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we're talking about chips free energy

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we're talking about chips free energy

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we're talking about chips free energy
and how we get to this point remember

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and how we get to this point remember

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and how we get to this point remember
when we talked about the entropy change

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when we talked about the entropy change

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when we talked about the entropy change
the entropy change of the universe is

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the entropy change of the universe is

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the entropy change of the universe is
equal to the entropy change of the

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equal to the entropy change of the

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equal to the entropy change of the
system and the surrounding we only know

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system and the surrounding we only know

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system and the surrounding we only know
these and then we substitute the

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these and then we substitute the

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these and then we substitute the
surrounding entropy change of the

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surrounding entropy change of the

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surrounding entropy change of the
surroundings with minus enthalpy change

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surroundings with minus enthalpy change

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surroundings with minus enthalpy change
of the system divided by the temperature

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of the system divided by the temperature

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of the system divided by the temperature
for spontaneous and constant pressure

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for spontaneous and constant pressure

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for spontaneous and constant pressure
and we get this and rearranging it

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and we get this and rearranging it

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and we get this and rearranging it
finally equation here so minus T Delta s

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finally equation here so minus T Delta s

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finally equation here so minus T Delta s
universe is equal to enthalpy change of

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universe is equal to enthalpy change of

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universe is equal to enthalpy change of
the system and temperature minus

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the system and temperature minus

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the system and temperature minus
temperature times entropy change of the

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temperature times entropy change of the

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temperature times entropy change of the
system now by looking at this again if

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system now by looking at this again if

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system now by looking at this again if
the process is spontaneous remember

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the process is spontaneous remember

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the process is spontaneous remember
irreversible spontaneous processes are

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irreversible spontaneous processes are

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irreversible spontaneous processes are
River irreversible and the entropy

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River irreversible and the entropy

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River irreversible and the entropy
change of the universe according to the

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change of the universe according to the

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change of the universe according to the
second law of thermodynamics will always

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second law of thermodynamics will always

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second law of thermodynamics will always
be positive right now that simply means

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be positive right now that simply means

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be positive right now that simply means
that if the process is simply

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that if the process is simply

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that if the process is simply
spontaneous this part here the Alta ash

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spontaneous this part here the Alta ash

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spontaneous this part here the Alta ash
universe will be positive multiply that

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universe will be positive multiply that

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universe will be positive multiply that
by an minus T that means this part on

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by an minus T that means this part on

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by an minus T that means this part on
the left side of the equation will be

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the left side of the equation will be

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the left side of the equation will be
negative now what does that means that

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negative now what does that means that

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negative now what does that means that
means the reaction is spontaneous now if

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means the reaction is spontaneous now if

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means the reaction is spontaneous now if
this part actually minus T Delta s

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this part actually minus T Delta s

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this part actually minus T Delta s
universe is not negative that means that

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universe is not negative that means that

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universe is not negative that means that
the reaction will not be spontaneous so

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the reaction will not be spontaneous so

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the reaction will not be spontaneous so
in other words as I said last time if we

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in other words as I said last time if we

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in other words as I said last time if we
know the value of this here and then we

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know the value of this here and then we

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know the value of this here and then we
can calculate for a process we can

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can calculate for a process we can

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can calculate for a process we can
simply predict whether the process will

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simply predict whether the process will

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simply predict whether the process will
be spontaneous or not spontaneous and

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be spontaneous or not spontaneous and

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be spontaneous or not spontaneous and
how we simply obtain that if we know the

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how we simply obtain that if we know the

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how we simply obtain that if we know the
enthalpy change of the system and the

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enthalpy change of the system and the

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enthalpy change of the system and the
entropy change of the system we can put

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entropy change of the system we can put

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entropy change of the system we can put
those here and calculate this and if

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those here and calculate this and if

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those here and calculate this and if
that turns out to be negative this where

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that turns out to be negative this where

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that turns out to be negative this where
the process is spontaneous if that turns

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the process is spontaneous if that turns

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the process is spontaneous if that turns
out to be positive the process is non

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out to be positive the process is non

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out to be positive the process is non
spontaneous

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spontaneous

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spontaneous
now instead of talking about minus T

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now instead of talking about minus T

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now instead of talking about minus T
Delta s universe that has been simply

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Delta s universe that has been simply

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Delta s universe that has been simply
replaced by another thermodynamic

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replaced by another thermodynamic

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replaced by another thermodynamic
function which is simply called JYP's

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function which is simply called JYP's

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function which is simply called JYP's
free energy gibbs free energy and this

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free energy gibbs free energy and this

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free energy gibbs free energy and this
is designated

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is designated

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is designated
by capital G again just like same as the

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by capital G again just like same as the

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by capital G again just like same as the
enthalpy and the entropy the Gibbs free

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enthalpy and the entropy the Gibbs free

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enthalpy and the entropy the Gibbs free
energy is a state function what that

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energy is a state function what that

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energy is a state function what that
means that the Delta G change in the

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means that the Delta G change in the

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means that the Delta G change in the
Gibbs free energy in fact will be

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Gibbs free energy in fact will be

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Gibbs free energy in fact will be
independent of the path followed to go

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independent of the path followed to go

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independent of the path followed to go
from initial to the final state as

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from initial to the final state as

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from initial to the final state as
spontaneous as simply the state function

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spontaneous as simply the state function

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spontaneous as simply the state function
and then we can simply write this

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and then we can simply write this

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and then we can simply write this
equation here which is JYP's free energy

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equation here which is JYP's free energy

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equation here which is JYP's free energy
change Delta G is equal to Delta H times

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change Delta G is equal to Delta H times

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change Delta G is equal to Delta H times
T Delta s so some way if we can

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T Delta s so some way if we can

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T Delta s so some way if we can
calculate simply the values of Delta G

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calculate simply the values of Delta G

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calculate simply the values of Delta G
from here then we can predict whether

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from here then we can predict whether

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from here then we can predict whether
the process will be spontaneous or

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the process will be spontaneous or

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the process will be spontaneous or
non-spontaneous if the Delta G turns out

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non-spontaneous if the Delta G turns out

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non-spontaneous if the Delta G turns out
to be negative we say the process is

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to be negative we say the process is

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to be negative we say the process is
spontaneous now if Delta G turns out to

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spontaneous now if Delta G turns out to

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spontaneous now if Delta G turns out to
be simply positive in that case we say

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be simply positive in that case we say

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be simply positive in that case we say
the reaction is written way or the

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the reaction is written way or the

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the reaction is written way or the
process is not spontaneous

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process is not spontaneous

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process is not spontaneous
you

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predicting

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predicting

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predicting
sponsored each

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sponsored each

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sponsored each
again from the chemistry standpoint I

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again from the chemistry standpoint I

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again from the chemistry standpoint I
will simply use this equation to predict

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will simply use this equation to predict

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will simply use this equation to predict
whether a chemical reaction will be

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whether a chemical reaction will be

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whether a chemical reaction will be
spontaneous or it will be non

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spontaneous or it will be non

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spontaneous or it will be non
spontaneous and that's very very

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spontaneous and that's very very

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spontaneous and that's very very
important information so we simply have

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important information so we simply have

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important information so we simply have
this equation and if we can calculate

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this equation and if we can calculate

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this equation and if we can calculate
Delta H and Delta s again we can simply

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Delta H and Delta s again we can simply

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Delta H and Delta s again we can simply
find out what the reaction will be

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find out what the reaction will be

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find out what the reaction will be
spontaneous or non-spontaneous again you

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spontaneous or non-spontaneous again you

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spontaneous or non-spontaneous again you
see the important things is the

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see the important things is the

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see the important things is the
spontaneity of a process is determined

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spontaneity of a process is determined

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spontaneity of a process is determined
by two factors one is the enthalpy

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by two factors one is the enthalpy

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by two factors one is the enthalpy
change of the process second is the

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change of the process second is the

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change of the process second is the
entropy change of the process now

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entropy change of the process now

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entropy change of the process now
sometimes these two changes entropy and

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sometimes these two changes entropy and

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sometimes these two changes entropy and
the enthalpy effect is in the same

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the enthalpy effect is in the same

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the enthalpy effect is in the same
direction sometimes they are in opposite

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direction sometimes they are in opposite

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direction sometimes they are in opposite
directions right when they are in the

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directions right when they are in the

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directions right when they are in the
same direction that means that depending

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same direction that means that depending

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same direction that means that depending
on their sign the process will always be

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on their sign the process will always be

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on their sign the process will always be
spontaneous or will be always non

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spontaneous or will be always non

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spontaneous or will be always non
spontaneous but if they are opposite to

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spontaneous but if they are opposite to

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spontaneous but if they are opposite to
each other that means that if Delta G

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each other that means that if Delta G

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each other that means that if Delta G
Delta H is negative and Delta s is

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Delta H is negative and Delta s is

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Delta H is negative and Delta s is
negative also

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direction that means not the way it is

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direction that means not the way it is

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direction that means not the way it is
written but it will be in the reverse

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written but it will be in the reverse

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written but it will be in the reverse
direction again so now three

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direction again so now three

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direction again so now three
informations dependent on the values of

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informations dependent on the values of

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informations dependent on the values of
the Delta G for the process spontaneous

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the Delta G for the process spontaneous

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the Delta G for the process spontaneous
non spontaneous or equilibrium again if

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non spontaneous or equilibrium again if

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non spontaneous or equilibrium again if
this is equal to zero Delta G is equal

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this is equal to zero Delta G is equal

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this is equal to zero Delta G is equal
to zero that means in equilibrium now

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to zero that means in equilibrium now

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to zero that means in equilibrium now
here is the how we this is the reaction

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here is the how we this is the reaction

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here is the how we this is the reaction
actually between nitrogen and hydrogen

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actually between nitrogen and hydrogen

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actually between nitrogen and hydrogen
Haber process how the reaction to obtain

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Haber process how the reaction to obtain

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Haber process how the reaction to obtain
the ammonia again free energy change is

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the ammonia again free energy change is

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the ammonia again free energy change is
given here as the reaction goes from

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given here as the reaction goes from

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given here as the reaction goes from
reactant to the product so this is

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reactant to the product so this is

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reactant to the product so this is
actually the free energy of the reactant

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actually the free energy of the reactant

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actually the free energy of the reactant
and this is the free energy of the

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and this is the free energy of the

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and this is the free energy of the
product so the free energy difference

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product so the free energy difference

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product so the free energy difference
here will be simply this minus that

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here will be simply this minus that

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here will be simply this minus that
whatever that value is but now you see

242
00:07:13,260 --> 00:07:13,270
whatever that value is but now you see

243
00:07:13,270 --> 00:07:15,629
whatever that value is but now you see
again the free energy of the system as

244
00:07:15,629 --> 00:07:15,639
again the free energy of the system as

245
00:07:15,639 --> 00:07:19,440
again the free energy of the system as
the reaction goes to the right decreases

246
00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:19,450
the reaction goes to the right decreases

247
00:07:19,450 --> 00:07:23,250
the reaction goes to the right decreases
like this and that becomes minimum here

248
00:07:23,250 --> 00:07:23,260
like this and that becomes minimum here

249
00:07:23,260 --> 00:07:26,250
like this and that becomes minimum here
and that increases here but this

250
00:07:26,250 --> 00:07:26,260
and that increases here but this

251
00:07:26,260 --> 00:07:29,969
and that increases here but this
actually corresponds to react in one

252
00:07:29,969 --> 00:07:29,979
actually corresponds to react in one

253
00:07:29,979 --> 00:07:32,610
actually corresponds to react in one
mole of ammonia with three moles of

254
00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:32,620
mole of ammonia with three moles of

255
00:07:32,620 --> 00:07:35,760
mole of ammonia with three moles of
hydrogen to obtain two moles know one

256
00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:35,770
hydrogen to obtain two moles know one

257
00:07:35,770 --> 00:07:38,159
hydrogen to obtain two moles know one
mole actually from the beginning against

258
00:07:38,159 --> 00:07:38,169
mole actually from the beginning against

259
00:07:38,169 --> 00:07:40,439
mole actually from the beginning against
one mole of nitrogen react in one mole

260
00:07:40,439 --> 00:07:40,449
one mole of nitrogen react in one mole

261
00:07:40,449 --> 00:07:43,140
one mole of nitrogen react in one mole
of nitrogen with three moles of hydrogen

262
00:07:43,140 --> 00:07:43,150
of nitrogen with three moles of hydrogen

263
00:07:43,150 --> 00:07:46,350
of nitrogen with three moles of hydrogen
gas and to obtain two moles of ammonia

264
00:07:46,350 --> 00:07:46,360
gas and to obtain two moles of ammonia

265
00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,860
gas and to obtain two moles of ammonia
and the in the the change free energy

266
00:07:49,860 --> 00:07:49,870
and the in the the change free energy

267
00:07:49,870 --> 00:07:51,839
and the in the the change free energy
change actually is between this point

268
00:07:51,839 --> 00:07:51,849
change actually is between this point

269
00:07:51,849 --> 00:07:55,770
change actually is between this point
and that point that much here but you

270
00:07:55,770 --> 00:07:55,780
and that point that much here but you

271
00:07:55,780 --> 00:07:59,730
and that point that much here but you
see again as the reaction goes from left

272
00:07:59,730 --> 00:07:59,740
see again as the reaction goes from left

273
00:07:59,740 --> 00:08:03,000
see again as the reaction goes from left
to the right the free energy decreases

274
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:03,010
to the right the free energy decreases

275
00:08:03,010 --> 00:08:05,610
to the right the free energy decreases
decreases and becomes minimum here and

276
00:08:05,610 --> 00:08:05,620
decreases and becomes minimum here and

277
00:08:05,620 --> 00:08:07,950
decreases and becomes minimum here and
then if you push it all the way to the

278
00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:07,960
then if you push it all the way to the

279
00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,860
then if you push it all the way to the
right again that means reactant one mole

280
00:08:10,860 --> 00:08:10,870
right again that means reactant one mole

281
00:08:10,870 --> 00:08:14,190
right again that means reactant one mole
of nitrogen with three moles of all of

282
00:08:14,190 --> 00:08:14,200
of nitrogen with three moles of all of

283
00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,080
of nitrogen with three moles of all of
hydrogen to obtain two moles of ammonia

284
00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:16,090
hydrogen to obtain two moles of ammonia

285
00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:19,530
hydrogen to obtain two moles of ammonia
then we get to this point now this

286
00:08:19,530 --> 00:08:19,540
then we get to this point now this

287
00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:21,870
then we get to this point now this
is the point where we have the

288
00:08:21,870 --> 00:08:21,880
is the point where we have the

289
00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:24,240
is the point where we have the
equilibrium actually and that is the

290
00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:24,250
equilibrium actually and that is the

291
00:08:24,250 --> 00:08:27,510
equilibrium actually and that is the
point where delta g correspondence delta

292
00:08:27,510 --> 00:08:27,520
point where delta g correspondence delta

293
00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,540
point where delta g correspondence delta
g corresponds to zero right there now at

294
00:08:30,540 --> 00:08:30,550
g corresponds to zero right there now at

295
00:08:30,550 --> 00:08:32,520
g corresponds to zero right there now at
this point if you simply take the

296
00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:32,530
this point if you simply take the

297
00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:33,900
this point if you simply take the
concentrations of the reactants and the

298
00:08:33,900 --> 00:08:33,910
concentrations of the reactants and the

299
00:08:33,910 --> 00:08:35,190
concentrations of the reactants and the
products put it in the equilibrium

300
00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:35,200
products put it in the equilibrium

301
00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:36,990
products put it in the equilibrium
expression you will find that it will be

302
00:08:36,990 --> 00:08:37,000
expression you will find that it will be

303
00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:38,520
expression you will find that it will be
equal to the equilibrium constant so

304
00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:38,530
equal to the equilibrium constant so

305
00:08:38,530 --> 00:08:41,760
equal to the equilibrium constant so
this corresponds the minimum Delta G

306
00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:41,770
this corresponds the minimum Delta G

307
00:08:41,770 --> 00:08:45,720
this corresponds the minimum Delta G
there corresponds to the equilibrium

308
00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:45,730
there corresponds to the equilibrium

309
00:08:45,730 --> 00:08:46,440
there corresponds to the equilibrium
State

310
00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:46,450
State

311
00:08:46,450 --> 00:08:51,330
State
for this reaction okay this is another

312
00:08:51,330 --> 00:08:51,340
for this reaction okay this is another

313
00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:53,510
for this reaction okay this is another
standard free energy change again

314
00:08:53,510 --> 00:08:53,520
standard free energy change again

315
00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:55,800
standard free energy change again
analogous to the standard enthalpies of

316
00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:55,810
analogous to the standard enthalpies of

317
00:08:55,810 --> 00:08:58,440
analogous to the standard enthalpies of
formations are standard free energies of

318
00:08:58,440 --> 00:08:58,450
formations are standard free energies of

319
00:08:58,450 --> 00:09:01,490
formations are standard free energies of
formations this is again we also have

320
00:09:01,490 --> 00:09:01,500
formations this is again we also have

321
00:09:01,500 --> 00:09:04,260
formations this is again we also have
standard free energy of formation for

322
00:09:04,260 --> 00:09:04,270
standard free energy of formation for

323
00:09:04,270 --> 00:09:06,990
standard free energy of formation for
the chemicals for the substances we use

324
00:09:06,990 --> 00:09:07,000
the chemicals for the substances we use

325
00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,080
the chemicals for the substances we use
in reactions as a matter of fact just

326
00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:10,090
in reactions as a matter of fact just

327
00:09:10,090 --> 00:09:15,150
in reactions as a matter of fact just
like the enthalpy of formation the free

328
00:09:15,150 --> 00:09:15,160
like the enthalpy of formation the free

329
00:09:15,160 --> 00:09:18,330
like the enthalpy of formation the free
energy of formations is also equal to

330
00:09:18,330 --> 00:09:18,340
energy of formations is also equal to

331
00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:22,080
energy of formations is also equal to
zero for pure elements under standard

332
00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:22,090
zero for pure elements under standard

333
00:09:22,090 --> 00:09:26,670
zero for pure elements under standard
States but all others will have a free

334
00:09:26,670 --> 00:09:26,680
States but all others will have a free

335
00:09:26,680 --> 00:09:29,790
States but all others will have a free
energy of formations just the same as

336
00:09:29,790 --> 00:09:29,800
energy of formations just the same as

337
00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,990
energy of formations just the same as
the enthalpy of formation the Delta G F

338
00:09:33,990 --> 00:09:34,000
the enthalpy of formation the Delta G F

339
00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:35,810
the enthalpy of formation the Delta G F
0 which is a free energy of formation

340
00:09:35,810 --> 00:09:35,820
0 which is a free energy of formation

341
00:09:35,820 --> 00:09:38,520
0 which is a free energy of formation
corresponds to the free energy change of

342
00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:38,530
corresponds to the free energy change of

343
00:09:38,530 --> 00:09:42,030
corresponds to the free energy change of
the reaction in which the compound is

344
00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:42,040
the reaction in which the compound is

345
00:09:42,040 --> 00:09:45,390
the reaction in which the compound is
obtained from its pure elements under

346
00:09:45,390 --> 00:09:45,400
obtained from its pure elements under

347
00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:47,400
obtained from its pure elements under
standard conditions under standard

348
00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:47,410
standard conditions under standard

349
00:09:47,410 --> 00:09:49,530
standard conditions under standard
conditions so what does that means that

350
00:09:49,530 --> 00:09:49,540
conditions so what does that means that

351
00:09:49,540 --> 00:09:51,630
conditions so what does that means that
means we can simply make a table

352
00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:51,640
means we can simply make a table

353
00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:54,450
means we can simply make a table
determine the standard free energy

354
00:09:54,450 --> 00:09:54,460
determine the standard free energy

355
00:09:54,460 --> 00:09:58,110
determine the standard free energy
change of all substances all chemicals

356
00:09:58,110 --> 00:09:58,120
change of all substances all chemicals

357
00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,470
change of all substances all chemicals
and make a table now we will use those

358
00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:01,480
and make a table now we will use those

359
00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:03,710
and make a table now we will use those
we can use those just we use the

360
00:10:03,710 --> 00:10:03,720
we can use those just we use the

361
00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:07,380
we can use those just we use the
enthalpies of formation to calculate the

362
00:10:07,380 --> 00:10:07,390
enthalpies of formation to calculate the

363
00:10:07,390 --> 00:10:10,320
enthalpies of formation to calculate the
free energy change of a reaction

364
00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:10,330
free energy change of a reaction

365
00:10:10,330 --> 00:10:14,130
free energy change of a reaction
actually just like we did calculated the

366
00:10:14,130 --> 00:10:14,140
actually just like we did calculated the

367
00:10:14,140 --> 00:10:16,080
actually just like we did calculated the
enthalpy change of a reaction by using

368
00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:16,090
enthalpy change of a reaction by using

369
00:10:16,090 --> 00:10:18,510
enthalpy change of a reaction by using
the enthalpies of formation of the

370
00:10:18,510 --> 00:10:18,520
the enthalpies of formation of the

371
00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:21,870
the enthalpies of formation of the
reactants and the products again so this

372
00:10:21,870 --> 00:10:21,880
reactants and the products again so this

373
00:10:21,880 --> 00:10:25,290
reactants and the products again so this
is again just shows how the change in

374
00:10:25,290 --> 00:10:25,300
is again just shows how the change in

375
00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:27,600
is again just shows how the change in
the free energy during the chemical

376
00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:27,610
the free energy during the chemical

377
00:10:27,610 --> 00:10:29,760
the free energy during the chemical
reactions we start from here from the

378
00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:29,770
reactions we start from here from the

379
00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,000
reactions we start from here from the
reactants the free energy of the system

380
00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:32,010
reactants the free energy of the system

381
00:10:32,010 --> 00:10:33,390
reactants the free energy of the system
decreases

382
00:10:33,390 --> 00:10:33,400
decreases

383
00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:35,430
decreases
Croesus decreases and that becomes

384
00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:35,440
Croesus decreases and that becomes

385
00:10:35,440 --> 00:10:37,260
Croesus decreases and that becomes
minimum and this is the equilibrium

386
00:10:37,260 --> 00:10:37,270
minimum and this is the equilibrium

387
00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:40,830
minimum and this is the equilibrium
again and it comes to here that means

388
00:10:40,830 --> 00:10:40,840
again and it comes to here that means

389
00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:43,860
again and it comes to here that means
converging all the reactants this this

390
00:10:43,860 --> 00:10:43,870
converging all the reactants this this

391
00:10:43,870 --> 00:10:46,110
converging all the reactants this this
actually corresponds convert in all

392
00:10:46,110 --> 00:10:46,120
actually corresponds convert in all

393
00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:50,100
actually corresponds convert in all
reactants to the products right so the

394
00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:50,110
reactants to the products right so the

395
00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,230
reactants to the products right so the
free energy change will be between this

396
00:10:52,230 --> 00:10:52,240
free energy change will be between this

397
00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:54,330
free energy change will be between this
point and that point here as a matter of

398
00:10:54,330 --> 00:10:54,340
point and that point here as a matter of

399
00:10:54,340 --> 00:10:58,410
point and that point here as a matter of
fact so reactants products and the

400
00:10:58,410 --> 00:10:58,420
fact so reactants products and the

401
00:10:58,420 --> 00:11:00,840
fact so reactants products and the
equilibrium that corresponds to the

402
00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:00,850
equilibrium that corresponds to the

403
00:11:00,850 --> 00:11:07,160
equilibrium that corresponds to the
equilibrium again now let's examine how

404
00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:07,170
equilibrium again now let's examine how

405
00:11:07,170 --> 00:11:11,790
equilibrium again now let's examine how
the sign changes actually I should say

406
00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:11,800
the sign changes actually I should say

407
00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:15,150
the sign changes actually I should say
the sign of the enthalpy change and the

408
00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:15,160
the sign of the enthalpy change and the

409
00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:19,200
the sign of the enthalpy change and the
entropy change of a process allows us to

410
00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:19,210
entropy change of a process allows us to

411
00:11:19,210 --> 00:11:21,240
entropy change of a process allows us to
predict whether the reaction will be

412
00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:21,250
predict whether the reaction will be

413
00:11:21,250 --> 00:11:24,260
predict whether the reaction will be
spontaneous non spontaneous or

414
00:11:24,260 --> 00:11:24,270
spontaneous non spontaneous or

415
00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,210
spontaneous non spontaneous or
temperature dependent spontaneity right

416
00:11:27,210 --> 00:11:27,220
temperature dependent spontaneity right

417
00:11:27,220 --> 00:11:31,290
temperature dependent spontaneity right
this is the very simple table again you

418
00:11:31,290 --> 00:11:31,300
this is the very simple table again you

419
00:11:31,300 --> 00:11:33,450
this is the very simple table again you
see again here we will consider this

420
00:11:33,450 --> 00:11:33,460
see again here we will consider this

421
00:11:33,460 --> 00:11:37,680
see again here we will consider this
right and just we try to find out what

422
00:11:37,680 --> 00:11:37,690
right and just we try to find out what

423
00:11:37,690 --> 00:11:41,010
right and just we try to find out what
will be the sign of Delta G will be

424
00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:41,020
will be the sign of Delta G will be

425
00:11:41,020 --> 00:11:43,320
will be the sign of Delta G will be
positive or negative that's all we are

426
00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:43,330
positive or negative that's all we are

427
00:11:43,330 --> 00:11:47,520
positive or negative that's all we are
looking for now for a reaction for a

428
00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:47,530
looking for now for a reaction for a

429
00:11:47,530 --> 00:11:50,580
looking for now for a reaction for a
chemical reaction if the enthalpy change

430
00:11:50,580 --> 00:11:50,590
chemical reaction if the enthalpy change

431
00:11:50,590 --> 00:11:52,890
chemical reaction if the enthalpy change
is negative what does that means that

432
00:11:52,890 --> 00:11:52,900
is negative what does that means that

433
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:56,250
is negative what does that means that
means the reaction is exothermic right

434
00:11:56,250 --> 00:11:56,260
means the reaction is exothermic right

435
00:11:56,260 --> 00:12:00,420
means the reaction is exothermic right
exothermic and if the entropy change is

436
00:12:00,420 --> 00:12:00,430
exothermic and if the entropy change is

437
00:12:00,430 --> 00:12:02,870
exothermic and if the entropy change is
positive that means increase in entropy

438
00:12:02,870 --> 00:12:02,880
positive that means increase in entropy

439
00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:06,060
positive that means increase in entropy
now what does that means this is

440
00:12:06,060 --> 00:12:06,070
now what does that means this is

441
00:12:06,070 --> 00:12:10,380
now what does that means this is
positive here this is negative here when

442
00:12:10,380 --> 00:12:10,390
positive here this is negative here when

443
00:12:10,390 --> 00:12:13,110
positive here this is negative here when
you multiply this minus T positive value

444
00:12:13,110 --> 00:12:13,120
you multiply this minus T positive value

445
00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:15,390
you multiply this minus T positive value
here that means this value which is

446
00:12:15,390 --> 00:12:15,400
here that means this value which is

447
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:20,370
here that means this value which is
Delta G will always be negative right so

448
00:12:20,370 --> 00:12:20,380
Delta G will always be negative right so

449
00:12:20,380 --> 00:12:22,110
Delta G will always be negative right so
what does that mean that means for a

450
00:12:22,110 --> 00:12:22,120
what does that mean that means for a

451
00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,110
what does that mean that means for a
process where Delta H is negative and

452
00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:25,120
process where Delta H is negative and

453
00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:27,990
process where Delta H is negative and
Delta s is positive that process will be

454
00:12:27,990 --> 00:12:28,000
Delta s is positive that process will be

455
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,960
Delta s is positive that process will be
spontaneous at all temperatures always

456
00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:30,970
spontaneous at all temperatures always

457
00:12:30,970 --> 00:12:35,280
spontaneous at all temperatures always
spontaneous right now another case here

458
00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:35,290
spontaneous right now another case here

459
00:12:35,290 --> 00:12:39,720
spontaneous right now another case here
and if the Delta H is positive here and

460
00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:39,730
and if the Delta H is positive here and

461
00:12:39,730 --> 00:12:41,590
and if the Delta H is positive here and
Delta s is

462
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:41,600
Delta s is

463
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,000
Delta s is
decreasing in the entropy so what does

464
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:44,010
decreasing in the entropy so what does

465
00:12:44,010 --> 00:12:46,280
decreasing in the entropy so what does
that means this is positive and this is

466
00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:46,290
that means this is positive and this is

467
00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:48,050
that means this is positive and this is
negative negative times negative will be

468
00:12:48,050 --> 00:12:48,060
negative negative times negative will be

469
00:12:48,060 --> 00:12:49,940
negative negative times negative will be
positive and this whole thing's here

470
00:12:49,940 --> 00:12:49,950
positive and this whole thing's here

471
00:12:49,950 --> 00:12:53,360
positive and this whole thing's here
Delta G again will be positive what does

472
00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:53,370
Delta G again will be positive what does

473
00:12:53,370 --> 00:12:55,640
Delta G again will be positive what does
that means that means that the process

474
00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:55,650
that means that means that the process

475
00:12:55,650 --> 00:12:57,920
that means that means that the process
will be not spontaneous

476
00:12:57,920 --> 00:12:57,930
will be not spontaneous

477
00:12:57,930 --> 00:13:00,650
will be not spontaneous
at all temperatures doesn't matter what

478
00:13:00,650 --> 00:13:00,660
at all temperatures doesn't matter what

479
00:13:00,660 --> 00:13:02,270
at all temperatures doesn't matter what
the temperature is you can't really

480
00:13:02,270 --> 00:13:02,280
the temperature is you can't really

481
00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:04,070
the temperature is you can't really
change the spontaneity by changing the

482
00:13:04,070 --> 00:13:04,080
change the spontaneity by changing the

483
00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:06,650
change the spontaneity by changing the
temperature because it will always be

484
00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:06,660
temperature because it will always be

485
00:13:06,660 --> 00:13:09,440
temperature because it will always be
positive again for the process which

486
00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:09,450
positive again for the process which

487
00:13:09,450 --> 00:13:12,380
positive again for the process which
have Delta H positive Delta s negative

488
00:13:12,380 --> 00:13:12,390
have Delta H positive Delta s negative

489
00:13:12,390 --> 00:13:15,980
have Delta H positive Delta s negative
there then again the third possibility

490
00:13:15,980 --> 00:13:15,990
there then again the third possibility

491
00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:19,130
there then again the third possibility
is if the enthalpy change is negative

492
00:13:19,130 --> 00:13:19,140
is if the enthalpy change is negative

493
00:13:19,140 --> 00:13:22,790
is if the enthalpy change is negative
and if the entropy change is also

494
00:13:22,790 --> 00:13:22,800
and if the entropy change is also

495
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,940
and if the entropy change is also
negative in that case let's look at here

496
00:13:25,940 --> 00:13:25,950
negative in that case let's look at here

497
00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:31,640
negative in that case let's look at here
now this is negative right and now this

498
00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:31,650
now this is negative right and now this

499
00:13:31,650 --> 00:13:34,250
now this is negative right and now this
is also negative what does that mean

500
00:13:34,250 --> 00:13:34,260
is also negative what does that mean

501
00:13:34,260 --> 00:13:36,620
is also negative what does that mean
that means multiplying this by negative

502
00:13:36,620 --> 00:13:36,630
that means multiplying this by negative

503
00:13:36,630 --> 00:13:39,530
that means multiplying this by negative
T here this part will be positive this

504
00:13:39,530 --> 00:13:39,540
T here this part will be positive this

505
00:13:39,540 --> 00:13:42,920
T here this part will be positive this
one this part will be negative now to

506
00:13:42,920 --> 00:13:42,930
one this part will be negative now to

507
00:13:42,930 --> 00:13:47,200
one this part will be negative now to
have the Delta G to be negative actually

508
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:47,210
have the Delta G to be negative actually

509
00:13:47,210 --> 00:13:51,470
have the Delta G to be negative actually
this part should be high and that part

510
00:13:51,470 --> 00:13:51,480
this part should be high and that part

511
00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:55,010
this part should be high and that part
should be simply low now how can we make

512
00:13:55,010 --> 00:13:55,020
should be simply low now how can we make

513
00:13:55,020 --> 00:13:58,100
should be simply low now how can we make
that part low numerically again that

514
00:13:58,100 --> 00:13:58,110
that part low numerically again that

515
00:13:58,110 --> 00:14:02,660
that part low numerically again that
means if P is low then T Delta s will be

516
00:14:02,660 --> 00:14:02,670
means if P is low then T Delta s will be

517
00:14:02,670 --> 00:14:06,470
means if P is low then T Delta s will be
low and that this term here will be

518
00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:06,480
low and that this term here will be

519
00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:08,300
low and that this term here will be
positive that means the positive term

520
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:08,310
positive that means the positive term

521
00:14:08,310 --> 00:14:10,310
positive that means the positive term
will be low and the negative term will

522
00:14:10,310 --> 00:14:10,320
will be low and the negative term will

523
00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:12,320
will be low and the negative term will
be higher than that numerically right

524
00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:12,330
be higher than that numerically right

525
00:14:12,330 --> 00:14:15,790
be higher than that numerically right
absolute values and that leads to a

526
00:14:15,790 --> 00:14:15,800
absolute values and that leads to a

527
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:19,100
absolute values and that leads to a
negative Delta EIJ what does that means

528
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:19,110
negative Delta EIJ what does that means

529
00:14:19,110 --> 00:14:23,390
negative Delta EIJ what does that means
that means if Delta H is negative for a

530
00:14:23,390 --> 00:14:23,400
that means if Delta H is negative for a

531
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,210
that means if Delta H is negative for a
process Delta s is also negative this

532
00:14:26,210 --> 00:14:26,220
process Delta s is also negative this

533
00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:30,190
process Delta s is also negative this
process will be spontaneous at low

534
00:14:30,190 --> 00:14:30,200
process will be spontaneous at low

535
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:32,870
process will be spontaneous at low
temperatures but will be non spontaneous

536
00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:32,880
temperatures but will be non spontaneous

537
00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:35,900
temperatures but will be non spontaneous
at high temperatures right that's what

538
00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:35,910
at high temperatures right that's what

539
00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:39,200
at high temperatures right that's what
it says just analyzing this again taking

540
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:39,210
it says just analyzing this again taking

541
00:14:39,210 --> 00:14:41,300
it says just analyzing this again taking
that equation mathematically put the

542
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:41,310
that equation mathematically put the

543
00:14:41,310 --> 00:14:44,210
that equation mathematically put the
values now the last possibility the

544
00:14:44,210 --> 00:14:44,220
values now the last possibility the

545
00:14:44,220 --> 00:14:46,580
values now the last possibility the
fourth possibility is if Delta H is

546
00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:46,590
fourth possibility is if Delta H is

547
00:14:46,590 --> 00:14:49,520
fourth possibility is if Delta H is
positive and Delta s is also positive

548
00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:49,530
positive and Delta s is also positive

549
00:14:49,530 --> 00:14:51,740
positive and Delta s is also positive
now what does that means this part here

550
00:14:51,740 --> 00:14:51,750
now what does that means this part here

551
00:14:51,750 --> 00:14:54,260
now what does that means this part here
is positive this is positive and you

552
00:14:54,260 --> 00:14:54,270
is positive this is positive and you

553
00:14:54,270 --> 00:14:55,319
is positive this is positive and you
multiply it by

554
00:14:55,319 --> 00:14:55,329
multiply it by

555
00:14:55,329 --> 00:14:57,359
multiply it by
negative that means this is negative so

556
00:14:57,359 --> 00:14:57,369
negative that means this is negative so

557
00:14:57,369 --> 00:14:59,819
negative that means this is negative so
what to make that Delta G negative that

558
00:14:59,819 --> 00:14:59,829
what to make that Delta G negative that

559
00:14:59,829 --> 00:15:02,970
what to make that Delta G negative that
means this has to be high right and what

560
00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:02,980
means this has to be high right and what

561
00:15:02,980 --> 00:15:04,439
means this has to be high right and what
does that means if Delta s is not

562
00:15:04,439 --> 00:15:04,449
does that means if Delta s is not

563
00:15:04,449 --> 00:15:06,059
does that means if Delta s is not
independent of the temperature again

564
00:15:06,059 --> 00:15:06,069
independent of the temperature again

565
00:15:06,069 --> 00:15:09,840
independent of the temperature again
then at high temperatures the process

566
00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:09,850
then at high temperatures the process

567
00:15:09,850 --> 00:15:12,840
then at high temperatures the process
will be spontaneous because Delta G will

568
00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:12,850
will be spontaneous because Delta G will

569
00:15:12,850 --> 00:15:14,939
will be spontaneous because Delta G will
be negative but at low temperatures

570
00:15:14,939 --> 00:15:14,949
be negative but at low temperatures

571
00:15:14,949 --> 00:15:17,549
be negative but at low temperatures
again the process will be non

572
00:15:17,549 --> 00:15:17,559
again the process will be non

573
00:15:17,559 --> 00:15:21,449
again the process will be non
spontaneous non spontaneous so these are

574
00:15:21,449 --> 00:15:21,459
spontaneous non spontaneous so these are

575
00:15:21,459 --> 00:15:24,539
spontaneous non spontaneous so these are
the possibility but remember we simply

576
00:15:24,539 --> 00:15:24,549
the possibility but remember we simply

577
00:15:24,549 --> 00:15:30,090
the possibility but remember we simply
assume in this case that the enthalpy

578
00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:30,100
assume in this case that the enthalpy

579
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:33,090
assume in this case that the enthalpy
change of a chemical reaction or a

580
00:15:33,090 --> 00:15:33,100
change of a chemical reaction or a

581
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:36,900
change of a chemical reaction or a
process and the entropy change of the

582
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:36,910
process and the entropy change of the

583
00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,889
process and the entropy change of the
chemical reaction or a process are

584
00:15:39,889 --> 00:15:39,899
chemical reaction or a process are

585
00:15:39,899 --> 00:15:44,879
chemical reaction or a process are
independent of the temperatures is this

586
00:15:44,879 --> 00:15:44,889
independent of the temperatures is this

587
00:15:44,889 --> 00:15:50,699
independent of the temperatures is this
correct I mean yes actually we can say

588
00:15:50,699 --> 00:15:50,709
correct I mean yes actually we can say

589
00:15:50,709 --> 00:15:55,069
correct I mean yes actually we can say
yes not exactly though I mean the

590
00:15:55,069 --> 00:15:55,079
yes not exactly though I mean the

591
00:15:55,079 --> 00:15:57,749
yes not exactly though I mean the
enthalpy change and the entropy change

592
00:15:57,749 --> 00:15:57,759
enthalpy change and the entropy change

593
00:15:57,759 --> 00:15:59,699
enthalpy change and the entropy change
will also have some temperature

594
00:15:59,699 --> 00:15:59,709
will also have some temperature

595
00:15:59,709 --> 00:16:02,039
will also have some temperature
dependence but it will be very very

596
00:16:02,039 --> 00:16:02,049
dependence but it will be very very

597
00:16:02,049 --> 00:16:05,280
dependence but it will be very very
small and for the wrench of the

598
00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:05,290
small and for the wrench of the

599
00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:07,379
small and for the wrench of the
temperatures we study we can assume that

600
00:16:07,379 --> 00:16:07,389
temperatures we study we can assume that

601
00:16:07,389 --> 00:16:10,590
temperatures we study we can assume that
we did actually assume that the enthalpy

602
00:16:10,590 --> 00:16:10,600
we did actually assume that the enthalpy

603
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,350
we did actually assume that the enthalpy
change and the entropy change of the

604
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:13,360
change and the entropy change of the

605
00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:15,689
change and the entropy change of the
process or reaction is independent of

606
00:16:15,689 --> 00:16:15,699
process or reaction is independent of

607
00:16:15,699 --> 00:16:19,499
process or reaction is independent of
the temperature so that by change in the

608
00:16:19,499 --> 00:16:19,509
the temperature so that by change in the

609
00:16:19,509 --> 00:16:22,409
the temperature so that by change in the
temperature we can change the Delta G

610
00:16:22,409 --> 00:16:22,419
temperature we can change the Delta G

611
00:16:22,419 --> 00:16:25,590
temperature we can change the Delta G
value even we can change the sign of the

612
00:16:25,590 --> 00:16:25,600
value even we can change the sign of the

613
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:27,659
value even we can change the sign of the
Delta G value what does that means that

614
00:16:27,659 --> 00:16:27,669
Delta G value what does that means that

615
00:16:27,669 --> 00:16:30,119
Delta G value what does that means that
means if a reaction is not spontaneous

616
00:16:30,119 --> 00:16:30,129
means if a reaction is not spontaneous

617
00:16:30,129 --> 00:16:33,090
means if a reaction is not spontaneous
at a certain temperature we can make it

618
00:16:33,090 --> 00:16:33,100
at a certain temperature we can make it

619
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:35,939
at a certain temperature we can make it
spontaneous at another temperature

620
00:16:35,939 --> 00:16:35,949
spontaneous at another temperature

621
00:16:35,949 --> 00:16:38,579
spontaneous at another temperature
depending on whether the Delta H and

622
00:16:38,579 --> 00:16:38,589
depending on whether the Delta H and

623
00:16:38,589 --> 00:16:41,309
depending on whether the Delta H and
Delta s positive or negative the sign of

624
00:16:41,309 --> 00:16:41,319
Delta s positive or negative the sign of

625
00:16:41,319 --> 00:16:43,889
Delta s positive or negative the sign of
those right so that's very very useful

626
00:16:43,889 --> 00:16:43,899
those right so that's very very useful

627
00:16:43,899 --> 00:16:47,629
those right so that's very very useful
again informations as a matter of fact

628
00:16:47,629 --> 00:16:47,639
again informations as a matter of fact

629
00:16:47,639 --> 00:16:54,090
again informations as a matter of fact
okay now let's try to see how the

630
00:16:54,090 --> 00:16:54,100
okay now let's try to see how the

631
00:16:54,100 --> 00:17:00,329
okay now let's try to see how the
equilibrium is related to the free

632
00:17:00,329 --> 00:17:00,339
equilibrium is related to the free

633
00:17:00,339 --> 00:17:02,720
equilibrium is related to the free
energy change of a chemical reactions

634
00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:02,730
energy change of a chemical reactions

635
00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:07,470
energy change of a chemical reactions
now under any conditions standard or

636
00:17:07,470 --> 00:17:07,480
now under any conditions standard or

637
00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:08,990
now under any conditions standard or
non-standard the free energy

638
00:17:08,990 --> 00:17:09,000
non-standard the free energy

639
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,300
non-standard the free energy
change can be found this way okay by

640
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:11,310
change can be found this way okay by

641
00:17:11,310 --> 00:17:14,000
change can be found this way okay by
using this reactions doesn't matter

642
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:14,010
using this reactions doesn't matter

643
00:17:14,010 --> 00:17:17,360
using this reactions doesn't matter
standard or not standard so the Delta G

644
00:17:17,360 --> 00:17:17,370
standard or not standard so the Delta G

645
00:17:17,370 --> 00:17:23,270
standard or not standard so the Delta G
in fact for a process is equal to Delta

646
00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:23,280
in fact for a process is equal to Delta

647
00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:28,490
in fact for a process is equal to Delta
g0 that is this standard free energy

648
00:17:28,490 --> 00:17:28,500
g0 that is this standard free energy

649
00:17:28,500 --> 00:17:32,570
g0 that is this standard free energy
change that simply means that the free

650
00:17:32,570 --> 00:17:32,580
change that simply means that the free

651
00:17:32,580 --> 00:17:34,130
change that simply means that the free
energy change of a chemical reaction

652
00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:34,140
energy change of a chemical reaction

653
00:17:34,140 --> 00:17:36,470
energy change of a chemical reaction
under standard condition and standard

654
00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:36,480
under standard condition and standard

655
00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:41,150
under standard condition and standard
condition means that the gases partial

656
00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:41,160
condition means that the gases partial

657
00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:44,150
condition means that the gases partial
pressure are all one atmosphere and the

658
00:17:44,150 --> 00:17:44,160
pressure are all one atmosphere and the

659
00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:45,950
pressure are all one atmosphere and the
concentrations of the species in

660
00:17:45,950 --> 00:17:45,960
concentrations of the species in

661
00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:48,050
concentrations of the species in
solution will be one molar that's what

662
00:17:48,050 --> 00:17:48,060
solution will be one molar that's what

663
00:17:48,060 --> 00:17:51,110
solution will be one molar that's what
it corresponds to standard State Delta

664
00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:51,120
it corresponds to standard State Delta

665
00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:55,310
it corresponds to standard State Delta
g0 plus RT Ln Q now R is the gas

666
00:17:55,310 --> 00:17:55,320
g0 plus RT Ln Q now R is the gas

667
00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,100
g0 plus RT Ln Q now R is the gas
constant again we know and T is the

668
00:17:58,100 --> 00:17:58,110
constant again we know and T is the

669
00:17:58,110 --> 00:17:59,210
constant again we know and T is the
temperature in Kelvin

670
00:17:59,210 --> 00:17:59,220
temperature in Kelvin

671
00:17:59,220 --> 00:18:01,940
temperature in Kelvin
this is the natural logarithm of Q is

672
00:18:01,940 --> 00:18:01,950
this is the natural logarithm of Q is

673
00:18:01,950 --> 00:18:05,150
this is the natural logarithm of Q is
the equilibrium quotient right for the

674
00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:05,160
the equilibrium quotient right for the

675
00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:07,010
the equilibrium quotient right for the
process equilibrium curve for the

676
00:18:07,010 --> 00:18:07,020
process equilibrium curve for the

677
00:18:07,020 --> 00:18:09,770
process equilibrium curve for the
process now here it says under standard

678
00:18:09,770 --> 00:18:09,780
process now here it says under standard

679
00:18:09,780 --> 00:18:12,680
process now here it says under standard
condition concentrations are 1 molar so

680
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:12,690
condition concentrations are 1 molar so

681
00:18:12,690 --> 00:18:16,670
condition concentrations are 1 molar so
Q is equal to 1 and in Ln Q will be

682
00:18:16,670 --> 00:18:16,680
Q is equal to 1 and in Ln Q will be

683
00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:18,710
Q is equal to 1 and in Ln Q will be
equal to zero what does that means under

684
00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:18,720
equal to zero what does that means under

685
00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:20,060
equal to zero what does that means under
standard conditions Delta G will be

686
00:18:20,060 --> 00:18:20,070
standard conditions Delta G will be

687
00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:21,830
standard conditions Delta G will be
equal to Delta G zero right because

688
00:18:21,830 --> 00:18:21,840
equal to Delta G zero right because

689
00:18:21,840 --> 00:18:23,570
equal to Delta G zero right because
that's what the standard conditions is

690
00:18:23,570 --> 00:18:23,580
that's what the standard conditions is

691
00:18:23,580 --> 00:18:25,010
that's what the standard conditions is
this part will be equal to zero that

692
00:18:25,010 --> 00:18:25,020
this part will be equal to zero that

693
00:18:25,020 --> 00:18:31,010
this part will be equal to zero that
drops out okay now at equilibrium at

694
00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:31,020
drops out okay now at equilibrium at

695
00:18:31,020 --> 00:18:34,820
drops out okay now at equilibrium at
equilibrium the Q in fact equilibrium

696
00:18:34,820 --> 00:18:34,830
equilibrium the Q in fact equilibrium

697
00:18:34,830 --> 00:18:35,990
equilibrium the Q in fact equilibrium
quotient will be equal to the

698
00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:36,000
quotient will be equal to the

699
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,380
quotient will be equal to the
equilibrium constant now remember at

700
00:18:39,380 --> 00:18:39,390
equilibrium constant now remember at

701
00:18:39,390 --> 00:18:42,260
equilibrium constant now remember at
equilibrium the free energy change is

702
00:18:42,260 --> 00:18:42,270
equilibrium the free energy change is

703
00:18:42,270 --> 00:18:45,530
equilibrium the free energy change is
equal to zero right so that means that

704
00:18:45,530 --> 00:18:45,540
equal to zero right so that means that

705
00:18:45,540 --> 00:18:48,320
equal to zero right so that means that
this is Delta G will be equal to zero so

706
00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:48,330
this is Delta G will be equal to zero so

707
00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:50,540
this is Delta G will be equal to zero so
if you just replace those in this

708
00:18:50,540 --> 00:18:50,550
if you just replace those in this

709
00:18:50,550 --> 00:18:53,090
if you just replace those in this
equation over here then the equation

710
00:18:53,090 --> 00:18:53,100
equation over here then the equation

711
00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:55,820
equation over here then the equation
becomes this part is zero equals to

712
00:18:55,820 --> 00:18:55,830
becomes this part is zero equals to

713
00:18:55,830 --> 00:19:01,310
becomes this part is zero equals to
Delta g0 and plus RT Ln simply K this is

714
00:19:01,310 --> 00:19:01,320
Delta g0 and plus RT Ln simply K this is

715
00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:03,440
Delta g0 and plus RT Ln simply K this is
the equilibrium constant equilibrium

716
00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:03,450
the equilibrium constant equilibrium

717
00:19:03,450 --> 00:19:07,310
the equilibrium constant equilibrium
constant now rearranging that again

718
00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:07,320
constant now rearranging that again

719
00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,520
constant now rearranging that again
Delta G zero is equal to minus RT Ln Q

720
00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:10,530
Delta G zero is equal to minus RT Ln Q

721
00:19:10,530 --> 00:19:13,250
Delta G zero is equal to minus RT Ln Q
or K is equal to this what does that

722
00:19:13,250 --> 00:19:13,260
or K is equal to this what does that

723
00:19:13,260 --> 00:19:16,910
or K is equal to this what does that
means that means that if I know the

724
00:19:16,910 --> 00:19:16,920
means that means that if I know the

725
00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:20,180
means that means that if I know the
standard free energy change of a

726
00:19:20,180 --> 00:19:20,190
standard free energy change of a

727
00:19:20,190 --> 00:19:22,790
standard free energy change of a
chemical reaction I can

728
00:19:22,790 --> 00:19:22,800
chemical reaction I can

729
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,400
chemical reaction I can
calculate the equilibrium constant for

730
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:25,410
calculate the equilibrium constant for

731
00:19:25,410 --> 00:19:27,410
calculate the equilibrium constant for
that reaction at a given temperature

732
00:19:27,410 --> 00:19:27,420
that reaction at a given temperature

733
00:19:27,420 --> 00:19:29,900
that reaction at a given temperature
whatever the temperature is we just put

734
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:29,910
whatever the temperature is we just put

735
00:19:29,910 --> 00:19:32,240
whatever the temperature is we just put
the values here and you calculate the

736
00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:32,250
the values here and you calculate the

737
00:19:32,250 --> 00:19:35,540
the values here and you calculate the
equilibrium constant very very very

738
00:19:35,540 --> 00:19:35,550
equilibrium constant very very very

739
00:19:35,550 --> 00:19:38,600
equilibrium constant very very very
practical actually right now

740
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:38,610
practical actually right now

741
00:19:38,610 --> 00:19:41,540
practical actually right now
the question is how can I calculate the

742
00:19:41,540 --> 00:19:41,550
the question is how can I calculate the

743
00:19:41,550 --> 00:19:45,590
the question is how can I calculate the
Delta g0 now the Delta G zeroes is

744
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:45,600
Delta g0 now the Delta G zeroes is

745
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,440
Delta g0 now the Delta G zeroes is
calculated from the I guess this is the

746
00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:48,450
calculated from the I guess this is the

747
00:19:48,450 --> 00:19:52,070
calculated from the I guess this is the
last part from the standard free energy

748
00:19:52,070 --> 00:19:52,080
last part from the standard free energy

749
00:19:52,080 --> 00:19:57,380
last part from the standard free energy
change no it will be calculated from the

750
00:19:57,380 --> 00:19:57,390
change no it will be calculated from the

751
00:19:57,390 --> 00:20:00,230
change no it will be calculated from the
free energy of formation of the

752
00:20:00,230 --> 00:20:00,240
free energy of formation of the

753
00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:02,180
free energy of formation of the
reactants and the products and those

754
00:20:02,180 --> 00:20:02,190
reactants and the products and those

755
00:20:02,190 --> 00:20:04,850
reactants and the products and those
free energies of formations are given in

756
00:20:04,850 --> 00:20:04,860
free energies of formations are given in

757
00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:07,660
free energies of formations are given in
fact in equations let's see I guess I

758
00:20:07,660 --> 00:20:07,670
fact in equations let's see I guess I

759
00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:17,480
fact in equations let's see I guess I
should have it somewhere here yes this

760
00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:17,490
should have it somewhere here yes this

761
00:20:17,490 --> 00:20:20,660
should have it somewhere here yes this
is for the entropies but we also have

762
00:20:20,660 --> 00:20:20,670
is for the entropies but we also have

763
00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:27,070
is for the entropies but we also have
that for the free energy of formations

764
00:20:27,070 --> 00:20:27,080
that for the free energy of formations

765
00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:30,650
that for the free energy of formations
in other words let's let's give you an

766
00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:30,660
in other words let's let's give you an

767
00:20:30,660 --> 00:20:37,570
in other words let's let's give you an
example let's say delta g free energy

768
00:20:37,570 --> 00:20:37,580
example let's say delta g free energy

769
00:20:37,580 --> 00:20:40,940
example let's say delta g free energy
standard free energy change for a

770
00:20:40,940 --> 00:20:40,950
standard free energy change for a

771
00:20:40,950 --> 00:20:44,030
standard free energy change for a
chemical reaction will be equal to sum

772
00:20:44,030 --> 00:20:44,040
chemical reaction will be equal to sum

773
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:52,510
chemical reaction will be equal to sum
of the n times Delta G 0 F for product

774
00:20:52,510 --> 00:20:52,520
of the n times Delta G 0 F for product

775
00:20:52,520 --> 00:21:02,180
of the n times Delta G 0 F for product
and minus some of the M Delta G zero for

776
00:21:02,180 --> 00:21:02,190
and minus some of the M Delta G zero for

777
00:21:02,190 --> 00:21:09,530
and minus some of the M Delta G zero for
the reactant so these values actually

778
00:21:09,530 --> 00:21:09,540
the reactant so these values actually

779
00:21:09,540 --> 00:21:13,820
the reactant so these values actually
the free energy of formations for the

780
00:21:13,820 --> 00:21:13,830
the free energy of formations for the

781
00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:15,590
the free energy of formations for the
products and free energy of formation

782
00:21:15,590 --> 00:21:15,600
products and free energy of formation

783
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:17,960
products and free energy of formation
for the reactants are all given as a

784
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:17,970
for the reactants are all given as a

785
00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:21,560
for the reactants are all given as a
table so we take those table just like

786
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:21,570
table so we take those table just like

787
00:21:21,570 --> 00:21:26,030
table so we take those table just like
same as the enthalpies of formations or

788
00:21:26,030 --> 00:21:26,040
same as the enthalpies of formations or

789
00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:29,600
same as the enthalpies of formations or
the entropy in fact we can calculate

790
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:29,610
the entropy in fact we can calculate

791
00:21:29,610 --> 00:21:33,260
the entropy in fact we can calculate
this standard free energy change for a

792
00:21:33,260 --> 00:21:33,270
this standard free energy change for a

793
00:21:33,270 --> 00:21:35,810
this standard free energy change for a
chemical reaction now once we calculate

794
00:21:35,810 --> 00:21:35,820
chemical reaction now once we calculate

795
00:21:35,820 --> 00:21:36,630
chemical reaction now once we calculate
that state

796
00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:36,640
that state

797
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:38,640
that state
free energy change then we can calculate

798
00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:38,650
free energy change then we can calculate

799
00:21:38,650 --> 00:21:42,780
free energy change then we can calculate
the equilibrium constant right as we see

800
00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:42,790
the equilibrium constant right as we see

801
00:21:42,790 --> 00:21:45,030
the equilibrium constant right as we see
here we can calculate this equilibrium

802
00:21:45,030 --> 00:21:45,040
here we can calculate this equilibrium

803
00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,190
here we can calculate this equilibrium
constant and that's a very very

804
00:21:47,190 --> 00:21:47,200
constant and that's a very very

805
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,280
constant and that's a very very
important informations on things okay

806
00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:50,290
important informations on things okay

807
00:21:50,290 --> 00:22:00,140
important informations on things okay
now in other things which can be simply

808
00:22:00,140 --> 00:22:00,150
now in other things which can be simply

809
00:22:00,150 --> 00:22:12,000
now in other things which can be simply
used if I know the enthalpy change of a

810
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:12,010
used if I know the enthalpy change of a

811
00:22:12,010 --> 00:22:15,300
used if I know the enthalpy change of a
chemical reaction and if I know the

812
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:15,310
chemical reaction and if I know the

813
00:22:15,310 --> 00:22:19,130
chemical reaction and if I know the
entropy change of a chemical reaction

814
00:22:19,130 --> 00:22:19,140
entropy change of a chemical reaction

815
00:22:19,140 --> 00:22:22,920
entropy change of a chemical reaction
from here I can simply find out whether

816
00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:22,930
from here I can simply find out whether

817
00:22:22,930 --> 00:22:24,750
from here I can simply find out whether
the reaction will be spontaneous or

818
00:22:24,750 --> 00:22:24,760
the reaction will be spontaneous or

819
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,090
the reaction will be spontaneous or
non-spontaneous by calculating Delta G

820
00:22:27,090 --> 00:22:27,100
non-spontaneous by calculating Delta G

821
00:22:27,100 --> 00:22:32,700
non-spontaneous by calculating Delta G
again right now if the reaction is not

822
00:22:32,700 --> 00:22:32,710
again right now if the reaction is not

823
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:37,710
again right now if the reaction is not
spontaneous then I can also calculate

824
00:22:37,710 --> 00:22:37,720
spontaneous then I can also calculate

825
00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:41,730
spontaneous then I can also calculate
the temperature at which that reaction

826
00:22:41,730 --> 00:22:41,740
the temperature at which that reaction

827
00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:45,300
the temperature at which that reaction
will be spontaneous right by changing

828
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:45,310
will be spontaneous right by changing

829
00:22:45,310 --> 00:22:48,420
will be spontaneous right by changing
this T again I can find out at what

830
00:22:48,420 --> 00:22:48,430
this T again I can find out at what

831
00:22:48,430 --> 00:22:50,730
this T again I can find out at what
temperature the reaction will be

832
00:22:50,730 --> 00:22:50,740
temperature the reaction will be

833
00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:53,580
temperature the reaction will be
spontaneous so let me just show you I

834
00:22:53,580 --> 00:22:53,590
spontaneous so let me just show you I

835
00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:55,920
spontaneous so let me just show you I
picked up an example from the book and

836
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:55,930
picked up an example from the book and

837
00:22:55,930 --> 00:23:00,560
picked up an example from the book and
let's work it out and see how we simply

838
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:00,570
let's work it out and see how we simply

839
00:23:00,570 --> 00:23:04,680
let's work it out and see how we simply
predict at what temperature the reaction

840
00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:04,690
predict at what temperature the reaction

841
00:23:04,690 --> 00:23:08,130
predict at what temperature the reaction
will be spontaneous right spontaneous

842
00:23:08,130 --> 00:23:08,140
will be spontaneous right spontaneous

843
00:23:08,140 --> 00:23:16,130
will be spontaneous right spontaneous
and the question is chapter 19 and 109

844
00:23:16,130 --> 00:23:16,140
and the question is chapter 19 and 109

845
00:23:16,140 --> 00:23:19,830
and the question is chapter 19 and 109
just picked up end of chapter problems

846
00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:19,840
just picked up end of chapter problems

847
00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:23,970
just picked up end of chapter problems
and it says at what temperature is the

848
00:23:23,970 --> 00:23:23,980
and it says at what temperature is the

849
00:23:23,980 --> 00:23:27,170
and it says at what temperature is the
following reaction is spontaneous at

850
00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:27,180
following reaction is spontaneous at

851
00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:40,580
following reaction is spontaneous at
what temperature is the following

852
00:23:40,580 --> 00:23:40,590

853
00:23:40,590 --> 00:23:56,000
reaction spontaneous

854
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:56,010

855
00:23:56,010 --> 00:23:59,220
okay now what is the reaction reaction

856
00:23:59,220 --> 00:23:59,230
okay now what is the reaction reaction

857
00:23:59,230 --> 00:24:08,910
okay now what is the reaction reaction
is this Iren oxide this is iron to iron

858
00:24:08,910 --> 00:24:08,920
is this Iren oxide this is iron to iron

859
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:17,880
is this Iren oxide this is iron to iron
three oxide actually this and plus two

860
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:17,890
three oxide actually this and plus two

861
00:24:17,890 --> 00:24:26,630
three oxide actually this and plus two
carbon now carbon is solid and graphite

862
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:26,640

863
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:37,220
and goes to carbon dioxide gas and plus

864
00:24:37,220 --> 00:24:37,230
and goes to carbon dioxide gas and plus

865
00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:43,020
and goes to carbon dioxide gas and plus
ayran solid this is actually reduction

866
00:24:43,020 --> 00:24:43,030
ayran solid this is actually reduction

867
00:24:43,030 --> 00:24:49,290
ayran solid this is actually reduction
of the ayran or to iron metal right to

868
00:24:49,290 --> 00:24:49,300
of the ayran or to iron metal right to

869
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:52,320
of the ayran or to iron metal right to
get the iron metal as a matter of fact

870
00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:52,330
get the iron metal as a matter of fact

871
00:24:52,330 --> 00:24:55,230
get the iron metal as a matter of fact
in the productions of iron and it says

872
00:24:55,230 --> 00:24:55,240
in the productions of iron and it says

873
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:56,700
in the productions of iron and it says
at what temperature it will be

874
00:24:56,700 --> 00:24:56,710
at what temperature it will be

875
00:24:56,710 --> 00:24:59,550
at what temperature it will be
spontaneous first of all we have to find

876
00:24:59,550 --> 00:24:59,560
spontaneous first of all we have to find

877
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:01,680
spontaneous first of all we have to find
out whether the process is spontaneous

878
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:01,690
out whether the process is spontaneous

879
00:25:01,690 --> 00:25:05,940
out whether the process is spontaneous
or not spontaneous right how by

880
00:25:05,940 --> 00:25:05,950
or not spontaneous right how by

881
00:25:05,950 --> 00:25:08,760
or not spontaneous right how by
calculating the Delta G now how can we

882
00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:08,770
calculating the Delta G now how can we

883
00:25:08,770 --> 00:25:11,220
calculating the Delta G now how can we
calculate the Delta G first we calculate

884
00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:11,230
calculate the Delta G first we calculate

885
00:25:11,230 --> 00:25:12,690
calculate the Delta G first we calculate
the Delta H and then we have to

886
00:25:12,690 --> 00:25:12,700
the Delta H and then we have to

887
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:15,990
the Delta H and then we have to
calculate the Delta s right now where we

888
00:25:15,990 --> 00:25:16,000
calculate the Delta s right now where we

889
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,850
calculate the Delta s right now where we
get those values from the tables

890
00:25:17,850 --> 00:25:17,860
get those values from the tables

891
00:25:17,860 --> 00:25:21,420
get those values from the tables
actually their standard states given at

892
00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:21,430
actually their standard states given at

893
00:25:21,430 --> 00:25:23,460
actually their standard states given at
the end of the book actually we have

894
00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:23,470
the end of the book actually we have

895
00:25:23,470 --> 00:25:26,430
the end of the book actually we have
those appendices which lists all the

896
00:25:26,430 --> 00:25:26,440
those appendices which lists all the

897
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:29,750
those appendices which lists all the
enthalpies of formations entropies

898
00:25:29,750 --> 00:25:29,760
enthalpies of formations entropies

899
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:32,550
enthalpies of formations entropies
standard entropies and standard free

900
00:25:32,550 --> 00:25:32,560
standard entropies and standard free

901
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,100
standard entropies and standard free
energy of formation for the compounds so

902
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:35,110
energy of formation for the compounds so

903
00:25:35,110 --> 00:25:38,130
energy of formation for the compounds so
let's let me just put it over here give

904
00:25:38,130 --> 00:25:38,140
let's let me just put it over here give

905
00:25:38,140 --> 00:25:41,750
let's let me just put it over here give
you the values so we have we need these

906
00:25:41,750 --> 00:25:41,760
you the values so we have we need these

907
00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:50,930
you the values so we have we need these
iron 304 solids and here let's put the

908
00:25:50,930 --> 00:25:50,940
iron 304 solids and here let's put the

909
00:25:50,940 --> 00:25:56,190
iron 304 solids and here let's put the
standard enthalpy of formation x' and

910
00:25:56,190 --> 00:25:56,200
standard enthalpy of formation x' and

911
00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:04,100
standard enthalpy of formation x' and
this is kilojoules per mole and here

912
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:04,110
this is kilojoules per mole and here

913
00:26:04,110 --> 00:26:07,799
this is kilojoules per mole and here
let's put the standard and

914
00:26:07,799 --> 00:26:07,809
let's put the standard and

915
00:26:07,809 --> 00:26:10,229
let's put the standard and
P a number again we don't put Delta

916
00:26:10,229 --> 00:26:10,239
P a number again we don't put Delta

917
00:26:10,239 --> 00:26:13,399
P a number again we don't put Delta
there because it's the standard entropy

918
00:26:13,399 --> 00:26:13,409
there because it's the standard entropy

919
00:26:13,409 --> 00:26:20,310
there because it's the standard entropy
because every substance has an entropy

920
00:26:20,310 --> 00:26:20,320
because every substance has an entropy

921
00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:23,869
because every substance has an entropy
at a certain temperature only

922
00:26:23,869 --> 00:26:23,879
at a certain temperature only

923
00:26:23,879 --> 00:26:27,450
at a certain temperature only
crystalline pure perfect crystalline

924
00:26:27,450 --> 00:26:27,460
crystalline pure perfect crystalline

925
00:26:27,460 --> 00:26:29,549
crystalline pure perfect crystalline
substances that zero Kelvin has zero

926
00:26:29,549 --> 00:26:29,559
substances that zero Kelvin has zero

927
00:26:29,559 --> 00:26:35,669
substances that zero Kelvin has zero
entropy right now the unit here is

928
00:26:35,669 --> 00:26:35,679
entropy right now the unit here is

929
00:26:35,679 --> 00:26:42,239
entropy right now the unit here is
joules per mole per Kelvin like this so

930
00:26:42,239 --> 00:26:42,249
joules per mole per Kelvin like this so

931
00:26:42,249 --> 00:26:44,849
joules per mole per Kelvin like this so
I have to go to the table and then find

932
00:26:44,849 --> 00:26:44,859
I have to go to the table and then find

933
00:26:44,859 --> 00:26:47,849
I have to go to the table and then find
out what are the enthalpies of

934
00:26:47,849 --> 00:26:47,859
out what are the enthalpies of

935
00:26:47,859 --> 00:26:53,719
out what are the enthalpies of
formations and the entropy is here now

936
00:26:53,719 --> 00:26:53,729
formations and the entropy is here now

937
00:26:53,729 --> 00:26:56,999
formations and the entropy is here now
one thing is very important the state of

938
00:26:56,999 --> 00:26:57,009
one thing is very important the state of

939
00:26:57,009 --> 00:27:01,049
one thing is very important the state of
each reactant is very important you have

940
00:27:01,049 --> 00:27:01,059
each reactant is very important you have

941
00:27:01,059 --> 00:27:04,769
each reactant is very important you have
to clearly indicate what state the

942
00:27:04,769 --> 00:27:04,779
to clearly indicate what state the

943
00:27:04,779 --> 00:27:06,889
to clearly indicate what state the
reactants and the products are why

944
00:27:06,889 --> 00:27:06,899
reactants and the products are why

945
00:27:06,899 --> 00:27:10,709
reactants and the products are why
because when you go to the table to find

946
00:27:10,709 --> 00:27:10,719
because when you go to the table to find

947
00:27:10,719 --> 00:27:12,989
because when you go to the table to find
out the standard enthalpies of

948
00:27:12,989 --> 00:27:12,999
out the standard enthalpies of

949
00:27:12,999 --> 00:27:15,599
out the standard enthalpies of
formations or standard free energy

950
00:27:15,599 --> 00:27:15,609
formations or standard free energy

951
00:27:15,609 --> 00:27:19,289
formations or standard free energy
formations or entropies again there

952
00:27:19,289 --> 00:27:19,299
formations or entropies again there

953
00:27:19,299 --> 00:27:22,589
formations or entropies again there
these states are important if they are

954
00:27:22,589 --> 00:27:22,599
these states are important if they are

955
00:27:22,599 --> 00:27:24,899
these states are important if they are
solid they have a different value than

956
00:27:24,899 --> 00:27:24,909
solid they have a different value than

957
00:27:24,909 --> 00:27:26,609
solid they have a different value than
if they had liquid or a gas

958
00:27:26,609 --> 00:27:26,619
if they had liquid or a gas

959
00:27:26,619 --> 00:27:29,940
if they had liquid or a gas
right so for example here it says the

960
00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:29,950
right so for example here it says the

961
00:27:29,950 --> 00:27:33,570
right so for example here it says the
solid now Carman solid has a diamond

962
00:27:33,570 --> 00:27:33,580
solid now Carman solid has a diamond

963
00:27:33,580 --> 00:27:36,719
solid now Carman solid has a diamond
form and the graphite form and also

964
00:27:36,719 --> 00:27:36,729
form and the graphite form and also

965
00:27:36,729 --> 00:27:40,369
form and the graphite form and also
fullerenes remember that's another form

966
00:27:40,369 --> 00:27:40,379
fullerenes remember that's another form

967
00:27:40,379 --> 00:27:45,810
fullerenes remember that's another form
so here if you just put solid is not

968
00:27:45,810 --> 00:27:45,820
so here if you just put solid is not

969
00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:48,930
so here if you just put solid is not
enough because shall I look up the

970
00:27:48,930 --> 00:27:48,940
enough because shall I look up the

971
00:27:48,940 --> 00:27:52,950
enough because shall I look up the
diamond entropy or shall I look at the

972
00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:52,960
diamond entropy or shall I look at the

973
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,440
diamond entropy or shall I look at the
graphite entropy both are solid carbon

974
00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:55,450
graphite entropy both are solid carbon

975
00:27:55,450 --> 00:27:57,979
graphite entropy both are solid carbon
right solid carbon so here it says

976
00:27:57,979 --> 00:27:57,989
right solid carbon so here it says

977
00:27:57,989 --> 00:28:00,810
right solid carbon so here it says
carbon graphite so you look at the table

978
00:28:00,810 --> 00:28:00,820
carbon graphite so you look at the table

979
00:28:00,820 --> 00:28:03,869
carbon graphite so you look at the table
with the carbon graphite and write down

980
00:28:03,869 --> 00:28:03,879
with the carbon graphite and write down

981
00:28:03,879 --> 00:28:07,769
with the carbon graphite and write down
the values let's write now the values

982
00:28:07,769 --> 00:28:07,779
the values let's write now the values

983
00:28:07,779 --> 00:28:11,399
the values let's write now the values
this one is one thousand one hundred and

984
00:28:11,399 --> 00:28:11,409
this one is one thousand one hundred and

985
00:28:11,409 --> 00:28:15,989
this one is one thousand one hundred and
seventeen point one minus kilojoules per

986
00:28:15,989 --> 00:28:15,999
seventeen point one minus kilojoules per

987
00:28:15,999 --> 00:28:21,180
seventeen point one minus kilojoules per
mole and entropy for that is 140

988
00:28:21,180 --> 00:28:21,190
mole and entropy for that is 140

989
00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:28,080
mole and entropy for that is 140
six point four again now the second one

990
00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:28,090
six point four again now the second one

991
00:28:28,090 --> 00:28:35,520
six point four again now the second one
is carbon solve solid and graphite all

992
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:35,530
is carbon solve solid and graphite all

993
00:28:35,530 --> 00:28:43,950
is carbon solve solid and graphite all
right what is this value again remember

994
00:28:43,950 --> 00:28:43,960
right what is this value again remember

995
00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:47,640
right what is this value again remember
the elements when they are pure at their

996
00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:47,650
the elements when they are pure at their

997
00:28:47,650 --> 00:28:53,730
the elements when they are pure at their
standard state the enthalpies of

998
00:28:53,730 --> 00:28:53,740
standard state the enthalpies of

999
00:28:53,740 --> 00:28:56,340
standard state the enthalpies of
formations is zero now the question is

1000
00:28:56,340 --> 00:28:56,350
formations is zero now the question is

1001
00:28:56,350 --> 00:28:58,650
formations is zero now the question is
what is this standard state for carbon

1002
00:28:58,650 --> 00:28:58,660
what is this standard state for carbon

1003
00:28:58,660 --> 00:29:01,790
what is this standard state for carbon
it is solid but is it graphite or

1004
00:29:01,790 --> 00:29:01,800
it is solid but is it graphite or

1005
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,980
it is solid but is it graphite or
daimond graphite graphite is the

1006
00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:04,990
daimond graphite graphite is the

1007
00:29:04,990 --> 00:29:08,370
daimond graphite graphite is the
standard state for carbon so we look at

1008
00:29:08,370 --> 00:29:08,380
standard state for carbon so we look at

1009
00:29:08,380 --> 00:29:10,440
standard state for carbon so we look at
the graphite and that is this simply

1010
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:10,450
the graphite and that is this simply

1011
00:29:10,450 --> 00:29:12,600
the graphite and that is this simply
means that will be equal to zero I don't

1012
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:12,610
means that will be equal to zero I don't

1013
00:29:12,610 --> 00:29:16,320
means that will be equal to zero I don't
have to look for that right because it

1014
00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:16,330
have to look for that right because it

1015
00:29:16,330 --> 00:29:18,120
have to look for that right because it
will be zero actually the table gives

1016
00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:18,130
will be zero actually the table gives

1017
00:29:18,130 --> 00:29:20,040
will be zero actually the table gives
all three values and if it's zero it

1018
00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:20,050
all three values and if it's zero it

1019
00:29:20,050 --> 00:29:23,760
all three values and if it's zero it
puts there 0 but in the exam for example

1020
00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:23,770
puts there 0 but in the exam for example

1021
00:29:23,770 --> 00:29:26,460
puts there 0 but in the exam for example
we may not give you the value of this

1022
00:29:26,460 --> 00:29:26,470
we may not give you the value of this

1023
00:29:26,470 --> 00:29:29,190
we may not give you the value of this
not this form you know you're supposed

1024
00:29:29,190 --> 00:29:29,200
not this form you know you're supposed

1025
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:31,350
not this form you know you're supposed
to know that that the enthalpy of

1026
00:29:31,350 --> 00:29:31,360
to know that that the enthalpy of

1027
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,020
to know that that the enthalpy of
formations of graphite will be zero now

1028
00:29:34,020 --> 00:29:34,030
formations of graphite will be zero now

1029
00:29:34,030 --> 00:29:37,260
formations of graphite will be zero now
the enthalpy the entropy of graphite

1030
00:29:37,260 --> 00:29:37,270
the enthalpy the entropy of graphite

1031
00:29:37,270 --> 00:29:40,230
the enthalpy the entropy of graphite
again you see again it's not zero even

1032
00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:40,240
again you see again it's not zero even

1033
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,990
again you see again it's not zero even
in the standard elemental form and the

1034
00:29:42,990 --> 00:29:43,000
in the standard elemental form and the

1035
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:50,250
in the standard elemental form and the
values are five point ninety six okay

1036
00:29:50,250 --> 00:29:50,260
values are five point ninety six okay

1037
00:29:50,260 --> 00:29:56,100
values are five point ninety six okay
then we have carbon dioxide gas this is

1038
00:29:56,100 --> 00:29:56,110
then we have carbon dioxide gas this is

1039
00:29:56,110 --> 00:29:57,570
then we have carbon dioxide gas this is
again the standard state for carbon

1040
00:29:57,570 --> 00:29:57,580
again the standard state for carbon

1041
00:29:57,580 --> 00:30:01,230
again the standard state for carbon
dioxide a gas and the and the free

1042
00:30:01,230 --> 00:30:01,240
dioxide a gas and the and the free

1043
00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:04,860
dioxide a gas and the and the free
enthalpy of formations is minus three

1044
00:30:04,860 --> 00:30:04,870
enthalpy of formations is minus three

1045
00:30:04,870 --> 00:30:08,630
enthalpy of formations is minus three
hundred and ninety three point five and

1046
00:30:08,630 --> 00:30:08,640
hundred and ninety three point five and

1047
00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:12,420
hundred and ninety three point five and
the entropy is standard entropy to

1048
00:30:12,420 --> 00:30:12,430
the entropy is standard entropy to

1049
00:30:12,430 --> 00:30:19,610
the entropy is standard entropy to
thirteen point six the last is ayran

1050
00:30:19,610 --> 00:30:19,620
thirteen point six the last is ayran

1051
00:30:19,620 --> 00:30:23,520
thirteen point six the last is ayran
solid and here again it is the standard

1052
00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:23,530
solid and here again it is the standard

1053
00:30:23,530 --> 00:30:26,040
solid and here again it is the standard
state solid ayran that means this is

1054
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:26,050
state solid ayran that means this is

1055
00:30:26,050 --> 00:30:31,400
state solid ayran that means this is
going to be equal to zero and this is

1056
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:31,410

1057
00:30:31,410 --> 00:30:34,470
27:15

1058
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:34,480

1059
00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:40,000
okay now I will calculate first Delta H

1060
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:40,010
okay now I will calculate first Delta H

1061
00:30:40,010 --> 00:30:45,520
okay now I will calculate first Delta H
zero right now we're from the enthalpies

1062
00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:45,530
zero right now we're from the enthalpies

1063
00:30:45,530 --> 00:30:49,120
zero right now we're from the enthalpies
of formations the sum of the products

1064
00:30:49,120 --> 00:30:49,130
of formations the sum of the products

1065
00:30:49,130 --> 00:30:53,320
of formations the sum of the products
minus sum of the reactants so let's put

1066
00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:53,330
minus sum of the reactants so let's put

1067
00:30:53,330 --> 00:30:58,960
minus sum of the reactants so let's put
over here carbon dioxide so I have two

1068
00:30:58,960 --> 00:30:58,970
over here carbon dioxide so I have two

1069
00:30:58,970 --> 00:31:01,960
over here carbon dioxide so I have two
carbon dioxide that means I have two x

1070
00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:01,970
carbon dioxide that means I have two x

1071
00:31:01,970 --> 00:31:09,730
carbon dioxide that means I have two x
minus three hundred n ninety three point

1072
00:31:09,730 --> 00:31:09,740
minus three hundred n ninety three point

1073
00:31:09,740 --> 00:31:17,860
minus three hundred n ninety three point
five plus three times what zero right

1074
00:31:17,860 --> 00:31:17,870
five plus three times what zero right

1075
00:31:17,870 --> 00:31:20,650
five plus three times what zero right
because it's zero there and then this is

1076
00:31:20,650 --> 00:31:20,660
because it's zero there and then this is

1077
00:31:20,660 --> 00:31:25,930
because it's zero there and then this is
the product then minus the enthalpy of

1078
00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:25,940
the product then minus the enthalpy of

1079
00:31:25,940 --> 00:31:31,000
the product then minus the enthalpy of
formation of the reactants right and we

1080
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:31,010
formation of the reactants right and we

1081
00:31:31,010 --> 00:31:34,659
formation of the reactants right and we
take this here which is going to be

1082
00:31:34,659 --> 00:31:34,669
take this here which is going to be

1083
00:31:34,669 --> 00:31:42,190
take this here which is going to be
minus one thousand one one seven point

1084
00:31:42,190 --> 00:31:42,200
minus one thousand one one seven point

1085
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:47,650
minus one thousand one one seven point
one this is the negative value and here

1086
00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:47,660
one this is the negative value and here

1087
00:31:47,660 --> 00:31:50,919
one this is the negative value and here
coefficient is one don't take that and

1088
00:31:50,919 --> 00:31:50,929
coefficient is one don't take that and

1089
00:31:50,929 --> 00:31:59,010
coefficient is one don't take that and
then is the graphite and two x plus two

1090
00:31:59,010 --> 00:31:59,020
then is the graphite and two x plus two

1091
00:31:59,020 --> 00:32:03,159
then is the graphite and two x plus two
times zero because the graph is standard

1092
00:32:03,159 --> 00:32:03,169
times zero because the graph is standard

1093
00:32:03,169 --> 00:32:06,250
times zero because the graph is standard
then we calculate this when we calculate

1094
00:32:06,250 --> 00:32:06,260
then we calculate this when we calculate

1095
00:32:06,260 --> 00:32:08,740
then we calculate this when we calculate
it put the values and let's see what I

1096
00:32:08,740 --> 00:32:08,750
it put the values and let's see what I

1097
00:32:08,750 --> 00:32:12,610
it put the values and let's see what I
found I found plus three hundred and

1098
00:32:12,610 --> 00:32:12,620
found I found plus three hundred and

1099
00:32:12,620 --> 00:32:16,870
found I found plus three hundred and
thirty point one now the unit is very

1100
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:16,880
thirty point one now the unit is very

1101
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,799
thirty point one now the unit is very
important that's another things when you

1102
00:32:20,799 --> 00:32:20,809
important that's another things when you

1103
00:32:20,809 --> 00:32:24,250
important that's another things when you
simply find and as a result in a problem

1104
00:32:24,250 --> 00:32:24,260
simply find and as a result in a problem

1105
00:32:24,260 --> 00:32:26,470
simply find and as a result in a problem
if it has a unit you have to show the

1106
00:32:26,470 --> 00:32:26,480
if it has a unit you have to show the

1107
00:32:26,480 --> 00:32:28,560
if it has a unit you have to show the
unit what is the unit the unit is

1108
00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:28,570
unit what is the unit the unit is

1109
00:32:28,570 --> 00:32:32,950
unit what is the unit the unit is
kilojoules just kilojoules know per mole

1110
00:32:32,950 --> 00:32:32,960
kilojoules just kilojoules know per mole

1111
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:35,080
kilojoules just kilojoules know per mole
because I multiplied them by the number

1112
00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:35,090
because I multiplied them by the number

1113
00:32:35,090 --> 00:32:37,659
because I multiplied them by the number
of moles that they appear again their

1114
00:32:37,659 --> 00:32:37,669
of moles that they appear again their

1115
00:32:37,669 --> 00:32:40,150
of moles that they appear again their
coefficients right so that is just

1116
00:32:40,150 --> 00:32:40,160
coefficients right so that is just

1117
00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:44,159
coefficients right so that is just
kilojoules then I calculate the Delta s

1118
00:32:44,159 --> 00:32:44,169
kilojoules then I calculate the Delta s

1119
00:32:44,169 --> 00:32:47,470
kilojoules then I calculate the Delta s
zero exactly the same

1120
00:32:47,470 --> 00:32:47,480
zero exactly the same

1121
00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:52,009
zero exactly the same
you just take the entropy off the

1122
00:32:52,009 --> 00:32:52,019
you just take the entropy off the

1123
00:32:52,019 --> 00:32:54,500
you just take the entropy off the
product standard entropies off the

1124
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:54,510
product standard entropies off the

1125
00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:58,130
product standard entropies off the
product and two times two hundred and

1126
00:32:58,130 --> 00:32:58,140
product and two times two hundred and

1127
00:32:58,140 --> 00:33:04,240
product and two times two hundred and
thirteen point six and plus three times

1128
00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:04,250
thirteen point six and plus three times

1129
00:33:04,250 --> 00:33:07,250
thirteen point six and plus three times
twenty seven point fifteen there's no

1130
00:33:07,250 --> 00:33:07,260
twenty seven point fifteen there's no

1131
00:33:07,260 --> 00:33:09,980
twenty seven point fifteen there's no
none there's no zero values here right

1132
00:33:09,980 --> 00:33:09,990
none there's no zero values here right

1133
00:33:09,990 --> 00:33:13,240
none there's no zero values here right
they're all non zeros this is the

1134
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:13,250
they're all non zeros this is the

1135
00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:18,440
they're all non zeros this is the
product and minus the reactant one

1136
00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:18,450
product and minus the reactant one

1137
00:33:18,450 --> 00:33:21,350
product and minus the reactant one
hundred and forty six point four plus

1138
00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:21,360
hundred and forty six point four plus

1139
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:27,590
hundred and forty six point four plus
two times five point sixty nine and then

1140
00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:27,600
two times five point sixty nine and then

1141
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:31,159
two times five point sixty nine and then
we calculate that when we calculated it

1142
00:33:31,159 --> 00:33:31,169
we calculate that when we calculated it

1143
00:33:31,169 --> 00:33:36,669
we calculate that when we calculated it
will be three hundred and fifty point

1144
00:33:36,669 --> 00:33:36,679
will be three hundred and fifty point

1145
00:33:36,679 --> 00:33:45,980
will be three hundred and fifty point
eighty-seven now what is the unit the

1146
00:33:45,980 --> 00:33:45,990
eighty-seven now what is the unit the

1147
00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:49,430
eighty-seven now what is the unit the
unit again is joules per Kelvin there's

1148
00:33:49,430 --> 00:33:49,440
unit again is joules per Kelvin there's

1149
00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:50,060
unit again is joules per Kelvin there's
no mole

1150
00:33:50,060 --> 00:33:50,070
no mole

1151
00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:52,549
no mole
multiplied by mall because here these

1152
00:33:52,549 --> 00:33:52,559
multiplied by mall because here these

1153
00:33:52,559 --> 00:33:53,990
multiplied by mall because here these
are actually a number of moles we

1154
00:33:53,990 --> 00:33:54,000
are actually a number of moles we

1155
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,960
are actually a number of moles we
multiply them right so that is going to

1156
00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:56,970
multiply them right so that is going to

1157
00:33:56,970 --> 00:34:02,330
multiply them right so that is going to
be joules per Kelvin okay now now you

1158
00:34:02,330 --> 00:34:02,340
be joules per Kelvin okay now now you

1159
00:34:02,340 --> 00:34:05,180
be joules per Kelvin okay now now you
can tell me whether this reaction will

1160
00:34:05,180 --> 00:34:05,190
can tell me whether this reaction will

1161
00:34:05,190 --> 00:34:07,610
can tell me whether this reaction will
be spontaneous at low temperature high

1162
00:34:07,610 --> 00:34:07,620
be spontaneous at low temperature high

1163
00:34:07,620 --> 00:34:09,050
be spontaneous at low temperature high
temperature or it will always be

1164
00:34:09,050 --> 00:34:09,060
temperature or it will always be

1165
00:34:09,060 --> 00:34:13,599
temperature or it will always be
spontaneous or will never be spontaneous

1166
00:34:13,599 --> 00:34:13,609
spontaneous or will never be spontaneous

1167
00:34:13,609 --> 00:34:21,200
spontaneous or will never be spontaneous
Delta H is positive and Delta s is also

1168
00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:21,210
Delta H is positive and Delta s is also

1169
00:34:21,210 --> 00:34:24,139
Delta H is positive and Delta s is also
positive what does that means at what

1170
00:34:24,139 --> 00:34:24,149
positive what does that means at what

1171
00:34:24,149 --> 00:34:26,829
positive what does that means at what
temperature low temp actually the

1172
00:34:26,829 --> 00:34:26,839
temperature low temp actually the

1173
00:34:26,839 --> 00:34:31,280
temperature low temp actually the
reaction is not in the category of

1174
00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:31,290
reaction is not in the category of

1175
00:34:31,290 --> 00:34:34,310
reaction is not in the category of
always spontaneous or always non

1176
00:34:34,310 --> 00:34:34,320
always spontaneous or always non

1177
00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:39,139
always spontaneous or always non
spontaneous from that we can simply say

1178
00:34:39,139 --> 00:34:39,149
spontaneous from that we can simply say

1179
00:34:39,149 --> 00:34:43,010
spontaneous from that we can simply say
that that is what actually at low

1180
00:34:43,010 --> 00:34:43,020
that that is what actually at low

1181
00:34:43,020 --> 00:34:44,960
that that is what actually at low
temperature it will be non spontaneous

1182
00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:44,970
temperature it will be non spontaneous

1183
00:34:44,970 --> 00:34:46,609
temperature it will be non spontaneous
because Delta G will turn out to be

1184
00:34:46,609 --> 00:34:46,619
because Delta G will turn out to be

1185
00:34:46,619 --> 00:34:49,700
because Delta G will turn out to be
positive but at high temperatures it

1186
00:34:49,700 --> 00:34:49,710
positive but at high temperatures it

1187
00:34:49,710 --> 00:34:52,099
positive but at high temperatures it
will be spontaneous because Delta G will

1188
00:34:52,099 --> 00:34:52,109
will be spontaneous because Delta G will

1189
00:34:52,109 --> 00:34:54,440
will be spontaneous because Delta G will
turn out to be negative right now the

1190
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:54,450
turn out to be negative right now the

1191
00:34:54,450 --> 00:34:57,040
turn out to be negative right now the
next question is at what temperature

1192
00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:57,050
next question is at what temperature

1193
00:34:57,050 --> 00:34:59,910
next question is at what temperature
that spontaneity change

1194
00:34:59,910 --> 00:34:59,920
that spontaneity change

1195
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:05,190
that spontaneity change
can we calculate it and the answer is

1196
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:05,200
can we calculate it and the answer is

1197
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:09,380
can we calculate it and the answer is
yes we can calculate that too

1198
00:35:09,380 --> 00:35:09,390

1199
00:35:09,390 --> 00:35:19,520
because what we are simply looking for

1200
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:19,530

1201
00:35:19,530 --> 00:35:23,310
so here Delta G let's write it Delta G

1202
00:35:23,310 --> 00:35:23,320
so here Delta G let's write it Delta G

1203
00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:29,430
so here Delta G let's write it Delta G
now this is equals to Delta H now I can

1204
00:35:29,430 --> 00:35:29,440
now this is equals to Delta H now I can

1205
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:32,580
now this is equals to Delta H now I can
write it zero here because I assume that

1206
00:35:32,580 --> 00:35:32,590
write it zero here because I assume that

1207
00:35:32,590 --> 00:35:35,070
write it zero here because I assume that
the enthalpy change is independent of

1208
00:35:35,070 --> 00:35:35,080
the enthalpy change is independent of

1209
00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,050
the enthalpy change is independent of
the temperature in this case so I can

1210
00:35:37,050 --> 00:35:37,060
the temperature in this case so I can

1211
00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:39,650
the temperature in this case so I can
put their standard enthalpy change

1212
00:35:39,650 --> 00:35:39,660
put their standard enthalpy change

1213
00:35:39,660 --> 00:35:41,640
put their standard enthalpy change
wouldn't make any difference but here I

1214
00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:41,650
wouldn't make any difference but here I

1215
00:35:41,650 --> 00:35:43,290
wouldn't make any difference but here I
don't have to put standard enthalpy

1216
00:35:43,290 --> 00:35:43,300
don't have to put standard enthalpy

1217
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:49,320
don't have to put standard enthalpy
change there and T and Delta s 0 like

1218
00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:49,330
change there and T and Delta s 0 like

1219
00:35:49,330 --> 00:35:55,650
change there and T and Delta s 0 like
this ok now what I want is at what

1220
00:35:55,650 --> 00:35:55,660
this ok now what I want is at what

1221
00:35:55,660 --> 00:35:59,960
this ok now what I want is at what
temperature Delta G will be negative

1222
00:35:59,960 --> 00:35:59,970

1223
00:35:59,970 --> 00:36:01,290
right

1224
00:36:01,290 --> 00:36:01,300
right

1225
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:03,210
right
first of all let's find out at what

1226
00:36:03,210 --> 00:36:03,220
first of all let's find out at what

1227
00:36:03,220 --> 00:36:06,440
first of all let's find out at what
temperature Delta G will be zero right

1228
00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:06,450
temperature Delta G will be zero right

1229
00:36:06,450 --> 00:36:11,640
temperature Delta G will be zero right
and actually I can simply find our Delta

1230
00:36:11,640 --> 00:36:11,650
and actually I can simply find our Delta

1231
00:36:11,650 --> 00:36:16,530
and actually I can simply find our Delta
G will be equal to 0 at Delta H 0 T

1232
00:36:16,530 --> 00:36:16,540
G will be equal to 0 at Delta H 0 T

1233
00:36:16,540 --> 00:36:20,640
G will be equal to 0 at Delta H 0 T
Delta s 0 and from here I can find out

1234
00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:20,650
Delta s 0 and from here I can find out

1235
00:36:20,650 --> 00:36:25,500
Delta s 0 and from here I can find out
the temperature as simply Delta H 0

1236
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:25,510
the temperature as simply Delta H 0

1237
00:36:25,510 --> 00:36:33,000
the temperature as simply Delta H 0
dependent by Delta s 0 right and I just

1238
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:33,010
dependent by Delta s 0 right and I just

1239
00:36:33,010 --> 00:36:34,830
dependent by Delta s 0 right and I just
take that put it on this side and

1240
00:36:34,830 --> 00:36:34,840
take that put it on this side and

1241
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,470
take that put it on this side and
divided by Delta s 0 now let's put the

1242
00:36:37,470 --> 00:36:37,480
divided by Delta s 0 now let's put the

1243
00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:43,530
divided by Delta s 0 now let's put the
values here the enthalpy change for the

1244
00:36:43,530 --> 00:36:43,540
values here the enthalpy change for the

1245
00:36:43,540 --> 00:36:49,350
values here the enthalpy change for the
process that we calculated is 330 point

1246
00:36:49,350 --> 00:36:49,360
process that we calculated is 330 point

1247
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:56,460
process that we calculated is 330 point
15 but the unit is kilojoules the unit

1248
00:36:56,460 --> 00:36:56,470
15 but the unit is kilojoules the unit

1249
00:36:56,470 --> 00:37:00,660
15 but the unit is kilojoules the unit
here is joules I have to do I have to

1250
00:37:00,660 --> 00:37:00,670
here is joules I have to do I have to

1251
00:37:00,670 --> 00:37:03,770
here is joules I have to do I have to
change either kilojoules to joules or

1252
00:37:03,770 --> 00:37:03,780
change either kilojoules to joules or

1253
00:37:03,780 --> 00:37:07,380
change either kilojoules to joules or
Joules to kilojoules it's better to

1254
00:37:07,380 --> 00:37:07,390
Joules to kilojoules it's better to

1255
00:37:07,390 --> 00:37:08,900
Joules to kilojoules it's better to
change I guess

1256
00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:08,910
change I guess

1257
00:37:08,910 --> 00:37:12,240
change I guess
kilojoules to joules and leave this Jule

1258
00:37:12,240 --> 00:37:12,250
kilojoules to joules and leave this Jule

1259
00:37:12,250 --> 00:37:15,240
kilojoules to joules and leave this Jule
here joules per Kelvin now to make that

1260
00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:15,250
here joules per Kelvin now to make that

1261
00:37:15,250 --> 00:37:18,570
here joules per Kelvin now to make that
joules I have to multiply it by three so

1262
00:37:18,570 --> 00:37:18,580
joules I have to multiply it by three so

1263
00:37:18,580 --> 00:37:23,610
joules I have to multiply it by three so
this is joules right and divided by the

1264
00:37:23,610 --> 00:37:23,620
this is joules right and divided by the

1265
00:37:23,620 --> 00:37:27,060
this is joules right and divided by the
Delta S which is three hundred and fifty

1266
00:37:27,060 --> 00:37:27,070
Delta S which is three hundred and fifty

1267
00:37:27,070 --> 00:37:31,290
Delta S which is three hundred and fifty
point eighty seven and this is also

1268
00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:31,300
point eighty seven and this is also

1269
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:36,360
point eighty seven and this is also
joules per Kelvin the unit and the

1270
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:36,370
joules per Kelvin the unit and the

1271
00:37:36,370 --> 00:37:39,750
joules per Kelvin the unit and the
results will turn out to be as let me

1272
00:37:39,750 --> 00:37:39,760
results will turn out to be as let me

1273
00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:49,190
results will turn out to be as let me
see nine hundred and forty point eight

1274
00:37:49,190 --> 00:37:49,200
see nine hundred and forty point eight

1275
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,350
see nine hundred and forty point eight
Calvin

1276
00:37:51,350 --> 00:37:51,360
Calvin

1277
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:55,020
Calvin
somewhere about seven hundred degrees

1278
00:37:55,020 --> 00:37:55,030
somewhere about seven hundred degrees

1279
00:37:55,030 --> 00:37:57,150
somewhere about seven hundred degrees
centigrade right 700 degree centigrade

1280
00:37:57,150 --> 00:37:57,160
centigrade right 700 degree centigrade

1281
00:37:57,160 --> 00:38:03,480
centigrade right 700 degree centigrade
now so the reaction I can say the

1282
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:03,490
now so the reaction I can say the

1283
00:38:03,490 --> 00:38:19,310
now so the reaction I can say the
reaction will be spontaneous

1284
00:38:19,310 --> 00:38:19,320

1285
00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:26,960
at T greater or smaller sometimes it's

1286
00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:26,970
at T greater or smaller sometimes it's

1287
00:38:26,970 --> 00:38:30,530
at T greater or smaller sometimes it's
smaller sometimes it's greater it will

1288
00:38:30,530 --> 00:38:30,540
smaller sometimes it's greater it will

1289
00:38:30,540 --> 00:38:33,230
smaller sometimes it's greater it will
be greater because as we have seen there

1290
00:38:33,230 --> 00:38:33,240
be greater because as we have seen there

1291
00:38:33,240 --> 00:38:36,590
be greater because as we have seen there
in that equations they too have that

1292
00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:36,600
in that equations they too have that

1293
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:40,610
in that equations they too have that
party Delta as larger as negative T has

1294
00:38:40,610 --> 00:38:40,620
party Delta as larger as negative T has

1295
00:38:40,620 --> 00:38:44,270
party Delta as larger as negative T has
to be high so the reaction will be

1296
00:38:44,270 --> 00:38:44,280
to be high so the reaction will be

1297
00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:47,230
to be high so the reaction will be
spontaneous at temperature greater than

1298
00:38:47,230 --> 00:38:47,240
spontaneous at temperature greater than

1299
00:38:47,240 --> 00:38:54,230
spontaneous at temperature greater than
simply 940 point 8 Calvin so this is the

1300
00:38:54,230 --> 00:38:54,240
simply 940 point 8 Calvin so this is the

1301
00:38:54,240 --> 00:38:59,680
simply 940 point 8 Calvin so this is the
answer ok so you see how we can use the

1302
00:38:59,680 --> 00:38:59,690
answer ok so you see how we can use the

1303
00:38:59,690 --> 00:39:03,130
answer ok so you see how we can use the
thermodynamic data to find out

1304
00:39:03,130 --> 00:39:03,140
thermodynamic data to find out

1305
00:39:03,140 --> 00:39:06,190
thermodynamic data to find out
spontaneity of a chemical reaction and

1306
00:39:06,190 --> 00:39:06,200
spontaneity of a chemical reaction and

1307
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:09,230
spontaneity of a chemical reaction and
actually find out the temperature at

1308
00:39:09,230 --> 00:39:09,240
actually find out the temperature at

1309
00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:10,970
actually find out the temperature at
which range the reaction will be

1310
00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:10,980
which range the reaction will be

1311
00:39:10,980 --> 00:39:13,090
which range the reaction will be
spontaneous or will be non spontaneous

1312
00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:13,100
spontaneous or will be non spontaneous

1313
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:33,880
spontaneous or will be non spontaneous
yes any questions yes

1314
00:39:33,880 --> 00:39:33,890

1315
00:39:33,890 --> 00:39:36,820
yes you can you can you can simply say

1316
00:39:36,820 --> 00:39:36,830
yes you can you can you can simply say

1317
00:39:36,830 --> 00:39:39,760
yes you can you can you can simply say
that because when Delta G is equal to

1318
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:39,770
that because when Delta G is equal to

1319
00:39:39,770 --> 00:39:43,660
that because when Delta G is equal to
zero that means that the reaction is at

1320
00:39:43,660 --> 00:39:43,670
zero that means that the reaction is at

1321
00:39:43,670 --> 00:39:52,180
zero that means that the reaction is at
equilibrium no no you can't there is no

1322
00:39:52,180 --> 00:39:52,190
equilibrium no no you can't there is no

1323
00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:53,230
equilibrium no no you can't there is no
spontaneity

1324
00:39:53,230 --> 00:39:53,240
spontaneity

1325
00:39:53,240 --> 00:39:54,640
spontaneity
when you have an equilibrium it's a

1326
00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:54,650
when you have an equilibrium it's a

1327
00:39:54,650 --> 00:39:57,850
when you have an equilibrium it's a
reversible process remember it's a

1328
00:39:57,850 --> 00:39:57,860
reversible process remember it's a

1329
00:39:57,860 --> 00:40:01,630
reversible process remember it's a
reversible process reversible means

1330
00:40:01,630 --> 00:40:01,640
reversible process reversible means

1331
00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:04,270
reversible process reversible means
equilibrium so we're looking for

1332
00:40:04,270 --> 00:40:04,280
equilibrium so we're looking for

1333
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:06,370
equilibrium so we're looking for
spontaneous process it may be

1334
00:40:06,370 --> 00:40:06,380
spontaneous process it may be

1335
00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:08,260
spontaneous process it may be
spontaneous in the way it's written or

1336
00:40:08,260 --> 00:40:08,270
spontaneous in the way it's written or

1337
00:40:08,270 --> 00:40:10,180
spontaneous in the way it's written or
spontaneous in the way reverse

1338
00:40:10,180 --> 00:40:10,190
spontaneous in the way reverse

1339
00:40:10,190 --> 00:40:13,060
spontaneous in the way reverse
directions right if it is zero it's an

1340
00:40:13,060 --> 00:40:13,070
directions right if it is zero it's an

1341
00:40:13,070 --> 00:40:17,350
directions right if it is zero it's an
equilibrium right equilibrium then you

1342
00:40:17,350 --> 00:40:17,360
equilibrium right equilibrium then you

1343
00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:19,480
equilibrium right equilibrium then you
can actually find out again to make it

1344
00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:19,490
can actually find out again to make it

1345
00:40:19,490 --> 00:40:22,930
can actually find out again to make it
negative in fact how the temperature

1346
00:40:22,930 --> 00:40:22,940
negative in fact how the temperature

1347
00:40:22,940 --> 00:40:26,620
negative in fact how the temperature
should change right to change the

1348
00:40:26,620 --> 00:40:26,630
should change right to change the

1349
00:40:26,630 --> 00:40:34,440
should change right to change the
equilibrium constant yes okay I guess

1350
00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:34,450
equilibrium constant yes okay I guess

1351
00:40:34,450 --> 00:40:45,440
equilibrium constant yes okay I guess
now let's start the next chapter

1352
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:45,450

1353
00:40:45,450 --> 00:40:50,730
now actually I can I can calculate the

1354
00:40:50,730 --> 00:40:50,740
now actually I can I can calculate the

1355
00:40:50,740 --> 00:40:54,420
now actually I can I can calculate the
equilibrium constant right if I know the

1356
00:40:54,420 --> 00:40:54,430
equilibrium constant right if I know the

1357
00:40:54,430 --> 00:40:57,720
equilibrium constant right if I know the
Delta g0 in fact any temperatures at

1358
00:40:57,720 --> 00:40:57,730
Delta g0 in fact any temperatures at

1359
00:40:57,730 --> 00:40:59,040
Delta g0 in fact any temperatures at
this temperature I can calculate that

1360
00:40:59,040 --> 00:40:59,050
this temperature I can calculate that

1361
00:40:59,050 --> 00:41:01,770
this temperature I can calculate that
this will be actually Delta g0 calculate

1362
00:41:01,770 --> 00:41:01,780
this will be actually Delta g0 calculate

1363
00:41:01,780 --> 00:41:21,980
this will be actually Delta g0 calculate
the equilibrium constant there too

1364
00:41:21,980 --> 00:41:21,990

1365
00:41:21,990 --> 00:41:28,760
now the chapter that we will cover

1366
00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:28,770
now the chapter that we will cover

1367
00:41:28,770 --> 00:41:31,760
now the chapter that we will cover
actually is a teen chapter previous

1368
00:41:31,760 --> 00:41:31,770
actually is a teen chapter previous

1369
00:41:31,770 --> 00:41:33,920
actually is a teen chapter previous
chapter than the thermodynamics but it

1370
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:33,930
chapter than the thermodynamics but it

1371
00:41:33,930 --> 00:41:35,120
chapter than the thermodynamics but it
doesn't have anything to do with the

1372
00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:35,130
doesn't have anything to do with the

1373
00:41:35,130 --> 00:41:39,950
doesn't have anything to do with the
thermodynamics now it's about the

1374
00:41:39,950 --> 00:41:39,960
thermodynamics now it's about the

1375
00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:44,359
thermodynamics now it's about the
chemistry of environment chemistry of

1376
00:41:44,359 --> 00:41:44,369
chemistry of environment chemistry of

1377
00:41:44,369 --> 00:41:49,400
chemistry of environment chemistry of
environment now this is really very

1378
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:49,410
environment now this is really very

1379
00:41:49,410 --> 00:41:56,390
environment now this is really very
important chapter particularly like if

1380
00:41:56,390 --> 00:41:56,400
important chapter particularly like if

1381
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:59,359
important chapter particularly like if
you start thinking about the life on the

1382
00:41:59,359 --> 00:41:59,369
you start thinking about the life on the

1383
00:41:59,369 --> 00:42:02,329
you start thinking about the life on the
earth and how it's possible and what are

1384
00:42:02,329 --> 00:42:02,339
earth and how it's possible and what are

1385
00:42:02,339 --> 00:42:04,520
earth and how it's possible and what are
the processes are taking place in the

1386
00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:04,530
the processes are taking place in the

1387
00:42:04,530 --> 00:42:08,589
the processes are taking place in the
atmosphere right now particularly

1388
00:42:08,589 --> 00:42:08,599
atmosphere right now particularly

1389
00:42:08,599 --> 00:42:10,970
atmosphere right now particularly
chemical reactions what kind of chemical

1390
00:42:10,970 --> 00:42:10,980
chemical reactions what kind of chemical

1391
00:42:10,980 --> 00:42:13,839
chemical reactions what kind of chemical
reactions are taking place here the

1392
00:42:13,839 --> 00:42:13,849
reactions are taking place here the

1393
00:42:13,849 --> 00:42:16,550
reactions are taking place here the
atmospheric chemistry is very

1394
00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:16,560
atmospheric chemistry is very

1395
00:42:16,560 --> 00:42:18,320
atmospheric chemistry is very
interesting actually as a matter of fact

1396
00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:18,330
interesting actually as a matter of fact

1397
00:42:18,330 --> 00:42:20,089
interesting actually as a matter of fact
now first of all we have to remember

1398
00:42:20,089 --> 00:42:20,099
now first of all we have to remember

1399
00:42:20,099 --> 00:42:24,920
now first of all we have to remember
that the life on Earth is possible due

1400
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:24,930
that the life on Earth is possible due

1401
00:42:24,930 --> 00:42:30,140
that the life on Earth is possible due
to three things right one is the energy

1402
00:42:30,140 --> 00:42:30,150
to three things right one is the energy

1403
00:42:30,150 --> 00:42:35,380
to three things right one is the energy
that comes from the Sun now second is

1404
00:42:35,380 --> 00:42:35,390
that comes from the Sun now second is

1405
00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:40,359
that comes from the Sun now second is
the atmosphere that around the earth

1406
00:42:40,359 --> 00:42:40,369
the atmosphere that around the earth

1407
00:42:40,369 --> 00:42:44,780
the atmosphere that around the earth
right which actually supports the life

1408
00:42:44,780 --> 00:42:44,790
right which actually supports the life

1409
00:42:44,790 --> 00:42:50,089
right which actually supports the life
we have the gases that we inhale ate and

1410
00:42:50,089 --> 00:42:50,099
we have the gases that we inhale ate and

1411
00:42:50,099 --> 00:42:58,540
we have the gases that we inhale ate and
actually mean and the third is what

1412
00:42:58,540 --> 00:42:58,550

1413
00:42:58,550 --> 00:43:02,480
water water very very important that is

1414
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:02,490
water water very very important that is

1415
00:43:02,490 --> 00:43:08,349
water water very very important that is
the actually those three things that

1416
00:43:08,349 --> 00:43:08,359

1417
00:43:08,359 --> 00:43:11,329
makes the life possible and the earth

1418
00:43:11,329 --> 00:43:11,339
makes the life possible and the earth

1419
00:43:11,339 --> 00:43:13,430
makes the life possible and the earth
makes the life possible on the earth now

1420
00:43:13,430 --> 00:43:13,440
makes the life possible on the earth now

1421
00:43:13,440 --> 00:43:17,030
makes the life possible on the earth now
in this chapter we will look at the

1422
00:43:17,030 --> 00:43:17,040
in this chapter we will look at the

1423
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:20,000
in this chapter we will look at the
atmosphere and how it changes and what

1424
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:20,010
atmosphere and how it changes and what

1425
00:43:20,010 --> 00:43:21,560
atmosphere and how it changes and what
are the chemical reactions are taking

1426
00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:21,570
are the chemical reactions are taking

1427
00:43:21,570 --> 00:43:23,900
are the chemical reactions are taking
place in the atmosphere and what are the

1428
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:23,910
place in the atmosphere and what are the

1429
00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:30,620
place in the atmosphere and what are the
processes actually that protect us from

1430
00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:30,630
processes actually that protect us from

1431
00:43:30,630 --> 00:43:32,839
processes actually that protect us from
the hazardous things that will take

1432
00:43:32,839 --> 00:43:32,849
the hazardous things that will take

1433
00:43:32,849 --> 00:43:34,070
the hazardous things that will take
place on

1434
00:43:34,070 --> 00:43:34,080
place on

1435
00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:38,030
place on
the earth actually that helps us to live

1436
00:43:38,030 --> 00:43:38,040
the earth actually that helps us to live

1437
00:43:38,040 --> 00:43:39,710
the earth actually that helps us to live
on this earth as a matter of fact right

1438
00:43:39,710 --> 00:43:39,720
on this earth as a matter of fact right

1439
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:42,470
on this earth as a matter of fact right
but what we should simply remember also

1440
00:43:42,470 --> 00:43:42,480
but what we should simply remember also

1441
00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:47,270
but what we should simply remember also
that due to the human activities on the

1442
00:43:47,270 --> 00:43:47,280
that due to the human activities on the

1443
00:43:47,280 --> 00:43:50,530
that due to the human activities on the
earth the ik logical system the original

1444
00:43:50,530 --> 00:43:50,540
earth the ik logical system the original

1445
00:43:50,540 --> 00:43:53,600
earth the ik logical system the original
ecological system of the earth is

1446
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:53,610
ecological system of the earth is

1447
00:43:53,610 --> 00:43:58,580
ecological system of the earth is
changing and if we don't take any

1448
00:43:58,580 --> 00:43:58,590
changing and if we don't take any

1449
00:43:58,590 --> 00:44:00,800
changing and if we don't take any
precautions about this the human means

1450
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:00,810
precautions about this the human means

1451
00:44:00,810 --> 00:44:04,390
precautions about this the human means
actually the humans not taking any any

1452
00:44:04,390 --> 00:44:04,400
actually the humans not taking any any

1453
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:10,250
actually the humans not taking any any
precautions to prevent this the life of

1454
00:44:10,250 --> 00:44:10,260
precautions to prevent this the life of

1455
00:44:10,260 --> 00:44:12,020
precautions to prevent this the life of
living things on the earth will be

1456
00:44:12,020 --> 00:44:12,030
living things on the earth will be

1457
00:44:12,030 --> 00:44:15,800
living things on the earth will be
doubtful let's say after thousand years

1458
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:15,810
doubtful let's say after thousand years

1459
00:44:15,810 --> 00:44:19,760
doubtful let's say after thousand years
or five hundred years or I don't know

1460
00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:19,770
or five hundred years or I don't know

1461
00:44:19,770 --> 00:44:23,180
or five hundred years or I don't know
maybe three hundred years right so very

1462
00:44:23,180 --> 00:44:23,190
maybe three hundred years right so very

1463
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:26,570
maybe three hundred years right so very
very important to be conscious about

1464
00:44:26,570 --> 00:44:26,580
very important to be conscious about

1465
00:44:26,580 --> 00:44:28,880
very important to be conscious about
that realize this and take the

1466
00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:28,890
that realize this and take the

1467
00:44:28,890 --> 00:44:31,490
that realize this and take the
precautions accordingly to prevent that

1468
00:44:31,490 --> 00:44:31,500
precautions accordingly to prevent that

1469
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:34,580
precautions accordingly to prevent that
happening as a matter of fact okay now

1470
00:44:34,580 --> 00:44:34,590
happening as a matter of fact okay now

1471
00:44:34,590 --> 00:44:40,160
happening as a matter of fact okay now
the atmosphere again have different

1472
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:40,170
the atmosphere again have different

1473
00:44:40,170 --> 00:44:44,030
the atmosphere again have different
layers or they just you know classify

1474
00:44:44,030 --> 00:44:44,040
layers or they just you know classify

1475
00:44:44,040 --> 00:44:46,099
layers or they just you know classify
the atmosphere starting from the earth

1476
00:44:46,099 --> 00:44:46,109
the atmosphere starting from the earth

1477
00:44:46,109 --> 00:44:52,700
the atmosphere starting from the earth
surface up to the sky and actually here

1478
00:44:52,700 --> 00:44:52,710
surface up to the sky and actually here

1479
00:44:52,710 --> 00:44:55,970
surface up to the sky and actually here
we have four layers of the atmosphere

1480
00:44:55,970 --> 00:44:55,980
we have four layers of the atmosphere

1481
00:44:55,980 --> 00:45:00,410
we have four layers of the atmosphere
one is the troposphere this is on the

1482
00:45:00,410 --> 00:45:00,420
one is the troposphere this is on the

1483
00:45:00,420 --> 00:45:03,560
one is the troposphere this is on the
earth again and it goes up to ten

1484
00:45:03,560 --> 00:45:03,570
earth again and it goes up to ten

1485
00:45:03,570 --> 00:45:05,570
earth again and it goes up to ten
kilometers from the earth up to ten

1486
00:45:05,570 --> 00:45:05,580
kilometers from the earth up to ten

1487
00:45:05,580 --> 00:45:08,000
kilometers from the earth up to ten
kilometres some books it will say like

1488
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:08,010
kilometres some books it will say like

1489
00:45:08,010 --> 00:45:09,830
kilometres some books it will say like
twelve kilometres actually there's no

1490
00:45:09,830 --> 00:45:09,840
twelve kilometres actually there's no

1491
00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:12,200
twelve kilometres actually there's no
strict rule there saying that exactly

1492
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:12,210
strict rule there saying that exactly

1493
00:45:12,210 --> 00:45:14,630
strict rule there saying that exactly
ten kilometers or exactly eleven it may

1494
00:45:14,630 --> 00:45:14,640
ten kilometers or exactly eleven it may

1495
00:45:14,640 --> 00:45:16,940
ten kilometers or exactly eleven it may
be eleven twelve kilometers and that's

1496
00:45:16,940 --> 00:45:16,950
be eleven twelve kilometers and that's

1497
00:45:16,950 --> 00:45:20,500
be eleven twelve kilometers and that's
it and then we have the stratosphere

1498
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:20,510
it and then we have the stratosphere

1499
00:45:20,510 --> 00:45:23,270
it and then we have the stratosphere
again all at the end we have spheres

1500
00:45:23,270 --> 00:45:23,280
again all at the end we have spheres

1501
00:45:23,280 --> 00:45:26,240
again all at the end we have spheres
right and and that goes from about ten

1502
00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:26,250
right and and that goes from about ten

1503
00:45:26,250 --> 00:45:29,710
right and and that goes from about ten
kilometers up to fifty kilometers and

1504
00:45:29,710 --> 00:45:29,720
kilometers up to fifty kilometers and

1505
00:45:29,720 --> 00:45:34,730
kilometers up to fifty kilometers and
then from there from fifty kilometers up

1506
00:45:34,730 --> 00:45:34,740
then from there from fifty kilometers up

1507
00:45:34,740 --> 00:45:36,770
then from there from fifty kilometers up
to about 85 kilometers we have

1508
00:45:36,770 --> 00:45:36,780
to about 85 kilometers we have

1509
00:45:36,780 --> 00:45:40,460
to about 85 kilometers we have
mesosphere and then we have the

1510
00:45:40,460 --> 00:45:40,470
mesosphere and then we have the

1511
00:45:40,470 --> 00:45:44,930
mesosphere and then we have the
thermosphere about 85 kilometers and

1512
00:45:44,930 --> 00:45:44,940
thermosphere about 85 kilometers and

1513
00:45:44,940 --> 00:45:46,099
thermosphere about 85 kilometers and
this goes up

1514
00:45:46,099 --> 00:45:46,109
this goes up

1515
00:45:46,109 --> 00:45:51,650
this goes up
- 700 kilometers 700 kilometers now from

1516
00:45:51,650 --> 00:45:51,660
- 700 kilometers 700 kilometers now from

1517
00:45:51,660 --> 00:45:54,229
- 700 kilometers 700 kilometers now from
700 kilometers not there here not

1518
00:45:54,229 --> 00:45:54,239
700 kilometers not there here not

1519
00:45:54,239 --> 00:45:57,200
700 kilometers not there here not
reported here but from 700 kilometers up

1520
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:57,210
reported here but from 700 kilometers up

1521
00:45:57,210 --> 00:46:03,039
reported here but from 700 kilometers up
to 10,000 kilometers we have EXO sphere

1522
00:46:03,039 --> 00:46:03,049
to 10,000 kilometers we have EXO sphere

1523
00:46:03,049 --> 00:46:07,729
to 10,000 kilometers we have EXO sphere
exosphere right now if you look at how

1524
00:46:07,729 --> 00:46:07,739
exosphere right now if you look at how

1525
00:46:07,739 --> 00:46:10,930
exosphere right now if you look at how
the temperature and the pressure changes

1526
00:46:10,930 --> 00:46:10,940
the temperature and the pressure changes

1527
00:46:10,940 --> 00:46:15,229
the temperature and the pressure changes
in the atmosphere as we go up here you

1528
00:46:15,229 --> 00:46:15,239
in the atmosphere as we go up here you

1529
00:46:15,239 --> 00:46:18,109
in the atmosphere as we go up here you
see again there is a change of

1530
00:46:18,109 --> 00:46:18,119
see again there is a change of

1531
00:46:18,119 --> 00:46:20,960
see again there is a change of
temperature fluctuations like this and

1532
00:46:20,960 --> 00:46:20,970
temperature fluctuations like this and

1533
00:46:20,970 --> 00:46:25,190
temperature fluctuations like this and
what we see here the boundaries between

1534
00:46:25,190 --> 00:46:25,200
what we see here the boundaries between

1535
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:29,390
what we see here the boundaries between
those layers usually at the maximum

1536
00:46:29,390 --> 00:46:29,400
those layers usually at the maximum

1537
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:33,049
those layers usually at the maximum
point or some change in the temperature

1538
00:46:33,049 --> 00:46:33,059
point or some change in the temperature

1539
00:46:33,059 --> 00:46:36,710
point or some change in the temperature
I should say temperature changes for

1540
00:46:36,710 --> 00:46:36,720
I should say temperature changes for

1541
00:46:36,720 --> 00:46:39,200
I should say temperature changes for
example up to here temperature decreases

1542
00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:39,210
example up to here temperature decreases

1543
00:46:39,210 --> 00:46:41,299
example up to here temperature decreases
decreases now from here it start

1544
00:46:41,299 --> 00:46:41,309
decreases now from here it start

1545
00:46:41,309 --> 00:46:43,430
decreases now from here it start
increasing at this change temperature

1546
00:46:43,430 --> 00:46:43,440
increasing at this change temperature

1547
00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:46,309
increasing at this change temperature
change actually and we have the end of

1548
00:46:46,309 --> 00:46:46,319
change actually and we have the end of

1549
00:46:46,319 --> 00:46:49,160
change actually and we have the end of
the troposphere or assume that that's

1550
00:46:49,160 --> 00:46:49,170
the troposphere or assume that that's

1551
00:46:49,170 --> 00:46:51,140
the troposphere or assume that that's
the boundary between those two layers

1552
00:46:51,140 --> 00:46:51,150
the boundary between those two layers

1553
00:46:51,150 --> 00:46:54,400
the boundary between those two layers
and here again you see another maximum

1554
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:54,410
and here again you see another maximum

1555
00:46:54,410 --> 00:46:57,170
and here again you see another maximum
temperature change taking place in this

1556
00:46:57,170 --> 00:46:57,180
temperature change taking place in this

1557
00:46:57,180 --> 00:46:59,509
temperature change taking place in this
case then it start decreasing and then

1558
00:46:59,509 --> 00:46:59,519
case then it start decreasing and then

1559
00:46:59,519 --> 00:47:01,609
case then it start decreasing and then
comes over here then it start increasing

1560
00:47:01,609 --> 00:47:01,619
comes over here then it start increasing

1561
00:47:01,619 --> 00:47:05,239
comes over here then it start increasing
you see all these temperature changes in

1562
00:47:05,239 --> 00:47:05,249
you see all these temperature changes in

1563
00:47:05,249 --> 00:47:08,900
you see all these temperature changes in
fact we have the boundaries of the

1564
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:08,910
fact we have the boundaries of the

1565
00:47:08,910 --> 00:47:12,229
fact we have the boundaries of the
layers in fact between the layers as a

1566
00:47:12,229 --> 00:47:12,239
layers in fact between the layers as a

1567
00:47:12,239 --> 00:47:15,890
layers in fact between the layers as a
matter of fact now let's look at what

1568
00:47:15,890 --> 00:47:15,900
matter of fact now let's look at what

1569
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:18,440
matter of fact now let's look at what
the temperatures are and here you see

1570
00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:18,450
the temperatures are and here you see

1571
00:47:18,450 --> 00:47:20,859
the temperatures are and here you see
again we start from to 90 and that

1572
00:47:20,859 --> 00:47:20,869
again we start from to 90 and that

1573
00:47:20,869 --> 00:47:23,720
again we start from to 90 and that
corresponds about what 17 degrees on the

1574
00:47:23,720 --> 00:47:23,730
corresponds about what 17 degrees on the

1575
00:47:23,730 --> 00:47:31,249
corresponds about what 17 degrees on the
earth and then it goes almost to 215 210

1576
00:47:31,249 --> 00:47:31,259
earth and then it goes almost to 215 210

1577
00:47:31,259 --> 00:47:34,839
earth and then it goes almost to 215 210
this corresponds to about minus 60

1578
00:47:34,839 --> 00:47:34,849
this corresponds to about minus 60

1579
00:47:34,849 --> 00:47:37,729
this corresponds to about minus 60
degrees centigrade minus 60 degrees

1580
00:47:37,729 --> 00:47:37,739
degrees centigrade minus 60 degrees

1581
00:47:37,739 --> 00:47:40,400
degrees centigrade minus 60 degrees
centigrade now then when we go to the

1582
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:40,410
centigrade now then when we go to the

1583
00:47:40,410 --> 00:47:43,640
centigrade now then when we go to the
stratosphere the temperature changes

1584
00:47:43,640 --> 00:47:43,650
stratosphere the temperature changes

1585
00:47:43,650 --> 00:47:45,829
stratosphere the temperature changes
increases a little bit but not much and

1586
00:47:45,829 --> 00:47:45,839
increases a little bit but not much and

1587
00:47:45,839 --> 00:47:50,479
increases a little bit but not much and
then up to this boundary again it almost

1588
00:47:50,479 --> 00:47:50,489
then up to this boundary again it almost

1589
00:47:50,489 --> 00:47:54,799
then up to this boundary again it almost
comes to 270 there and then from there

1590
00:47:54,799 --> 00:47:54,809
comes to 270 there and then from there

1591
00:47:54,809 --> 00:47:57,019
comes to 270 there and then from there
in the mesosphere and it goes in this

1592
00:47:57,019 --> 00:47:57,029
in the mesosphere and it goes in this

1593
00:47:57,029 --> 00:47:59,230
in the mesosphere and it goes in this
directions like this

1594
00:47:59,230 --> 00:47:59,240
directions like this

1595
00:47:59,240 --> 00:48:01,810
directions like this
and then this point here the temperature

1596
00:48:01,810 --> 00:48:01,820
and then this point here the temperature

1597
00:48:01,820 --> 00:48:05,890
and then this point here the temperature
is minus 85 somewhere about - if you

1598
00:48:05,890 --> 00:48:05,900
is minus 85 somewhere about - if you

1599
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,680
is minus 85 somewhere about - if you
calculate that even that in fact - 80

1600
00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:08,690
calculate that even that in fact - 80

1601
00:48:08,690 --> 00:48:12,310
calculate that even that in fact - 80
here will be 100 and so on but what we

1602
00:48:12,310 --> 00:48:12,320
here will be 100 and so on but what we

1603
00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:15,520
here will be 100 and so on but what we
know that the average temperature in

1604
00:48:15,520 --> 00:48:15,530
know that the average temperature in

1605
00:48:15,530 --> 00:48:19,600
know that the average temperature in
mesosphere is about - 85 degrees

1606
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:19,610
mesosphere is about - 85 degrees

1607
00:48:19,610 --> 00:48:22,260
mesosphere is about - 85 degrees
centigrade and it is reported to be the

1608
00:48:22,260 --> 00:48:22,270
centigrade and it is reported to be the

1609
00:48:22,270 --> 00:48:27,280
centigrade and it is reported to be the
coldest part of the earth in the

1610
00:48:27,280 --> 00:48:27,290
coldest part of the earth in the

1611
00:48:27,290 --> 00:48:29,650
coldest part of the earth in the
actually in the atmosphere coldest part

1612
00:48:29,650 --> 00:48:29,660
actually in the atmosphere coldest part

1613
00:48:29,660 --> 00:48:32,290
actually in the atmosphere coldest part
the average temperature is minus 85

1614
00:48:32,290 --> 00:48:32,300
the average temperature is minus 85

1615
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:34,240
the average temperature is minus 85
degrees centigrade minus 85 degrees

1616
00:48:34,240 --> 00:48:34,250
degrees centigrade minus 85 degrees

1617
00:48:34,250 --> 00:48:37,930
degrees centigrade minus 85 degrees
centigrade now from this point on in the

1618
00:48:37,930 --> 00:48:37,940
centigrade now from this point on in the

1619
00:48:37,940 --> 00:48:39,280
centigrade now from this point on in the
thermosphere the temperatures start

1620
00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:39,290
thermosphere the temperatures start

1621
00:48:39,290 --> 00:48:41,680
thermosphere the temperatures start
increasing increases increases increases

1622
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:41,690
increasing increases increases increases

1623
00:48:41,690 --> 00:48:46,120
increasing increases increases increases
it goes up to what up to 1500 degrees

1624
00:48:46,120 --> 00:48:46,130
it goes up to what up to 1500 degrees

1625
00:48:46,130 --> 00:48:53,340
it goes up to what up to 1500 degrees
centigrade 1500 but what does it mean

1626
00:48:53,340 --> 00:48:53,350
centigrade 1500 but what does it mean

1627
00:48:53,350 --> 00:48:56,350
centigrade 1500 but what does it mean
because that means it's very very hot

1628
00:48:56,350 --> 00:48:56,360
because that means it's very very hot

1629
00:48:56,360 --> 00:49:00,490
because that means it's very very hot
there no I will try to explain you in

1630
00:49:00,490 --> 00:49:00,500
there no I will try to explain you in

1631
00:49:00,500 --> 00:49:03,700
there no I will try to explain you in
the next hour okay