1 00:00:08,340 --> 00:00:16,670 now again considering the mass of the 2 00:00:16,670 --> 00:00:16,680 now again considering the mass of the 3 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:24,330 now again considering the mass of the atmosphere almost 75% of the mass of the 4 00:00:24,330 --> 00:00:24,340 atmosphere almost 75% of the mass of the 5 00:00:24,340 --> 00:00:27,600 atmosphere almost 75% of the mass of the atmosphere are in troposphere right here 6 00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:27,610 atmosphere are in troposphere right here 7 00:00:27,610 --> 00:00:32,339 atmosphere are in troposphere right here and again usually the heavier gas 8 00:00:32,339 --> 00:00:32,349 and again usually the heavier gas 9 00:00:32,349 --> 00:00:37,229 and again usually the heavier gas molecules accumulate close to the 10 00:00:37,229 --> 00:00:37,239 molecules accumulate close to the 11 00:00:37,239 --> 00:00:41,160 molecules accumulate close to the surface because of the gravitational 12 00:00:41,160 --> 00:00:41,170 surface because of the gravitational 13 00:00:41,170 --> 00:00:47,669 surface because of the gravitational force right and another about 24% or 14 00:00:47,669 --> 00:00:47,679 force right and another about 24% or 15 00:00:47,679 --> 00:00:49,680 force right and another about 24% or something in here in the stratosphere 16 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:49,690 something in here in the stratosphere 17 00:00:49,690 --> 00:00:54,389 something in here in the stratosphere and all of the mass actually almost 99% 18 00:00:54,389 --> 00:00:54,399 and all of the mass actually almost 99% 19 00:00:54,399 --> 00:01:00,540 and all of the mass actually almost 99% of the mass are in these two layers but 20 00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:00,550 of the mass are in these two layers but 21 00:01:00,550 --> 00:01:04,560 of the mass are in these two layers but we have gas molecules mesosphere 22 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:04,570 we have gas molecules mesosphere 23 00:01:04,570 --> 00:01:08,490 we have gas molecules mesosphere thermosphere even actually in EXO 24 00:01:08,490 --> 00:01:08,500 thermosphere even actually in EXO 25 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:10,649 thermosphere even actually in EXO spheres we have right we have to 26 00:01:10,649 --> 00:01:10,659 spheres we have right we have to 27 00:01:10,659 --> 00:01:13,860 spheres we have right we have to remember that now in other things is how 28 00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:13,870 remember that now in other things is how 29 00:01:13,870 --> 00:01:19,920 remember that now in other things is how high the satellites are do you know how 30 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:19,930 high the satellites are do you know how 31 00:01:19,930 --> 00:01:21,120 high the satellites are do you know how many kilometers from the earth 32 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:21,130 many kilometers from the earth 33 00:01:21,130 --> 00:01:26,460 many kilometers from the earth satellites that orbit in earth now the 34 00:01:26,460 --> 00:01:26,470 satellites that orbit in earth now the 35 00:01:26,470 --> 00:01:29,550 satellites that orbit in earth now the satellites are usually between 700 36 00:01:29,550 --> 00:01:29,560 satellites are usually between 700 37 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:35,160 satellites are usually between 700 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers now the 38 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:35,170 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers now the 39 00:01:35,170 --> 00:01:38,700 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers now the for example the space station in the 40 00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:38,710 for example the space station in the 41 00:01:38,710 --> 00:01:41,190 for example the space station in the earth and that's about four hundred and 42 00:01:41,190 --> 00:01:41,200 earth and that's about four hundred and 43 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:44,040 earth and that's about four hundred and thirty kilometres four hundred thirty 44 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:44,050 thirty kilometres four hundred thirty 45 00:01:44,050 --> 00:01:46,740 thirty kilometres four hundred thirty kilometres up here as a matter of fact 46 00:01:46,740 --> 00:01:46,750 kilometres up here as a matter of fact 47 00:01:46,750 --> 00:01:51,600 kilometres up here as a matter of fact why this one is something is happening 48 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:51,610 why this one is something is happening 49 00:01:51,610 --> 00:01:54,750 why this one is something is happening there I guess anyhow now how about the 50 00:01:54,750 --> 00:01:54,760 there I guess anyhow now how about the 51 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:57,090 there I guess anyhow now how about the pressure you see again the pressure 52 00:01:57,090 --> 00:01:57,100 pressure you see again the pressure 53 00:01:57,100 --> 00:02:01,880 pressure you see again the pressure changes decreases as we go up here and 54 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:01,890 changes decreases as we go up here and 55 00:02:01,890 --> 00:02:05,160 changes decreases as we go up here and the pressure values I have for example 56 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:05,170 the pressure values I have for example 57 00:02:05,170 --> 00:02:09,630 the pressure values I have for example that about hundred kilometers 100 58 00:02:09,630 --> 00:02:09,640 that about hundred kilometers 100 59 00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:12,600 that about hundred kilometers 100 kilometers up here the pressure is about 60 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:12,610 kilometers up here the pressure is about 61 00:02:12,610 --> 00:02:14,339 kilometers up here the pressure is about ten to the minus three 62 00:02:14,339 --> 00:02:14,349 ten to the minus three 63 00:02:14,349 --> 00:02:18,210 ten to the minus three Torr and if you go to about 200 64 00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:18,220 Torr and if you go to about 200 65 00:02:18,220 --> 00:02:20,530 Torr and if you go to about 200 kilometers the pressure is 10 GM 66 00:02:20,530 --> 00:02:20,540 kilometers the pressure is 10 GM 67 00:02:20,540 --> 00:02:24,789 kilometers the pressure is 10 GM - six stores so that is a very very low 68 00:02:24,789 --> 00:02:24,799 - six stores so that is a very very low 69 00:02:24,799 --> 00:02:27,369 - six stores so that is a very very low pressure actually very very low pressure 70 00:02:27,369 --> 00:02:27,379 pressure actually very very low pressure 71 00:02:27,379 --> 00:02:29,649 pressure actually very very low pressure what does that means that simply means 72 00:02:29,649 --> 00:02:29,659 what does that means that simply means 73 00:02:29,659 --> 00:02:33,599 what does that means that simply means that we have gases above those layers 74 00:02:33,599 --> 00:02:33,609 that we have gases above those layers 75 00:02:33,609 --> 00:02:37,839 that we have gases above those layers but the density of gas is very very low 76 00:02:37,839 --> 00:02:37,849 but the density of gas is very very low 77 00:02:37,849 --> 00:02:41,619 but the density of gas is very very low actually there's one gas molecule here 78 00:02:41,619 --> 00:02:41,629 actually there's one gas molecule here 79 00:02:41,629 --> 00:02:43,690 actually there's one gas molecule here there's another gas molecule probably 10 80 00:02:43,690 --> 00:02:43,700 there's another gas molecule probably 10 81 00:02:43,700 --> 00:02:46,780 there's another gas molecule probably 10 kilometers away in other gas molecules 82 00:02:46,780 --> 00:02:46,790 kilometers away in other gas molecules 83 00:02:46,790 --> 00:02:49,270 kilometers away in other gas molecules is you know 5 kilometers actually it 84 00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:49,280 is you know 5 kilometers actually it 85 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:50,890 is you know 5 kilometers actually it says that for example in the 86 00:02:50,890 --> 00:02:50,900 says that for example in the 87 00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:54,670 says that for example in the thermosphere and a bow a gas molecule 88 00:02:54,670 --> 00:02:54,680 thermosphere and a bow a gas molecule 89 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:57,490 thermosphere and a bow a gas molecule trail was about sometimes hundred 90 00:02:57,490 --> 00:02:57,500 trail was about sometimes hundred 91 00:02:57,500 --> 00:02:59,890 trail was about sometimes hundred kilometers before it collides in other 92 00:02:59,890 --> 00:02:59,900 kilometers before it collides in other 93 00:02:59,900 --> 00:03:03,159 kilometers before it collides in other gas molecules so we have to remember 94 00:03:03,159 --> 00:03:03,169 gas molecules so we have to remember 95 00:03:03,169 --> 00:03:05,740 gas molecules so we have to remember that the number of gas molecules per 96 00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:05,750 that the number of gas molecules per 97 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:09,940 that the number of gas molecules per unit volume up there particularly as the 98 00:03:09,940 --> 00:03:09,950 unit volume up there particularly as the 99 00:03:09,950 --> 00:03:11,530 unit volume up there particularly as the temperature and thermosphere where the 100 00:03:11,530 --> 00:03:11,540 temperature and thermosphere where the 101 00:03:11,540 --> 00:03:14,020 temperature and thermosphere where the temperature is 1500 degree centigrade is 102 00:03:14,020 --> 00:03:14,030 temperature is 1500 degree centigrade is 103 00:03:14,030 --> 00:03:17,710 temperature is 1500 degree centigrade is very very very small and the kinetic 104 00:03:17,710 --> 00:03:17,720 very very very small and the kinetic 105 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:19,240 very very very small and the kinetic energy actually the temperature 106 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:19,250 energy actually the temperature 107 00:03:19,250 --> 00:03:22,679 energy actually the temperature determines the kinetic energy of the 108 00:03:22,679 --> 00:03:22,689 determines the kinetic energy of the 109 00:03:22,689 --> 00:03:26,589 determines the kinetic energy of the molecules now the kinetic energy 1 over 110 00:03:26,589 --> 00:03:26,599 molecules now the kinetic energy 1 over 111 00:03:26,599 --> 00:03:29,680 molecules now the kinetic energy 1 over 2 MV squared this is one molecule 112 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:29,690 2 MV squared this is one molecule 113 00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,969 2 MV squared this is one molecule kinetic energy is equal to 3 over 2 and 114 00:03:32,969 --> 00:03:32,979 kinetic energy is equal to 3 over 2 and 115 00:03:32,979 --> 00:03:36,520 kinetic energy is equal to 3 over 2 and 0 Avogadro's number R times T you can 116 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:36,530 0 Avogadro's number R times T you can 117 00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,899 0 Avogadro's number R times T you can calculate that so that means that the 118 00:03:40,899 --> 00:03:40,909 calculate that so that means that the 119 00:03:40,909 --> 00:03:42,909 calculate that so that means that the kinetic energy is directly proportional 120 00:03:42,909 --> 00:03:42,919 kinetic energy is directly proportional 121 00:03:42,919 --> 00:03:44,979 kinetic energy is directly proportional to the temperatures and it really 122 00:03:44,979 --> 00:03:44,989 to the temperatures and it really 123 00:03:44,989 --> 00:03:46,659 to the temperatures and it really doesn't matter at the same temperature 124 00:03:46,659 --> 00:03:46,669 doesn't matter at the same temperature 125 00:03:46,669 --> 00:03:50,199 doesn't matter at the same temperature remember that all molecules have the 126 00:03:50,199 --> 00:03:50,209 remember that all molecules have the 127 00:03:50,209 --> 00:03:54,550 remember that all molecules have the same kinetic energy even you know 128 00:03:54,550 --> 00:03:54,560 same kinetic energy even you know 129 00:03:54,560 --> 00:03:56,379 same kinetic energy even you know doesn't matter whether the molecule is a 130 00:03:56,379 --> 00:03:56,389 doesn't matter whether the molecule is a 131 00:03:56,389 --> 00:03:58,599 doesn't matter whether the molecule is a big molecule it's a small molecule the 132 00:03:58,599 --> 00:03:58,609 big molecule it's a small molecule the 133 00:03:58,609 --> 00:04:01,240 big molecule it's a small molecule the kinetic energy of all molecules are the 134 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:01,250 kinetic energy of all molecules are the 135 00:04:01,250 --> 00:04:03,670 kinetic energy of all molecules are the same again considering the ideal gas 136 00:04:03,670 --> 00:04:03,680 same again considering the ideal gas 137 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:05,979 same again considering the ideal gas behavior because the kinetic energy is 138 00:04:05,979 --> 00:04:05,989 behavior because the kinetic energy is 139 00:04:05,989 --> 00:04:08,069 behavior because the kinetic energy is only determined by the temperature now 140 00:04:08,069 --> 00:04:08,079 only determined by the temperature now 141 00:04:08,079 --> 00:04:12,219 only determined by the temperature now so what happens like a nitrogen which 142 00:04:12,219 --> 00:04:12,229 so what happens like a nitrogen which 143 00:04:12,229 --> 00:04:15,789 so what happens like a nitrogen which has a molar mass 28 grams and a hydrogen 144 00:04:15,789 --> 00:04:15,799 has a molar mass 28 grams and a hydrogen 145 00:04:15,799 --> 00:04:18,759 has a molar mass 28 grams and a hydrogen molar mass of 2 grams and one hydrogen 146 00:04:18,759 --> 00:04:18,769 molar mass of 2 grams and one hydrogen 147 00:04:18,769 --> 00:04:21,939 molar mass of 2 grams and one hydrogen molecule h2 + 1 + 2 molecule has the 148 00:04:21,939 --> 00:04:21,949 molecule h2 + 1 + 2 molecule has the 149 00:04:21,949 --> 00:04:24,339 molecule h2 + 1 + 2 molecule has the same kinetic energy at the same 150 00:04:24,339 --> 00:04:24,349 same kinetic energy at the same 151 00:04:24,349 --> 00:04:25,960 same kinetic energy at the same temperature at the same temperature what 152 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:25,970 temperature at the same temperature what 153 00:04:25,970 --> 00:04:31,269 temperature at the same temperature what does that means consider in this 154 00:04:31,269 --> 00:04:31,279 does that means consider in this 155 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:32,980 does that means consider in this equation here for the kinetic energy 156 00:04:32,980 --> 00:04:32,990 equation here for the kinetic energy 157 00:04:32,990 --> 00:04:34,360 equation here for the kinetic energy that means that 158 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:34,370 that means that 159 00:04:34,370 --> 00:04:38,380 that means that the hydrogen molecule is moving much 160 00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:38,390 the hydrogen molecule is moving much 161 00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:42,010 the hydrogen molecule is moving much faster than the nitrogen molecules even 162 00:04:42,010 --> 00:04:42,020 faster than the nitrogen molecules even 163 00:04:42,020 --> 00:04:43,810 faster than the nitrogen molecules even though the kinetic energies are the same 164 00:04:43,810 --> 00:04:43,820 though the kinetic energies are the same 165 00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:46,150 though the kinetic energies are the same but the velocities of those are 166 00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:46,160 but the velocities of those are 167 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:49,320 but the velocities of those are different velocities are different now 168 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:49,330 different velocities are different now 169 00:04:49,330 --> 00:04:54,240 different velocities are different now when you simply let's say stand here 170 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:54,250 when you simply let's say stand here 171 00:04:54,250 --> 00:04:58,300 when you simply let's say stand here like this or put your hands like here 172 00:04:58,300 --> 00:04:58,310 like this or put your hands like here 173 00:04:58,310 --> 00:05:03,970 like this or put your hands like here now how you feel cold and how you feel 174 00:05:03,970 --> 00:05:03,980 now how you feel cold and how you feel 175 00:05:03,980 --> 00:05:08,500 now how you feel cold and how you feel hot actually if the temperature here in 176 00:05:08,500 --> 00:05:08,510 hot actually if the temperature here in 177 00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:11,740 hot actually if the temperature here in room temperature is higher than the body 178 00:05:11,740 --> 00:05:11,750 room temperature is higher than the body 179 00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:14,470 room temperature is higher than the body temperature right somewhere about higher 180 00:05:14,470 --> 00:05:14,480 temperature right somewhere about higher 181 00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:16,750 temperature right somewhere about higher than body temperatures then the 182 00:05:16,750 --> 00:05:16,760 than body temperatures then the 183 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,480 than body temperatures then the molecules with high kinetic energy comes 184 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:19,490 molecules with high kinetic energy comes 185 00:05:19,490 --> 00:05:22,240 molecules with high kinetic energy comes and hits to the surface of your hand or 186 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:22,250 and hits to the surface of your hand or 187 00:05:22,250 --> 00:05:25,450 and hits to the surface of your hand or your skin and then they actually they 188 00:05:25,450 --> 00:05:25,460 your skin and then they actually they 189 00:05:25,460 --> 00:05:27,310 your skin and then they actually they heat to the molecules in your skin and 190 00:05:27,310 --> 00:05:27,320 heat to the molecules in your skin and 191 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:29,950 heat to the molecules in your skin and they transfer their kinetic energy to 192 00:05:29,950 --> 00:05:29,960 they transfer their kinetic energy to 193 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,400 they transfer their kinetic energy to the molecules in the skin right and this 194 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:33,410 the molecules in the skin right and this 195 00:05:33,410 --> 00:05:38,290 the molecules in the skin right and this way you feel hot because the energy heat 196 00:05:38,290 --> 00:05:38,300 way you feel hot because the energy heat 197 00:05:38,300 --> 00:05:41,110 way you feel hot because the energy heat is simply flowing from the surrounding 198 00:05:41,110 --> 00:05:41,120 is simply flowing from the surrounding 199 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:46,830 is simply flowing from the surrounding to your body and you feel hot but now 200 00:05:46,830 --> 00:05:46,840 to your body and you feel hot but now 201 00:05:46,840 --> 00:05:53,230 to your body and you feel hot but now the amount of heat that absorbed or 202 00:05:53,230 --> 00:05:53,240 the amount of heat that absorbed or 203 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:55,900 the amount of heat that absorbed or transferred from the kinetic energy of 204 00:05:55,900 --> 00:05:55,910 transferred from the kinetic energy of 205 00:05:55,910 --> 00:05:58,750 transferred from the kinetic energy of the gas molecules to your body depends 206 00:05:58,750 --> 00:05:58,760 the gas molecules to your body depends 207 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:03,550 the gas molecules to your body depends on how many gas molecules are hidden to 208 00:06:03,550 --> 00:06:03,560 on how many gas molecules are hidden to 209 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:08,530 on how many gas molecules are hidden to your skin per unit time and since there 210 00:06:08,530 --> 00:06:08,540 your skin per unit time and since there 211 00:06:08,540 --> 00:06:11,590 your skin per unit time and since there is huge number of molecules in the air 212 00:06:11,590 --> 00:06:11,600 is huge number of molecules in the air 213 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,420 is huge number of molecules in the air at this when the pressure is one 214 00:06:13,420 --> 00:06:13,430 at this when the pressure is one 215 00:06:13,430 --> 00:06:17,470 at this when the pressure is one atmosphere huge numbers right so that 216 00:06:17,470 --> 00:06:17,480 atmosphere huge numbers right so that 217 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:19,570 atmosphere huge numbers right so that huge number of collusion means will 218 00:06:19,570 --> 00:06:19,580 huge number of collusion means will 219 00:06:19,580 --> 00:06:21,970 huge number of collusion means will transfer a lot of heat and you will feel 220 00:06:21,970 --> 00:06:21,980 transfer a lot of heat and you will feel 221 00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:26,590 transfer a lot of heat and you will feel hot and if the temperature actually of 222 00:06:26,590 --> 00:06:26,600 hot and if the temperature actually of 223 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:29,080 hot and if the temperature actually of the gas is hundred degrees that will be 224 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:29,090 the gas is hundred degrees that will be 225 00:06:29,090 --> 00:06:33,490 the gas is hundred degrees that will be very very hot but if there are only few 226 00:06:33,490 --> 00:06:33,500 very very hot but if there are only few 227 00:06:33,500 --> 00:06:37,480 very very hot but if there are only few molecules heat to your skin per unit 228 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:37,490 molecules heat to your skin per unit 229 00:06:37,490 --> 00:06:41,020 molecules heat to your skin per unit time and suppose that the kinetic energy 230 00:06:41,020 --> 00:06:41,030 time and suppose that the kinetic energy 231 00:06:41,030 --> 00:06:44,170 time and suppose that the kinetic energy of those molecules is very very high put 232 00:06:44,170 --> 00:06:44,180 of those molecules is very very high put 233 00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:47,950 of those molecules is very very high put their 1500 it would making a difference 234 00:06:47,950 --> 00:06:47,960 their 1500 it would making a difference 235 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:49,779 their 1500 it would making a difference because the amount of energy that they 236 00:06:49,779 --> 00:06:49,789 because the amount of energy that they 237 00:06:49,789 --> 00:06:52,749 because the amount of energy that they will transfer will be yes compared to 238 00:06:52,749 --> 00:06:52,759 will transfer will be yes compared to 239 00:06:52,759 --> 00:06:58,719 will transfer will be yes compared to one molecule at room temperature would 240 00:06:58,719 --> 00:06:58,729 one molecule at room temperature would 241 00:06:58,729 --> 00:07:01,390 one molecule at room temperature would be very very high but the number of 242 00:07:01,390 --> 00:07:01,400 be very very high but the number of 243 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:03,640 be very very high but the number of collisions will be very low that means 244 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:03,650 collisions will be very low that means 245 00:07:03,650 --> 00:07:07,390 collisions will be very low that means that very very small amount of heat will 246 00:07:07,390 --> 00:07:07,400 that very very small amount of heat will 247 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:09,670 that very very small amount of heat will be transferred to your body even though 248 00:07:09,670 --> 00:07:09,680 be transferred to your body even though 249 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:12,460 be transferred to your body even though the molecules that hit your skin has 250 00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:12,470 the molecules that hit your skin has 251 00:07:12,470 --> 00:07:15,760 the molecules that hit your skin has kinetic energy equivalent to 1500 252 00:07:15,760 --> 00:07:15,770 kinetic energy equivalent to 1500 253 00:07:15,770 --> 00:07:18,610 kinetic energy equivalent to 1500 degrees centigrade right so that's why 254 00:07:18,610 --> 00:07:18,620 degrees centigrade right so that's why 255 00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:23,499 degrees centigrade right so that's why actually up to there when the density of 256 00:07:23,499 --> 00:07:23,509 actually up to there when the density of 257 00:07:23,509 --> 00:07:28,360 actually up to there when the density of the gas is so low even 1500 to 15,000 258 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:28,370 the gas is so low even 1500 to 15,000 259 00:07:28,370 --> 00:07:30,339 the gas is so low even 1500 to 15,000 degree centigrade temperature will not 260 00:07:30,339 --> 00:07:30,349 degree centigrade temperature will not 261 00:07:30,349 --> 00:07:33,700 degree centigrade temperature will not make you feel hot if you just walk in 262 00:07:33,700 --> 00:07:33,710 make you feel hot if you just walk in 263 00:07:33,710 --> 00:07:36,310 make you feel hot if you just walk in there I mean or being there as a matter 264 00:07:36,310 --> 00:07:36,320 there I mean or being there as a matter 265 00:07:36,320 --> 00:07:37,930 there I mean or being there as a matter of fact this is what you know the 266 00:07:37,930 --> 00:07:37,940 of fact this is what you know the 267 00:07:37,940 --> 00:07:41,680 of fact this is what you know the temperature and the gas molecules and 268 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:41,690 temperature and the gas molecules and 269 00:07:41,690 --> 00:07:42,909 temperature and the gas molecules and the kinetic energy of the gas molecules 270 00:07:42,909 --> 00:07:42,919 the kinetic energy of the gas molecules 271 00:07:42,919 --> 00:07:46,480 the kinetic energy of the gas molecules so that's why I said that 1500 there 272 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:46,490 so that's why I said that 1500 there 273 00:07:46,490 --> 00:07:50,620 so that's why I said that 1500 there know may not be very hot for us because 274 00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:50,630 know may not be very hot for us because 275 00:07:50,630 --> 00:07:54,790 know may not be very hot for us because very very small number of molecules will 276 00:07:54,790 --> 00:07:54,800 very very small number of molecules will 277 00:07:54,800 --> 00:07:57,370 very very small number of molecules will simply hit to your skin or to your body 278 00:07:57,370 --> 00:07:57,380 simply hit to your skin or to your body 279 00:07:57,380 --> 00:07:59,529 simply hit to your skin or to your body which will transfer certain amount of 280 00:07:59,529 --> 00:07:59,539 which will transfer certain amount of 281 00:07:59,539 --> 00:08:08,320 which will transfer certain amount of kinetic energy okay now when you say 282 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:08,330 kinetic energy okay now when you say 283 00:08:08,330 --> 00:08:11,469 kinetic energy okay now when you say space what do you mean is that actually 284 00:08:11,469 --> 00:08:11,479 space what do you mean is that actually 285 00:08:11,479 --> 00:08:15,060 space what do you mean is that actually up to ten thousand up to ten thousand 286 00:08:15,060 --> 00:08:15,070 up to ten thousand up to ten thousand 287 00:08:15,070 --> 00:08:22,060 up to ten thousand up to ten thousand kilometers there are atoms or ions in 288 00:08:22,060 --> 00:08:22,070 kilometers there are atoms or ions in 289 00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:31,360 kilometers there are atoms or ions in the form of ions nitrogen hydrogen 290 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:31,370 291 00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:35,779 no because there's so few molecules 292 00:08:35,779 --> 00:08:35,789 no because there's so few molecules 293 00:08:35,789 --> 00:08:38,509 no because there's so few molecules there that wouldn't really bother 294 00:08:38,509 --> 00:08:38,519 there that wouldn't really bother 295 00:08:38,519 --> 00:08:46,610 there that wouldn't really bother actually now those the space shuttle's 296 00:08:46,610 --> 00:08:46,620 actually now those the space shuttle's 297 00:08:46,620 --> 00:08:48,170 actually now those the space shuttle's remember they're space shuttles they go 298 00:08:48,170 --> 00:08:48,180 remember they're space shuttles they go 299 00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:52,940 remember they're space shuttles they go into the space right when they enter the 300 00:08:52,940 --> 00:08:52,950 into the space right when they enter the 301 00:08:52,950 --> 00:08:56,540 into the space right when they enter the atmosphere of the sphere now off the 302 00:08:56,540 --> 00:08:56,550 atmosphere of the sphere now off the 303 00:08:56,550 --> 00:09:01,180 atmosphere of the sphere now off the earth they feel the atmosphere at about 304 00:09:01,180 --> 00:09:01,190 earth they feel the atmosphere at about 305 00:09:01,190 --> 00:09:07,220 earth they feel the atmosphere at about 120 kilometers about the earth that 306 00:09:07,220 --> 00:09:07,230 120 kilometers about the earth that 307 00:09:07,230 --> 00:09:09,949 120 kilometers about the earth that means about that even though there are 308 00:09:09,949 --> 00:09:09,959 means about that even though there are 309 00:09:09,959 --> 00:09:15,819 means about that even though there are gas molecules there is no effect almost 310 00:09:15,819 --> 00:09:15,829 gas molecules there is no effect almost 311 00:09:15,829 --> 00:09:18,710 gas molecules there is no effect almost yeah let's not say there's no effect 312 00:09:18,710 --> 00:09:18,720 yeah let's not say there's no effect 313 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:21,050 yeah let's not say there's no effect there is certainly a fact but in terms 314 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:21,060 there is certainly a fact but in terms 315 00:09:21,060 --> 00:09:24,259 there is certainly a fact but in terms of space shuttle in fact no no thanks 316 00:09:24,259 --> 00:09:24,269 of space shuttle in fact no no thanks 317 00:09:24,269 --> 00:09:29,269 of space shuttle in fact no no thanks but at 120 kilometers then they feel the 318 00:09:29,269 --> 00:09:29,279 but at 120 kilometers then they feel the 319 00:09:29,279 --> 00:09:34,160 but at 120 kilometers then they feel the atmosphere actually and there is a heat 320 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:34,170 atmosphere actually and there is a heat 321 00:09:34,170 --> 00:09:41,990 atmosphere actually and there is a heat actually due to the between between the 322 00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:42,000 actually due to the between between the 323 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:44,990 actually due to the between between the gas and the space shuttle it goes into 324 00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:45,000 gas and the space shuttle it goes into 325 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,449 gas and the space shuttle it goes into the atmosphere okay so there are gas 326 00:09:47,449 --> 00:09:47,459 the atmosphere okay so there are gas 327 00:09:47,459 --> 00:09:49,850 the atmosphere okay so there are gas molecules but they're not much actually 328 00:09:49,850 --> 00:09:49,860 molecules but they're not much actually 329 00:09:49,860 --> 00:09:53,990 molecules but they're not much actually there from one standpoint very very 330 00:09:53,990 --> 00:09:54,000 there from one standpoint very very 331 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,460 there from one standpoint very very important from what as we will see they 332 00:09:57,460 --> 00:09:57,470 important from what as we will see they 333 00:09:57,470 --> 00:10:01,009 important from what as we will see they protect us from very high energy 334 00:10:01,009 --> 00:10:01,019 protect us from very high energy 335 00:10:01,019 --> 00:10:02,090 protect us from very high energy radiations 336 00:10:02,090 --> 00:10:02,100 radiations 337 00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:04,670 radiations or high energy particles that comes from 338 00:10:04,670 --> 00:10:04,680 or high energy particles that comes from 339 00:10:04,680 --> 00:10:08,210 or high energy particles that comes from the Sun they prevent those particles 340 00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:08,220 the Sun they prevent those particles 341 00:10:08,220 --> 00:10:11,750 the Sun they prevent those particles reach into the surface and making hazard 342 00:10:11,750 --> 00:10:11,760 reach into the surface and making hazard 343 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:14,569 reach into the surface and making hazard to the living organisms actually you 344 00:10:14,569 --> 00:10:14,579 to the living organisms actually you 345 00:10:14,579 --> 00:10:16,370 to the living organisms actually you know that we will see that as a matter 346 00:10:16,370 --> 00:10:16,380 know that we will see that as a matter 347 00:10:16,380 --> 00:10:28,559 know that we will see that as a matter of fact yes 348 00:10:28,559 --> 00:10:28,569 349 00:10:28,569 --> 00:10:32,079 no no no because if you calculate the 350 00:10:32,079 --> 00:10:32,089 no no no because if you calculate the 351 00:10:32,089 --> 00:10:34,689 no no no because if you calculate the kinetic energy of one molecule that will 352 00:10:34,689 --> 00:10:34,699 kinetic energy of one molecule that will 353 00:10:34,699 --> 00:10:35,859 kinetic energy of one molecule that will be something like ten to the minus 354 00:10:35,859 --> 00:10:35,869 be something like ten to the minus 355 00:10:35,869 --> 00:10:39,759 be something like ten to the minus eleven ten to the minus joule something 356 00:10:39,759 --> 00:10:39,769 eleven ten to the minus joule something 357 00:10:39,769 --> 00:10:43,660 eleven ten to the minus joule something like that it's very very small right so 358 00:10:43,660 --> 00:10:43,670 like that it's very very small right so 359 00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:45,129 like that it's very very small right so when you multiply it by Avogadro's 360 00:10:45,129 --> 00:10:45,139 when you multiply it by Avogadro's 361 00:10:45,139 --> 00:10:46,960 when you multiply it by Avogadro's number then it becomes like kilojoules 362 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:46,970 number then it becomes like kilojoules 363 00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:49,449 number then it becomes like kilojoules and things like that so that's very very 364 00:10:49,449 --> 00:10:49,459 and things like that so that's very very 365 00:10:49,459 --> 00:10:54,009 and things like that so that's very very low energy I mean for one molecule but 366 00:10:54,009 --> 00:10:54,019 low energy I mean for one molecule but 367 00:10:54,019 --> 00:10:56,739 low energy I mean for one molecule but if you have Avogadro's number then 368 00:10:56,739 --> 00:10:56,749 if you have Avogadro's number then 369 00:10:56,749 --> 00:10:58,749 if you have Avogadro's number then that's a different story it's a 370 00:10:58,749 --> 00:10:58,759 that's a different story it's a 371 00:10:58,759 --> 00:11:00,059 that's a different story it's a different story 372 00:11:00,059 --> 00:11:00,069 different story 373 00:11:00,069 --> 00:11:05,999 different story okay now let's continue here now now the 374 00:11:05,999 --> 00:11:06,009 okay now let's continue here now now the 375 00:11:06,009 --> 00:11:08,769 okay now let's continue here now now the composition of the atmosphere these are 376 00:11:08,769 --> 00:11:08,779 composition of the atmosphere these are 377 00:11:08,779 --> 00:11:12,749 composition of the atmosphere these are the compositions we have nitrogen 378 00:11:12,749 --> 00:11:12,759 the compositions we have nitrogen 379 00:11:12,759 --> 00:11:16,600 the compositions we have nitrogen highest mole fractions point seventy 380 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:16,610 highest mole fractions point seventy 381 00:11:16,610 --> 00:11:18,400 highest mole fractions point seventy eight this is the mole fractions 382 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:18,410 eight this is the mole fractions 383 00:11:18,410 --> 00:11:22,539 eight this is the mole fractions actually remember or in a number of mole 384 00:11:22,539 --> 00:11:22,549 actually remember or in a number of mole 385 00:11:22,549 --> 00:11:25,329 actually remember or in a number of mole wise you can say it's a 78% and then the 386 00:11:25,329 --> 00:11:25,339 wise you can say it's a 78% and then the 387 00:11:25,339 --> 00:11:27,850 wise you can say it's a 78% and then the oxygen next one is about twenty point 388 00:11:27,850 --> 00:11:27,860 oxygen next one is about twenty point 389 00:11:27,860 --> 00:11:33,009 oxygen next one is about twenty point twenty-one and then we have argon noble 390 00:11:33,009 --> 00:11:33,019 twenty-one and then we have argon noble 391 00:11:33,019 --> 00:11:35,199 twenty-one and then we have argon noble gas and then we have carbon dioxide 392 00:11:35,199 --> 00:11:35,209 gas and then we have carbon dioxide 393 00:11:35,209 --> 00:11:40,689 gas and then we have carbon dioxide actually up to here almost 99.99% of the 394 00:11:40,689 --> 00:11:40,699 actually up to here almost 99.99% of the 395 00:11:40,699 --> 00:11:45,569 actually up to here almost 99.99% of the atmosphere is accounted by these four 396 00:11:45,569 --> 00:11:45,579 atmosphere is accounted by these four 397 00:11:45,579 --> 00:11:48,999 atmosphere is accounted by these four actually three four carbon dioxide 398 00:11:48,999 --> 00:11:49,009 actually three four carbon dioxide 399 00:11:49,009 --> 00:11:51,069 actually three four carbon dioxide compound the other elements again then 400 00:11:51,069 --> 00:11:51,079 compound the other elements again then 401 00:11:51,079 --> 00:11:54,729 compound the other elements again then we have neon helium remember neon helium 402 00:11:54,729 --> 00:11:54,739 we have neon helium remember neon helium 403 00:11:54,739 --> 00:11:56,919 we have neon helium remember neon helium and argon they're all noble gases so 404 00:11:56,919 --> 00:11:56,929 and argon they're all noble gases so 405 00:11:56,929 --> 00:11:59,679 and argon they're all noble gases so they are in the form of atoms then we 406 00:11:59,679 --> 00:11:59,689 they are in the form of atoms then we 407 00:11:59,689 --> 00:12:05,559 they are in the form of atoms then we have methane gas right ch4 and then we 408 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:05,569 have methane gas right ch4 and then we 409 00:12:05,569 --> 00:12:08,619 have methane gas right ch4 and then we have the Krypton Krypton is again noble 410 00:12:08,619 --> 00:12:08,629 have the Krypton Krypton is again noble 411 00:12:08,629 --> 00:12:11,739 have the Krypton Krypton is again noble gas right and hydrogen we have hydrogen 412 00:12:11,739 --> 00:12:11,749 gas right and hydrogen we have hydrogen 413 00:12:11,749 --> 00:12:14,769 gas right and hydrogen we have hydrogen and we have nitrous oxide and we have 414 00:12:14,769 --> 00:12:14,779 and we have nitrous oxide and we have 415 00:12:14,779 --> 00:12:17,949 and we have nitrous oxide and we have xenon another noble gases you see again 416 00:12:17,949 --> 00:12:17,959 xenon another noble gases you see again 417 00:12:17,959 --> 00:12:21,129 xenon another noble gases you see again we have quite a number of noble gases in 418 00:12:21,129 --> 00:12:21,139 we have quite a number of noble gases in 419 00:12:21,139 --> 00:12:23,710 we have quite a number of noble gases in the atmosphere the amounts are small but 420 00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:23,720 the atmosphere the amounts are small but 421 00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:27,220 the atmosphere the amounts are small but that's not really they're still there as 422 00:12:27,220 --> 00:12:27,230 that's not really they're still there as 423 00:12:27,230 --> 00:12:34,179 that's not really they're still there as a matter of fact now in other things 424 00:12:34,179 --> 00:12:34,189 a matter of fact now in other things 425 00:12:34,189 --> 00:12:39,270 a matter of fact now in other things here particularly these gases when they 426 00:12:39,270 --> 00:12:39,280 here particularly these gases when they 427 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:43,860 here particularly these gases when they if fuse or goes from one layer to the 428 00:12:43,860 --> 00:12:43,870 if fuse or goes from one layer to the 429 00:12:43,870 --> 00:12:46,260 if fuse or goes from one layer to the another layer due to that temperature 430 00:12:46,260 --> 00:12:46,270 another layer due to that temperature 431 00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:51,180 another layer due to that temperature change the escape of the gas from one 432 00:12:51,180 --> 00:12:51,190 change the escape of the gas from one 433 00:12:51,190 --> 00:12:55,580 change the escape of the gas from one layer into the other is very very small 434 00:12:55,580 --> 00:12:55,590 layer into the other is very very small 435 00:12:55,590 --> 00:12:59,460 layer into the other is very very small so you can say the diffusion between the 436 00:12:59,460 --> 00:12:59,470 so you can say the diffusion between the 437 00:12:59,470 --> 00:13:02,700 so you can say the diffusion between the layers like over here for example the 438 00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:02,710 layers like over here for example the 439 00:13:02,710 --> 00:13:06,450 layers like over here for example the diffusion from this - they're from the 440 00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:06,460 diffusion from this - they're from the 441 00:13:06,460 --> 00:13:09,990 diffusion from this - they're from the troposphere to the stratosphere is very 442 00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:10,000 troposphere to the stratosphere is very 443 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:14,160 troposphere to the stratosphere is very very low and then diffusion here is low 444 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:14,170 very low and then diffusion here is low 445 00:13:14,170 --> 00:13:17,970 very low and then diffusion here is low diffusion there is also low right but 446 00:13:17,970 --> 00:13:17,980 diffusion there is also low right but 447 00:13:17,980 --> 00:13:20,430 diffusion there is also low right but there are actually mixing of those so 448 00:13:20,430 --> 00:13:20,440 there are actually mixing of those so 449 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:23,160 there are actually mixing of those so actually the mixing is you know very 450 00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:23,170 actually the mixing is you know very 451 00:13:23,170 --> 00:13:26,490 actually the mixing is you know very very low mostly you have the gases here 452 00:13:26,490 --> 00:13:26,500 very low mostly you have the gases here 453 00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:27,930 very low mostly you have the gases here in the troposphere as I said the mass 454 00:13:27,930 --> 00:13:27,940 in the troposphere as I said the mass 455 00:13:27,940 --> 00:13:37,700 in the troposphere as I said the mass wise okay now let's look at remember the 456 00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:37,710 wise okay now let's look at remember the 457 00:13:37,710 --> 00:13:41,580 wise okay now let's look at remember the largest amount in the atmosphere is 458 00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:41,590 largest amount in the atmosphere is 459 00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:43,620 largest amount in the atmosphere is nitrogen and then the oxygen right any 460 00:13:43,620 --> 00:13:43,630 nitrogen and then the oxygen right any 461 00:13:43,630 --> 00:13:46,050 nitrogen and then the oxygen right any gases let's look at the properties of 462 00:13:46,050 --> 00:13:46,060 gases let's look at the properties of 463 00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:49,170 gases let's look at the properties of those nitrogen and oxygen now nitrogen 464 00:13:49,170 --> 00:13:49,180 those nitrogen and oxygen now nitrogen 465 00:13:49,180 --> 00:13:51,420 those nitrogen and oxygen now nitrogen is largely unreactive due to the bond 466 00:13:51,420 --> 00:13:51,430 is largely unreactive due to the bond 467 00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:53,220 is largely unreactive due to the bond energy associated with breaking there no 468 00:13:53,220 --> 00:13:53,230 energy associated with breaking there no 469 00:13:53,230 --> 00:13:57,480 energy associated with breaking there no nitrogen nitrogen actually to have a 470 00:13:57,480 --> 00:13:57,490 nitrogen nitrogen actually to have a 471 00:13:57,490 --> 00:14:01,350 nitrogen nitrogen actually to have a reaction with nitrogen molecule first 472 00:14:01,350 --> 00:14:01,360 reaction with nitrogen molecule first 473 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:04,490 reaction with nitrogen molecule first you have to break that bond and that 474 00:14:04,490 --> 00:14:04,500 you have to break that bond and that 475 00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:08,340 you have to break that bond and that bond is very very strong and I guess it 476 00:14:08,340 --> 00:14:08,350 bond is very very strong and I guess it 477 00:14:08,350 --> 00:14:12,920 bond is very very strong and I guess it is about 900 something yes it is about 478 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:12,930 is about 900 something yes it is about 479 00:14:12,930 --> 00:14:16,680 is about 900 something yes it is about 941 kilojoules per mole to break that 480 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:16,690 941 kilojoules per mole to break that 481 00:14:16,690 --> 00:14:20,550 941 kilojoules per mole to break that bond there you have to give that much 482 00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:20,560 bond there you have to give that much 483 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:23,180 bond there you have to give that much energy that's very very high so it is 484 00:14:23,180 --> 00:14:23,190 energy that's very very high so it is 485 00:14:23,190 --> 00:14:27,000 energy that's very very high so it is almost difficult impossible to break the 486 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:27,010 almost difficult impossible to break the 487 00:14:27,010 --> 00:14:28,920 almost difficult impossible to break the nitrogen nitrogen there in the 488 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:28,930 nitrogen nitrogen there in the 489 00:14:28,930 --> 00:14:30,780 nitrogen nitrogen there in the atmosphere I mean have any reaction even 490 00:14:30,780 --> 00:14:30,790 atmosphere I mean have any reaction even 491 00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:32,460 atmosphere I mean have any reaction even though there are some nitrogen atoms 492 00:14:32,460 --> 00:14:32,470 though there are some nitrogen atoms 493 00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:34,440 though there are some nitrogen atoms there are some dissociations of the 494 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:34,450 there are some dissociations of the 495 00:14:34,450 --> 00:14:36,930 there are some dissociations of the nitrogen now the oxygen has much lower 496 00:14:36,930 --> 00:14:36,940 nitrogen now the oxygen has much lower 497 00:14:36,940 --> 00:14:40,280 nitrogen now the oxygen has much lower bond energy and the value is about 495 498 00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:40,290 bond energy and the value is about 495 499 00:14:40,290 --> 00:14:44,460 bond energy and the value is about 495 compared to 900 almost twice so that 500 00:14:44,460 --> 00:14:44,470 compared to 900 almost twice so that 501 00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:45,990 compared to 900 almost twice so that means that it is possible to break the 502 00:14:45,990 --> 00:14:46,000 means that it is possible to break the 503 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:47,910 means that it is possible to break the oxygen oxygen bond and when you break 504 00:14:47,910 --> 00:14:47,920 oxygen oxygen bond and when you break 505 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:49,560 oxygen oxygen bond and when you break the oxygen oxygen bond then the oxygen 506 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:49,570 the oxygen oxygen bond then the oxygen 507 00:14:49,570 --> 00:14:51,690 the oxygen oxygen bond then the oxygen becomes reactive that's why we say that 508 00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:51,700 becomes reactive that's why we say that 509 00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:52,650 becomes reactive that's why we say that the ox 510 00:14:52,650 --> 00:14:52,660 the ox 511 00:14:52,660 --> 00:14:54,509 the ox is more reactive than the nitrogen and 512 00:14:54,509 --> 00:14:54,519 is more reactive than the nitrogen and 513 00:14:54,519 --> 00:14:56,670 is more reactive than the nitrogen and we know that the oxygen reacts with 514 00:14:56,670 --> 00:14:56,680 we know that the oxygen reacts with 515 00:14:56,680 --> 00:15:00,180 we know that the oxygen reacts with almost all elements to form oxides right 516 00:15:00,180 --> 00:15:00,190 almost all elements to form oxides right 517 00:15:00,190 --> 00:15:03,720 almost all elements to form oxides right and then we have the non metal oxides 518 00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:03,730 and then we have the non metal oxides 519 00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:06,150 and then we have the non metal oxides with the nonmetals and we have metal 520 00:15:06,150 --> 00:15:06,160 with the nonmetals and we have metal 521 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:08,100 with the nonmetals and we have metal oxides with the metal remember we also 522 00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:08,110 oxides with the metal remember we also 523 00:15:08,110 --> 00:15:09,900 oxides with the metal remember we also said that the non metal oxides are 524 00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:09,910 said that the non metal oxides are 525 00:15:09,910 --> 00:15:13,290 said that the non metal oxides are acidic and non metal oxides particularly 526 00:15:13,290 --> 00:15:13,300 acidic and non metal oxides particularly 527 00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,079 acidic and non metal oxides particularly active metal oxides like sodium oxide or 528 00:15:16,079 --> 00:15:16,089 active metal oxides like sodium oxide or 529 00:15:16,089 --> 00:15:19,170 active metal oxides like sodium oxide or calcium oxide are basic right they are 530 00:15:19,170 --> 00:15:19,180 calcium oxide are basic right they are 531 00:15:19,180 --> 00:15:25,199 calcium oxide are basic right they are basic now this is the Aurora lights that 532 00:15:25,199 --> 00:15:25,209 basic now this is the Aurora lights that 533 00:15:25,209 --> 00:15:28,410 basic now this is the Aurora lights that sometimes they called North lies and 534 00:15:28,410 --> 00:15:28,420 sometimes they called North lies and 535 00:15:28,420 --> 00:15:31,829 sometimes they called North lies and that those are the lights that comes out 536 00:15:31,829 --> 00:15:31,839 that those are the lights that comes out 537 00:15:31,839 --> 00:15:34,970 that those are the lights that comes out from the nitrogen and oxygen atoms 538 00:15:34,970 --> 00:15:34,980 from the nitrogen and oxygen atoms 539 00:15:34,980 --> 00:15:38,220 from the nitrogen and oxygen atoms nitrogen and oxygen atoms simply when 540 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:38,230 nitrogen and oxygen atoms simply when 541 00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:40,499 nitrogen and oxygen atoms simply when they bombarded with the photon coming 542 00:15:40,499 --> 00:15:40,509 they bombarded with the photon coming 543 00:15:40,509 --> 00:15:43,650 they bombarded with the photon coming from the Sun they excite the electron to 544 00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:43,660 from the Sun they excite the electron to 545 00:15:43,660 --> 00:15:46,590 from the Sun they excite the electron to upper level and when that electron falls 546 00:15:46,590 --> 00:15:46,600 upper level and when that electron falls 547 00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:50,160 upper level and when that electron falls down to lower level it emits light again 548 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:50,170 down to lower level it emits light again 549 00:15:50,170 --> 00:15:52,530 down to lower level it emits light again in the visible region and we have those 550 00:15:52,530 --> 00:15:52,540 in the visible region and we have those 551 00:15:52,540 --> 00:15:55,230 in the visible region and we have those in fact usually in the North Pole and 552 00:15:55,230 --> 00:15:55,240 in fact usually in the North Pole and 553 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:57,990 in fact usually in the North Pole and South Pole we see those lies and they're 554 00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:58,000 South Pole we see those lies and they're 555 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:02,030 South Pole we see those lies and they're called Aurora Aurora means rose garden 556 00:16:02,030 --> 00:16:02,040 called Aurora Aurora means rose garden 557 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:07,470 called Aurora Aurora means rose garden right all different colors actually okay 558 00:16:07,470 --> 00:16:07,480 right all different colors actually okay 559 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,290 right all different colors actually okay now photochemical reaction in the 560 00:16:10,290 --> 00:16:10,300 now photochemical reaction in the 561 00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:11,069 now photochemical reaction in the atmosphere 562 00:16:11,069 --> 00:16:11,079 atmosphere 563 00:16:11,079 --> 00:16:13,290 atmosphere what is the photochemical reaction if a 564 00:16:13,290 --> 00:16:13,300 what is the photochemical reaction if a 565 00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,550 what is the photochemical reaction if a reaction is taking place by the 566 00:16:16,550 --> 00:16:16,560 reaction is taking place by the 567 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:20,009 reaction is taking place by the bombardment of photons by absorbing the 568 00:16:20,009 --> 00:16:20,019 bombardment of photons by absorbing the 569 00:16:20,019 --> 00:16:22,439 bombardment of photons by absorbing the energy or from the photons that reaction 570 00:16:22,439 --> 00:16:22,449 energy or from the photons that reaction 571 00:16:22,449 --> 00:16:25,199 energy or from the photons that reaction those kind of reactions are called photo 572 00:16:25,199 --> 00:16:25,209 those kind of reactions are called photo 573 00:16:25,209 --> 00:16:27,449 those kind of reactions are called photo chemical reactions photochemical 574 00:16:27,449 --> 00:16:27,459 chemical reactions photochemical 575 00:16:27,459 --> 00:16:29,759 chemical reactions photochemical reactions and here beyond the 576 00:16:29,759 --> 00:16:29,769 reactions and here beyond the 577 00:16:29,769 --> 00:16:33,600 reactions and here beyond the stratosphere where the alter defense it 578 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:33,610 stratosphere where the alter defense it 579 00:16:33,610 --> 00:16:35,970 stratosphere where the alter defense it says of the earth against the radiation 580 00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:35,980 says of the earth against the radiation 581 00:16:35,980 --> 00:16:38,100 says of the earth against the radiation and high-energy particle occurs that 582 00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:38,110 and high-energy particle occurs that 583 00:16:38,110 --> 00:16:40,620 and high-energy particle occurs that simply means that beyond the 584 00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:40,630 simply means that beyond the 585 00:16:40,630 --> 00:16:46,439 simply means that beyond the stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere the 586 00:16:46,439 --> 00:16:46,449 stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere the 587 00:16:46,449 --> 00:16:47,970 stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere the four are chemical reactions are taking 588 00:16:47,970 --> 00:16:47,980 four are chemical reactions are taking 589 00:16:47,980 --> 00:16:50,910 four are chemical reactions are taking place by what by absorbing these 590 00:16:50,910 --> 00:16:50,920 place by what by absorbing these 591 00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:54,150 place by what by absorbing these high-energy photons or high-energy 592 00:16:54,150 --> 00:16:54,160 high-energy photons or high-energy 593 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:56,629 high-energy photons or high-energy particles that's coming from the sponsor 594 00:16:56,629 --> 00:16:56,639 particles that's coming from the sponsor 595 00:16:56,639 --> 00:16:59,879 particles that's coming from the sponsor Sun so what happens due to that 596 00:16:59,879 --> 00:16:59,889 Sun so what happens due to that 597 00:16:59,889 --> 00:17:02,460 Sun so what happens due to that photochemical reactions the energy of 598 00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:02,470 photochemical reactions the energy of 599 00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:04,889 photochemical reactions the energy of those or I should say those high-energy 600 00:17:04,889 --> 00:17:04,899 those or I should say those high-energy 601 00:17:04,899 --> 00:17:05,940 those or I should say those high-energy radiation 602 00:17:05,940 --> 00:17:05,950 radiation 603 00:17:05,950 --> 00:17:09,270 radiation are all absorbed and it is prevented to 604 00:17:09,270 --> 00:17:09,280 are all absorbed and it is prevented to 605 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:11,190 are all absorbed and it is prevented to reach to the surface of the area that's 606 00:17:11,190 --> 00:17:11,200 reach to the surface of the area that's 607 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,440 reach to the surface of the area that's what it says it said defense kind sort 608 00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:13,450 what it says it said defense kind sort 609 00:17:13,450 --> 00:17:15,900 what it says it said defense kind sort of a defending the earth actually from 610 00:17:15,900 --> 00:17:15,910 of a defending the earth actually from 611 00:17:15,910 --> 00:17:18,660 of a defending the earth actually from those now chemical changes which occur 612 00:17:18,660 --> 00:17:18,670 those now chemical changes which occur 613 00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:22,950 those now chemical changes which occur can be described as photodissociation or 614 00:17:22,950 --> 00:17:22,960 can be described as photodissociation or 615 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:26,820 can be described as photodissociation or photo ionization x' you can guess again 616 00:17:26,820 --> 00:17:26,830 photo ionization x' you can guess again 617 00:17:26,830 --> 00:17:29,370 photo ionization x' you can guess again photodissociation simply means breaking 618 00:17:29,370 --> 00:17:29,380 photodissociation simply means breaking 619 00:17:29,380 --> 00:17:32,300 photodissociation simply means breaking the bonds and photo ionization means 620 00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:32,310 the bonds and photo ionization means 621 00:17:32,310 --> 00:17:35,520 the bonds and photo ionization means ejecting an electron from the molecule 622 00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:35,530 ejecting an electron from the molecule 623 00:17:35,530 --> 00:17:37,710 ejecting an electron from the molecule for example if you simply break the 624 00:17:37,710 --> 00:17:37,720 for example if you simply break the 625 00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:39,180 for example if you simply break the oxygen oxygen bond it will be 626 00:17:39,180 --> 00:17:39,190 oxygen oxygen bond it will be 627 00:17:39,190 --> 00:17:42,300 oxygen oxygen bond it will be photodissociation if you simply remove 628 00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:42,310 photodissociation if you simply remove 629 00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:45,330 photodissociation if you simply remove an electron if a photon removes an 630 00:17:45,330 --> 00:17:45,340 an electron if a photon removes an 631 00:17:45,340 --> 00:17:47,250 an electron if a photon removes an electron from the oxygen molecule it 632 00:17:47,250 --> 00:17:47,260 electron from the oxygen molecule it 633 00:17:47,260 --> 00:17:49,650 electron from the oxygen molecule it will be photo ionization x' photo 634 00:17:49,650 --> 00:17:49,660 will be photo ionization x' photo 635 00:17:49,660 --> 00:17:52,530 will be photo ionization x' photo ionization now this this picture let me 636 00:17:52,530 --> 00:17:52,540 ionization now this this picture let me 637 00:17:52,540 --> 00:17:54,990 ionization now this this picture let me see if I can explain you this this is 638 00:17:54,990 --> 00:17:55,000 see if I can explain you this this is 639 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,470 see if I can explain you this this is the spectrum solar spectrum at the sea 640 00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:58,480 the spectrum solar spectrum at the sea 641 00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:00,540 the spectrum solar spectrum at the sea level and this is the solar spectrum 642 00:18:00,540 --> 00:18:00,550 level and this is the solar spectrum 643 00:18:00,550 --> 00:18:05,190 level and this is the solar spectrum outside the atmosphere actually now what 644 00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:05,200 outside the atmosphere actually now what 645 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:08,300 outside the atmosphere actually now what it simply shows this the intensity 646 00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:08,310 it simply shows this the intensity 647 00:18:08,310 --> 00:18:10,950 it simply shows this the intensity particularly off the UV radiation this 648 00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:10,960 particularly off the UV radiation this 649 00:18:10,960 --> 00:18:12,480 particularly off the UV radiation this is the UV radiation that's where the 650 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:12,490 is the UV radiation that's where the 651 00:18:12,490 --> 00:18:16,380 is the UV radiation that's where the high-energy photons are or the shorter 652 00:18:16,380 --> 00:18:16,390 high-energy photons are or the shorter 653 00:18:16,390 --> 00:18:20,070 high-energy photons are or the shorter wavelength than the UV actually the the 654 00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:20,080 wavelength than the UV actually the the 655 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:22,650 wavelength than the UV actually the the intensity of those are simply decreased 656 00:18:22,650 --> 00:18:22,660 intensity of those are simply decreased 657 00:18:22,660 --> 00:18:25,980 intensity of those are simply decreased from that to that as they reach to the 658 00:18:25,980 --> 00:18:25,990 from that to that as they reach to the 659 00:18:25,990 --> 00:18:30,120 from that to that as they reach to the surface of the earth right what does 660 00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:30,130 surface of the earth right what does 661 00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:32,790 surface of the earth right what does that mean that means we still have some 662 00:18:32,790 --> 00:18:32,800 that mean that means we still have some 663 00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:36,210 that mean that means we still have some UV radiation reaching to the surface and 664 00:18:36,210 --> 00:18:36,220 UV radiation reaching to the surface and 665 00:18:36,220 --> 00:18:39,600 UV radiation reaching to the surface and that's why we get the sunburns you know 666 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:39,610 that's why we get the sunburns you know 667 00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:42,570 that's why we get the sunburns you know the Sun birds actually is due to the UV 668 00:18:42,570 --> 00:18:42,580 the Sun birds actually is due to the UV 669 00:18:42,580 --> 00:18:44,490 the Sun birds actually is due to the UV radiation that our skin absorbs that 670 00:18:44,490 --> 00:18:44,500 radiation that our skin absorbs that 671 00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:47,730 radiation that our skin absorbs that light and then then it really harms your 672 00:18:47,730 --> 00:18:47,740 light and then then it really harms your 673 00:18:47,740 --> 00:18:50,490 light and then then it really harms your body reactions are taking place because 674 00:18:50,490 --> 00:18:50,500 body reactions are taking place because 675 00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:53,580 body reactions are taking place because it's a high-energy photons but it is 676 00:18:53,580 --> 00:18:53,590 it's a high-energy photons but it is 677 00:18:53,590 --> 00:18:58,670 it's a high-energy photons but it is still decreased in fact quite a bit 678 00:18:58,670 --> 00:18:58,680 still decreased in fact quite a bit 679 00:18:58,680 --> 00:19:01,650 still decreased in fact quite a bit before it reaches to the earth and all 680 00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:01,660 before it reaches to the earth and all 681 00:19:01,660 --> 00:19:04,050 before it reaches to the earth and all of those are possible by photo 682 00:19:04,050 --> 00:19:04,060 of those are possible by photo 683 00:19:04,060 --> 00:19:06,270 of those are possible by photo ionization and photochemical reactions 684 00:19:06,270 --> 00:19:06,280 ionization and photochemical reactions 685 00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:08,730 ionization and photochemical reactions that means those gases observe those 686 00:19:08,730 --> 00:19:08,740 that means those gases observe those 687 00:19:08,740 --> 00:19:11,730 that means those gases observe those photons and then reactions are taking 688 00:19:11,730 --> 00:19:11,740 photons and then reactions are taking 689 00:19:11,740 --> 00:19:14,100 photons and then reactions are taking place those photo reactions 690 00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:14,110 place those photo reactions 691 00:19:14,110 --> 00:19:15,630 place those photo reactions photochemical reactions are simply 692 00:19:15,630 --> 00:19:15,640 photochemical reactions are simply 693 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:19,299 photochemical reactions are simply taking place now here is 694 00:19:19,299 --> 00:19:19,309 taking place now here is 695 00:19:19,309 --> 00:19:21,279 taking place now here is again the rupture of a bomb due to the 696 00:19:21,279 --> 00:19:21,289 again the rupture of a bomb due to the 697 00:19:21,289 --> 00:19:24,460 again the rupture of a bomb due to the absorption of a photon ions are not 698 00:19:24,460 --> 00:19:24,470 absorption of a photon ions are not 699 00:19:24,470 --> 00:19:27,700 absorption of a photon ions are not formed always radicals are formed this 700 00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:27,710 formed always radicals are formed this 701 00:19:27,710 --> 00:19:32,110 formed always radicals are formed this is again what what it says is this when 702 00:19:32,110 --> 00:19:32,120 is again what what it says is this when 703 00:19:32,120 --> 00:19:36,190 is again what what it says is this when you simply break the oxygen molecule 704 00:19:36,190 --> 00:19:36,200 you simply break the oxygen molecule 705 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:39,580 you simply break the oxygen molecule into two oxygen atoms by a photon but 706 00:19:39,580 --> 00:19:39,590 into two oxygen atoms by a photon but 707 00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:41,710 into two oxygen atoms by a photon but that photon should should have enough 708 00:19:41,710 --> 00:19:41,720 that photon should should have enough 709 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:43,749 that photon should should have enough energy to break that actually the energy 710 00:19:43,749 --> 00:19:43,759 energy to break that actually the energy 711 00:19:43,759 --> 00:19:45,489 energy to break that actually the energy of the photon should be greater than the 712 00:19:45,489 --> 00:19:45,499 of the photon should be greater than the 713 00:19:45,499 --> 00:19:48,820 of the photon should be greater than the energy bond energy of the oxygen oxygen 714 00:19:48,820 --> 00:19:48,830 energy bond energy of the oxygen oxygen 715 00:19:48,830 --> 00:19:51,580 energy bond energy of the oxygen oxygen double-bond in fact and when it breaks 716 00:19:51,580 --> 00:19:51,590 double-bond in fact and when it breaks 717 00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:55,960 double-bond in fact and when it breaks you see again the electrons in the bonds 718 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:55,970 you see again the electrons in the bonds 719 00:19:55,970 --> 00:19:59,350 you see again the electrons in the bonds are half as on this and half on that 720 00:19:59,350 --> 00:19:59,360 are half as on this and half on that 721 00:19:59,360 --> 00:20:02,230 are half as on this and half on that that means we have neutral oxygen atoms 722 00:20:02,230 --> 00:20:02,240 that means we have neutral oxygen atoms 723 00:20:02,240 --> 00:20:04,269 that means we have neutral oxygen atoms neutral oxygen atoms and these are 724 00:20:04,269 --> 00:20:04,279 neutral oxygen atoms and these are 725 00:20:04,279 --> 00:20:06,909 neutral oxygen atoms and these are actually called radicals why it is 726 00:20:06,909 --> 00:20:06,919 actually called radicals why it is 727 00:20:06,919 --> 00:20:13,090 actually called radicals why it is radical because the what we have there 728 00:20:13,090 --> 00:20:13,100 radical because the what we have there 729 00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:18,100 radical because the what we have there is this rather than the if I show the 730 00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:18,110 is this rather than the if I show the 731 00:20:18,110 --> 00:20:20,919 is this rather than the if I show the loose diagram of the oxygen atom it 732 00:20:20,919 --> 00:20:20,929 loose diagram of the oxygen atom it 733 00:20:20,929 --> 00:20:22,930 loose diagram of the oxygen atom it would not be like this but would be like 734 00:20:22,930 --> 00:20:22,940 would not be like this but would be like 735 00:20:22,940 --> 00:20:27,009 would not be like this but would be like this right to two paired paired and then 736 00:20:27,009 --> 00:20:27,019 this right to two paired paired and then 737 00:20:27,019 --> 00:20:29,350 this right to two paired paired and then we have unpaired when you have unpaired 738 00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:29,360 we have unpaired when you have unpaired 739 00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:31,600 we have unpaired when you have unpaired electron it on an anthem that atom is 740 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:31,610 electron it on an anthem that atom is 741 00:20:31,610 --> 00:20:34,960 electron it on an anthem that atom is called radical and that atom actually is 742 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:34,970 called radical and that atom actually is 743 00:20:34,970 --> 00:20:37,989 called radical and that atom actually is more reactive than the others as a 744 00:20:37,989 --> 00:20:37,999 more reactive than the others as a 745 00:20:37,999 --> 00:20:39,970 more reactive than the others as a matter of fact so that's actually why 746 00:20:39,970 --> 00:20:39,980 matter of fact so that's actually why 747 00:20:39,980 --> 00:20:45,100 matter of fact so that's actually why it's called radical so one of the most 748 00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:45,110 it's called radical so one of the most 749 00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:46,419 it's called radical so one of the most important reaction in the upper 750 00:20:46,419 --> 00:20:46,429 important reaction in the upper 751 00:20:46,429 --> 00:20:48,759 important reaction in the upper atmosphere is the forward associations 752 00:20:48,759 --> 00:20:48,769 atmosphere is the forward associations 753 00:20:48,769 --> 00:20:50,499 atmosphere is the forward associations of oxygen molecules the oxygen atoms 754 00:20:50,499 --> 00:20:50,509 of oxygen molecules the oxygen atoms 755 00:20:50,509 --> 00:20:55,090 of oxygen molecules the oxygen atoms like this actually by simply knowing the 756 00:20:55,090 --> 00:20:55,100 like this actually by simply knowing the 757 00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:58,720 like this actually by simply knowing the bond energy of the oxygen molecule we 758 00:20:58,720 --> 00:20:58,730 bond energy of the oxygen molecule we 759 00:20:58,730 --> 00:21:01,930 bond energy of the oxygen molecule we can calculate what should be the photons 760 00:21:01,930 --> 00:21:01,940 can calculate what should be the photons 761 00:21:01,940 --> 00:21:04,889 can calculate what should be the photons energy minimum to make this 762 00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:04,899 energy minimum to make this 763 00:21:04,899 --> 00:21:07,149 energy minimum to make this photodissociation reaction to take place 764 00:21:07,149 --> 00:21:07,159 photodissociation reaction to take place 765 00:21:07,159 --> 00:21:12,879 photodissociation reaction to take place we can calculate it right now photo 766 00:21:12,879 --> 00:21:12,889 we can calculate it right now photo 767 00:21:12,889 --> 00:21:16,899 we can calculate it right now photo ionization x' are again rejecting an 768 00:21:16,899 --> 00:21:16,909 ionization x' are again rejecting an 769 00:21:16,909 --> 00:21:20,350 ionization x' are again rejecting an electron from the molecules and here is 770 00:21:20,350 --> 00:21:20,360 electron from the molecules and here is 771 00:21:20,360 --> 00:21:23,700 electron from the molecules and here is the nitrogen ejecting an electron there 772 00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:23,710 the nitrogen ejecting an electron there 773 00:21:23,710 --> 00:21:28,570 the nitrogen ejecting an electron there becomes an n2 plus oxygen o2 plus in an 774 00:21:28,570 --> 00:21:28,580 becomes an n2 plus oxygen o2 plus in an 775 00:21:28,580 --> 00:21:32,049 becomes an n2 plus oxygen o2 plus in an electron oxygen atom and OH two plus and 776 00:21:32,049 --> 00:21:32,059 electron oxygen atom and OH two plus and 777 00:21:32,059 --> 00:21:32,580 electron oxygen atom and OH two plus and an elect 778 00:21:32,580 --> 00:21:32,590 an elect 779 00:21:32,590 --> 00:21:38,399 an elect and this is the n-no actually nitric 780 00:21:38,399 --> 00:21:38,409 and this is the n-no actually nitric 781 00:21:38,409 --> 00:21:41,249 and this is the n-no actually nitric oxide we call that nitric oxide and we 782 00:21:41,249 --> 00:21:41,259 oxide we call that nitric oxide and we 783 00:21:41,259 --> 00:21:43,169 oxide we call that nitric oxide and we remove an electron to get the nitronium 784 00:21:43,169 --> 00:21:43,179 remove an electron to get the nitronium 785 00:21:43,179 --> 00:21:47,310 remove an electron to get the nitronium ion here now the ionization energies in 786 00:21:47,310 --> 00:21:47,320 ion here now the ionization energies in 787 00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:49,730 ion here now the ionization energies in kilojoules per mole are given like this 788 00:21:49,730 --> 00:21:49,740 kilojoules per mole are given like this 789 00:21:49,740 --> 00:21:52,169 kilojoules per mole are given like this remember I said we can calculate the 790 00:21:52,169 --> 00:21:52,179 remember I said we can calculate the 791 00:21:52,179 --> 00:21:55,950 remember I said we can calculate the wavelength of the photon that minimum 792 00:21:55,950 --> 00:21:55,960 wavelength of the photon that minimum 793 00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:58,139 wavelength of the photon that minimum weight this will be again I should say 794 00:21:58,139 --> 00:21:58,149 weight this will be again I should say 795 00:21:58,149 --> 00:21:59,730 weight this will be again I should say the maximum wave them because there's 796 00:21:59,730 --> 00:21:59,740 the maximum wave them because there's 797 00:21:59,740 --> 00:22:01,529 the maximum wave them because there's the wavelength decreases the energy 798 00:22:01,529 --> 00:22:01,539 the wavelength decreases the energy 799 00:22:01,539 --> 00:22:05,369 the wavelength decreases the energy increases eighty point one nine ah 800 00:22:05,369 --> 00:22:05,379 increases eighty point one nine ah 801 00:22:05,379 --> 00:22:06,930 increases eighty point one nine ah meters ninety nine point three 802 00:22:06,930 --> 00:22:06,940 meters ninety nine point three 803 00:22:06,940 --> 00:22:09,210 meters ninety nine point three nanometers ninety one point to nano 804 00:22:09,210 --> 00:22:09,220 nanometers ninety one point to nano 805 00:22:09,220 --> 00:22:12,060 nanometers ninety one point to nano meters and this one is larger one 806 00:22:12,060 --> 00:22:12,070 meters and this one is larger one 807 00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:14,340 meters and this one is larger one hundred thirty-four but all of these are 808 00:22:14,340 --> 00:22:14,350 hundred thirty-four but all of these are 809 00:22:14,350 --> 00:22:19,139 hundred thirty-four but all of these are very high-energy photons that means if 810 00:22:19,139 --> 00:22:19,149 very high-energy photons that means if 811 00:22:19,149 --> 00:22:23,249 very high-energy photons that means if you have bombarded with that photons it 812 00:22:23,249 --> 00:22:23,259 you have bombarded with that photons it 813 00:22:23,259 --> 00:22:27,960 you have bombarded with that photons it will be disaster actually will kill you 814 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:27,970 will be disaster actually will kill you 815 00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:30,409 will be disaster actually will kill you as a matter of fact so all of those 816 00:22:30,409 --> 00:22:30,419 as a matter of fact so all of those 817 00:22:30,419 --> 00:22:34,049 as a matter of fact so all of those high-energy photons are absorbed by 818 00:22:34,049 --> 00:22:34,059 high-energy photons are absorbed by 819 00:22:34,059 --> 00:22:35,879 high-energy photons are absorbed by these molecules in the upper atmosphere 820 00:22:35,879 --> 00:22:35,889 these molecules in the upper atmosphere 821 00:22:35,889 --> 00:22:39,869 these molecules in the upper atmosphere and they are not able to reach to the 822 00:22:39,869 --> 00:22:39,879 and they are not able to reach to the 823 00:22:39,879 --> 00:22:46,369 and they are not able to reach to the surface of the earth as a matter of fact 824 00:22:46,369 --> 00:22:46,379 825 00:22:46,379 --> 00:22:51,720 now I guess the ozone layer everybody 826 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:51,730 now I guess the ozone layer everybody 827 00:22:51,730 --> 00:22:54,480 now I guess the ozone layer everybody heard about the ozone layer ozone layer 828 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:54,490 heard about the ozone layer ozone layer 829 00:22:54,490 --> 00:22:57,720 heard about the ozone layer ozone layer ozone is very very important again for 830 00:22:57,720 --> 00:22:57,730 ozone is very very important again for 831 00:22:57,730 --> 00:23:02,389 ozone is very very important again for the life on Earth because ozone absorbs 832 00:23:02,389 --> 00:23:02,399 the life on Earth because ozone absorbs 833 00:23:02,399 --> 00:23:07,440 the life on Earth because ozone absorbs some of the high-energy photons coming 834 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:07,450 some of the high-energy photons coming 835 00:23:07,450 --> 00:23:10,139 some of the high-energy photons coming from the Sun and actually prevents 836 00:23:10,139 --> 00:23:10,149 from the Sun and actually prevents 837 00:23:10,149 --> 00:23:14,669 from the Sun and actually prevents preventing the hazards that we will have 838 00:23:14,669 --> 00:23:14,679 preventing the hazards that we will have 839 00:23:14,679 --> 00:23:17,190 preventing the hazards that we will have if they reach to the surface as a matter 840 00:23:17,190 --> 00:23:17,200 if they reach to the surface as a matter 841 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:19,859 if they reach to the surface as a matter of fact now the ozone absorbs the 842 00:23:19,859 --> 00:23:19,869 of fact now the ozone absorbs the 843 00:23:19,869 --> 00:23:22,799 of fact now the ozone absorbs the radiation between 240 and to 310 844 00:23:22,799 --> 00:23:22,809 radiation between 240 and to 310 845 00:23:22,809 --> 00:23:25,049 radiation between 240 and to 310 nanometers now remember in the previous 846 00:23:25,049 --> 00:23:25,059 nanometers now remember in the previous 847 00:23:25,059 --> 00:23:28,919 nanometers now remember in the previous slide those wavelengths were much lower 848 00:23:28,919 --> 00:23:28,929 slide those wavelengths were much lower 849 00:23:28,929 --> 00:23:30,539 slide those wavelengths were much lower than this what does that means that 850 00:23:30,539 --> 00:23:30,549 than this what does that means that 851 00:23:30,549 --> 00:23:32,430 than this what does that means that means the photons which are used in 852 00:23:32,430 --> 00:23:32,440 means the photons which are used in 853 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:34,379 means the photons which are used in photodissociation and photo ionization 854 00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:34,389 photodissociation and photo ionization 855 00:23:34,389 --> 00:23:37,320 photodissociation and photo ionization reactions are much much more energetics 856 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:37,330 reactions are much much more energetics 857 00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,889 reactions are much much more energetics much more in the energetics but these 858 00:23:40,889 --> 00:23:40,899 much more in the energetics but these 859 00:23:40,899 --> 00:23:43,680 much more in the energetics but these are also hazardous UV radiations 860 00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:43,690 are also hazardous UV radiations 861 00:23:43,690 --> 00:23:45,990 are also hazardous UV radiations actually 240 and 300 nanometers 862 00:23:45,990 --> 00:23:46,000 actually 240 and 300 nanometers 863 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:48,720 actually 240 and 300 nanometers and the ozone protects us from that by 864 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:48,730 and the ozone protects us from that by 865 00:23:48,730 --> 00:23:51,090 and the ozone protects us from that by simply absorbing that and we will see 866 00:23:51,090 --> 00:23:51,100 simply absorbing that and we will see 867 00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:53,190 simply absorbing that and we will see what before a chemical reactions taking 868 00:23:53,190 --> 00:23:53,200 what before a chemical reactions taking 869 00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:54,660 what before a chemical reactions taking place involved in the ozone and the 870 00:23:54,660 --> 00:23:54,670 place involved in the ozone and the 871 00:23:54,670 --> 00:23:58,280 place involved in the ozone and the oxygens now where is the ozone ozone 872 00:23:58,280 --> 00:23:58,290 oxygens now where is the ozone ozone 873 00:23:58,290 --> 00:24:00,660 oxygens now where is the ozone ozone actually the highest concentration is 874 00:24:00,660 --> 00:24:00,670 actually the highest concentration is 875 00:24:00,670 --> 00:24:05,760 actually the highest concentration is about at 35 kilometers above the earth 876 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:05,770 about at 35 kilometers above the earth 877 00:24:05,770 --> 00:24:07,530 about at 35 kilometers above the earth about the earth and this is in 878 00:24:07,530 --> 00:24:07,540 about the earth and this is in 879 00:24:07,540 --> 00:24:11,580 about the earth and this is in stratosphere here again now the ozone 880 00:24:11,580 --> 00:24:11,590 stratosphere here again now the ozone 881 00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:15,270 stratosphere here again now the ozone here is good for us because it simply 882 00:24:15,270 --> 00:24:15,280 here is good for us because it simply 883 00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:20,160 here is good for us because it simply screens the high-energy photons but the 884 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:20,170 screens the high-energy photons but the 885 00:24:20,170 --> 00:24:24,210 screens the high-energy photons but the ozone at the surface close to the layer 886 00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:24,220 ozone at the surface close to the layer 887 00:24:24,220 --> 00:24:27,480 ozone at the surface close to the layer I mean to to the earth is very very 888 00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:27,490 I mean to to the earth is very very 889 00:24:27,490 --> 00:24:30,260 I mean to to the earth is very very hazardous we don't want to have the 890 00:24:30,260 --> 00:24:30,270 hazardous we don't want to have the 891 00:24:30,270 --> 00:24:32,910 hazardous we don't want to have the simply goes on in our atmosphere that we 892 00:24:32,910 --> 00:24:32,920 simply goes on in our atmosphere that we 893 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:36,480 simply goes on in our atmosphere that we inhale particularly the people who have 894 00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:36,490 inhale particularly the people who have 895 00:24:36,490 --> 00:24:39,870 inhale particularly the people who have asthma are very badly affected by the 896 00:24:39,870 --> 00:24:39,880 asthma are very badly affected by the 897 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:42,240 asthma are very badly affected by the ozone so the ozone has to be there and 898 00:24:42,240 --> 00:24:42,250 ozone so the ozone has to be there and 899 00:24:42,250 --> 00:24:45,060 ozone so the ozone has to be there and that ozone is naturally produced but 900 00:24:45,060 --> 00:24:45,070 that ozone is naturally produced but 901 00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:47,310 that ozone is naturally produced but there are also an oak actually in the 902 00:24:47,310 --> 00:24:47,320 there are also an oak actually in the 903 00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,430 there are also an oak actually in the pollutant air above the cities and that 904 00:24:50,430 --> 00:24:50,440 pollutant air above the cities and that 905 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:52,890 pollutant air above the cities and that is what the human beings are simply 906 00:24:52,890 --> 00:24:52,900 is what the human beings are simply 907 00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:57,740 is what the human beings are simply produced those Ozone's 908 00:24:57,740 --> 00:24:57,750 909 00:24:57,750 --> 00:25:02,490 now the reaction is actually taking 910 00:25:02,490 --> 00:25:02,500 now the reaction is actually taking 911 00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:05,250 now the reaction is actually taking place up in the atmosphere is an oxygen 912 00:25:05,250 --> 00:25:05,260 place up in the atmosphere is an oxygen 913 00:25:05,260 --> 00:25:07,440 place up in the atmosphere is an oxygen atom remember the dissociation of the 914 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:07,450 atom remember the dissociation of the 915 00:25:07,450 --> 00:25:11,820 atom remember the dissociation of the oxygen simply molecule produces the 916 00:25:11,820 --> 00:25:11,830 oxygen simply molecule produces the 917 00:25:11,830 --> 00:25:14,220 oxygen simply molecule produces the oxygen atom and that oxygen atom is 918 00:25:14,220 --> 00:25:14,230 oxygen atom and that oxygen atom is 919 00:25:14,230 --> 00:25:16,860 oxygen atom and that oxygen atom is simply collides with another oxygen atom 920 00:25:16,860 --> 00:25:16,870 simply collides with another oxygen atom 921 00:25:16,870 --> 00:25:20,490 simply collides with another oxygen atom and then forms the ozone this is how the 922 00:25:20,490 --> 00:25:20,500 and then forms the ozone this is how the 923 00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:24,690 and then forms the ozone this is how the ozone is formed now the ozone layer 924 00:25:24,690 --> 00:25:24,700 ozone is formed now the ozone layer 925 00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:27,240 ozone is formed now the ozone layer occurs in the atmosphere then about 30 926 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:27,250 occurs in the atmosphere then about 30 927 00:25:27,250 --> 00:25:30,360 occurs in the atmosphere then about 30 25 kilometers it says I said about 35 25 928 00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:30,370 25 kilometers it says I said about 35 25 929 00:25:30,370 --> 00:25:34,640 25 kilometers it says I said about 35 25 okay 25 or 35 kilometers somewhere there 930 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:34,650 okay 25 or 35 kilometers somewhere there 931 00:25:34,650 --> 00:25:39,240 okay 25 or 35 kilometers somewhere there now you probably remember the ozone 932 00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:39,250 now you probably remember the ozone 933 00:25:39,250 --> 00:25:44,300 now you probably remember the ozone depletion in Turkish this is called what 934 00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:44,310 935 00:25:44,310 --> 00:25:50,339 in Turkish what is that called goes on 936 00:25:50,339 --> 00:25:50,349 937 00:25:50,349 --> 00:25:55,659 ozone daily hose on Oh actually it's a 938 00:25:55,659 --> 00:25:55,669 ozone daily hose on Oh actually it's a 939 00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:58,989 ozone daily hose on Oh actually it's a hole there that means the ozone layer is 940 00:25:58,989 --> 00:25:58,999 hole there that means the ozone layer is 941 00:25:58,999 --> 00:26:02,379 hole there that means the ozone layer is very very thin and this is in the South 942 00:26:02,379 --> 00:26:02,389 very very thin and this is in the South 943 00:26:02,389 --> 00:26:04,779 very very thin and this is in the South Pole they find out and they find out 944 00:26:04,779 --> 00:26:04,789 Pole they find out and they find out 945 00:26:04,789 --> 00:26:08,679 Pole they find out and they find out that the reason that the ozone layer is 946 00:26:08,679 --> 00:26:08,689 that the reason that the ozone layer is 947 00:26:08,689 --> 00:26:11,649 that the reason that the ozone layer is very thin here almost disappeared goes 948 00:26:11,649 --> 00:26:11,659 very thin here almost disappeared goes 949 00:26:11,659 --> 00:26:14,279 very thin here almost disappeared goes on depleted due to the 950 00:26:14,279 --> 00:26:14,289 on depleted due to the 951 00:26:14,289 --> 00:26:16,809 on depleted due to the chlorofluorocarbons that we left into 952 00:26:16,809 --> 00:26:16,819 chlorofluorocarbons that we left into 953 00:26:16,819 --> 00:26:17,649 chlorofluorocarbons that we left into the atmosphere 954 00:26:17,649 --> 00:26:17,659 the atmosphere 955 00:26:17,659 --> 00:26:19,839 the atmosphere what are those chlorofluorocarbons those 956 00:26:19,839 --> 00:26:19,849 what are those chlorofluorocarbons those 957 00:26:19,849 --> 00:26:22,119 what are those chlorofluorocarbons those are simply the compounds which have 958 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:22,129 are simply the compounds which have 959 00:26:22,129 --> 00:26:25,719 are simply the compounds which have let's say fluorine and chlorine like 960 00:26:25,719 --> 00:26:25,729 let's say fluorine and chlorine like 961 00:26:25,729 --> 00:26:30,159 let's say fluorine and chlorine like this or you can have let's say f3 + CL 3 962 00:26:30,159 --> 00:26:30,169 this or you can have let's say f3 + CL 3 963 00:26:30,169 --> 00:26:33,219 this or you can have let's say f3 + CL 3 or others these are chloro fluoro carbon 964 00:26:33,219 --> 00:26:33,229 or others these are chloro fluoro carbon 965 00:26:33,229 --> 00:26:36,939 or others these are chloro fluoro carbon in fact in hydrocarbons the hydrogen is 966 00:26:36,939 --> 00:26:36,949 in fact in hydrocarbons the hydrogen is 967 00:26:36,949 --> 00:26:38,799 in fact in hydrocarbons the hydrogen is replaced by the chlorine or the fluorine 968 00:26:38,799 --> 00:26:38,809 replaced by the chlorine or the fluorine 969 00:26:38,809 --> 00:26:40,449 replaced by the chlorine or the fluorine all of them them they are called 970 00:26:40,449 --> 00:26:40,459 all of them them they are called 971 00:26:40,459 --> 00:26:42,819 all of them them they are called chlorofluorocarbons and when you have 972 00:26:42,819 --> 00:26:42,829 chlorofluorocarbons and when you have 973 00:26:42,829 --> 00:26:44,649 chlorofluorocarbons and when you have those chlorofluorocarbons in the 974 00:26:44,649 --> 00:26:44,659 those chlorofluorocarbons in the 975 00:26:44,659 --> 00:26:48,099 those chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere they react with the ozone and 976 00:26:48,099 --> 00:26:48,109 atmosphere they react with the ozone and 977 00:26:48,109 --> 00:26:51,399 atmosphere they react with the ozone and the ozone layer gets thinner and thinner 978 00:26:51,399 --> 00:26:51,409 the ozone layer gets thinner and thinner 979 00:26:51,409 --> 00:26:56,559 the ozone layer gets thinner and thinner as a matter of fact and now 980 00:26:56,559 --> 00:26:56,569 as a matter of fact and now 981 00:26:56,569 --> 00:26:59,379 as a matter of fact and now chlorofluorocarbons were used for years 982 00:26:59,379 --> 00:26:59,389 chlorofluorocarbons were used for years 983 00:26:59,389 --> 00:27:02,349 chlorofluorocarbons were used for years as aerosol propellants and refrigerants 984 00:27:02,349 --> 00:27:02,359 as aerosol propellants and refrigerants 985 00:27:02,359 --> 00:27:05,939 as aerosol propellants and refrigerants what is the aerosol propellants remember 986 00:27:05,939 --> 00:27:05,949 what is the aerosol propellants remember 987 00:27:05,949 --> 00:27:09,819 what is the aerosol propellants remember those shaving cream for example all of 988 00:27:09,819 --> 00:27:09,829 those shaving cream for example all of 989 00:27:09,829 --> 00:27:13,869 those shaving cream for example all of those the gas that push the cream out is 990 00:27:13,869 --> 00:27:13,879 those the gas that push the cream out is 991 00:27:13,879 --> 00:27:16,829 those the gas that push the cream out is the aerosol and that is the 992 00:27:16,829 --> 00:27:16,839 the aerosol and that is the 993 00:27:16,839 --> 00:27:19,059 the aerosol and that is the chlorofluorocarbons or refrigerators 994 00:27:19,059 --> 00:27:19,069 chlorofluorocarbons or refrigerators 995 00:27:19,069 --> 00:27:21,429 chlorofluorocarbons or refrigerators uses the chlorofluorocarbons they are 996 00:27:21,429 --> 00:27:21,439 uses the chlorofluorocarbons they are 997 00:27:21,439 --> 00:27:24,759 uses the chlorofluorocarbons they are not water-soluble that means they do not 998 00:27:24,759 --> 00:27:24,769 not water-soluble that means they do not 999 00:27:24,769 --> 00:27:27,129 not water-soluble that means they do not wash out of the atmosphere by a rain and 1000 00:27:27,129 --> 00:27:27,139 wash out of the atmosphere by a rain and 1001 00:27:27,139 --> 00:27:31,119 wash out of the atmosphere by a rain and are quite unreactive they stay in the 1002 00:27:31,119 --> 00:27:31,129 are quite unreactive they stay in the 1003 00:27:31,129 --> 00:27:32,829 are quite unreactive they stay in the atmosphere for a long time because 1004 00:27:32,829 --> 00:27:32,839 atmosphere for a long time because 1005 00:27:32,839 --> 00:27:35,199 atmosphere for a long time because they're very very unreactive and very 1006 00:27:35,199 --> 00:27:35,209 they're very very unreactive and very 1007 00:27:35,209 --> 00:27:38,379 they're very very unreactive and very very stable as a matter of fact and the 1008 00:27:38,379 --> 00:27:38,389 very stable as a matter of fact and the 1009 00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:40,509 very stable as a matter of fact and the carbon chlorine bonds is easily broken 1010 00:27:40,509 --> 00:27:40,519 carbon chlorine bonds is easily broken 1011 00:27:40,519 --> 00:27:43,419 carbon chlorine bonds is easily broken by light with a wavelength between 190 1012 00:27:43,419 --> 00:27:43,429 by light with a wavelength between 190 1013 00:27:43,429 --> 00:27:49,359 by light with a wavelength between 190 and 225 nanometer in this stratosphere 1014 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:49,369 and 225 nanometer in this stratosphere 1015 00:27:49,369 --> 00:27:52,569 and 225 nanometer in this stratosphere where the ozone layer exists that means 1016 00:27:52,569 --> 00:27:52,579 where the ozone layer exists that means 1017 00:27:52,579 --> 00:27:57,329 where the ozone layer exists that means that this reaction simply that 1018 00:27:57,329 --> 00:27:57,339 that this reaction simply that 1019 00:27:57,339 --> 00:28:00,069 that this reaction simply that dissociation that rupture of the carbon 1020 00:28:00,069 --> 00:28:00,079 dissociation that rupture of the carbon 1021 00:28:00,079 --> 00:28:01,719 dissociation that rupture of the carbon and chlorine and getting a chlorine atom 1022 00:28:01,719 --> 00:28:01,729 and chlorine and getting a chlorine atom 1023 00:28:01,729 --> 00:28:04,120 and chlorine and getting a chlorine atom that chlorine atom 1024 00:28:04,120 --> 00:28:04,130 that chlorine atom 1025 00:28:04,130 --> 00:28:07,919 that chlorine atom is taking place here somewhere here 1026 00:28:07,919 --> 00:28:07,929 is taking place here somewhere here 1027 00:28:07,929 --> 00:28:13,480 is taking place here somewhere here where the ozone is and then the chlorine 1028 00:28:13,480 --> 00:28:13,490 where the ozone is and then the chlorine 1029 00:28:13,490 --> 00:28:15,940 where the ozone is and then the chlorine reacts with the OHS on to form the 1030 00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:15,950 reacts with the OHS on to form the 1031 00:28:15,950 --> 00:28:18,990 reacts with the OHS on to form the chlorine oxide and oxygen molecule and 1032 00:28:18,990 --> 00:28:19,000 chlorine oxide and oxygen molecule and 1033 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:22,090 chlorine oxide and oxygen molecule and now instead of the ozone reacting with 1034 00:28:22,090 --> 00:28:22,100 now instead of the ozone reacting with 1035 00:28:22,100 --> 00:28:24,759 now instead of the ozone reacting with the high-energy photons to dissociate 1036 00:28:24,759 --> 00:28:24,769 the high-energy photons to dissociate 1037 00:28:24,769 --> 00:28:27,940 the high-energy photons to dissociate and it uses chlorine atoms actually to 1038 00:28:27,940 --> 00:28:27,950 and it uses chlorine atoms actually to 1039 00:28:27,950 --> 00:28:31,019 and it uses chlorine atoms actually to dissociate and that simply lowers the 1040 00:28:31,019 --> 00:28:31,029 dissociate and that simply lowers the 1041 00:28:31,029 --> 00:28:33,279 dissociate and that simply lowers the concentrations of the ozone and 1042 00:28:33,279 --> 00:28:33,289 concentrations of the ozone and 1043 00:28:33,289 --> 00:28:35,980 concentrations of the ozone and depletions of the ozone that's why in 1044 00:28:35,980 --> 00:28:35,990 depletions of the ozone that's why in 1045 00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:38,680 depletions of the ozone that's why in fact those chlorofluorocarbons are not 1046 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:38,690 fact those chlorofluorocarbons are not 1047 00:28:38,690 --> 00:28:42,789 fact those chlorofluorocarbons are not used anymore I guess since 1995 it has 1048 00:28:42,789 --> 00:28:42,799 used anymore I guess since 1995 it has 1049 00:28:42,799 --> 00:28:44,129 used anymore I guess since 1995 it has been decided that the 1050 00:28:44,129 --> 00:28:44,139 been decided that the 1051 00:28:44,139 --> 00:28:45,879 been decided that the chlorofluorocarbons will not be used 1052 00:28:45,879 --> 00:28:45,889 chlorofluorocarbons will not be used 1053 00:28:45,889 --> 00:28:51,370 chlorofluorocarbons will not be used instead of that we use floral hydro 1054 00:28:51,370 --> 00:28:51,380 instead of that we use floral hydro 1055 00:28:51,380 --> 00:28:55,269 instead of that we use floral hydro fluorocarbons no chlorines but fluorine 1056 00:28:55,269 --> 00:28:55,279 fluorocarbons no chlorines but fluorine 1057 00:28:55,279 --> 00:28:57,009 fluorocarbons no chlorines but fluorine and hydrogen actually fluorine and 1058 00:28:57,009 --> 00:28:57,019 and hydrogen actually fluorine and 1059 00:28:57,019 --> 00:29:00,009 and hydrogen actually fluorine and hydrogen for example instead of that 1060 00:29:00,009 --> 00:29:00,019 hydrogen for example instead of that 1061 00:29:00,019 --> 00:29:06,930 hydrogen for example instead of that this one we have this pre fluoro methyl 1062 00:29:06,930 --> 00:29:06,940 this one we have this pre fluoro methyl 1063 00:29:06,940 --> 00:29:10,419 this one we have this pre fluoro methyl actually it is the fluoro hydrocarbon 1064 00:29:10,419 --> 00:29:10,429 actually it is the fluoro hydrocarbon 1065 00:29:10,429 --> 00:29:14,519 actually it is the fluoro hydrocarbon naturally now let's look at the 1066 00:29:14,519 --> 00:29:14,529 naturally now let's look at the 1067 00:29:14,529 --> 00:29:25,310 naturally now let's look at the pollutants yes 1068 00:29:25,310 --> 00:29:25,320 1069 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:33,499 yes 1070 00:29:33,499 --> 00:29:33,509 1071 00:29:33,509 --> 00:29:41,759 no no but no but if you consider the 1072 00:29:41,759 --> 00:29:41,769 no no but no but if you consider the 1073 00:29:41,769 --> 00:29:44,970 no no but no but if you consider the amount of chlorofluorocarbons or the 1074 00:29:44,970 --> 00:29:44,980 amount of chlorofluorocarbons or the 1075 00:29:44,980 --> 00:29:49,049 amount of chlorofluorocarbons or the amount of the UV radiation is absorbed 1076 00:29:49,049 --> 00:29:49,059 amount of the UV radiation is absorbed 1077 00:29:49,059 --> 00:29:51,330 amount of the UV radiation is absorbed to break that it's very very small 1078 00:29:51,330 --> 00:29:51,340 to break that it's very very small 1079 00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:54,119 to break that it's very very small amount compared to the ozone reaction 1080 00:29:54,119 --> 00:29:54,129 amount compared to the ozone reaction 1081 00:29:54,129 --> 00:29:56,639 amount compared to the ozone reaction that right because very very small 1082 00:29:56,639 --> 00:29:56,649 that right because very very small 1083 00:29:56,649 --> 00:29:58,739 that right because very very small amount of those chlorofluorocarbons 1084 00:29:58,739 --> 00:29:58,749 amount of those chlorofluorocarbons 1085 00:29:58,749 --> 00:30:03,149 amount of those chlorofluorocarbons actually up there 1086 00:30:03,149 --> 00:30:03,159 1087 00:30:03,159 --> 00:30:07,639 now our pollutions again is another 1088 00:30:07,639 --> 00:30:07,649 now our pollutions again is another 1089 00:30:07,649 --> 00:30:12,299 now our pollutions again is another important area and also related to the 1090 00:30:12,299 --> 00:30:12,309 important area and also related to the 1091 00:30:12,309 --> 00:30:14,039 important area and also related to the chemistry of the atmosphere and the 1092 00:30:14,039 --> 00:30:14,049 chemistry of the atmosphere and the 1093 00:30:14,049 --> 00:30:18,389 chemistry of the atmosphere and the atmosphere now what are the pollutants 1094 00:30:18,389 --> 00:30:18,399 atmosphere now what are the pollutants 1095 00:30:18,399 --> 00:30:20,220 atmosphere now what are the pollutants that considered pollutants in the 1096 00:30:20,220 --> 00:30:20,230 that considered pollutants in the 1097 00:30:20,230 --> 00:30:23,239 that considered pollutants in the atmosphere carbon monoxide and 1098 00:30:23,239 --> 00:30:23,249 atmosphere carbon monoxide and 1099 00:30:23,249 --> 00:30:26,909 atmosphere carbon monoxide and concentration has to be 10 ppm parts per 1100 00:30:26,909 --> 00:30:26,919 concentration has to be 10 ppm parts per 1101 00:30:26,919 --> 00:30:29,009 concentration has to be 10 ppm parts per million if it is greater than that 1102 00:30:29,009 --> 00:30:29,019 million if it is greater than that 1103 00:30:29,019 --> 00:30:31,950 million if it is greater than that that means it's harmful right and then 1104 00:30:31,950 --> 00:30:31,960 that means it's harmful right and then 1105 00:30:31,960 --> 00:30:34,259 that means it's harmful right and then we have the hydrocarbons 1106 00:30:34,259 --> 00:30:34,269 we have the hydrocarbons 1107 00:30:34,269 --> 00:30:35,999 we have the hydrocarbons what are these hydrocarbons just the 1108 00:30:35,999 --> 00:30:36,009 what are these hydrocarbons just the 1109 00:30:36,009 --> 00:30:38,460 what are these hydrocarbons just the organic compounds organic compounds like 1110 00:30:38,460 --> 00:30:38,470 organic compounds organic compounds like 1111 00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,369 organic compounds organic compounds like benzene Octane's and other things methyl 1112 00:30:41,369 --> 00:30:41,379 benzene Octane's and other things methyl 1113 00:30:41,379 --> 00:30:44,099 benzene Octane's and other things methyl methane these are high hydrocarbons 1114 00:30:44,099 --> 00:30:44,109 methane these are high hydrocarbons 1115 00:30:44,109 --> 00:30:46,560 methane these are high hydrocarbons there and that should be again at about 1116 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:46,570 there and that should be again at about 1117 00:30:46,570 --> 00:30:50,159 there and that should be again at about 3 parts per million 3 ppm again in the 1118 00:30:50,159 --> 00:30:50,169 3 parts per million 3 ppm again in the 1119 00:30:50,169 --> 00:30:53,669 3 parts per million 3 ppm again in the atmosphere these are the safe amounts I 1120 00:30:53,669 --> 00:30:53,679 atmosphere these are the safe amounts I 1121 00:30:53,679 --> 00:30:55,979 atmosphere these are the safe amounts I should say for the human beings and 1122 00:30:55,979 --> 00:30:55,989 should say for the human beings and 1123 00:30:55,989 --> 00:31:00,539 should say for the human beings and sulfur dioxide 0.08 parts per million 1124 00:31:00,539 --> 00:31:00,549 sulfur dioxide 0.08 parts per million 1125 00:31:00,549 --> 00:31:06,060 sulfur dioxide 0.08 parts per million and nitrogen oxides 0.05 and total 1126 00:31:06,060 --> 00:31:06,070 and nitrogen oxides 0.05 and total 1127 00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:09,869 and nitrogen oxides 0.05 and total oxidants 0.02 percent and then we have 1128 00:31:09,869 --> 00:31:09,879 oxidants 0.02 percent and then we have 1129 00:31:09,879 --> 00:31:11,759 oxidants 0.02 percent and then we have the ozone and the others they are - it 1130 00:31:11,759 --> 00:31:11,769 the ozone and the others they are - it 1131 00:31:11,769 --> 00:31:14,369 the ozone and the others they are - it says but you see again the most 1132 00:31:14,369 --> 00:31:14,379 says but you see again the most 1133 00:31:14,379 --> 00:31:19,649 says but you see again the most hazardous ones are what sulfur dioxide 1134 00:31:19,649 --> 00:31:19,659 hazardous ones are what sulfur dioxide 1135 00:31:19,659 --> 00:31:26,039 hazardous ones are what sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and total oxidants 1136 00:31:26,039 --> 00:31:26,049 and nitrogen oxides and total oxidants 1137 00:31:26,049 --> 00:31:29,909 and nitrogen oxides and total oxidants because this is 0.02 ppm and this is 1138 00:31:29,909 --> 00:31:29,919 because this is 0.02 ppm and this is 1139 00:31:29,919 --> 00:31:33,539 because this is 0.02 ppm and this is 0.05 ppm on 0.08 ppm that's very very 1140 00:31:33,539 --> 00:31:33,549 0.05 ppm on 0.08 ppm that's very very 1141 00:31:33,549 --> 00:31:36,930 0.05 ppm on 0.08 ppm that's very very small amount even that is you know 1142 00:31:36,930 --> 00:31:36,940 small amount even that is you know 1143 00:31:36,940 --> 00:31:38,970 small amount even that is you know considered to be very hazardous if it 1144 00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:38,980 considered to be very hazardous if it 1145 00:31:38,980 --> 00:31:41,940 considered to be very hazardous if it goes over that values then we have to 1146 00:31:41,940 --> 00:31:41,950 goes over that values then we have to 1147 00:31:41,950 --> 00:31:44,310 goes over that values then we have to take precautions to reduce the amount of 1148 00:31:44,310 --> 00:31:44,320 take precautions to reduce the amount of 1149 00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:45,500 take precautions to reduce the amount of those pollutants 1150 00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:45,510 those pollutants 1151 00:31:45,510 --> 00:31:49,250 those pollutants in the air yeah here I guess it says it 1152 00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:49,260 in the air yeah here I guess it says it 1153 00:31:49,260 --> 00:31:53,540 in the air yeah here I guess it says it assumes no major smog problems now smog 1154 00:31:53,540 --> 00:31:53,550 assumes no major smog problems now smog 1155 00:31:53,550 --> 00:31:59,210 assumes no major smog problems now smog is that sort of a brownish color fume 1156 00:31:59,210 --> 00:31:59,220 is that sort of a brownish color fume 1157 00:31:59,220 --> 00:32:03,350 is that sort of a brownish color fume that floats over the big cities and you 1158 00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:03,360 that floats over the big cities and you 1159 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:06,560 that floats over the big cities and you can probably have seen that on over on 1160 00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:06,570 can probably have seen that on over on 1161 00:32:06,570 --> 00:32:09,560 can probably have seen that on over on current especially in in the winter time 1162 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:09,570 current especially in in the winter time 1163 00:32:09,570 --> 00:32:14,300 current especially in in the winter time in the summertime too and that smug sort 1164 00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:14,310 in the summertime too and that smug sort 1165 00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,260 in the summertime too and that smug sort of brownish color and that is actually 1166 00:32:17,260 --> 00:32:17,270 of brownish color and that is actually 1167 00:32:17,270 --> 00:32:20,660 of brownish color and that is actually nitrogen dioxide mostly nitrogen dioxide 1168 00:32:20,660 --> 00:32:20,670 nitrogen dioxide mostly nitrogen dioxide 1169 00:32:20,670 --> 00:32:22,910 nitrogen dioxide mostly nitrogen dioxide is a very very bad stuff this month 1170 00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:22,920 is a very very bad stuff this month 1171 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:27,320 is a very very bad stuff this month and although the typical value of SOT is 1172 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:27,330 and although the typical value of SOT is 1173 00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,590 and although the typical value of SOT is low it is considered the most serious 1174 00:32:30,590 --> 00:32:30,600 low it is considered the most serious 1175 00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:34,930 low it is considered the most serious hazard health hazard on the list 1176 00:32:34,930 --> 00:32:34,940 hazard health hazard on the list 1177 00:32:34,940 --> 00:32:38,780 hazard health hazard on the list sulfur dioxide very bad stuff for the 1178 00:32:38,780 --> 00:32:38,790 sulfur dioxide very bad stuff for the 1179 00:32:38,790 --> 00:32:40,640 sulfur dioxide very bad stuff for the health for the human beings actually so 1180 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:40,650 health for the human beings actually so 1181 00:32:40,650 --> 00:32:42,590 health for the human beings actually so we have to keep the sulfur dioxide low 1182 00:32:42,590 --> 00:32:42,600 we have to keep the sulfur dioxide low 1183 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,380 we have to keep the sulfur dioxide low and where we get the sulfur dioxide from 1184 00:32:45,380 --> 00:32:45,390 and where we get the sulfur dioxide from 1185 00:32:45,390 --> 00:32:48,680 and where we get the sulfur dioxide from burning coal and burning gasoline's the 1186 00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:48,690 burning coal and burning gasoline's the 1187 00:32:48,690 --> 00:32:51,770 burning coal and burning gasoline's the coal has sulfur and gasoline also 1188 00:32:51,770 --> 00:32:51,780 coal has sulfur and gasoline also 1189 00:32:51,780 --> 00:32:55,480 coal has sulfur and gasoline also contains sulfur burning those we simply 1190 00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:55,490 contains sulfur burning those we simply 1191 00:32:55,490 --> 00:32:57,650 contains sulfur burning those we simply introduce into the atmosphere sulfur 1192 00:32:57,650 --> 00:32:57,660 introduce into the atmosphere sulfur 1193 00:32:57,660 --> 00:32:59,450 introduce into the atmosphere sulfur dioxide as a matter of fact it's a bad 1194 00:32:59,450 --> 00:32:59,460 dioxide as a matter of fact it's a bad 1195 00:32:59,460 --> 00:33:00,800 dioxide as a matter of fact it's a bad stop very bad 1196 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:00,810 stop very bad 1197 00:33:00,810 --> 00:33:05,660 stop very bad now that sulfur dioxide and also some 1198 00:33:05,660 --> 00:33:05,670 now that sulfur dioxide and also some 1199 00:33:05,670 --> 00:33:08,870 now that sulfur dioxide and also some nitrogen oxides reacts with the oxygen 1200 00:33:08,870 --> 00:33:08,880 nitrogen oxides reacts with the oxygen 1201 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,440 nitrogen oxides reacts with the oxygen in the in the atmosphere and for example 1202 00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:12,450 in the in the atmosphere and for example 1203 00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,890 in the in the atmosphere and for example this first forms sulfur trioxide and 1204 00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:15,900 this first forms sulfur trioxide and 1205 00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,520 this first forms sulfur trioxide and that sulfur trioxide reacts with the 1206 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:19,530 that sulfur trioxide reacts with the 1207 00:33:19,530 --> 00:33:22,400 that sulfur trioxide reacts with the water rain in the atmosphere and forms 1208 00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:22,410 water rain in the atmosphere and forms 1209 00:33:22,410 --> 00:33:26,960 water rain in the atmosphere and forms sulfuric acid or nitric nitrous oxides 1210 00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:26,970 sulfuric acid or nitric nitrous oxides 1211 00:33:26,970 --> 00:33:29,750 sulfuric acid or nitric nitrous oxides and nitrogen oxides actually reacts with 1212 00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:29,760 and nitrogen oxides actually reacts with 1213 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:32,780 and nitrogen oxides actually reacts with the water to form nitric acids so when 1214 00:33:32,780 --> 00:33:32,790 the water to form nitric acids so when 1215 00:33:32,790 --> 00:33:35,650 the water to form nitric acids so when the rain falls down it becomes acidic 1216 00:33:35,650 --> 00:33:35,660 the rain falls down it becomes acidic 1217 00:33:35,660 --> 00:33:38,300 the rain falls down it becomes acidic due to the presence of the sulfuric acid 1218 00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:38,310 due to the presence of the sulfuric acid 1219 00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:41,780 due to the presence of the sulfuric acid or nitric acid and we call those acid 1220 00:33:41,780 --> 00:33:41,790 or nitric acid and we call those acid 1221 00:33:41,790 --> 00:33:44,000 or nitric acid and we call those acid rains and what happens when you have 1222 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:44,010 rains and what happens when you have 1223 00:33:44,010 --> 00:33:47,240 rains and what happens when you have acid rains they simply make a lot of 1224 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:47,250 acid rains they simply make a lot of 1225 00:33:47,250 --> 00:33:50,780 acid rains they simply make a lot of hazards to the buildings like this for 1226 00:33:50,780 --> 00:33:50,790 hazards to the buildings like this for 1227 00:33:50,790 --> 00:33:54,170 hazards to the buildings like this for example or to the goods or living 1228 00:33:54,170 --> 00:33:54,180 example or to the goods or living 1229 00:33:54,180 --> 00:33:56,150 example or to the goods or living organisms and the plants usually the 1230 00:33:56,150 --> 00:33:56,160 organisms and the plants usually the 1231 00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:59,450 organisms and the plants usually the trees are very badly affected in the for 1232 00:33:59,450 --> 00:33:59,460 trees are very badly affected in the for 1233 00:33:59,460 --> 00:34:02,870 trees are very badly affected in the for by these acid rains and they actually 1234 00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:02,880 by these acid rains and they actually 1235 00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:08,119 by these acid rains and they actually dry up they die actually if the acid 1236 00:34:08,119 --> 00:34:08,129 dry up they die actually if the acid 1237 00:34:08,129 --> 00:34:14,090 dry up they die actually if the acid rains a force takes the acid green so we 1238 00:34:14,090 --> 00:34:14,100 rains a force takes the acid green so we 1239 00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,540 rains a force takes the acid green so we should simply be careful reducing the 1240 00:34:17,540 --> 00:34:17,550 should simply be careful reducing the 1241 00:34:17,550 --> 00:34:19,700 should simply be careful reducing the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere 1242 00:34:19,700 --> 00:34:19,710 sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere 1243 00:34:19,710 --> 00:34:21,889 sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere as a matter of fact it reacts with the 1244 00:34:21,889 --> 00:34:21,899 as a matter of fact it reacts with the 1245 00:34:21,899 --> 00:34:24,320 as a matter of fact it reacts with the moisture in the air to form sulfuric 1246 00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:24,330 moisture in the air to form sulfuric 1247 00:34:24,330 --> 00:34:28,490 moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid as we said and it is primarily 1248 00:34:28,490 --> 00:34:28,500 acid as we said and it is primarily 1249 00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:31,490 acid as we said and it is primarily responsible for acid rain even though 1250 00:34:31,490 --> 00:34:31,500 responsible for acid rain even though 1251 00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:33,409 responsible for acid rain even though the nitrogen oxide also contribute acid 1252 00:34:33,409 --> 00:34:33,419 the nitrogen oxide also contribute acid 1253 00:34:33,419 --> 00:34:35,540 the nitrogen oxide also contribute acid rain they are also we formed some nitric 1254 00:34:35,540 --> 00:34:35,550 rain they are also we formed some nitric 1255 00:34:35,550 --> 00:34:41,869 rain they are also we formed some nitric acid and highly acidity in rainfall 1256 00:34:41,869 --> 00:34:41,879 acid and highly acidity in rainfall 1257 00:34:41,879 --> 00:34:43,940 acid and highly acidity in rainfall causes corrosion in the building 1258 00:34:43,940 --> 00:34:43,950 causes corrosion in the building 1259 00:34:43,950 --> 00:34:50,360 causes corrosion in the building materials which shows here but the the 1260 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:50,370 materials which shows here but the the 1261 00:34:50,370 --> 00:34:52,460 materials which shows here but the the plants are also affected by those acid 1262 00:34:52,460 --> 00:34:52,470 plants are also affected by those acid 1263 00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,720 plants are also affected by those acid rains too now how can we prevent the 1264 00:34:56,720 --> 00:34:56,730 rains too now how can we prevent the 1265 00:34:56,730 --> 00:35:00,400 rains too now how can we prevent the sulfur dioxide going into the atmosphere 1266 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:00,410 sulfur dioxide going into the atmosphere 1267 00:35:00,410 --> 00:35:03,230 sulfur dioxide going into the atmosphere first of all we should remember that the 1268 00:35:03,230 --> 00:35:03,240 first of all we should remember that the 1269 00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:04,970 first of all we should remember that the source of sulfur dioxide in the 1270 00:35:04,970 --> 00:35:04,980 source of sulfur dioxide in the 1271 00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:08,960 source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is burning coal particularly 1272 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:08,970 atmosphere is burning coal particularly 1273 00:35:08,970 --> 00:35:11,890 atmosphere is burning coal particularly in the power plants or burning gasoline 1274 00:35:11,890 --> 00:35:11,900 in the power plants or burning gasoline 1275 00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:17,590 in the power plants or burning gasoline in a cars and in the power plant the 1276 00:35:17,590 --> 00:35:17,600 in a cars and in the power plant the 1277 00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:21,710 in a cars and in the power plant the prevention of the sulfur dioxide letting 1278 00:35:21,710 --> 00:35:21,720 prevention of the sulfur dioxide letting 1279 00:35:21,720 --> 00:35:23,660 prevention of the sulfur dioxide letting into the gas Inlet and into the 1280 00:35:23,660 --> 00:35:23,670 into the gas Inlet and into the 1281 00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:26,860 into the gas Inlet and into the atmosphere is done by adding calcium 1282 00:35:26,860 --> 00:35:26,870 atmosphere is done by adding calcium 1283 00:35:26,870 --> 00:35:32,870 atmosphere is done by adding calcium carbonate to the furnaces of the coal 1284 00:35:32,870 --> 00:35:32,880 carbonate to the furnaces of the coal 1285 00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:35,810 carbonate to the furnaces of the coal with the coal actually powder calcium 1286 00:35:35,810 --> 00:35:35,820 with the coal actually powder calcium 1287 00:35:35,820 --> 00:35:38,240 with the coal actually powder calcium carbonate and that calcium carbonate is 1288 00:35:38,240 --> 00:35:38,250 carbonate and that calcium carbonate is 1289 00:35:38,250 --> 00:35:40,820 carbonate and that calcium carbonate is converted to the calcium oxide at high 1290 00:35:40,820 --> 00:35:40,830 converted to the calcium oxide at high 1291 00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:42,410 converted to the calcium oxide at high temperatures about 900 degree centigrade 1292 00:35:42,410 --> 00:35:42,420 temperatures about 900 degree centigrade 1293 00:35:42,420 --> 00:35:46,000 temperatures about 900 degree centigrade in the furnace and that calcium oxide 1294 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:46,010 in the furnace and that calcium oxide 1295 00:35:46,010 --> 00:35:49,370 in the furnace and that calcium oxide reacts with sulfur dioxide gas to form 1296 00:35:49,370 --> 00:35:49,380 reacts with sulfur dioxide gas to form 1297 00:35:49,380 --> 00:35:52,130 reacts with sulfur dioxide gas to form the calcium sulphide this calcium 1298 00:35:52,130 --> 00:35:52,140 the calcium sulphide this calcium 1299 00:35:52,140 --> 00:35:54,140 the calcium sulphide this calcium sulfide is solid and it actually 1300 00:35:54,140 --> 00:35:54,150 sulfide is solid and it actually 1301 00:35:54,150 --> 00:35:57,710 sulfide is solid and it actually precipitates with the ash now then you 1302 00:35:57,710 --> 00:35:57,720 precipitates with the ash now then you 1303 00:35:57,720 --> 00:36:01,370 precipitates with the ash now then you also take that calcium oxide and put it 1304 00:36:01,370 --> 00:36:01,380 also take that calcium oxide and put it 1305 00:36:01,380 --> 00:36:04,820 also take that calcium oxide and put it in solution and pass the gas containing 1306 00:36:04,820 --> 00:36:04,830 in solution and pass the gas containing 1307 00:36:04,830 --> 00:36:06,800 in solution and pass the gas containing sulfur dioxide through that solution and 1308 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:06,810 sulfur dioxide through that solution and 1309 00:36:06,810 --> 00:36:10,430 sulfur dioxide through that solution and that also takes the sulphur dioxide 1310 00:36:10,430 --> 00:36:10,440 that also takes the sulphur dioxide 1311 00:36:10,440 --> 00:36:13,010 that also takes the sulphur dioxide left in the gas exhaust gas 1312 00:36:13,010 --> 00:36:13,020 left in the gas exhaust gas 1313 00:36:13,020 --> 00:36:16,790 left in the gas exhaust gas and again precipitate as calcium sulfite 1314 00:36:16,790 --> 00:36:16,800 and again precipitate as calcium sulfite 1315 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,510 and again precipitate as calcium sulfite calcium sulphide and we simply prevent 1316 00:36:20,510 --> 00:36:20,520 calcium sulphide and we simply prevent 1317 00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,450 calcium sulphide and we simply prevent the pollution of the atmosphere with the 1318 00:36:23,450 --> 00:36:23,460 the pollution of the atmosphere with the 1319 00:36:23,460 --> 00:36:25,640 the pollution of the atmosphere with the sulfur dioxide by using calcium 1320 00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:25,650 sulfur dioxide by using calcium 1321 00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:31,990 sulfur dioxide by using calcium carbonate here again in the furnaces now 1322 00:36:31,990 --> 00:36:32,000 carbonate here again in the furnaces now 1323 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:36,950 carbonate here again in the furnaces now nitrogen oxides again smug here is that 1324 00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:36,960 nitrogen oxides again smug here is that 1325 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,790 nitrogen oxides again smug here is that the brownish gas that hangs about large 1326 00:36:40,790 --> 00:36:40,800 the brownish gas that hangs about large 1327 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,670 the brownish gas that hangs about large cities is primarily nitrogen dioxide 1328 00:36:43,670 --> 00:36:43,680 cities is primarily nitrogen dioxide 1329 00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:45,760 cities is primarily nitrogen dioxide remember when we talked about the 1330 00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:45,770 remember when we talked about the 1331 00:36:45,770 --> 00:36:47,660 remember when we talked about the decompositions of the dinitrogen 1332 00:36:47,660 --> 00:36:47,670 decompositions of the dinitrogen 1333 00:36:47,670 --> 00:36:51,650 decompositions of the dinitrogen tetroxide to the no.2 right and we said 1334 00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:51,660 tetroxide to the no.2 right and we said 1335 00:36:51,660 --> 00:36:53,720 tetroxide to the no.2 right and we said that the dinitrogen tetroxide is 1336 00:36:53,720 --> 00:36:53,730 that the dinitrogen tetroxide is 1337 00:36:53,730 --> 00:36:57,010 that the dinitrogen tetroxide is colorless but the nitrogen dioxide is 1338 00:36:57,010 --> 00:36:57,020 colorless but the nitrogen dioxide is 1339 00:36:57,020 --> 00:37:00,020 colorless but the nitrogen dioxide is brown color so from the color actually 1340 00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:00,030 brown color so from the color actually 1341 00:37:00,030 --> 00:37:02,570 brown color so from the color actually we watch how the equilibrium shifts to 1342 00:37:02,570 --> 00:37:02,580 we watch how the equilibrium shifts to 1343 00:37:02,580 --> 00:37:05,000 we watch how the equilibrium shifts to the left or to the right from the 1344 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:05,010 the left or to the right from the 1345 00:37:05,010 --> 00:37:06,830 the left or to the right from the intensity of the color in the mixture of 1346 00:37:06,830 --> 00:37:06,840 intensity of the color in the mixture of 1347 00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:08,990 intensity of the color in the mixture of the nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen 1348 00:37:08,990 --> 00:37:09,000 the nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen 1349 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,800 the nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide so the main constituent of the 1350 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:12,810 tetroxide so the main constituent of the 1351 00:37:12,810 --> 00:37:15,170 tetroxide so the main constituent of the smog this is what we call that smug that 1352 00:37:15,170 --> 00:37:15,180 smog this is what we call that smug that 1353 00:37:15,180 --> 00:37:18,350 smog this is what we call that smug that means polluted air about the city and 1354 00:37:18,350 --> 00:37:18,360 means polluted air about the city and 1355 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:20,720 means polluted air about the city and this takes place when the weather 1356 00:37:20,720 --> 00:37:20,730 this takes place when the weather 1357 00:37:20,730 --> 00:37:22,700 this takes place when the weather conditions is called inversions that 1358 00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:22,710 conditions is called inversions that 1359 00:37:22,710 --> 00:37:25,300 conditions is called inversions that simply like the temperature opera is 1360 00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:25,310 simply like the temperature opera is 1361 00:37:25,310 --> 00:37:28,220 simply like the temperature opera is warmer than the temperature lower and 1362 00:37:28,220 --> 00:37:28,230 warmer than the temperature lower and 1363 00:37:28,230 --> 00:37:35,750 warmer than the temperature lower and then you can't get the pollutants going 1364 00:37:35,750 --> 00:37:35,760 then you can't get the pollutants going 1365 00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:37,400 then you can't get the pollutants going upward as a matter of fact due to that 1366 00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:37,410 upward as a matter of fact due to that 1367 00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,300 upward as a matter of fact due to that inversion and that's the no.2 it forms 1368 00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:41,310 inversion and that's the no.2 it forms 1369 00:37:41,310 --> 00:37:44,840 inversion and that's the no.2 it forms the oxidation of nitric oxide and all 1370 00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:44,850 the oxidation of nitric oxide and all 1371 00:37:44,850 --> 00:37:48,080 the oxidation of nitric oxide and all and component of the car exhaust which 1372 00:37:48,080 --> 00:37:48,090 and component of the car exhaust which 1373 00:37:48,090 --> 00:37:51,740 and component of the car exhaust which is this in oh and these nitrogen oxides 1374 00:37:51,740 --> 00:37:51,750 is this in oh and these nitrogen oxides 1375 00:37:51,750 --> 00:37:53,960 is this in oh and these nitrogen oxides are just some components of the 1376 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:53,970 are just some components of the 1377 00:37:53,970 --> 00:37:56,600 are just some components of the photochemical smog that means there are 1378 00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:56,610 photochemical smog that means there are 1379 00:37:56,610 --> 00:37:58,670 photochemical smog that means there are also others particularly the ozone 1380 00:37:58,670 --> 00:37:58,680 also others particularly the ozone 1381 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:01,340 also others particularly the ozone carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are 1382 00:38:01,340 --> 00:38:01,350 carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are 1383 00:38:01,350 --> 00:38:04,100 carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are also contributes to air pollution that 1384 00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:04,110 also contributes to air pollution that 1385 00:38:04,110 --> 00:38:06,920 also contributes to air pollution that causes very spiritual problems in many 1386 00:38:06,920 --> 00:38:06,930 causes very spiritual problems in many 1387 00:38:06,930 --> 00:38:10,280 causes very spiritual problems in many people's in that smog actually now how 1388 00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:10,290 people's in that smog actually now how 1389 00:38:10,290 --> 00:38:14,210 people's in that smog actually now how do we prevent the nitrogen oxide going 1390 00:38:14,210 --> 00:38:14,220 do we prevent the nitrogen oxide going 1391 00:38:14,220 --> 00:38:20,060 do we prevent the nitrogen oxide going into the atmosphere in the automobiles 1392 00:38:20,060 --> 00:38:20,070 into the atmosphere in the automobiles 1393 00:38:20,070 --> 00:38:22,220 into the atmosphere in the automobiles remember in the automobiles we have 1394 00:38:22,220 --> 00:38:22,230 remember in the automobiles we have 1395 00:38:22,230 --> 00:38:25,160 remember in the automobiles we have catalyzed right or it is called 1396 00:38:25,160 --> 00:38:25,170 catalyzed right or it is called 1397 00:38:25,170 --> 00:38:26,670 catalyzed right or it is called catalytic converters 1398 00:38:26,670 --> 00:38:26,680 catalytic converters 1399 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:29,310 catalytic converters that's before the exhaust pipe in the 1400 00:38:29,310 --> 00:38:29,320 that's before the exhaust pipe in the 1401 00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,590 that's before the exhaust pipe in the exhaust pipe and the gas that comes out 1402 00:38:31,590 --> 00:38:31,600 exhaust pipe and the gas that comes out 1403 00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:33,600 exhaust pipe and the gas that comes out from the engine which contains the 1404 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:33,610 from the engine which contains the 1405 00:38:33,610 --> 00:38:37,080 from the engine which contains the oxygen oxides of the nitrogen nitrogen 1406 00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:37,090 oxygen oxides of the nitrogen nitrogen 1407 00:38:37,090 --> 00:38:40,830 oxygen oxides of the nitrogen nitrogen oxides there is with the help of the 1408 00:38:40,830 --> 00:38:40,840 oxides there is with the help of the 1409 00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:43,820 oxides there is with the help of the catalyzed reaction with the oxygen and 1410 00:38:43,820 --> 00:38:43,830 catalyzed reaction with the oxygen and 1411 00:38:43,830 --> 00:38:46,530 catalyzed reaction with the oxygen and actually decomposes to the nitrogen and 1412 00:38:46,530 --> 00:38:46,540 actually decomposes to the nitrogen and 1413 00:38:46,540 --> 00:38:51,900 actually decomposes to the nitrogen and the carbon dioxide and water again with 1414 00:38:51,900 --> 00:38:51,910 the carbon dioxide and water again with 1415 00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:58,050 the carbon dioxide and water again with the now these nitrogen oxides are just 1416 00:38:58,050 --> 00:38:58,060 the now these nitrogen oxides are just 1417 00:38:58,060 --> 00:38:59,520 the now these nitrogen oxides are just some components of the photochemical 1418 00:38:59,520 --> 00:38:59,530 some components of the photochemical 1419 00:38:59,530 --> 00:39:01,560 some components of the photochemical smog he says I mean they are also these 1420 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:01,570 smog he says I mean they are also these 1421 00:39:01,570 --> 00:39:07,250 smog he says I mean they are also these they're okay I guess we will stop here 1422 00:39:07,250 --> 00:39:07,260 they're okay I guess we will stop here 1423 00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:11,400 they're okay I guess we will stop here continue next time any questions I'm 1424 00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:11,410 continue next time any questions I'm 1425 00:39:11,410 --> 00:39:17,019 continue next time any questions I'm tired 1426 00:39:17,019 --> 00:39:17,029 1427 00:39:17,029 --> 00:39:32,979 I can't hear you have to come back night 1428 00:39:32,979 --> 00:39:32,989 I can't hear you have to come back night 1429 00:39:32,989 --> 00:39:51,819 I can't hear you have to come back night yes would you please get also true yes 1430 00:39:51,819 --> 00:39:51,829 yes would you please get also true yes 1431 00:39:51,829 --> 00:39:56,529 yes would you please get also true yes yes yes but sure sure definitely 1432 00:39:56,529 --> 00:39:56,539 yes yes but sure sure definitely 1433 00:39:56,539 --> 00:39:58,989 yes yes but sure sure definitely definitely the unreactive 'ti of the 1434 00:39:58,989 --> 00:39:58,999 definitely the unreactive 'ti of the 1435 00:39:58,999 --> 00:40:00,519 definitely the unreactive 'ti of the nitrogen is due to the triple bonds 1436 00:40:00,519 --> 00:40:00,529 nitrogen is due to the triple bonds 1437 00:40:00,529 --> 00:40:02,409 nitrogen is due to the triple bonds between the nitrogen atoms in the 1438 00:40:02,409 --> 00:40:02,419 between the nitrogen atoms in the 1439 00:40:02,419 --> 00:40:04,359 between the nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen molecule that's the question 1440 00:40:04,359 --> 00:40:04,369 nitrogen molecule that's the question 1441 00:40:04,369 --> 00:40:07,689 nitrogen molecule that's the question yes the answer is yes because to break 1442 00:40:07,689 --> 00:40:07,699 yes the answer is yes because to break 1443 00:40:07,699 --> 00:40:11,099 yes the answer is yes because to break that bond requires a lot of energy and 1444 00:40:11,099 --> 00:40:11,109 that bond requires a lot of energy and 1445 00:40:11,109 --> 00:40:14,279 that bond requires a lot of energy and that's why the nitrogen is quite 1446 00:40:14,279 --> 00:40:14,289 that's why the nitrogen is quite 1447 00:40:14,289 --> 00:40:18,130 that's why the nitrogen is quite unreactive nitrogen molecule