reversible versus irreversible now remember we have talked about reversible 940 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:18,290 remember we have talked about reversible 941 00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:22,200 remember we have talked about reversible reaction in chemical kinetics and also 942 00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:22,210 reaction in chemical kinetics and also 943 00:29:22,210 --> 00:29:25,390 reaction in chemical kinetics and also equilibrium we said that every chemical 944 00:29:25,390 --> 00:29:25,400 equilibrium we said that every chemical 945 00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,360 equilibrium we said that every chemical reaction is reversible and all 946 00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:28,370 reaction is reversible and all 947 00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:30,220 reaction is reversible and all reversible reaction will reach through 948 00:29:30,220 --> 00:29:30,230 reversible reaction will reach through 949 00:29:30,230 --> 00:29:30,970 reversible reaction will reach through an equilibrium 950 00:29:30,970 --> 00:29:30,980 an equilibrium 951 00:29:30,980 --> 00:29:33,190 an equilibrium now that reversible and this reversible 952 00:29:33,190 --> 00:29:33,200 now that reversible and this reversible 953 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:37,390 now that reversible and this reversible are not exactly the same now reversible 954 00:29:37,390 --> 00:29:37,400 are not exactly the same now reversible 955 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,750 are not exactly the same now reversible simply means that let's look at here if 956 00:29:40,750 --> 00:29:40,760 simply means that let's look at here if 957 00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:44,230 simply means that let's look at here if a process is taking place in one 958 00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:44,240 a process is taking place in one 959 00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,540 a process is taking place in one direction spontaneously if an 960 00:29:48,540 --> 00:29:48,550 direction spontaneously if an 961 00:29:48,550 --> 00:29:53,230 direction spontaneously if an infinitesimal amount of change reverses 962 00:29:53,230 --> 00:29:53,240 infinitesimal amount of change reverses 963 00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:56,130 infinitesimal amount of change reverses that process in the opposite direction 964 00:29:56,130 --> 00:29:56,140 that process in the opposite direction 965 00:29:56,140 --> 00:30:00,990 that process in the opposite direction means that process is reversible process 966 00:30:00,990 --> 00:30:01,000 means that process is reversible process 967 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,720 means that process is reversible process right now what does that means that 968 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:04,730 right now what does that means that 969 00:30:04,730 --> 00:30:07,720 right now what does that means that let's read it here it says the system 970 00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:07,730 let's read it here it says the system 971 00:30:07,730 --> 00:30:09,580 let's read it here it says the system changes so that the system and the 972 00:30:09,580 --> 00:30:09,590 changes so that the system and the 973 00:30:09,590 --> 00:30:12,640 changes so that the system and the surrounding can be returned to original 974 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:12,650 surrounding can be returned to original 975 00:30:12,650 --> 00:30:15,510 surrounding can be returned to original state by exactly reversion the process 976 00:30:15,510 --> 00:30:15,520 state by exactly reversion the process 977 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,820 state by exactly reversion the process this maximizes work done by the system 978 00:30:18,820 --> 00:30:18,830 this maximizes work done by the system 979 00:30:18,830 --> 00:30:20,290 this maximizes work done by the system on the surrounding 980 00:30:20,290 --> 00:30:20,300 on the surrounding 981 00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:26,350 on the surrounding but this reversibility should be the 982 00:30:26,350 --> 00:30:26,360 but this reversibility should be the 983 00:30:26,360 --> 00:30:28,900 but this reversibility should be the case when you have an infinite system of 984 00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:28,910 case when you have an infinite system of 985 00:30:28,910 --> 00:30:30,760 case when you have an infinite system of change of pressure 986 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:30,770 change of pressure 987 00:30:30,770 --> 00:30:33,070 change of pressure or temperature or volume or something 988 00:30:33,070 --> 00:30:33,080 or temperature or volume or something 989 00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:36,390 or temperature or volume or something else that's what reversible simply means 990 00:30:36,390 --> 00:30:36,400 else that's what reversible simply means 991 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:40,150 else that's what reversible simply means now irreversible process cannot be done 992 00:30:40,150 --> 00:30:40,160 now irreversible process cannot be done 993 00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:42,340 now irreversible process cannot be done by exactly reversion the change to the 994 00:30:42,340 --> 00:30:42,350 by exactly reversion the change to the 995 00:30:42,350 --> 00:30:44,320 by exactly reversion the change to the system or cannot have the process 996 00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:44,330 system or cannot have the process 997 00:30:44,330 --> 00:30:47,290 system or cannot have the process exactly followed reverse also any 998 00:30:47,290 --> 00:30:47,300 exactly followed reverse also any 999 00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:50,620 exactly followed reverse also any spontaneous process is irreversible all 1000 00:30:50,620 --> 00:30:50,630 spontaneous process is irreversible all 1001 00:30:50,630 --> 00:30:53,050 spontaneous process is irreversible all right now here is that's what we come in 1002 00:30:53,050 --> 00:30:53,060 right now here is that's what we come in 1003 00:30:53,060 --> 00:30:54,510 right now here is that's what we come in now 1004 00:30:54,510 --> 00:30:54,520 now 1005 00:30:54,520 --> 00:30:59,200 now usually the system not usually I guess I 1006 00:30:59,200 --> 00:30:59,210 usually the system not usually I guess I 1007 00:30:59,210 --> 00:31:02,530 usually the system not usually I guess I should probably say always when we say 1008 00:31:02,530 --> 00:31:02,540 should probably say always when we say 1009 00:31:02,540 --> 00:31:06,370 should probably say always when we say reversible process in chemistry we mean 1010 00:31:06,370 --> 00:31:06,380 reversible process in chemistry we mean 1011 00:31:06,380 --> 00:31:14,500 reversible process in chemistry we mean the process at equilibrium now when we 1012 00:31:14,500 --> 00:31:14,510 the process at equilibrium now when we 1013 00:31:14,510 --> 00:31:17,050 the process at equilibrium now when we say the irreversible process that means 1014 00:31:17,050 --> 00:31:17,060 say the irreversible process that means 1015 00:31:17,060 --> 00:31:18,940 say the irreversible process that means that the process is far away from the 1016 00:31:18,940 --> 00:31:18,950 that the process is far away from the 1017 00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:19,990 that the process is far away from the equilibrium it's going to the 1018 00:31:19,990 --> 00:31:20,000 equilibrium it's going to the 1019 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:24,250 equilibrium it's going to the equilibrium so all in Reverse all 1020 00:31:24,250 --> 00:31:24,260 equilibrium so all in Reverse all 1021 00:31:24,260 --> 00:31:25,890 equilibrium so all in Reverse all spontaneous processes are irreversible 1022 00:31:25,890 --> 00:31:25,900 spontaneous processes are irreversible 1023 00:31:25,900 --> 00:31:28,510 spontaneous processes are irreversible drop in that or anything that taken 1024 00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:28,520 drop in that or anything that taken 1025 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:30,640 drop in that or anything that taken place by itself but the equilibrium 1026 00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:30,650 place by itself but the equilibrium 1027 00:31:30,650 --> 00:31:33,300 place by itself but the equilibrium system in fact for example if you have 1028 00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:33,310 system in fact for example if you have 1029 00:31:33,310 --> 00:31:38,980 system in fact for example if you have let's put if you have a liquid and it's 1030 00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:38,990 let's put if you have a liquid and it's 1031 00:31:38,990 --> 00:31:41,110 let's put if you have a liquid and it's vapor pressure in a closed system in 1032 00:31:41,110 --> 00:31:41,120 vapor pressure in a closed system in 1033 00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,180 vapor pressure in a closed system in equilibrium if you just change in the 1034 00:31:43,180 --> 00:31:43,190 equilibrium if you just change in the 1035 00:31:43,190 --> 00:31:45,430 equilibrium if you just change in the temperature just a little bit delta T 1036 00:31:45,430 --> 00:31:45,440 temperature just a little bit delta T 1037 00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:50,020 temperature just a little bit delta T amount then the process will go in the 1038 00:31:50,020 --> 00:31:50,030 amount then the process will go in the 1039 00:31:50,030 --> 00:31:52,090 amount then the process will go in the opposite direction right for example the 1040 00:31:52,090 --> 00:31:52,100 opposite direction right for example the 1041 00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:53,590 opposite direction right for example the increase the pressure just a little bit 1042 00:31:53,590 --> 00:31:53,600 increase the pressure just a little bit 1043 00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,220 increase the pressure just a little bit more that means that more gas molecules 1044 00:31:57,220 --> 00:31:57,230 more that means that more gas molecules 1045 00:31:57,230 --> 00:32:00,340 more that means that more gas molecules will go into the liquid state now on the 1046 00:32:00,340 --> 00:32:00,350 will go into the liquid state now on the 1047 00:32:00,350 --> 00:32:01,540 will go into the liquid state now on the other side if you change the pressure 1048 00:32:01,540 --> 00:32:01,550 other side if you change the pressure 1049 00:32:01,550 --> 00:32:03,730 other side if you change the pressure just a little bit decrease the pressure 1050 00:32:03,730 --> 00:32:03,740 just a little bit decrease the pressure 1051 00:32:03,740 --> 00:32:05,920 just a little bit decrease the pressure then the reverse process will take place 1052 00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:05,930 then the reverse process will take place 1053 00:32:05,930 --> 00:32:08,620 then the reverse process will take place so the equilibrium system the system at 1054 00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:08,630 so the equilibrium system the system at 1055 00:32:08,630 --> 00:32:11,770 so the equilibrium system the system at equilibrium can go to the right or to 1056 00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:11,780 equilibrium can go to the right or to 1057 00:32:11,780 --> 00:32:15,370 equilibrium can go to the right or to the left by infinitesimal amount of 1058 00:32:15,370 --> 00:32:15,380 the left by infinitesimal amount of 1059 00:32:15,380 --> 00:32:20,410 the left by infinitesimal amount of changes made in the factors and that is 1060 00:32:20,410 --> 00:32:20,420 changes made in the factors and that is 1061 00:32:20,420 --> 00:32:22,960 changes made in the factors and that is the reversible process and otherwise 1062 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:22,970 the reversible process and otherwise 1063 00:32:22,970 --> 00:32:25,480 the reversible process and otherwise it's not reversible process so only 1064 00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:25,490 it's not reversible process so only 1065 00:32:25,490 --> 00:32:28,090 it's not reversible process so only actually we just say that only the 1066 00:32:28,090 --> 00:32:28,100 actually we just say that only the 1067 00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:31,420 actually we just say that only the system at equilibrium are considered as 1068 00:32:31,420 --> 00:32:31,430 system at equilibrium are considered as 1069 00:32:31,430 --> 00:32:34,990 system at equilibrium are considered as reversible process as example mountain 1070 00:32:34,990 --> 00:32:35,000 reversible process as example mountain 1071 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:39,280 reversible process as example mountain of ice at zero degree centigrade is a 1072 00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:39,290 of ice at zero degree centigrade is a 1073 00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:42,460 of ice at zero degree centigrade is a reversible process but mountain of ice 1074 00:32:42,460 --> 00:32:42,470 reversible process but mountain of ice 1075 00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:44,770 reversible process but mountain of ice at 10 degree centigrade 1076 00:32:44,770 --> 00:32:44,780 at 10 degree centigrade 1077 00:32:44,780 --> 00:32:46,930 at 10 degree centigrade is not a reversible process its 1078 00:32:46,930 --> 00:32:46,940 is not a reversible process its 1079 00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,300 is not a reversible process its spontaneous process but not reversible 1080 00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:49,310 spontaneous process but not reversible 1081 00:32:49,310 --> 00:32:54,010 spontaneous process but not reversible process and actually the below zero 1082 00:32:54,010 --> 00:32:54,020 process and actually the below zero 1083 00:32:54,020 --> 00:32:55,000 process and actually the below zero degrees centigrade 1084 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:55,010 degrees centigrade 1085 00:32:55,010 --> 00:32:57,490 degrees centigrade again like freezing of liquid water 1086 00:32:57,490 --> 00:32:57,500 again like freezing of liquid water 1087 00:32:57,500 --> 00:32:59,080 again like freezing of liquid water below zero degree centigrade is not 1088 00:32:59,080 --> 00:32:59,090 below zero degree centigrade is not 1089 00:32:59,090 --> 00:32:59,860 below zero degree centigrade is not spontaneous 1090 00:32:59,860 --> 00:32:59,870 spontaneous 1091 00:32:59,870 --> 00:33:02,470 spontaneous but freezing water at zero degree 1092 00:33:02,470 --> 00:33:02,480 but freezing water at zero degree 1093 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:04,900 but freezing water at zero degree centigrade is equilibrium and it's a 1094 00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:04,910 centigrade is equilibrium and it's a 1095 00:33:04,910 --> 00:33:06,790 centigrade is equilibrium and it's a reversible process a reversible process 1096 00:33:06,790 --> 00:33:06,800 reversible process a reversible process 1097 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,730 reversible process a reversible process so that's what reversible simply means 1098 00:33:09,730 --> 00:33:09,740 so that's what reversible simply means 1099 00:33:09,740 --> 00:33:11,440 so that's what reversible simply means in thermodynamics we should probably 1100 00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:11,450 in thermodynamics we should probably 1101 00:33:11,450 --> 00:33:14,440 in thermodynamics we should probably keep that in mind 1102 00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:14,450 keep that in mind 1103 00:33:14,450 --> 00:33:17,950 keep that in mind all right now entropy again let's think 1104 00:33:17,950 --> 00:33:17,960 all right now entropy again let's think 1105 00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:20,260 all right now entropy again let's think about this a little bit more entropy can 1106 00:33:20,260 --> 00:33:20,270 about this a little bit more entropy can 1107 00:33:20,270 --> 00:33:23,230 about this a little bit more entropy can be thought as a measure of randomness of 1108 00:33:23,230 --> 00:33:23,240 be thought as a measure of randomness of 1109 00:33:23,240 --> 00:33:29,170 be thought as a measure of randomness of a system and it is a state function it 1110 00:33:29,170 --> 00:33:29,180 a system and it is a state function it 1111 00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,230 a system and it is a state function it is a state function what does that means 1112 00:33:32,230 --> 00:33:32,240 is a state function what does that means 1113 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:39,390 is a state function what does that means just like internal energy and enthalpy 1114 00:33:39,390 --> 00:33:39,400 1115 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,880 entropy which is designated by us is a 1116 00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:42,890 entropy which is designated by us is a 1117 00:33:42,890 --> 00:33:46,720 entropy which is designated by us is a state function and the change in entropy 1118 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:46,730 state function and the change in entropy 1119 00:33:46,730 --> 00:33:49,120 state function and the change in entropy Delta s going from initial to the final 1120 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:49,130 Delta s going from initial to the final 1121 00:33:49,130 --> 00:33:52,030 Delta s going from initial to the final state will be independent of the path 1122 00:33:52,030 --> 00:33:52,040 state will be independent of the path 1123 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:56,220 state will be independent of the path that we follow and Delta s the end 1124 00:33:56,220 --> 00:33:56,230 that we follow and Delta s the end 1125 00:33:56,230 --> 00:34:00,010 that we follow and Delta s the end entropy change is equal to the entropy 1126 00:34:00,010 --> 00:34:00,020 entropy change is equal to the entropy 1127 00:34:00,020 --> 00:34:02,620 entropy change is equal to the entropy of the system in the final state minus 1128 00:34:02,620 --> 00:34:02,630 of the system in the final state minus 1129 00:34:02,630 --> 00:34:04,660 of the system in the final state minus the entropy of the system at initial 1130 00:34:04,660 --> 00:34:04,670 the entropy of the system at initial 1131 00:34:04,670 --> 00:34:05,490 the entropy of the system at initial State 1132 00:34:05,490 --> 00:34:05,500 State 1133 00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:10,659 State now the entropy change can also be found 1134 00:34:10,659 --> 00:34:10,669 now the entropy change can also be found 1135 00:34:10,669 --> 00:34:15,300 now the entropy change can also be found again as follow if we know the heat 1136 00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:15,310 again as follow if we know the heat 1137 00:34:15,310 --> 00:34:18,790 again as follow if we know the heat involved in the process and also the 1138 00:34:18,790 --> 00:34:18,800 involved in the process and also the 1139 00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:25,060 involved in the process and also the process is a reversible process then we 1140 00:34:25,060 --> 00:34:25,070 process is a reversible process then we 1141 00:34:25,070 --> 00:34:29,560 process is a reversible process then we can calculate the entropy change for 1142 00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:29,570 can calculate the entropy change for 1143 00:34:29,570 --> 00:34:31,629 can calculate the entropy change for that process if we know the temperature 1144 00:34:31,629 --> 00:34:31,639 that process if we know the temperature 1145 00:34:31,639 --> 00:34:34,240 that process if we know the temperature and the temperature has to be constantly 1146 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:34,250 and the temperature has to be constantly 1147 00:34:34,250 --> 00:34:42,579 and the temperature has to be constantly temperature has to be constant now 1148 00:34:42,579 --> 00:34:42,589 1149 00:34:42,589 --> 00:34:46,389 what is that simply means let me just 1150 00:34:46,389 --> 00:34:46,399 what is that simply means let me just 1151 00:34:46,399 --> 00:35:17,670 what is that simply means let me just explain for example 1152 00:35:17,670 --> 00:35:17,680 1153 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:27,420 now for example when we have water solid 1154 00:35:27,420 --> 00:35:27,430 now for example when we have water solid 1155 00:35:27,430 --> 00:35:43,760 now for example when we have water solid ice and that goes to gas water no okay 1156 00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:43,770 ice and that goes to gas water no okay 1157 00:35:43,770 --> 00:35:46,440 ice and that goes to gas water no okay solid and liquid here let's make that 1158 00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:46,450 solid and liquid here let's make that 1159 00:35:46,450 --> 00:35:51,950 solid and liquid here let's make that liquid and for this process Delta H 1160 00:35:51,950 --> 00:35:51,960 liquid and for this process Delta H 1161 00:35:51,960 --> 00:36:00,600 liquid and for this process Delta H fusion cold fusion is given as 6.0 1 1162 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:00,610 fusion cold fusion is given as 6.0 1 1163 00:36:00,610 --> 00:36:10,830 fusion cold fusion is given as 6.0 1 times 10 to the 3 joules per mole like 1164 00:36:10,830 --> 00:36:10,840 times 10 to the 3 joules per mole like 1165 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:17,160 times 10 to the 3 joules per mole like this now the entropy change let's say 1166 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:17,170 this now the entropy change let's say 1167 00:36:17,170 --> 00:36:22,520 this now the entropy change let's say this is 1 mole and this is also 1 more 1168 00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:22,530 this is 1 mole and this is also 1 more 1169 00:36:22,530 --> 00:36:29,070 this is 1 mole and this is also 1 more like this and again at 1 atmosphere 1170 00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:29,080 like this and again at 1 atmosphere 1171 00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:37,610 like this and again at 1 atmosphere pressure I can simply calculate the 1172 00:36:37,610 --> 00:36:37,620 pressure I can simply calculate the 1173 00:36:37,620 --> 00:36:44,280 pressure I can simply calculate the entropy change melt in one mole of ice - 1174 00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:44,290 entropy change melt in one mole of ice - 1175 00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,700 entropy change melt in one mole of ice - one mole of water and this is going to 1176 00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:47,710 one mole of water and this is going to 1177 00:36:47,710 --> 00:36:54,000 one mole of water and this is going to be again as follow Delta s would be 1178 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:54,010 be again as follow Delta s would be 1179 00:36:54,010 --> 00:37:02,720 be again as follow Delta s would be equals to Delta H or I can say fusion 1180 00:37:02,720 --> 00:37:02,730 equals to Delta H or I can say fusion 1181 00:37:02,730 --> 00:37:08,220 equals to Delta H or I can say fusion divided by the temperature but now let's 1182 00:37:08,220 --> 00:37:08,230 divided by the temperature but now let's 1183 00:37:08,230 --> 00:37:10,200 divided by the temperature but now let's put that T over here and that will be 1184 00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:10,210 put that T over here and that will be 1185 00:37:10,210 --> 00:37:15,930 put that T over here and that will be equal to Q reversible divided by under 1186 00:37:15,930 --> 00:37:15,940 equal to Q reversible divided by under 1187 00:37:15,940 --> 00:37:20,940 equal to Q reversible divided by under constant pressure T over here and now I 1188 00:37:20,940 --> 00:37:20,950 constant pressure T over here and now I 1189 00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:23,880 constant pressure T over here and now I can calculate this and that is going to 1190 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:23,890 can calculate this and that is going to 1191 00:37:23,890 --> 00:37:27,720 can calculate this and that is going to be six point zero one times 10 to the 1192 00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:27,730 be six point zero one times 10 to the 1193 00:37:27,730 --> 00:37:32,600 be six point zero one times 10 to the three jewels term 1194 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:32,610 three jewels term 1195 00:37:32,610 --> 00:37:40,070 three jewels term and now tell me what is the temperature 1196 00:37:40,070 --> 00:37:40,080 and now tell me what is the temperature 1197 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:47,990 and now tell me what is the temperature what I should put the temperature there 1198 00:37:47,990 --> 00:37:48,000 1199 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,460 yet yes Kevin but what value of 1200 00:37:50,460 --> 00:37:50,470 yet yes Kevin but what value of 1201 00:37:50,470 --> 00:38:17,700 yet yes Kevin but what value of temperature 273 why yes so what 1202 00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:17,710 1203 00:38:17,710 --> 00:38:22,349 that simply means to have every versa 1204 00:38:22,349 --> 00:38:22,359 that simply means to have every versa 1205 00:38:22,359 --> 00:38:25,710 that simply means to have every versa ball this is a reversible process right 1206 00:38:25,710 --> 00:38:25,720 ball this is a reversible process right 1207 00:38:25,720 --> 00:38:30,660 ball this is a reversible process right to have that process reversible means 1208 00:38:30,660 --> 00:38:30,670 to have that process reversible means 1209 00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:35,370 to have that process reversible means that it should be equilibrium case and 1210 00:38:35,370 --> 00:38:35,380 that it should be equilibrium case and 1211 00:38:35,380 --> 00:38:39,750 that it should be equilibrium case and that equilibrium will be only at zero 1212 00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:39,760 that equilibrium will be only at zero 1213 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:42,870 that equilibrium will be only at zero degree centigrade which is 273 degree 1214 00:38:42,870 --> 00:38:42,880 degree centigrade which is 273 degree 1215 00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:45,089 degree centigrade which is 273 degree centigrade yes that's what it is 1216 00:38:45,089 --> 00:38:45,099 centigrade yes that's what it is 1217 00:38:45,099 --> 00:38:47,010 centigrade yes that's what it is otherwise if I put here another 1218 00:38:47,010 --> 00:38:47,020 otherwise if I put here another 1219 00:38:47,020 --> 00:38:51,060 otherwise if I put here another temperature then this Delta s actually 1220 00:38:51,060 --> 00:38:51,070 temperature then this Delta s actually 1221 00:38:51,070 --> 00:38:56,310 temperature then this Delta s actually will not be equal to that the entropy 1222 00:38:56,310 --> 00:38:56,320 will not be equal to that the entropy 1223 00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:58,530 will not be equal to that the entropy change that we calculated it will not be 1224 00:38:58,530 --> 00:38:58,540 change that we calculated it will not be 1225 00:38:58,540 --> 00:39:01,230 change that we calculated it will not be correct so we simply put here the 1226 00:39:01,230 --> 00:39:01,240 correct so we simply put here the 1227 00:39:01,240 --> 00:39:06,780 correct so we simply put here the temperature which is 273 Kelvin in other 1228 00:39:06,780 --> 00:39:06,790 temperature which is 273 Kelvin in other 1229 00:39:06,790 --> 00:39:08,910 temperature which is 273 Kelvin in other words it should be also Kelvin and then 1230 00:39:08,910 --> 00:39:08,920 words it should be also Kelvin and then 1231 00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:18,260 words it should be also Kelvin and then we simply calculate that as here 20 2.0 1232 00:39:18,260 --> 00:39:18,270 we simply calculate that as here 20 2.0 1233 00:39:18,270 --> 00:39:26,839 we simply calculate that as here 20 2.0 joules per Kelvin per mole okay so now 1234 00:39:26,839 --> 00:39:26,849 joules per Kelvin per mole okay so now 1235 00:39:26,849 --> 00:39:32,329 joules per Kelvin per mole okay so now what we have here the unit of entropy is 1236 00:39:32,329 --> 00:39:32,339 what we have here the unit of entropy is 1237 00:39:32,339 --> 00:39:38,190 what we have here the unit of entropy is joules per Kelvin right joules per 1238 00:39:38,190 --> 00:39:38,200 joules per Kelvin right joules per 1239 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,520 joules per Kelvin right joules per Kelvin is the entropy unit and this is 1240 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:41,530 Kelvin is the entropy unit and this is 1241 00:39:41,530 --> 00:39:42,210 Kelvin is the entropy unit and this is per mole 1242 00:39:42,210 --> 00:39:42,220 per mole 1243 00:39:42,220 --> 00:39:44,970 per mole every doesn't matter we can simply take 1244 00:39:44,970 --> 00:39:44,980 every doesn't matter we can simply take 1245 00:39:44,980 --> 00:39:48,510 every doesn't matter we can simply take that but that is what the unit of 1246 00:39:48,510 --> 00:39:48,520 that but that is what the unit of 1247 00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:51,690 that but that is what the unit of entropy joules per Kelvin like this but 1248 00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:51,700 entropy joules per Kelvin like this but 1249 00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:54,690 entropy joules per Kelvin like this but you see again what I try to tell you 1250 00:39:54,690 --> 00:39:54,700 you see again what I try to tell you 1251 00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:58,320 you see again what I try to tell you that reversible means in thermodynamics 1252 00:39:58,320 --> 00:39:58,330 that reversible means in thermodynamics 1253 00:39:58,330 --> 00:40:00,620 that reversible means in thermodynamics that means the system is at equilibrium 1254 00:40:00,620 --> 00:40:00,630 that means the system is at equilibrium 1255 00:40:00,630 --> 00:40:04,500 that means the system is at equilibrium equilibrium systems if this temperature 1256 00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:04,510 equilibrium systems if this temperature 1257 00:40:04,510 --> 00:40:08,310 equilibrium systems if this temperature is at different temperature then the 1258 00:40:08,310 --> 00:40:08,320 is at different temperature then the 1259 00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:11,400 is at different temperature then the mountain of ice it would be simply the 1260 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:11,410 mountain of ice it would be simply the 1261 00:40:11,410 --> 00:40:14,370 mountain of ice it would be simply the entropy will be different but it is not 1262 00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:14,380 entropy will be different but it is not 1263 00:40:14,380 --> 00:40:15,630 entropy will be different but it is not going to be a reversible process 1264 00:40:15,630 --> 00:40:15,640 going to be a reversible process 1265 00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:17,730 going to be a reversible process actually it's not going to be reversible 1266 00:40:17,730 --> 00:40:17,740 actually it's not going to be reversible 1267 00:40:17,740 --> 00:40:24,839 actually it's not going to be reversible process 1268 00:40:24,839 --> 00:40:24,849 1269 00:40:24,849 --> 00:40:30,299 okay so let's continue here now the 1270 00:40:30,299 --> 00:40:30,309 okay so let's continue here now the 1271 00:40:30,309 --> 00:40:33,640 okay so let's continue here now the second law of thermodynamics this is 1272 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:33,650 second law of thermodynamics this is 1273 00:40:33,650 --> 00:40:35,289 second law of thermodynamics this is again important the first law of 1274 00:40:35,289 --> 00:40:35,299 again important the first law of 1275 00:40:35,299 --> 00:40:37,259 again important the first law of thermodynamics remember was the 1276 00:40:37,259 --> 00:40:37,269 thermodynamics remember was the 1277 00:40:37,269 --> 00:40:40,839 thermodynamics remember was the conservation of energy yes I guess we 1278 00:40:40,839 --> 00:40:40,849 conservation of energy yes I guess we 1279 00:40:40,849 --> 00:40:45,999 conservation of energy yes I guess we should stop here and let you go because