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last time remem

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last time remem

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last time remem
I've finished chapter 18 environmental

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I've finished chapter 18 environmental

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I've finished chapter 18 environmental
chemistry and today I will solve a

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chemistry and today I will solve a

7
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chemistry and today I will solve a
problem

8
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problem

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problem
end of chapter problems from chapter 18

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end of chapter problems from chapter 18

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end of chapter problems from chapter 18
and we will continue to chapter 21 which

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and we will continue to chapter 21 which

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and we will continue to chapter 21 which
is the nuclear chemistry so we've tried

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is the nuclear chemistry so we've tried

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is the nuclear chemistry so we've tried
to finish it this week

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to finish it this week

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to finish it this week
and the last week next week actually we

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and the last week next week actually we

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and the last week next week actually we
will cover chapter 24 part of the

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will cover chapter 24 part of the

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will cover chapter 24 part of the
chapter 24 mostly the biochemistry part

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chapter 24 mostly the biochemistry part

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chapter 24 mostly the biochemistry part
of that chapter and then that would be

24
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of that chapter and then that would be

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of that chapter and then that would be
all for the semester and the final exam

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all for the semester and the final exam

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all for the semester and the final exam
will be made of questions multiple

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will be made of questions multiple

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will be made of questions multiple
choice type and fill-in-the-blank type

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choice type and fill-in-the-blank type

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choice type and fill-in-the-blank type
that means you have to know the

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that means you have to know the

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that means you have to know the
definitions of certain terms so you can

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definitions of certain terms so you can

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definitions of certain terms so you can
answer those fill in the blank part will

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answer those fill in the blank part will

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answer those fill in the blank part will
just give you the definitions and leave

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just give you the definitions and leave

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just give you the definitions and leave
in a sentence one or two words blank and

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in a sentence one or two words blank and

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in a sentence one or two words blank and
you filled out now the multiple choice

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you filled out now the multiple choice

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you filled out now the multiple choice
type questions will be again two

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type questions will be again two

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type questions will be again two
different types one will be mostly

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different types one will be mostly

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different types one will be mostly
verbal type of multiple-choice questions

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verbal type of multiple-choice questions

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verbal type of multiple-choice questions
which you just have to circle the

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which you just have to circle the

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which you just have to circle the
correct answer out of five answers and

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correct answer out of five answers and

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correct answer out of five answers and
the second type of multiple-choice

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the second type of multiple-choice

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the second type of multiple-choice
questions will be made of more numerical

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questions will be made of more numerical

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questions will be made of more numerical
calculation type problems that means you

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calculation type problems that means you

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calculation type problems that means you
have to solve the problems we have to

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have to solve the problems we have to

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have to solve the problems we have to
calculate and find the result but those

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calculate and find the result but those

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calculate and find the result but those
again will be more simpler than

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again will be more simpler than

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again will be more simpler than
definitely the one we had in the midterm

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definitely the one we had in the midterm

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definitely the one we had in the midterm
exams short type of problems if you know

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exams short type of problems if you know

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exams short type of problems if you know
that you should be able to calculate it

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that you should be able to calculate it

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that you should be able to calculate it
there and find the answer and circle the

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there and find the answer and circle the

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there and find the answer and circle the
answer but again for those

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answer but again for those

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answer but again for those
multiple-choice questions which requires

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multiple-choice questions which requires

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multiple-choice questions which requires
calculations as he we will ask you to

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calculations as he we will ask you to

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calculations as he we will ask you to
show your work in the space given for

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show your work in the space given for

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show your work in the space given for
the question

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the question

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the question
very shortly very briefly how you have

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very shortly very briefly how you have

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very shortly very briefly how you have
we have to see how you got that answer

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we have to see how you got that answer

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we have to see how you got that answer
that you circled out of five different

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that you circled out of five different

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that you circled out of five different
answers in fact there will usually be a

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answers in fact there will usually be a

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answers in fact there will usually be a
number right Numerical questions so to

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number right Numerical questions so to

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number right Numerical questions so to
get full credit which means that those

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get full credit which means that those

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get full credit which means that those
questions which will require

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questions which will require

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questions which will require
calculations will weigh more than those

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calculations will weigh more than those

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calculations will weigh more than those
questions will be only verbal type and

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questions will be only verbal type and

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questions will be only verbal type and
to get full credit for those calculation

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to get full credit for those calculation

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to get full credit for those calculation
type multiple-choice questions we have

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type multiple-choice questions we have

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type multiple-choice questions we have
to show your work briefly very briefly

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to show your work briefly very briefly

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to show your work briefly very briefly
how you got it when we look at it we

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how you got it when we look at it we

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how you got it when we look at it we
have to see that you actually got the

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have to see that you actually got the

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have to see that you actually got the
answer yourself not just guessed it

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answer yourself not just guessed it

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answer yourself not just guessed it
throw it there so if you simply leave if

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throw it there so if you simply leave if

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throw it there so if you simply leave if
you show no work nothing then some

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you show no work nothing then some

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you show no work nothing then some
credits will be taken off from that

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credits will be taken off from that

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credits will be taken off from that
question you can't get a full credit

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question you can't get a full credit

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question you can't get a full credit
even though you got the correct answer

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even though you got the correct answer

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even though you got the correct answer
actually circle the correct answer you

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actually circle the correct answer you

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actually circle the correct answer you
have to show your work but if you don't

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have to show your work but if you don't

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have to show your work but if you don't
really circle the wrong answer then we

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really circle the wrong answer then we

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really circle the wrong answer then we
will not look at you what you did as a

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will not look at you what you did as a

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will not look at you what you did as a
matter of fact yes

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midterms are finished next semester

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midterms are finished next semester

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midterms are finished next semester
that's that I don't know because I won't

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that's that I don't know because I won't

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that's that I don't know because I won't
be probably given this course next

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be probably given this course next

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be probably given this course next
semester anyhow I mean I can't tell you

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semester anyhow I mean I can't tell you

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semester anyhow I mean I can't tell you
exactly what will be the plan for the

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exactly what will be the plan for the

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exactly what will be the plan for the
next semester

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next semester

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next semester
this may be evaluated but the next

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this may be evaluated but the next

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this may be evaluated but the next
semester we're probably more like we

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semester we're probably more like we

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semester we're probably more like we
have done this so it might be again I

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have done this so it might be again I

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have done this so it might be again I
don't know yes

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don't know yes

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don't know yes
any questions calculations calculator

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any questions calculations calculator

155
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any questions calculations calculator
just like in the midterm exam you have

156
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just like in the midterm exam you have

157
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just like in the midterm exam you have
to have your calculator but not those

158
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to have your calculator but not those

159
00:04:49,050 --> 00:04:51,980
to have your calculator but not those
programmable one please don't bring

160
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programmable one please don't bring

161
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programmable one please don't bring
those programmable type calculators

162
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those programmable type calculators

163
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those programmable type calculators
which is little computers in fact so it

164
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which is little computers in fact so it

165
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which is little computers in fact so it
has to be just a simple calculator which

166
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has to be just a simple calculator which

167
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has to be just a simple calculator which
you should be able to multiply divide

168
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you should be able to multiply divide

169
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you should be able to multiply divide
take the logarithms square cubes and

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take the logarithms square cubes and

171
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take the logarithms square cubes and
things like that actually the exam it

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things like that actually the exam it

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things like that actually the exam it
will be I guess 19th maybe this second

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will be I guess 19th maybe this second

175
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will be I guess 19th maybe this second
Monday off the final week the final

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Monday off the final week the final

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Monday off the final week the final
stars at one Monday I guess it's what

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stars at one Monday I guess it's what

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stars at one Monday I guess it's what
maybe twelve anyhow

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maybe twelve anyhow

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maybe twelve anyhow
following Monday that's what I don't I

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following Monday that's what I don't I

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following Monday that's what I don't I
mean okay again all chapters we have

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mean okay again all chapters we have

185
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mean okay again all chapters we have
covered will be included in the final

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covered will be included in the final

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covered will be included in the final
exam remember as I said there may be

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exam remember as I said there may be

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exam remember as I said there may be
more questions from the chapters that we

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more questions from the chapters that we

191
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more questions from the chapters that we
have covered after the second midterm

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have covered after the second midterm

193
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have covered after the second midterm
exam but there will be questions from

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exam but there will be questions from

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exam but there will be questions from
all those chapters starting from chapter

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all those chapters starting from chapter

197
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all those chapters starting from chapter
5 and actually the previous chapter

198
00:06:04,190 --> 00:06:04,200
5 and actually the previous chapter

199
00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:06,469
5 and actually the previous chapter
stochiometry we expect that you know the

200
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stochiometry we expect that you know the

201
00:06:06,479 --> 00:06:08,410
stochiometry we expect that you know the
Sociology on gas

202
00:06:08,410 --> 00:06:08,420
Sociology on gas

203
00:06:08,420 --> 00:06:12,460
Sociology on gas
things and so on okay now let's come

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things and so on okay now let's come

205
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things and so on okay now let's come
back to this problem of chapter 18 and

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back to this problem of chapter 18 and

207
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back to this problem of chapter 18 and
close this chapter 18 now see again it

208
00:06:19,930 --> 00:06:19,940
close this chapter 18 now see again it

209
00:06:19,940 --> 00:06:22,860
close this chapter 18 now see again it
says the concentration of water in

210
00:06:22,860 --> 00:06:22,870
says the concentration of water in

211
00:06:22,870 --> 00:06:26,740
says the concentration of water in
stratosphere is about 5 ppm very very

212
00:06:26,740 --> 00:06:26,750
stratosphere is about 5 ppm very very

213
00:06:26,750 --> 00:06:29,170
stratosphere is about 5 ppm very very
low actually remember that store the

214
00:06:29,170 --> 00:06:29,180
low actually remember that store the

215
00:06:29,180 --> 00:06:31,510
low actually remember that store the
sphere goes from 10 to 50 kilometers

216
00:06:31,510 --> 00:06:31,520
sphere goes from 10 to 50 kilometers

217
00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,750
sphere goes from 10 to 50 kilometers
somewhere about there it undergoes a

218
00:06:34,750 --> 00:06:34,760
somewhere about there it undergoes a

219
00:06:34,760 --> 00:06:36,190
somewhere about there it undergoes a
photodissociation

220
00:06:36,190 --> 00:06:36,200
photodissociation

221
00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:39,760
photodissociation
according to this again where the energy

222
00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:39,770
according to this again where the energy

223
00:06:39,770 --> 00:06:42,970
according to this again where the energy
comes from radiations right high-energy

224
00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:42,980
comes from radiations right high-energy

225
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comes from radiations right high-energy
radiation is coming from the Sun and

226
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radiation is coming from the Sun and

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radiation is coming from the Sun and
this is the photo dissociation reaction

228
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this is the photo dissociation reaction

229
00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:51,340
this is the photo dissociation reaction
for the dissociation reaction now you

230
00:06:51,340 --> 00:06:51,350
for the dissociation reaction now you

231
00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:53,590
for the dissociation reaction now you
have to be very careful again like when

232
00:06:53,590 --> 00:06:53,600
have to be very careful again like when

233
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have to be very careful again like when
you write down this photo dissociation

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you write down this photo dissociation

235
00:06:55,700 --> 00:06:57,490
you write down this photo dissociation
reactions for example in the exam or

236
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reactions for example in the exam or

237
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reactions for example in the exam or
somewhere if you just put here some

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somewhere if you just put here some

239
00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:04,140
somewhere if you just put here some
signs like plus or minus that is wrong

240
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signs like plus or minus that is wrong

241
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signs like plus or minus that is wrong
right that would be wrong you have to be

242
00:07:06,790 --> 00:07:06,800
right that would be wrong you have to be

243
00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:08,590
right that would be wrong you have to be
very careful you see again it's a

244
00:07:08,590 --> 00:07:08,600
very careful you see again it's a

245
00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:14,530
very careful you see again it's a
neutral hydrogen not h+ h+ and hydrogen

246
00:07:14,530 --> 00:07:14,540
neutral hydrogen not h+ h+ and hydrogen

247
00:07:14,540 --> 00:07:16,360
neutral hydrogen not h+ h+ and hydrogen
neutral hydrogen are quite different and

248
00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:16,370
neutral hydrogen are quite different and

249
00:07:16,370 --> 00:07:20,470
neutral hydrogen are quite different and
this is hydroxyl group not hydroxide ion

250
00:07:20,470 --> 00:07:20,480
this is hydroxyl group not hydroxide ion

251
00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,860
this is hydroxyl group not hydroxide ion
that means no charge on it so what

252
00:07:23,860 --> 00:07:23,870
that means no charge on it so what

253
00:07:23,870 --> 00:07:27,100
that means no charge on it so what
really happens that as you see again the

254
00:07:27,100 --> 00:07:27,110
really happens that as you see again the

255
00:07:27,110 --> 00:07:30,180
really happens that as you see again the
bond dissociation take place like the

256
00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:30,190
bond dissociation take place like the

257
00:07:30,190 --> 00:07:35,950
bond dissociation take place like the
shared electrons are equally left on the

258
00:07:35,950 --> 00:07:35,960
shared electrons are equally left on the

259
00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:38,830
shared electrons are equally left on the
two atoms so the species the products

260
00:07:38,830 --> 00:07:38,840
two atoms so the species the products

261
00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:42,550
two atoms so the species the products
are not ions but neutral species now it

262
00:07:42,550 --> 00:07:42,560
are not ions but neutral species now it

263
00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:45,130
are not ions but neutral species now it
says write out the lewis structure for

264
00:07:45,130 --> 00:07:45,140
says write out the lewis structure for

265
00:07:45,140 --> 00:07:48,850
says write out the lewis structure for
both products and the reactants now

266
00:07:48,850 --> 00:07:48,860
both products and the reactants now

267
00:07:48,860 --> 00:07:51,190
both products and the reactants now
lewis structure for both products and

268
00:07:51,190 --> 00:07:51,200
lewis structure for both products and

269
00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:53,830
lewis structure for both products and
reactants water simple again we know

270
00:07:53,830 --> 00:07:53,840
reactants water simple again we know

271
00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:57,700
reactants water simple again we know
that this is the Lewis structure of

272
00:07:57,700 --> 00:07:57,710
that this is the Lewis structure of

273
00:07:57,710 --> 00:08:00,850
that this is the Lewis structure of
water and again we have to show these

274
00:08:00,850 --> 00:08:00,860
water and again we have to show these

275
00:08:00,860 --> 00:08:03,880
water and again we have to show these
lone pair electrons on the hydrogen

276
00:08:03,880 --> 00:08:03,890
lone pair electrons on the hydrogen

277
00:08:03,890 --> 00:08:07,180
lone pair electrons on the hydrogen
right hydrogen and the lewis structure

278
00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:07,190
right hydrogen and the lewis structure

279
00:08:07,190 --> 00:08:12,850
right hydrogen and the lewis structure
for hydrogen is simple electron and then

280
00:08:12,850 --> 00:08:12,860
for hydrogen is simple electron and then

281
00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:16,870
for hydrogen is simple electron and then
the lewis structure for the hydroxide

282
00:08:16,870 --> 00:08:16,880
the lewis structure for the hydroxide

283
00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:22,190
the lewis structure for the hydroxide
will be simply o h

284
00:08:22,190 --> 00:08:22,200

285
00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:28,270
and like this now these type of

286
00:08:28,270 --> 00:08:28,280
and like this now these type of

287
00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,190
and like this now these type of
compounds which have unpaired electrons

288
00:08:31,190 --> 00:08:31,200
compounds which have unpaired electrons

289
00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:35,990
compounds which have unpaired electrons
are called radicals so these are simply

290
00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:36,000
are called radicals so these are simply

291
00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:41,200
are called radicals so these are simply
called radicals and radicals are always

292
00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:41,210
called radicals and radicals are always

293
00:08:41,210 --> 00:08:45,710
called radicals and radicals are always
more reactive than the non radicals so

294
00:08:45,710 --> 00:08:45,720
more reactive than the non radicals so

295
00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:47,450
more reactive than the non radicals so
they are very reactive we have to

296
00:08:47,450 --> 00:08:47,460
they are very reactive we have to

297
00:08:47,460 --> 00:08:51,640
they are very reactive we have to
remember that so again it says here

298
00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:51,650
remember that so again it says here

299
00:08:51,650 --> 00:08:53,470
remember that so again it says here
using table

300
00:08:53,470 --> 00:08:53,480
using table

301
00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,840
using table
88 for calculate the wave

302
00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:56,850
88 for calculate the wave

303
00:08:56,850 --> 00:08:58,970
88 for calculate the wave
Waveland required to cause this

304
00:08:58,970 --> 00:08:58,980
Waveland required to cause this

305
00:08:58,980 --> 00:09:03,650
Waveland required to cause this
dissociation now that means the

306
00:09:03,650 --> 00:09:03,660
dissociation now that means the

307
00:09:03,660 --> 00:09:08,150
dissociation now that means the
electromagnetic radiation wavelength to

308
00:09:08,150 --> 00:09:08,160
electromagnetic radiation wavelength to

309
00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:11,510
electromagnetic radiation wavelength to
cause the dissociation now to do that we

310
00:09:11,510 --> 00:09:11,520
cause the dissociation now to do that we

311
00:09:11,520 --> 00:09:14,300
cause the dissociation now to do that we
should simply find out what is the

312
00:09:14,300 --> 00:09:14,310
should simply find out what is the

313
00:09:14,310 --> 00:09:17,390
should simply find out what is the
energy required for this reaction to

314
00:09:17,390 --> 00:09:17,400
energy required for this reaction to

315
00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:19,720
energy required for this reaction to
take place this reaction will be

316
00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:19,730
take place this reaction will be

317
00:09:19,730 --> 00:09:23,360
take place this reaction will be
endothermic reaction right endothermic

318
00:09:23,360 --> 00:09:23,370
endothermic reaction right endothermic

319
00:09:23,370 --> 00:09:25,220
endothermic reaction right endothermic
reaction that means we have to give

320
00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:25,230
reaction that means we have to give

321
00:09:25,230 --> 00:09:26,780
reaction that means we have to give
energy for this reaction to take place

322
00:09:26,780 --> 00:09:26,790
energy for this reaction to take place

323
00:09:26,790 --> 00:09:30,110
energy for this reaction to take place
now to find out how much energy required

324
00:09:30,110 --> 00:09:30,120
now to find out how much energy required

325
00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:32,630
now to find out how much energy required
for this we can calculate it by using

326
00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:32,640
for this we can calculate it by using

327
00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,870
for this we can calculate it by using
the bond energies right bond energies

328
00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:35,880
the bond energies right bond energies

329
00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:38,750
the bond energies right bond energies
actually what we have done here we have

330
00:09:38,750 --> 00:09:38,760
actually what we have done here we have

331
00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:42,980
actually what we have done here we have
simply broke one hydrogen oxygen bond

332
00:09:42,980 --> 00:09:42,990
simply broke one hydrogen oxygen bond

333
00:09:42,990 --> 00:09:46,520
simply broke one hydrogen oxygen bond
right there and from that table we can

334
00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:46,530
right there and from that table we can

335
00:09:46,530 --> 00:09:50,750
right there and from that table we can
simply find that bond energy and that

336
00:09:50,750 --> 00:09:50,760
simply find that bond energy and that

337
00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:56,120
simply find that bond energy and that
bond energy turns out to be H Oh bond

338
00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:56,130
bond energy turns out to be H Oh bond

339
00:09:56,130 --> 00:10:05,770
bond energy turns out to be H Oh bond
energy from the table is given as 463

340
00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:05,780
energy from the table is given as 463

341
00:10:05,780 --> 00:10:12,620
energy from the table is given as 463
kilojoules per mole right so now we will

342
00:10:12,620 --> 00:10:12,630
kilojoules per mole right so now we will

343
00:10:12,630 --> 00:10:16,550
kilojoules per mole right so now we will
simply calculate what is the wavelength

344
00:10:16,550 --> 00:10:16,560
simply calculate what is the wavelength

345
00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:21,280
simply calculate what is the wavelength
of the radiation which will cause that

346
00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:21,290
of the radiation which will cause that

347
00:10:21,290 --> 00:10:22,790
of the radiation which will cause that
photodissociation

348
00:10:22,790 --> 00:10:22,800
photodissociation

349
00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:25,730
photodissociation
reactions now this is again we have done

350
00:10:25,730 --> 00:10:25,740
reactions now this is again we have done

351
00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:28,340
reactions now this is again we have done
that remember the energy of the photon

352
00:10:28,340 --> 00:10:28,350
that remember the energy of the photon

353
00:10:28,350 --> 00:10:32,510
that remember the energy of the photon
let's say would be equals to H nu and

354
00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:32,520
let's say would be equals to H nu and

355
00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:34,519
let's say would be equals to H nu and
that's equal to HC

356
00:10:34,519 --> 00:10:34,529
that's equal to HC

357
00:10:34,529 --> 00:10:38,600
that's equal to HC
/ landau right we use that now we have

358
00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:38,610
/ landau right we use that now we have

359
00:10:38,610 --> 00:10:40,970
/ landau right we use that now we have
to put the values what we simply will

360
00:10:40,970 --> 00:10:40,980
to put the values what we simply will

361
00:10:40,980 --> 00:10:45,319
to put the values what we simply will
calculate here lambda which land off the

362
00:10:45,319 --> 00:10:45,329
calculate here lambda which land off the

363
00:10:45,329 --> 00:10:46,759
calculate here lambda which land off the
electromagnetic radiation which is

364
00:10:46,759 --> 00:10:46,769
electromagnetic radiation which is

365
00:10:46,769 --> 00:10:50,179
electromagnetic radiation which is
capable of breaking that bond between

366
00:10:50,179 --> 00:10:50,189
capable of breaking that bond between

367
00:10:50,189 --> 00:10:52,069
capable of breaking that bond between
the oxygen and hydrogen and water

368
00:10:52,069 --> 00:10:52,079
the oxygen and hydrogen and water

369
00:10:52,079 --> 00:10:55,850
the oxygen and hydrogen and water
molecule right now that is this energy

370
00:10:55,850 --> 00:10:55,860
molecule right now that is this energy

371
00:10:55,860 --> 00:10:58,369
molecule right now that is this energy
the energy of the photon is over here so

372
00:10:58,369 --> 00:10:58,379
the energy of the photon is over here so

373
00:10:58,379 --> 00:11:01,309
the energy of the photon is over here so
we can simply rearrange this again as

374
00:11:01,309 --> 00:11:01,319
we can simply rearrange this again as

375
00:11:01,319 --> 00:11:03,970
we can simply rearrange this again as
follow since we're looking for the

376
00:11:03,970 --> 00:11:03,980
follow since we're looking for the

377
00:11:03,980 --> 00:11:05,989
follow since we're looking for the
wavelength of the electromagnetic

378
00:11:05,989 --> 00:11:05,999
wavelength of the electromagnetic

379
00:11:05,999 --> 00:11:09,160
wavelength of the electromagnetic
radiations lambda would be equal to H

380
00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:09,170
radiations lambda would be equal to H

381
00:11:09,170 --> 00:11:11,840
radiations lambda would be equal to H
times C this is the Planck's constant

382
00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:11,850
times C this is the Planck's constant

383
00:11:11,850 --> 00:11:14,299
times C this is the Planck's constant
and this is the speed of light remember

384
00:11:14,299 --> 00:11:14,309
and this is the speed of light remember

385
00:11:14,309 --> 00:11:19,400
and this is the speed of light remember
divided by energy now let's put the

386
00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:19,410
divided by energy now let's put the

387
00:11:19,410 --> 00:11:24,829
divided by energy now let's put the
values there the H is constant which is

388
00:11:24,829 --> 00:11:24,839
values there the H is constant which is

389
00:11:24,839 --> 00:11:29,710
values there the H is constant which is
six point six two times ten to the minus

390
00:11:29,710 --> 00:11:29,720
six point six two times ten to the minus

391
00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:38,329
six point six two times ten to the minus
34 joules seconds and C is the speed of

392
00:11:38,329 --> 00:11:38,339
34 joules seconds and C is the speed of

393
00:11:38,339 --> 00:11:42,199
34 joules seconds and C is the speed of
light which is three point zero times 10

394
00:11:42,199 --> 00:11:42,209
light which is three point zero times 10

395
00:11:42,209 --> 00:11:47,660
light which is three point zero times 10
to the 8 meters per second right these

396
00:11:47,660 --> 00:11:47,670
to the 8 meters per second right these

397
00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:49,759
to the 8 meters per second right these
are the constants that we would simply

398
00:11:49,759 --> 00:11:49,769
are the constants that we would simply

399
00:11:49,769 --> 00:11:52,519
are the constants that we would simply
use how about the energy that we will

400
00:11:52,519 --> 00:11:52,529
use how about the energy that we will

401
00:11:52,529 --> 00:11:54,980
use how about the energy that we will
put here the energy would be equal to

402
00:11:54,980 --> 00:11:54,990
put here the energy would be equal to

403
00:11:54,990 --> 00:11:59,170
put here the energy would be equal to
that but since this simply says per mole

404
00:11:59,170 --> 00:11:59,180
that but since this simply says per mole

405
00:11:59,180 --> 00:12:03,199
that but since this simply says per mole
we have to convert it to per water

406
00:12:03,199 --> 00:12:03,209
we have to convert it to per water

407
00:12:03,209 --> 00:12:06,079
we have to convert it to per water
molecule per molecule to do that we will

408
00:12:06,079 --> 00:12:06,089
molecule per molecule to do that we will

409
00:12:06,089 --> 00:12:08,660
molecule per molecule to do that we will
just divide that by Avogadro's number

410
00:12:08,660 --> 00:12:08,670
just divide that by Avogadro's number

411
00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:09,379
just divide that by Avogadro's number
right

412
00:12:09,379 --> 00:12:09,389
right

413
00:12:09,389 --> 00:12:12,049
right
simple Avogadro's number and that means

414
00:12:12,049 --> 00:12:12,059
simple Avogadro's number and that means

415
00:12:12,059 --> 00:12:14,780
simple Avogadro's number and that means
that e here that we will put would be

416
00:12:14,780 --> 00:12:14,790
that e here that we will put would be

417
00:12:14,790 --> 00:12:17,660
that e here that we will put would be
equal to 463

418
00:12:17,660 --> 00:12:17,670
equal to 463

419
00:12:17,670 --> 00:12:19,910
equal to 463
this is kilojoules it's better to use

420
00:12:19,910 --> 00:12:19,920
this is kilojoules it's better to use

421
00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:23,869
this is kilojoules it's better to use
joules in fact make it Jews 10 to the

422
00:12:23,869 --> 00:12:23,879
joules in fact make it Jews 10 to the

423
00:12:23,879 --> 00:12:28,869
joules in fact make it Jews 10 to the
three jewels and then this is divided by

424
00:12:28,869 --> 00:12:28,879
three jewels and then this is divided by

425
00:12:28,879 --> 00:12:35,319
three jewels and then this is divided by
Avogadro's number 6.02 times 10 to the

426
00:12:35,319 --> 00:12:35,329
Avogadro's number 6.02 times 10 to the

427
00:12:35,329 --> 00:12:40,069
Avogadro's number 6.02 times 10 to the
23 23 now you can work out the unit's

428
00:12:40,069 --> 00:12:40,079
23 23 now you can work out the unit's

429
00:12:40,079 --> 00:12:42,169
23 23 now you can work out the unit's
here yeah if you work out the units

430
00:12:42,169 --> 00:12:42,179
here yeah if you work out the units

431
00:12:42,179 --> 00:12:44,660
here yeah if you work out the units
joules will cancel out joules and this

432
00:12:44,660 --> 00:12:44,670
joules will cancel out joules and this

433
00:12:44,670 --> 00:12:46,610
joules will cancel out joules and this
second will cancel out that second the

434
00:12:46,610 --> 00:12:46,620
second will cancel out that second the

435
00:12:46,620 --> 00:12:48,009
second will cancel out that second the
only things will left here

436
00:12:48,009 --> 00:12:48,019
only things will left here

437
00:12:48,019 --> 00:12:50,990
only things will left here
meters that means that the wavelength

438
00:12:50,990 --> 00:12:51,000
meters that means that the wavelength

439
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:55,579
meters that means that the wavelength
will be given will be will come out from

440
00:12:55,579 --> 00:12:55,589
will be given will be will come out from

441
00:12:55,589 --> 00:12:59,179
will be given will be will come out from
here as meters in units of meters clear

442
00:12:59,179 --> 00:12:59,189
here as meters in units of meters clear

443
00:12:59,189 --> 00:13:01,189
here as meters in units of meters clear
have to be very careful about those very

444
00:13:01,189 --> 00:13:01,199
have to be very careful about those very

445
00:13:01,199 --> 00:13:03,949
have to be very careful about those very
simple but just careful as a matter of

446
00:13:03,949 --> 00:13:03,959
simple but just careful as a matter of

447
00:13:03,959 --> 00:13:07,160
simple but just careful as a matter of
fact so if I do this calculation it

448
00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:07,170
fact so if I do this calculation it

449
00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:10,699
fact so if I do this calculation it
turns out to be this is equals to two

450
00:13:10,699 --> 00:13:10,709
turns out to be this is equals to two

451
00:13:10,709 --> 00:13:18,220
turns out to be this is equals to two
point five eight times ten to the minus

452
00:13:18,220 --> 00:13:18,230
point five eight times ten to the minus

453
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:23,990
point five eight times ten to the minus
seven meters right and if I convert it

454
00:13:23,990 --> 00:13:24,000
seven meters right and if I convert it

455
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:29,319
seven meters right and if I convert it
to nanometers this will simply be 258

456
00:13:29,319 --> 00:13:29,329
to nanometers this will simply be 258

457
00:13:29,329 --> 00:13:30,590
to nanometers this will simply be 258
nanometers

458
00:13:30,590 --> 00:13:30,600
nanometers

459
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:34,579
nanometers
what range is this UV right UV

460
00:13:34,579 --> 00:13:34,589
what range is this UV right UV

461
00:13:34,589 --> 00:13:38,540
what range is this UV right UV
radiations actually quite energetic

462
00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:38,550
radiations actually quite energetic

463
00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:41,119
radiations actually quite energetic
radiations this is how we simply

464
00:13:41,119 --> 00:13:41,129
radiations this is how we simply

465
00:13:41,129 --> 00:13:43,550
radiations this is how we simply
calculate the wavelength of the

466
00:13:43,550 --> 00:13:43,560
calculate the wavelength of the

467
00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:46,639
calculate the wavelength of the
radiation which have enough energy to

468
00:13:46,639 --> 00:13:46,649
radiation which have enough energy to

469
00:13:46,649 --> 00:13:49,429
radiation which have enough energy to
dissociate that that means that the

470
00:13:49,429 --> 00:13:49,439
dissociate that that means that the

471
00:13:49,439 --> 00:13:55,069
dissociate that that means that the
wavelength of the photon should be lower

472
00:13:55,069 --> 00:13:55,079
wavelength of the photon should be lower

473
00:13:55,079 --> 00:13:57,650
wavelength of the photon should be lower
than that value right lower the

474
00:13:57,650 --> 00:13:57,660
than that value right lower the

475
00:13:57,660 --> 00:13:59,660
than that value right lower the
wavelength higher the energy should be

476
00:13:59,660 --> 00:13:59,670
wavelength higher the energy should be

477
00:13:59,670 --> 00:14:04,309
wavelength higher the energy should be
lower than 258 nanometers now the third

478
00:14:04,309 --> 00:14:04,319
lower than 258 nanometers now the third

479
00:14:04,319 --> 00:14:08,150
lower than 258 nanometers now the third
it says the hydroxyl radicals Oh H can

480
00:14:08,150 --> 00:14:08,160
it says the hydroxyl radicals Oh H can

481
00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:10,189
it says the hydroxyl radicals Oh H can
react with ozone given the following

482
00:14:10,189 --> 00:14:10,199
react with ozone given the following

483
00:14:10,199 --> 00:14:13,749
react with ozone given the following
reaction it said I told it's a radical

484
00:14:13,749 --> 00:14:13,759
reaction it said I told it's a radical

485
00:14:13,759 --> 00:14:17,090
reaction it said I told it's a radical
reactive species and the reactions with

486
00:14:17,090 --> 00:14:17,100
reactive species and the reactions with

487
00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:21,679
reactive species and the reactions with
the ozone are given their hydroxyl group

488
00:14:21,679 --> 00:14:21,689
the ozone are given their hydroxyl group

489
00:14:21,689 --> 00:14:26,090
the ozone are given their hydroxyl group
reacts with the ozone to give H 2h o -

490
00:14:26,090 --> 00:14:26,100
reacts with the ozone to give H 2h o -

491
00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:26,960
reacts with the ozone to give H 2h o -
it's not

492
00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:26,970
it's not

493
00:14:26,970 --> 00:14:29,150
it's not
it looks like waters not water but just

494
00:14:29,150 --> 00:14:29,160
it looks like waters not water but just

495
00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:33,759
it looks like waters not water but just
h o 2 plus o 2 and then that's the first

496
00:14:33,759 --> 00:14:33,769
h o 2 plus o 2 and then that's the first

497
00:14:33,769 --> 00:14:37,490
h o 2 plus o 2 and then that's the first
reaction and the second reaction is that

498
00:14:37,490 --> 00:14:37,500
reaction and the second reaction is that

499
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:40,519
reaction and the second reaction is that
H OH - which is an intermediate reacts

500
00:14:40,519 --> 00:14:40,529
H OH - which is an intermediate reacts

501
00:14:40,529 --> 00:14:44,929
H OH - which is an intermediate reacts
with another oxygen radical and then we

502
00:14:44,929 --> 00:14:44,939
with another oxygen radical and then we

503
00:14:44,939 --> 00:14:51,439
with another oxygen radical and then we
have simply hydroxide and the o2 there

504
00:14:51,439 --> 00:14:51,449
have simply hydroxide and the o2 there

505
00:14:51,449 --> 00:14:55,549
have simply hydroxide and the o2 there
it says what overall reaction results

506
00:14:55,549 --> 00:14:55,559
it says what overall reaction results

507
00:14:55,559 --> 00:14:59,720
it says what overall reaction results
from these two we will just sum them up

508
00:14:59,720 --> 00:14:59,730
from these two we will just sum them up

509
00:14:59,730 --> 00:15:00,950
from these two we will just sum them up
right so

510
00:15:00,950 --> 00:15:00,960
right so

511
00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:04,610
right so
when we sum up those two reactions let's

512
00:15:04,610 --> 00:15:04,620
when we sum up those two reactions let's

513
00:15:04,620 --> 00:15:07,580
when we sum up those two reactions let's
say see there the sum will give you this

514
00:15:07,580 --> 00:15:07,590
say see there the sum will give you this

515
00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:15,560
say see there the sum will give you this
OHS on and plus oxygen gas and that goes

516
00:15:15,560 --> 00:15:15,570
OHS on and plus oxygen gas and that goes

517
00:15:15,570 --> 00:15:22,580
OHS on and plus oxygen gas and that goes
to two oxygen molecule gas again like

518
00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:22,590
to two oxygen molecule gas again like

519
00:15:22,590 --> 00:15:24,890
to two oxygen molecule gas again like
this this is the overall if you just add

520
00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:24,900
this this is the overall if you just add

521
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:28,490
this this is the overall if you just add
them up actually those will cancel out

522
00:15:28,490 --> 00:15:28,500
them up actually those will cancel out

523
00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:31,850
them up actually those will cancel out
the hydroxide and so on it says what is

524
00:15:31,850 --> 00:15:31,860
the hydroxide and so on it says what is

525
00:15:31,860 --> 00:15:34,810
the hydroxide and so on it says what is
the catalyzed in this overall reaction

526
00:15:34,810 --> 00:15:34,820
the catalyzed in this overall reaction

527
00:15:34,820 --> 00:15:37,490
the catalyzed in this overall reaction
remember the catalyzed enters the

528
00:15:37,490 --> 00:15:37,500
remember the catalyzed enters the

529
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:39,380
remember the catalyzed enters the
reaction and comes out from the reaction

530
00:15:39,380 --> 00:15:39,390
reaction and comes out from the reaction

531
00:15:39,390 --> 00:15:42,140
reaction and comes out from the reaction
it doesn't really appear in the overall

532
00:15:42,140 --> 00:15:42,150
it doesn't really appear in the overall

533
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:44,690
it doesn't really appear in the overall
reaction equations and the same is true

534
00:15:44,690 --> 00:15:44,700
reaction equations and the same is true

535
00:15:44,700 --> 00:15:47,780
reaction equations and the same is true
for the hydroxide ion here hydroxide

536
00:15:47,780 --> 00:15:47,790
for the hydroxide ion here hydroxide

537
00:15:47,790 --> 00:15:52,490
for the hydroxide ion here hydroxide
radical here so hydroxide is a catalyzed

538
00:15:52,490 --> 00:15:52,500
radical here so hydroxide is a catalyzed

539
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:56,480
radical here so hydroxide is a catalyzed
you see again the hydroxide simply helps

540
00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:56,490
you see again the hydroxide simply helps

541
00:15:56,490 --> 00:16:01,640
you see again the hydroxide simply helps
to dissociate or increases the rate of

542
00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:01,650
to dissociate or increases the rate of

543
00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:04,490
to dissociate or increases the rate of
the reaction between the OHS on and the

544
00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:04,500
the reaction between the OHS on and the

545
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:07,880
the reaction between the OHS on and the
oxygen atom to give you oxygen molecule

546
00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:07,890
oxygen atom to give you oxygen molecule

547
00:16:07,890 --> 00:16:10,730
oxygen atom to give you oxygen molecule
that means it helps the depletion of the

548
00:16:10,730 --> 00:16:10,740
that means it helps the depletion of the

549
00:16:10,740 --> 00:16:14,390
that means it helps the depletion of the
ozone layer right Finan off the ozone

550
00:16:14,390 --> 00:16:14,400
ozone layer right Finan off the ozone

551
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:18,740
ozone layer right Finan off the ozone
layer it simply is a catalyzed okay this

552
00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:18,750
layer it simply is a catalyzed okay this

553
00:16:18,750 --> 00:16:22,930
layer it simply is a catalyzed okay this
is the problem that I went I wanted to

554
00:16:22,930 --> 00:16:22,940
is the problem that I went I wanted to

555
00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:50,470
is the problem that I went I wanted to
go through in chapter 18

556
00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:50,480

557
00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:54,030
now chapter 21 is about nuclear

558
00:16:54,030 --> 00:16:54,040
now chapter 21 is about nuclear

559
00:16:54,040 --> 00:17:02,079
now chapter 21 is about nuclear
chemistry now so far we simply have

560
00:17:02,079 --> 00:17:02,089
chemistry now so far we simply have

561
00:17:02,089 --> 00:17:07,030
chemistry now so far we simply have
talked about the chemical reactions now

562
00:17:07,030 --> 00:17:07,040
talked about the chemical reactions now

563
00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:09,220
talked about the chemical reactions now
the chemical reaction simply involves

564
00:17:09,220 --> 00:17:09,230
the chemical reaction simply involves

565
00:17:09,230 --> 00:17:14,010
the chemical reaction simply involves
the valence electrons of the atom right

566
00:17:14,010 --> 00:17:14,020
the valence electrons of the atom right

567
00:17:14,020 --> 00:17:17,919
the valence electrons of the atom right
and some of the chemical reactions are

568
00:17:17,919 --> 00:17:17,929
and some of the chemical reactions are

569
00:17:17,929 --> 00:17:20,650
and some of the chemical reactions are
exothermic some of the chemical

570
00:17:20,650 --> 00:17:20,660
exothermic some of the chemical

571
00:17:20,660 --> 00:17:23,620
exothermic some of the chemical
reactions are endothermic it simply

572
00:17:23,620 --> 00:17:23,630
reactions are endothermic it simply

573
00:17:23,630 --> 00:17:26,289
reactions are endothermic it simply
involves breaking off the bond and

574
00:17:26,289 --> 00:17:26,299
involves breaking off the bond and

575
00:17:26,299 --> 00:17:29,230
involves breaking off the bond and
making of bond between the atoms and so

576
00:17:29,230 --> 00:17:29,240
making of bond between the atoms and so

577
00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:33,419
making of bond between the atoms and so
on but there are also nuclear reactions

578
00:17:33,419 --> 00:17:33,429
on but there are also nuclear reactions

579
00:17:33,429 --> 00:17:37,180
on but there are also nuclear reactions
now the nuclear reactions are the

580
00:17:37,180 --> 00:17:37,190
now the nuclear reactions are the

581
00:17:37,190 --> 00:17:41,070
now the nuclear reactions are the
reactions which only involves the

582
00:17:41,070 --> 00:17:41,080
reactions which only involves the

583
00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:45,460
reactions which only involves the
nucleus of the atom and what we have in

584
00:17:45,460 --> 00:17:45,470
nucleus of the atom and what we have in

585
00:17:45,470 --> 00:17:48,490
nucleus of the atom and what we have in
the nucleus we have protons and neutrons

586
00:17:48,490 --> 00:17:48,500
the nucleus we have protons and neutrons

587
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:52,270
the nucleus we have protons and neutrons
in the nucleus right and that's all so

588
00:17:52,270 --> 00:17:52,280
in the nucleus right and that's all so

589
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,210
in the nucleus right and that's all so
the nuclear reaction involves a proton

590
00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:55,220
the nuclear reaction involves a proton

591
00:17:55,220 --> 00:17:57,250
the nuclear reaction involves a proton
and a neutron off the nucleus so when

592
00:17:57,250 --> 00:17:57,260
and a neutron off the nucleus so when

593
00:17:57,260 --> 00:17:59,680
and a neutron off the nucleus so when
you actually change the number of

594
00:17:59,680 --> 00:17:59,690
you actually change the number of

595
00:17:59,690 --> 00:18:01,960
you actually change the number of
protons for example you change the

596
00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:01,970
protons for example you change the

597
00:18:01,970 --> 00:18:04,539
protons for example you change the
identity of the elements for example you

598
00:18:04,539 --> 00:18:04,549
identity of the elements for example you

599
00:18:04,549 --> 00:18:07,270
identity of the elements for example you
change the goal to some other elements

600
00:18:07,270 --> 00:18:07,280
change the goal to some other elements

601
00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:10,030
change the goal to some other elements
for example or uranium to lead or

602
00:18:10,030 --> 00:18:10,040
for example or uranium to lead or

603
00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:12,220
for example or uranium to lead or
something else carbon to nitrogen and so

604
00:18:12,220 --> 00:18:12,230
something else carbon to nitrogen and so

605
00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:12,640
something else carbon to nitrogen and so
on

606
00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:12,650
on

607
00:18:12,650 --> 00:18:14,890
on
remember in chemical reactions the

608
00:18:14,890 --> 00:18:14,900
remember in chemical reactions the

609
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:17,080
remember in chemical reactions the
chemical identity of the atoms never

610
00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:17,090
chemical identity of the atoms never

611
00:18:17,090 --> 00:18:18,430
chemical identity of the atoms never
ever changes

612
00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:18,440
ever changes

613
00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:21,340
ever changes
but in nuclear reactions the chemical

614
00:18:21,340 --> 00:18:21,350
but in nuclear reactions the chemical

615
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:24,039
but in nuclear reactions the chemical
identity of the atom changes because the

616
00:18:24,039 --> 00:18:24,049
identity of the atom changes because the

617
00:18:24,049 --> 00:18:27,490
identity of the atom changes because the
reactions are taking place only or

618
00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:27,500
reactions are taking place only or

619
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:29,740
reactions are taking place only or
indeed the nuclear involves the nucleus

620
00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:29,750
indeed the nuclear involves the nucleus

621
00:18:29,750 --> 00:18:32,530
indeed the nuclear involves the nucleus
so the nuclear reactions actually are

622
00:18:32,530 --> 00:18:32,540
so the nuclear reactions actually are

623
00:18:32,540 --> 00:18:37,750
so the nuclear reactions actually are
not affected by the environment by the

624
00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:37,760
not affected by the environment by the

625
00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,470
not affected by the environment by the
pressure by the temperature or in which

626
00:18:41,470 --> 00:18:41,480
pressure by the temperature or in which

627
00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:43,630
pressure by the temperature or in which
compound the atom is it really doesn't

628
00:18:43,630 --> 00:18:43,640
compound the atom is it really doesn't

629
00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:46,500
compound the atom is it really doesn't
matter in which compound the nucleus is

630
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:46,510
matter in which compound the nucleus is

631
00:18:46,510 --> 00:18:49,360
matter in which compound the nucleus is
the reaction nuclear reactions are

632
00:18:49,360 --> 00:18:49,370
the reaction nuclear reactions are

633
00:18:49,370 --> 00:18:51,490
the reaction nuclear reactions are
totally independent of those effects as

634
00:18:51,490 --> 00:18:51,500
totally independent of those effects as

635
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:53,409
totally independent of those effects as
a matter of fact now what is the

636
00:18:53,409 --> 00:18:53,419
a matter of fact now what is the

637
00:18:53,419 --> 00:18:55,390
a matter of fact now what is the
difference main difference between the

638
00:18:55,390 --> 00:18:55,400
difference main difference between the

639
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,100
difference main difference between the
chemical reaction and the nuclear

640
00:18:57,100 --> 00:18:57,110
chemical reaction and the nuclear

641
00:18:57,110 --> 00:19:01,390
chemical reaction and the nuclear
reactions the energy involved in the

642
00:19:01,390 --> 00:19:01,400
reactions the energy involved in the

643
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:03,970
reactions the energy involved in the
nuclear reactions are

644
00:19:03,970 --> 00:19:03,980
nuclear reactions are

645
00:19:03,980 --> 00:19:07,299
nuclear reactions are
compared to the chemical reactions we

646
00:19:07,299 --> 00:19:07,309
compared to the chemical reactions we

647
00:19:07,309 --> 00:19:09,519
compared to the chemical reactions we
simply any chemical reactions we talk

648
00:19:09,519 --> 00:19:09,529
simply any chemical reactions we talk

649
00:19:09,529 --> 00:19:12,909
simply any chemical reactions we talk
about 100 kilojoules 200 kilojoules 500

650
00:19:12,909 --> 00:19:12,919
about 100 kilojoules 200 kilojoules 500

651
00:19:12,919 --> 00:19:15,820
about 100 kilojoules 200 kilojoules 500
kilojoules and so on nuclear reactions

652
00:19:15,820 --> 00:19:15,830
kilojoules and so on nuclear reactions

653
00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:19,600
kilojoules and so on nuclear reactions
the energy values are at least thousand

654
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:19,610
the energy values are at least thousand

655
00:19:19,610 --> 00:19:22,240
the energy values are at least thousand
or million times greater than the

656
00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:22,250
or million times greater than the

657
00:19:22,250 --> 00:19:24,129
or million times greater than the
chemical reactions know at least

658
00:19:24,129 --> 00:19:24,139
chemical reactions know at least

659
00:19:24,139 --> 00:19:25,629
chemical reactions know at least
thousand times greater than the

660
00:19:25,629 --> 00:19:25,639
thousand times greater than the

661
00:19:25,639 --> 00:19:29,399
thousand times greater than the
chemicals so there is a huge amount of

662
00:19:29,399 --> 00:19:29,409
chemicals so there is a huge amount of

663
00:19:29,409 --> 00:19:32,950
chemicals so there is a huge amount of
energy is associated with these nuclear

664
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:32,960
energy is associated with these nuclear

665
00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:35,700
energy is associated with these nuclear
reactions now the question is how can we

666
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:35,710
reactions now the question is how can we

667
00:19:35,710 --> 00:19:40,240
reactions now the question is how can we
use those nuclear reaction energies as a

668
00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:40,250
use those nuclear reaction energies as a

669
00:19:40,250 --> 00:19:42,970
use those nuclear reaction energies as a
metaphor or can we use it or are those

670
00:19:42,970 --> 00:19:42,980
metaphor or can we use it or are those

671
00:19:42,980 --> 00:19:46,210
metaphor or can we use it or are those
nuclear energy reactions actually are

672
00:19:46,210 --> 00:19:46,220
nuclear energy reactions actually are

673
00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:48,940
nuclear energy reactions actually are
harmful to the environment or live in

674
00:19:48,940 --> 00:19:48,950
harmful to the environment or live in

675
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:50,889
harmful to the environment or live in
orgasm and so on so in this chapter we

676
00:19:50,889 --> 00:19:50,899
orgasm and so on so in this chapter we

677
00:19:50,899 --> 00:19:53,440
orgasm and so on so in this chapter we
will more less talk about those in

678
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:53,450
will more less talk about those in

679
00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:55,720
will more less talk about those in
nuclear chemistry let's go through these

680
00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:55,730
nuclear chemistry let's go through these

681
00:19:55,730 --> 00:19:59,049
nuclear chemistry let's go through these
slides and we will see again 'harry says

682
00:19:59,049 --> 00:19:59,059
slides and we will see again 'harry says

683
00:19:59,059 --> 00:20:02,500
slides and we will see again 'harry says
the energy chemical versus nuclear as I

684
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:02,510
the energy chemical versus nuclear as I

685
00:20:02,510 --> 00:20:04,960
the energy chemical versus nuclear as I
said chemical energy is associated with

686
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:04,970
said chemical energy is associated with

687
00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:07,000
said chemical energy is associated with
making and breaking a chemical bonds as

688
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:07,010
making and breaking a chemical bonds as

689
00:20:07,010 --> 00:20:09,759
making and breaking a chemical bonds as
we said nuclear energy is enormous in

690
00:20:09,759 --> 00:20:09,769
we said nuclear energy is enormous in

691
00:20:09,769 --> 00:20:12,970
we said nuclear energy is enormous in
comparison as I said at least thousand

692
00:20:12,970 --> 00:20:12,980
comparison as I said at least thousand

693
00:20:12,980 --> 00:20:15,759
comparison as I said at least thousand
times at least actually and nuclear

694
00:20:15,759 --> 00:20:15,769
times at least actually and nuclear

695
00:20:15,769 --> 00:20:17,440
times at least actually and nuclear
energy is due to the changes in the

696
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:17,450
energy is due to the changes in the

697
00:20:17,450 --> 00:20:19,740
energy is due to the changes in the
nucleus of the atoms

698
00:20:19,740 --> 00:20:19,750
nucleus of the atoms

699
00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:22,990
nucleus of the atoms
changing them into different atoms so

700
00:20:22,990 --> 00:20:23,000
changing them into different atoms so

701
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,299
changing them into different atoms so
you change the carbon to nitrogen right

702
00:20:25,299 --> 00:20:25,309
you change the carbon to nitrogen right

703
00:20:25,309 --> 00:20:28,389
you change the carbon to nitrogen right
or nitrogen to oxygens or some other

704
00:20:28,389 --> 00:20:28,399
or nitrogen to oxygens or some other

705
00:20:28,399 --> 00:20:32,070
or nitrogen to oxygens or some other
thing some other elements actually now

706
00:20:32,070 --> 00:20:32,080
thing some other elements actually now

707
00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:35,919
thing some other elements actually now
13% of the worldwide energy uses comes

708
00:20:35,919 --> 00:20:35,929
13% of the worldwide energy uses comes

709
00:20:35,929 --> 00:20:38,320
13% of the worldwide energy uses comes
from the nuclear energy again remember I

710
00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:38,330
from the nuclear energy again remember I

711
00:20:38,330 --> 00:20:41,139
from the nuclear energy again remember I
said that they have to be you know some

712
00:20:41,139 --> 00:20:41,149
said that they have to be you know some

713
00:20:41,149 --> 00:20:44,230
said that they have to be you know some
way to be able to utilize this huge

714
00:20:44,230 --> 00:20:44,240
way to be able to utilize this huge

715
00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,129
way to be able to utilize this huge
amount of energy involved in nuclear

716
00:20:47,129 --> 00:20:47,139
amount of energy involved in nuclear

717
00:20:47,139 --> 00:20:49,720
amount of energy involved in nuclear
reactions nuclear reactions now if you

718
00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:49,730
reactions nuclear reactions now if you

719
00:20:49,730 --> 00:20:52,810
reactions nuclear reactions now if you
look at again remember the energy that

720
00:20:52,810 --> 00:20:52,820
look at again remember the energy that

721
00:20:52,820 --> 00:20:54,519
look at again remember the energy that
is used from nuclear reactions are

722
00:20:54,519 --> 00:20:54,529
is used from nuclear reactions are

723
00:20:54,529 --> 00:20:57,279
is used from nuclear reactions are
coming from the nuclear power plants

724
00:20:57,279 --> 00:20:57,289
coming from the nuclear power plants

725
00:20:57,289 --> 00:21:00,850
coming from the nuclear power plants
these are the power plants that produces

726
00:21:00,850 --> 00:21:00,860
these are the power plants that produces

727
00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:04,899
these are the power plants that produces
electricity by using nuclear regular

728
00:21:04,899 --> 00:21:04,909
electricity by using nuclear regular

729
00:21:04,909 --> 00:21:06,370
electricity by using nuclear regular
active actually actually they're

730
00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:06,380
active actually actually they're

731
00:21:06,380 --> 00:21:10,000
active actually actually they're
substances as fuel as fuel and we will

732
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:10,010
substances as fuel as fuel and we will

733
00:21:10,010 --> 00:21:12,700
substances as fuel as fuel and we will
see that now if you look at again in

734
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:12,710
see that now if you look at again in

735
00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:15,610
see that now if you look at again in
general here the worldwide this is the

736
00:21:15,610 --> 00:21:15,620
general here the worldwide this is the

737
00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:17,140
general here the worldwide this is the
worldwide here

738
00:21:17,140 --> 00:21:17,150
worldwide here

739
00:21:17,150 --> 00:21:21,100
worldwide here
the energy that is used comes almost 41%

740
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:21,110
the energy that is used comes almost 41%

741
00:21:21,110 --> 00:21:25,000
the energy that is used comes almost 41%
from the coal and then 22% from gas and

742
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:25,010
from the coal and then 22% from gas and

743
00:21:25,010 --> 00:21:28,930
from the coal and then 22% from gas and
hydroelectric about 16% nuclear overall

744
00:21:28,930 --> 00:21:28,940
hydroelectric about 16% nuclear overall

745
00:21:28,940 --> 00:21:34,600
hydroelectric about 16% nuclear overall
is 13% 13% and then we have simply the

746
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:34,610
is 13% 13% and then we have simply the

747
00:21:34,610 --> 00:21:37,960
is 13% 13% and then we have simply the
others here oil and others renewable

748
00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:37,970
others here oil and others renewable

749
00:21:37,970 --> 00:21:39,370
others here oil and others renewable
sources these may be the renewable

750
00:21:39,370 --> 00:21:39,380
sources these may be the renewable

751
00:21:39,380 --> 00:21:41,830
sources these may be the renewable
sources so you see again there is quite

752
00:21:41,830 --> 00:21:41,840
sources so you see again there is quite

753
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,890
sources so you see again there is quite
a bit of the nuclear energy is used on

754
00:21:44,890 --> 00:21:44,900
a bit of the nuclear energy is used on

755
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:49,060
a bit of the nuclear energy is used on
earth somehow we utilize it now this is

756
00:21:49,060 --> 00:21:49,070
earth somehow we utilize it now this is

757
00:21:49,070 --> 00:21:52,840
earth somehow we utilize it now this is
overall for the whole world actually but

758
00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:52,850
overall for the whole world actually but

759
00:21:52,850 --> 00:21:55,750
overall for the whole world actually but
if you look at the countries like France

760
00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:55,760
if you look at the countries like France

761
00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:58,810
if you look at the countries like France
United States and China now in France

762
00:21:58,810 --> 00:21:58,820
United States and China now in France

763
00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:01,990
United States and China now in France
the nuclear energy total I should

764
00:22:01,990 --> 00:22:02,000
the nuclear energy total I should

765
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,680
the nuclear energy total I should
probably say let's put it this way this

766
00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:05,690
probably say let's put it this way this

767
00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:09,420
probably say let's put it this way this
this is actually the electrical energy

768
00:22:09,420 --> 00:22:09,430
this is actually the electrical energy

769
00:22:09,430 --> 00:22:13,930
this is actually the electrical energy
that is produced by using these fuels in

770
00:22:13,930 --> 00:22:13,940
that is produced by using these fuels in

771
00:22:13,940 --> 00:22:16,510
that is produced by using these fuels in
France for example you see again 77

772
00:22:16,510 --> 00:22:16,520
France for example you see again 77

773
00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:19,870
France for example you see again 77
percent of the electrical energy use in

774
00:22:19,870 --> 00:22:19,880
percent of the electrical energy use in

775
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,060
percent of the electrical energy use in
friends comes from the nuclear power

776
00:22:22,060 --> 00:22:22,070
friends comes from the nuclear power

777
00:22:22,070 --> 00:22:24,760
friends comes from the nuclear power
plants 77 percent almost the highest and

778
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:24,770
plants 77 percent almost the highest and

779
00:22:24,770 --> 00:22:28,590
plants 77 percent almost the highest and
then again here in the United States the

780
00:22:28,590 --> 00:22:28,600
then again here in the United States the

781
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,260
then again here in the United States the
that is about 19 percent nuclear is

782
00:22:32,260 --> 00:22:32,270
that is about 19 percent nuclear is

783
00:22:32,270 --> 00:22:35,560
that is about 19 percent nuclear is
about 19 percent now in China it is much

784
00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:35,570
about 19 percent now in China it is much

785
00:22:35,570 --> 00:22:39,850
about 19 percent now in China it is much
lower I guess it's about 2 percent but

786
00:22:39,850 --> 00:22:39,860
lower I guess it's about 2 percent but

787
00:22:39,860 --> 00:22:42,100
lower I guess it's about 2 percent but
it is also increasing this gives you

788
00:22:42,100 --> 00:22:42,110
it is also increasing this gives you

789
00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:44,830
it is also increasing this gives you
sort of a perspective how the nuclear

790
00:22:44,830 --> 00:22:44,840
sort of a perspective how the nuclear

791
00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:47,950
sort of a perspective how the nuclear
energy is used overall world and

792
00:22:47,950 --> 00:22:47,960
energy is used overall world and

793
00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:49,810
energy is used overall world and
different countries as a matter of fact

794
00:22:49,810 --> 00:22:49,820
different countries as a matter of fact

795
00:22:49,820 --> 00:22:53,830
different countries as a matter of fact
now let's look at the nucleus again when

796
00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:53,840
now let's look at the nucleus again when

797
00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:59,590
now let's look at the nucleus again when
we say nucleus we simply mean the proton

798
00:22:59,590 --> 00:22:59,600
we say nucleus we simply mean the proton

799
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,440
we say nucleus we simply mean the proton
and neutrons of the atom right and

800
00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:02,450
and neutrons of the atom right and

801
00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:05,440
and neutrons of the atom right and
they're right here in the center of the

802
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:05,450
they're right here in the center of the

803
00:23:05,450 --> 00:23:09,310
they're right here in the center of the
atom actually and when we give a simple

804
00:23:09,310 --> 00:23:09,320
atom actually and when we give a simple

805
00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:12,850
atom actually and when we give a simple
foreign element like this remember this

806
00:23:12,850 --> 00:23:12,860
foreign element like this remember this

807
00:23:12,860 --> 00:23:15,430
foreign element like this remember this
simply shows the mass number we call

808
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:15,440
simply shows the mass number we call

809
00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:17,620
simply shows the mass number we call
that that's the number of neutrons a

810
00:23:17,620 --> 00:23:17,630
that that's the number of neutrons a

811
00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:19,570
that that's the number of neutrons a
number of protons the sum of number of

812
00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:19,580
number of protons the sum of number of

813
00:23:19,580 --> 00:23:21,340
number of protons the sum of number of
neutrons and some of the protons now

814
00:23:21,340 --> 00:23:21,350
neutrons and some of the protons now

815
00:23:21,350 --> 00:23:23,050
neutrons and some of the protons now
this is the atomic number which is the

816
00:23:23,050 --> 00:23:23,060
this is the atomic number which is the

817
00:23:23,060 --> 00:23:27,460
this is the atomic number which is the
number of protons here again remember

818
00:23:27,460 --> 00:23:27,470
number of protons here again remember

819
00:23:27,470 --> 00:23:29,920
number of protons here again remember
that the nucleus is composed of two type

820
00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:29,930
that the nucleus is composed of two type

821
00:23:29,930 --> 00:23:30,730
that the nucleus is composed of two type
of

822
00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:30,740
of

823
00:23:30,740 --> 00:23:33,730
of
Rohan's nucleons protons and neutrons

824
00:23:33,730 --> 00:23:33,740
Rohan's nucleons protons and neutrons

825
00:23:33,740 --> 00:23:36,610
Rohan's nucleons protons and neutrons
actually in general the particles that

826
00:23:36,610 --> 00:23:36,620
actually in general the particles that

827
00:23:36,620 --> 00:23:39,810
actually in general the particles that
is in the nucleus we call them nucleons

828
00:23:39,810 --> 00:23:39,820
is in the nucleus we call them nucleons

829
00:23:39,820 --> 00:23:42,640
is in the nucleus we call them nucleons
maybe the protons or neutrons both

830
00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:42,650
maybe the protons or neutrons both

831
00:23:42,650 --> 00:23:44,770
maybe the protons or neutrons both
protons and neutrons are called nucleons

832
00:23:44,770 --> 00:23:44,780
protons and neutrons are called nucleons

833
00:23:44,780 --> 00:23:47,080
protons and neutrons are called nucleons
the number of protons is the atomic

834
00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:47,090
the number of protons is the atomic

835
00:23:47,090 --> 00:23:49,570
the number of protons is the atomic
number we know the number of protons and

836
00:23:49,570 --> 00:23:49,580
number we know the number of protons and

837
00:23:49,580 --> 00:23:51,000
number we know the number of protons and
neutrons together is the batch number

838
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:51,010
neutrons together is the batch number

839
00:23:51,010 --> 00:23:56,320
neutrons together is the batch number
remember when if the identity of the

840
00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:56,330
remember when if the identity of the

841
00:23:56,330 --> 00:23:59,410
remember when if the identity of the
atomists change that means we have to

842
00:23:59,410 --> 00:23:59,420
atomists change that means we have to

843
00:23:59,420 --> 00:24:02,740
atomists change that means we have to
change the atomic number right when the

844
00:24:02,740 --> 00:24:02,750
change the atomic number right when the

845
00:24:02,750 --> 00:24:04,870
change the atomic number right when the
atomic number changes the identity of

846
00:24:04,870 --> 00:24:04,880
atomic number changes the identity of

847
00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:07,600
atomic number changes the identity of
the atom element actually changes we

848
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:07,610
the atom element actually changes we

849
00:24:07,610 --> 00:24:09,610
the atom element actually changes we
becomes a different element as a matter

850
00:24:09,610 --> 00:24:09,620
becomes a different element as a matter

851
00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:10,000
becomes a different element as a matter
of fact

852
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:10,010
of fact

853
00:24:10,010 --> 00:24:14,680
of fact
okay now the isotopes remember that the

854
00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:14,690
okay now the isotopes remember that the

855
00:24:14,690 --> 00:24:18,700
okay now the isotopes remember that the
mass of the atoms of one element are not

856
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:18,710
mass of the atoms of one element are not

857
00:24:18,710 --> 00:24:21,280
mass of the atoms of one element are not
all the same they are different and

858
00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:21,290
all the same they are different and

859
00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:23,740
all the same they are different and
these are called the isotopes of the

860
00:24:23,740 --> 00:24:23,750
these are called the isotopes of the

861
00:24:23,750 --> 00:24:26,590
these are called the isotopes of the
element and why they are different

862
00:24:26,590 --> 00:24:26,600
element and why they are different

863
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:29,190
element and why they are different
because different number of neutrons

864
00:24:29,190 --> 00:24:29,200
because different number of neutrons

865
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:32,130
because different number of neutrons
that present in the nucleus right

866
00:24:32,130 --> 00:24:32,140
that present in the nucleus right

867
00:24:32,140 --> 00:24:34,060
that present in the nucleus right
different number of nucleons

868
00:24:34,060 --> 00:24:34,070
different number of nucleons

869
00:24:34,070 --> 00:24:39,780
different number of nucleons
for example uranium these are simply the

870
00:24:39,780 --> 00:24:39,790

871
00:24:39,790 --> 00:24:44,020
isotopes that we write and pronounce for

872
00:24:44,020 --> 00:24:44,030
isotopes that we write and pronounce for

873
00:24:44,030 --> 00:24:47,700
isotopes that we write and pronounce for
example uranium 234 is the uranium

874
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:47,710
example uranium 234 is the uranium

875
00:24:47,710 --> 00:24:51,700
example uranium 234 is the uranium
isotope with the mass number 234 uranium

876
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:51,710
isotope with the mass number 234 uranium

877
00:24:51,710 --> 00:24:55,630
isotope with the mass number 234 uranium
235 again the mass number 235 uranium

878
00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:55,640
235 again the mass number 235 uranium

879
00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:59,140
235 again the mass number 235 uranium
238 and so on remember these are natural

880
00:24:59,140 --> 00:24:59,150
238 and so on remember these are natural

881
00:24:59,150 --> 00:25:02,370
238 and so on remember these are natural
isotopes and these natural isotopes has

882
00:25:02,370 --> 00:25:02,380
isotopes and these natural isotopes has

883
00:25:02,380 --> 00:25:05,140
isotopes and these natural isotopes has
abundances in nature right natural

884
00:25:05,140 --> 00:25:05,150
abundances in nature right natural

885
00:25:05,150 --> 00:25:07,450
abundances in nature right natural
abundance we call that for example in

886
00:25:07,450 --> 00:25:07,460
abundance we call that for example in

887
00:25:07,460 --> 00:25:12,700
abundance we call that for example in
uranium 238 99.3% so that simply means

888
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:12,710
uranium 238 99.3% so that simply means

889
00:25:12,710 --> 00:25:16,210
uranium 238 99.3% so that simply means
that the natural uranium are mostly

890
00:25:16,210 --> 00:25:16,220
that the natural uranium are mostly

891
00:25:16,220 --> 00:25:19,690
that the natural uranium are mostly
uranium 238 isotopes consists of 238

892
00:25:19,690 --> 00:25:19,700
uranium 238 isotopes consists of 238

893
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:22,990
uranium 238 isotopes consists of 238
isotopes then we all have 235 which is

894
00:25:22,990 --> 00:25:23,000
isotopes then we all have 235 which is

895
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,060
isotopes then we all have 235 which is
about point seven percent much less than

896
00:25:25,060 --> 00:25:25,070
about point seven percent much less than

897
00:25:25,070 --> 00:25:25,270
about point seven percent much less than
that

898
00:25:25,270 --> 00:25:25,280
that

899
00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:28,180
that
now this 234 is much less than these

900
00:25:28,180 --> 00:25:28,190
now this 234 is much less than these

901
00:25:28,190 --> 00:25:31,930
now this 234 is much less than these
even not simply recorded here given

902
00:25:31,930 --> 00:25:31,940
even not simply recorded here given

903
00:25:31,940 --> 00:25:35,980
even not simply recorded here given
there but uranium 234 press R is present

904
00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:35,990
there but uranium 234 press R is present

905
00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:39,100
there but uranium 234 press R is present
as an isotope but the abundance is much

906
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:39,110
as an isotope but the abundance is much

907
00:25:39,110 --> 00:25:41,380
as an isotope but the abundance is much
lower than the other two as a matter of

908
00:25:41,380 --> 00:25:41,390
lower than the other two as a matter of

909
00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:42,590
lower than the other two as a matter of
fact

910
00:25:42,590 --> 00:25:42,600
fact

911
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:49,659
fact
now some just like in chemical reactions

912
00:25:49,659 --> 00:25:49,669
now some just like in chemical reactions

913
00:25:49,669 --> 00:25:53,240
now some just like in chemical reactions
in fact some compounds are stable some

914
00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:53,250
in fact some compounds are stable some

915
00:25:53,250 --> 00:25:55,909
in fact some compounds are stable some
compounds are not stable if a compound

916
00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:55,919
compounds are not stable if a compound

917
00:25:55,919 --> 00:25:58,820
compounds are not stable if a compound
is not stable they decomposes right and

918
00:25:58,820 --> 00:25:58,830
is not stable they decomposes right and

919
00:25:58,830 --> 00:26:02,629
is not stable they decomposes right and
we explain that by the number of valence

920
00:26:02,629 --> 00:26:02,639
we explain that by the number of valence

921
00:26:02,639 --> 00:26:04,669
we explain that by the number of valence
electrons and so in structures and so on

922
00:26:04,669 --> 00:26:04,679
electrons and so in structures and so on

923
00:26:04,679 --> 00:26:07,850
electrons and so in structures and so on
off the compound now in this case also

924
00:26:07,850 --> 00:26:07,860
off the compound now in this case also

925
00:26:07,860 --> 00:26:12,470
off the compound now in this case also
we can imagine that some of the nuclei

926
00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:12,480
we can imagine that some of the nuclei

927
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,830
we can imagine that some of the nuclei
I'm not stable right if they are not

928
00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:15,840
I'm not stable right if they are not

929
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:18,110
I'm not stable right if they are not
stable what will happen they will simply

930
00:26:18,110 --> 00:26:18,120
stable what will happen they will simply

931
00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:21,499
stable what will happen they will simply
go enter in nuclear reaction they will

932
00:26:21,499 --> 00:26:21,509
go enter in nuclear reaction they will

933
00:26:21,509 --> 00:26:24,470
go enter in nuclear reaction they will
decompose actually or they will simply

934
00:26:24,470 --> 00:26:24,480
decompose actually or they will simply

935
00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:28,909
decompose actually or they will simply
emit some particles to reach to more

936
00:26:28,909 --> 00:26:28,919
emit some particles to reach to more

937
00:26:28,919 --> 00:26:32,360
emit some particles to reach to more
stable state more stable state so these

938
00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:32,370
stable state more stable state so these

939
00:26:32,370 --> 00:26:37,519
stable state more stable state so these
type of isotopes or Radio isotopes I

940
00:26:37,519 --> 00:26:37,529
type of isotopes or Radio isotopes I

941
00:26:37,529 --> 00:26:41,649
type of isotopes or Radio isotopes I
should say are called radioactive

942
00:26:41,649 --> 00:26:41,659
should say are called radioactive

943
00:26:41,659 --> 00:26:44,570
should say are called radioactive
radioisotopes and they are simply called

944
00:26:44,570 --> 00:26:44,580
radioisotopes and they are simply called

945
00:26:44,580 --> 00:26:48,049
radioisotopes and they are simply called
radio nuclides in fact we refer to these

946
00:26:48,049 --> 00:26:48,059
radio nuclides in fact we refer to these

947
00:26:48,059 --> 00:26:51,230
radio nuclides in fact we refer to these
as radio nuclei that means radioactive

948
00:26:51,230 --> 00:26:51,240
as radio nuclei that means radioactive

949
00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:56,779
as radio nuclei that means radioactive
nuclides nuclei is again an atom with a

950
00:26:56,779 --> 00:26:56,789
nuclides nuclei is again an atom with a

951
00:26:56,789 --> 00:26:59,289
nuclides nuclei is again an atom with a
specified number of proton and a neutron

952
00:26:59,289 --> 00:26:59,299
specified number of proton and a neutron

953
00:26:59,299 --> 00:27:02,090
specified number of proton and a neutron
for example if you consider the carbon

954
00:27:02,090 --> 00:27:02,100
for example if you consider the carbon

955
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:05,090
for example if you consider the carbon
six six six protons six neutrons there

956
00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:05,100
six six six protons six neutrons there

957
00:27:05,100 --> 00:27:07,340
six six six protons six neutrons there
is a nucleoid of carbon in fact now we

958
00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:07,350
is a nucleoid of carbon in fact now we

959
00:27:07,350 --> 00:27:09,320
is a nucleoid of carbon in fact now we
can also have another nuclei of carbon

960
00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:09,330
can also have another nuclei of carbon

961
00:27:09,330 --> 00:27:11,629
can also have another nuclei of carbon
like six protons and seven neutrons

962
00:27:11,629 --> 00:27:11,639
like six protons and seven neutrons

963
00:27:11,639 --> 00:27:15,080
like six protons and seven neutrons
carbon 13 right it's another nuclei so

964
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:15,090
carbon 13 right it's another nuclei so

965
00:27:15,090 --> 00:27:17,450
carbon 13 right it's another nuclei so
these are called radio nuclides again

966
00:27:17,450 --> 00:27:17,460
these are called radio nuclides again

967
00:27:17,460 --> 00:27:20,419
these are called radio nuclides again
the ones that are not stable that means

968
00:27:20,419 --> 00:27:20,429
the ones that are not stable that means

969
00:27:20,429 --> 00:27:23,740
the ones that are not stable that means
they decompose or in other words they

970
00:27:23,740 --> 00:27:23,750
they decompose or in other words they

971
00:27:23,750 --> 00:27:27,499
they decompose or in other words they
enter nuclear reactions nuclear

972
00:27:27,499 --> 00:27:27,509
enter nuclear reactions nuclear

973
00:27:27,509 --> 00:27:29,840
enter nuclear reactions nuclear
reactions there are several ways of

974
00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:29,850
reactions there are several ways of

975
00:27:29,850 --> 00:27:33,440
reactions there are several ways of
radio nuclides can decay into a

976
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:33,450
radio nuclides can decay into a

977
00:27:33,450 --> 00:27:36,710
radio nuclides can decay into a
different nuclei right different nuclei

978
00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:36,720
different nuclei right different nuclei

979
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:38,330
different nuclei right different nuclei
this doesn't mean a different element

980
00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:38,340
this doesn't mean a different element

981
00:27:38,340 --> 00:27:42,560
this doesn't mean a different element
but mostly nuclear reaction results

982
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:42,570
but mostly nuclear reaction results

983
00:27:42,570 --> 00:27:45,820
but mostly nuclear reaction results
change in the identity of the reactant

984
00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:45,830
change in the identity of the reactant

985
00:27:45,830 --> 00:27:48,799
change in the identity of the reactant
element reactant element end up with a

986
00:27:48,799 --> 00:27:48,809
element reactant element end up with a

987
00:27:48,809 --> 00:27:51,440
element reactant element end up with a
different element or new nucleus of a

988
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:51,450
different element or new nucleus of a

989
00:27:51,450 --> 00:27:54,320
different element or new nucleus of a
different elements now we use nuclear

990
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:54,330
different elements now we use nuclear

991
00:27:54,330 --> 00:27:55,710
different elements now we use nuclear
equations to show

992
00:27:55,710 --> 00:27:55,720
equations to show

993
00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:58,860
equations to show
these nuclear reactions that are cure

994
00:27:58,860 --> 00:27:58,870
these nuclear reactions that are cure

995
00:27:58,870 --> 00:28:01,470
these nuclear reactions that are cure
just like chemical reactions nuclear

996
00:28:01,470 --> 00:28:01,480
just like chemical reactions nuclear

997
00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:05,369
just like chemical reactions nuclear
reactions are also described by an

998
00:28:05,369 --> 00:28:05,379
reactions are also described by an

999
00:28:05,379 --> 00:28:08,480
reactions are also described by an
equation and we call that nuclear

1000
00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:08,490
equation and we call that nuclear

1001
00:28:08,490 --> 00:28:12,029
equation and we call that nuclear
equations just like chemical equations

1002
00:28:12,029 --> 00:28:12,039
equations just like chemical equations

1003
00:28:12,039 --> 00:28:15,240
equations just like chemical equations
and as you can imagine just like we do

1004
00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:15,250
and as you can imagine just like we do

1005
00:28:15,250 --> 00:28:18,149
and as you can imagine just like we do
in chemical reaction equations we has to

1006
00:28:18,149 --> 00:28:18,159
in chemical reaction equations we has to

1007
00:28:18,159 --> 00:28:20,759
in chemical reaction equations we has to
be balanced and these also has to be

1008
00:28:20,759 --> 00:28:20,769
be balanced and these also has to be

1009
00:28:20,769 --> 00:28:22,980
be balanced and these also has to be
balanced now let's see how we write

1010
00:28:22,980 --> 00:28:22,990
balanced now let's see how we write

1011
00:28:22,990 --> 00:28:25,499
balanced now let's see how we write
those nuclear reaction equations

1012
00:28:25,499 --> 00:28:25,509
those nuclear reaction equations

1013
00:28:25,509 --> 00:28:30,690
those nuclear reaction equations
actually here now the equations those

1014
00:28:30,690 --> 00:28:30,700
actually here now the equations those

1015
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,749
actually here now the equations those
nuclear equations nuclear reaction

1016
00:28:33,749 --> 00:28:33,759
nuclear equations nuclear reaction

1017
00:28:33,759 --> 00:28:36,119
nuclear equations nuclear reaction
equations in chemical equation atoms in

1018
00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:36,129
equations in chemical equation atoms in

1019
00:28:36,129 --> 00:28:38,129
equations in chemical equation atoms in
charge need to be balanced remember for

1020
00:28:38,129 --> 00:28:38,139
charge need to be balanced remember for

1021
00:28:38,139 --> 00:28:39,749
charge need to be balanced remember for
the chemical equations we do that in

1022
00:28:39,749 --> 00:28:39,759
the chemical equations we do that in

1023
00:28:39,759 --> 00:28:42,930
the chemical equations we do that in
nuclear equations atomic number and the

1024
00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:42,940
nuclear equations atomic number and the

1025
00:28:42,940 --> 00:28:46,169
nuclear equations atomic number and the
mass number need to balance that means

1026
00:28:46,169 --> 00:28:46,179
mass number need to balance that means

1027
00:28:46,179 --> 00:28:48,899
mass number need to balance that means
we have to be careful about the atomic

1028
00:28:48,899 --> 00:28:48,909
we have to be careful about the atomic

1029
00:28:48,909 --> 00:28:52,139
we have to be careful about the atomic
numbers and the mass numbers of the

1030
00:28:52,139 --> 00:28:52,149
numbers and the mass numbers of the

1031
00:28:52,149 --> 00:28:55,320
numbers and the mass numbers of the
nuclides that enter a chemically

1032
00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:55,330
nuclides that enter a chemically

1033
00:28:55,330 --> 00:28:57,419
nuclides that enter a chemically
reaction and comes out from the nuclear

1034
00:28:57,419 --> 00:28:57,429
reaction and comes out from the nuclear

1035
00:28:57,429 --> 00:29:00,840
reaction and comes out from the nuclear
reactions and this is a way of balancing

1036
00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:00,850
reactions and this is a way of balancing

1037
00:29:00,850 --> 00:29:05,509
reactions and this is a way of balancing
like charge on an atomic scale like

1038
00:29:05,509 --> 00:29:05,519
like charge on an atomic scale like

1039
00:29:05,519 --> 00:29:08,220
like charge on an atomic scale like
atomic number and mass in fact just like

1040
00:29:08,220 --> 00:29:08,230
atomic number and mass in fact just like

1041
00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:10,200
atomic number and mass in fact just like
balance in the chemical equation it just

1042
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:10,210
balance in the chemical equation it just

1043
00:29:10,210 --> 00:29:15,049
balance in the chemical equation it just
tried to tells you that now what kind of

1044
00:29:15,049 --> 00:29:15,059
tried to tells you that now what kind of

1045
00:29:15,059 --> 00:29:19,110
tried to tells you that now what kind of
radiation emitted by radio nuclei that

1046
00:29:19,110 --> 00:29:19,120
radiation emitted by radio nuclei that

1047
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:22,190
radiation emitted by radio nuclei that
means radioactive nuclides what kind of

1048
00:29:22,190 --> 00:29:22,200
means radioactive nuclides what kind of

1049
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,529
means radioactive nuclides what kind of
particles emitted in these nuclear

1050
00:29:25,529 --> 00:29:25,539
particles emitted in these nuclear

1051
00:29:25,539 --> 00:29:28,080
particles emitted in these nuclear
reactions one type is called

1052
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:28,090
reactions one type is called

1053
00:29:28,090 --> 00:29:31,080
reactions one type is called
alpha particle represented by this alpha

1054
00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:31,090
alpha particle represented by this alpha

1055
00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:34,259
alpha particle represented by this alpha
sign here and then the beta particles

1056
00:29:34,259 --> 00:29:34,269
sign here and then the beta particles

1057
00:29:34,269 --> 00:29:38,249
sign here and then the beta particles
and gamma particles and usually we call

1058
00:29:38,249 --> 00:29:38,259
and gamma particles and usually we call

1059
00:29:38,259 --> 00:29:41,639
and gamma particles and usually we call
this alpha particles we call beta as

1060
00:29:41,639 --> 00:29:41,649
this alpha particles we call beta as

1061
00:29:41,649 --> 00:29:45,810
this alpha particles we call beta as
beta ray or beta emission gamma is

1062
00:29:45,810 --> 00:29:45,820
beta ray or beta emission gamma is

1063
00:29:45,820 --> 00:29:48,029
beta ray or beta emission gamma is
always called gamma rays now let's look

1064
00:29:48,029 --> 00:29:48,039
always called gamma rays now let's look

1065
00:29:48,039 --> 00:29:51,889
always called gamma rays now let's look
at the properties of these particles or

1066
00:29:51,889 --> 00:29:51,899
at the properties of these particles or

1067
00:29:51,899 --> 00:29:57,320
at the properties of these particles or
emitted I should say radiations and

1068
00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:57,330
emitted I should say radiations and

1069
00:29:57,330 --> 00:30:01,950
emitted I should say radiations and
alpha particle has a two plus charge and

1070
00:30:01,950 --> 00:30:01,960
alpha particle has a two plus charge and

1071
00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:05,100
alpha particle has a two plus charge and
a mass of six 64 times 10 to the minus

1072
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:05,110
a mass of six 64 times 10 to the minus

1073
00:30:05,110 --> 00:30:07,379
a mass of six 64 times 10 to the minus
24 gram per gram

1074
00:30:07,379 --> 00:30:07,389
24 gram per gram

1075
00:30:07,389 --> 00:30:12,419
24 gram per gram
and relative penetrating power it says

1076
00:30:12,419 --> 00:30:12,429
and relative penetrating power it says

1077
00:30:12,429 --> 00:30:14,519
and relative penetrating power it says
one that is we will talk about that

1078
00:30:14,519 --> 00:30:14,529
one that is we will talk about that

1079
00:30:14,529 --> 00:30:18,349
one that is we will talk about that
simply penetrations is not that much

1080
00:30:18,349 --> 00:30:18,359
simply penetrations is not that much

1081
00:30:18,359 --> 00:30:21,899
simply penetrations is not that much
nature of the radiation what is actually

1082
00:30:21,899 --> 00:30:21,909
nature of the radiation what is actually

1083
00:30:21,909 --> 00:30:23,909
nature of the radiation what is actually
alpha particle alpha particle is

1084
00:30:23,909 --> 00:30:23,919
alpha particle alpha particle is

1085
00:30:23,919 --> 00:30:28,680
alpha particle alpha particle is
actually is a helium nucleus helium

1086
00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:28,690
actually is a helium nucleus helium

1087
00:30:28,690 --> 00:30:31,739
actually is a helium nucleus helium
nucleus and and that is what helium four

1088
00:30:31,739 --> 00:30:31,749
nucleus and and that is what helium four

1089
00:30:31,749 --> 00:30:34,889
nucleus and and that is what helium four
nucleus that means the mass number four

1090
00:30:34,889 --> 00:30:34,899
nucleus that means the mass number four

1091
00:30:34,899 --> 00:30:37,949
nucleus that means the mass number four
atomic number two but remember that

1092
00:30:37,949 --> 00:30:37,959
atomic number two but remember that

1093
00:30:37,959 --> 00:30:42,659
atomic number two but remember that
alpha particle normally helium contains

1094
00:30:42,659 --> 00:30:42,669
alpha particle normally helium contains

1095
00:30:42,669 --> 00:30:46,889
alpha particle normally helium contains
two protons and two electrons right but

1096
00:30:46,889 --> 00:30:46,899
two protons and two electrons right but

1097
00:30:46,899 --> 00:30:50,310
two protons and two electrons right but
when we think about the alpha particle

1098
00:30:50,310 --> 00:30:50,320
when we think about the alpha particle

1099
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:53,940
when we think about the alpha particle
and as a as that as helium that simply

1100
00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:53,950
and as a as that as helium that simply

1101
00:30:53,950 --> 00:30:57,060
and as a as that as helium that simply
means alpha particle equals two helium 2

1102
00:30:57,060 --> 00:30:57,070
means alpha particle equals two helium 2

1103
00:30:57,070 --> 00:31:00,899
means alpha particle equals two helium 2
plus no electrons we just consider the

1104
00:31:00,899 --> 00:31:00,909
plus no electrons we just consider the

1105
00:31:00,909 --> 00:31:03,930
plus no electrons we just consider the
nucleus has two protons and two neutrons

1106
00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:03,940
nucleus has two protons and two neutrons

1107
00:31:03,940 --> 00:31:06,779
nucleus has two protons and two neutrons
that's it right that's what we mean by

1108
00:31:06,779 --> 00:31:06,789
that's it right that's what we mean by

1109
00:31:06,789 --> 00:31:09,119
that's it right that's what we mean by
the alpha particles or its charge now

1110
00:31:09,119 --> 00:31:09,129
the alpha particles or its charge now

1111
00:31:09,129 --> 00:31:13,139
the alpha particles or its charge now
beta particles or beta emission you see

1112
00:31:13,139 --> 00:31:13,149
beta particles or beta emission you see

1113
00:31:13,149 --> 00:31:16,469
beta particles or beta emission you see
again the charge is minus one and the

1114
00:31:16,469 --> 00:31:16,479
again the charge is minus one and the

1115
00:31:16,479 --> 00:31:19,829
again the charge is minus one and the
mass is nine eleven times 10 to minus 28

1116
00:31:19,829 --> 00:31:19,839
mass is nine eleven times 10 to minus 28

1117
00:31:19,839 --> 00:31:21,989
mass is nine eleven times 10 to minus 28
what is this this is electron so

1118
00:31:21,989 --> 00:31:21,999
what is this this is electron so

1119
00:31:21,999 --> 00:31:25,009
what is this this is electron so
actually beta particles are electrons

1120
00:31:25,009 --> 00:31:25,019
actually beta particles are electrons

1121
00:31:25,019 --> 00:31:27,749
actually beta particles are electrons
just the electrons and relative

1122
00:31:27,749 --> 00:31:27,759
just the electrons and relative

1123
00:31:27,759 --> 00:31:29,879
just the electrons and relative
penetrating power is 100 that means they

1124
00:31:29,879 --> 00:31:29,889
penetrating power is 100 that means they

1125
00:31:29,889 --> 00:31:32,909
penetrating power is 100 that means they
penetrate the substances the matter

1126
00:31:32,909 --> 00:31:32,919
penetrate the substances the matter

1127
00:31:32,919 --> 00:31:35,729
penetrate the substances the matter
almost hundred times more than the alpha

1128
00:31:35,729 --> 00:31:35,739
almost hundred times more than the alpha

1129
00:31:35,739 --> 00:31:38,399
almost hundred times more than the alpha
particles and they are electrons they

1130
00:31:38,399 --> 00:31:38,409
particles and they are electrons they

1131
00:31:38,409 --> 00:31:40,589
particles and they are electrons they
are nothing but just electrons simple

1132
00:31:40,589 --> 00:31:40,599
are nothing but just electrons simple

1133
00:31:40,599 --> 00:31:43,680
are nothing but just electrons simple
electrons now we also have gamma rays

1134
00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:43,690
electrons now we also have gamma rays

1135
00:31:43,690 --> 00:31:46,739
electrons now we also have gamma rays
now the gamma rays have no charge no

1136
00:31:46,739 --> 00:31:46,749
now the gamma rays have no charge no

1137
00:31:46,749 --> 00:31:51,269
now the gamma rays have no charge no
mass much more penetration penetrating

1138
00:31:51,269 --> 00:31:51,279
mass much more penetration penetrating

1139
00:31:51,279 --> 00:31:54,749
mass much more penetration penetrating
power and these are actually high-energy

1140
00:31:54,749 --> 00:31:54,759
power and these are actually high-energy

1141
00:31:54,759 --> 00:31:59,430
power and these are actually high-energy
photons very short wavelength in a

1142
00:31:59,430 --> 00:31:59,440
photons very short wavelength in a

1143
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:01,919
photons very short wavelength in a
photons what does that means they carry

1144
00:32:01,919 --> 00:32:01,929
photons what does that means they carry

1145
00:32:01,929 --> 00:32:05,039
photons what does that means they carry
out huge amount of energy they are the

1146
00:32:05,039 --> 00:32:05,049
out huge amount of energy they are the

1147
00:32:05,049 --> 00:32:07,709
out huge amount of energy they are the
most energetic electromagnetic

1148
00:32:07,709 --> 00:32:07,719
most energetic electromagnetic

1149
00:32:07,719 --> 00:32:10,199
most energetic electromagnetic
radiations and very very harmful

1150
00:32:10,199 --> 00:32:10,209
radiations and very very harmful

1151
00:32:10,209 --> 00:32:12,209
radiations and very very harmful
actually because they carry a lot of

1152
00:32:12,209 --> 00:32:12,219
actually because they carry a lot of

1153
00:32:12,219 --> 00:32:15,119
actually because they carry a lot of
energy actually if an alpha if a gamma

1154
00:32:15,119 --> 00:32:15,129
energy actually if an alpha if a gamma

1155
00:32:15,129 --> 00:32:17,609
energy actually if an alpha if a gamma
in fact hits a molecule it will

1156
00:32:17,609 --> 00:32:17,619
in fact hits a molecule it will

1157
00:32:17,619 --> 00:32:19,229
in fact hits a molecule it will
definitely break the chemical bonds

1158
00:32:19,229 --> 00:32:19,239
definitely break the chemical bonds

1159
00:32:19,239 --> 00:32:20,820
definitely break the chemical bonds
there enough energy to break

1160
00:32:20,820 --> 00:32:20,830
there enough energy to break

1161
00:32:20,830 --> 00:32:22,669
there enough energy to break
any chemical bonds as a matter of fact

1162
00:32:22,669 --> 00:32:22,679
any chemical bonds as a matter of fact

1163
00:32:22,679 --> 00:32:26,870
any chemical bonds as a matter of fact
so now let's continue here types of

1164
00:32:26,870 --> 00:32:26,880
so now let's continue here types of

1165
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:29,970
so now let's continue here types of
radioactive decay now we classify the

1166
00:32:29,970 --> 00:32:29,980
radioactive decay now we classify the

1167
00:32:29,980 --> 00:32:32,850
radioactive decay now we classify the
decays radioactive decays again as

1168
00:32:32,850 --> 00:32:32,860
decays radioactive decays again as

1169
00:32:32,860 --> 00:32:39,440
decays radioactive decays again as
follow now decay simply means that a

1170
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:39,450
follow now decay simply means that a

1171
00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:42,930
follow now decay simply means that a
radioactive nuclide that means which is

1172
00:32:42,930 --> 00:32:42,940
radioactive nuclide that means which is

1173
00:32:42,940 --> 00:32:46,980
radioactive nuclide that means which is
not stable this integrates simply

1174
00:32:46,980 --> 00:32:46,990
not stable this integrates simply

1175
00:32:46,990 --> 00:32:49,740
not stable this integrates simply
decomposes or gives particles like that

1176
00:32:49,740 --> 00:32:49,750
decomposes or gives particles like that

1177
00:32:49,750 --> 00:32:53,759
decomposes or gives particles like that
it is it that means in other words in

1178
00:32:53,759 --> 00:32:53,769
it is it that means in other words in

1179
00:32:53,769 --> 00:32:56,930
it is it that means in other words in
these decay reactions there's only one

1180
00:32:56,930 --> 00:32:56,940
these decay reactions there's only one

1181
00:32:56,940 --> 00:33:00,570
these decay reactions there's only one
reactant in nuclear reaction one

1182
00:33:00,570 --> 00:33:00,580
reactant in nuclear reaction one

1183
00:33:00,580 --> 00:33:04,289
reactant in nuclear reaction one
reactant simply right so that's those

1184
00:33:04,289 --> 00:33:04,299
reactant simply right so that's those

1185
00:33:04,299 --> 00:33:06,629
reactant simply right so that's those
are simply called decays not stable

1186
00:33:06,629 --> 00:33:06,639
are simply called decays not stable

1187
00:33:06,639 --> 00:33:09,680
are simply called decays not stable
nucleus and it goes to more stable

1188
00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:09,690
nucleus and it goes to more stable

1189
00:33:09,690 --> 00:33:15,180
nucleus and it goes to more stable
nuclei or emits particle in fact to the

1190
00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:15,190
nuclei or emits particle in fact to the

1191
00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:17,340
nuclei or emits particle in fact to the
other atoms as a matter of fact now

1192
00:33:17,340 --> 00:33:17,350
other atoms as a matter of fact now

1193
00:33:17,350 --> 00:33:21,560
other atoms as a matter of fact now
alpha decay that simply means that the

1194
00:33:21,560 --> 00:33:21,570
alpha decay that simply means that the

1195
00:33:21,570 --> 00:33:25,460
alpha decay that simply means that the
the radiation given off from the

1196
00:33:25,460 --> 00:33:25,470
the radiation given off from the

1197
00:33:25,470 --> 00:33:28,080
the radiation given off from the
reactant nuclei parent nuclei you can

1198
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:28,090
reactant nuclei parent nuclei you can

1199
00:33:28,090 --> 00:33:30,360
reactant nuclei parent nuclei you can
call that alpha particles and those are

1200
00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:30,370
call that alpha particles and those are

1201
00:33:30,370 --> 00:33:32,600
call that alpha particles and those are
alpha particles are two plus charge

1202
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:32,610
alpha particles are two plus charge

1203
00:33:32,610 --> 00:33:36,149
alpha particles are two plus charge
helium's actually right ions and then

1204
00:33:36,149 --> 00:33:36,159
helium's actually right ions and then

1205
00:33:36,159 --> 00:33:39,269
helium's actually right ions and then
beta decay that means just given

1206
00:33:39,269 --> 00:33:39,279
beta decay that means just given

1207
00:33:39,279 --> 00:33:43,110
beta decay that means just given
electron but this electron comes from

1208
00:33:43,110 --> 00:33:43,120
electron but this electron comes from

1209
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:45,240
electron but this electron comes from
the nucleus of the atom

1210
00:33:45,240 --> 00:33:45,250
the nucleus of the atom

1211
00:33:45,250 --> 00:33:48,210
the nucleus of the atom
not the electrons outside the nucleus

1212
00:33:48,210 --> 00:33:48,220
not the electrons outside the nucleus

1213
00:33:48,220 --> 00:33:50,159
not the electrons outside the nucleus
that we have talked about so far not

1214
00:33:50,159 --> 00:33:50,169
that we have talked about so far not

1215
00:33:50,169 --> 00:33:52,019
that we have talked about so far not
those valence electron core electrons

1216
00:33:52,019 --> 00:33:52,029
those valence electron core electrons

1217
00:33:52,029 --> 00:33:54,810
those valence electron core electrons
that comes out from the nucleus in fact

1218
00:33:54,810 --> 00:33:54,820
that comes out from the nucleus in fact

1219
00:33:54,820 --> 00:33:58,529
that comes out from the nucleus in fact
right so gives electron and the gamma

1220
00:33:58,529 --> 00:33:58,539
right so gives electron and the gamma

1221
00:33:58,539 --> 00:34:01,970
right so gives electron and the gamma
radiation that's a very high-energy

1222
00:34:01,970 --> 00:34:01,980
radiation that's a very high-energy

1223
00:34:01,980 --> 00:34:07,019
radiation that's a very high-energy
photons again and positron emission this

1224
00:34:07,019 --> 00:34:07,029
photons again and positron emission this

1225
00:34:07,029 --> 00:34:11,159
photons again and positron emission this
is now just like the same as beta decay

1226
00:34:11,159 --> 00:34:11,169
is now just like the same as beta decay

1227
00:34:11,169 --> 00:34:13,680
is now just like the same as beta decay
actually this is called beta plus

1228
00:34:13,680 --> 00:34:13,690
actually this is called beta plus

1229
00:34:13,690 --> 00:34:17,460
actually this is called beta plus
emission and it is the same as electron

1230
00:34:17,460 --> 00:34:17,470
emission and it is the same as electron

1231
00:34:17,470 --> 00:34:22,500
emission and it is the same as electron
in mess wise but the charge is plus one

1232
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:22,510
in mess wise but the charge is plus one

1233
00:34:22,510 --> 00:34:25,230
in mess wise but the charge is plus one
instead of minus one right these are

1234
00:34:25,230 --> 00:34:25,240
instead of minus one right these are

1235
00:34:25,240 --> 00:34:25,680
instead of minus one right these are
called

1236
00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:25,690
called

1237
00:34:25,690 --> 00:34:28,829
called
positrons actually and they are called

1238
00:34:28,829 --> 00:34:28,839
positrons actually and they are called

1239
00:34:28,839 --> 00:34:31,980
positrons actually and they are called
the positron emission now electron

1240
00:34:31,980 --> 00:34:31,990
the positron emission now electron

1241
00:34:31,990 --> 00:34:33,590
the positron emission now electron
capture

1242
00:34:33,590 --> 00:34:33,600
capture

1243
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:35,770
capture
this is again another special type of

1244
00:34:35,770 --> 00:34:35,780
this is again another special type of

1245
00:34:35,780 --> 00:34:40,780
this is again another special type of
decay that means that the nucleus the

1246
00:34:40,780 --> 00:34:40,790
decay that means that the nucleus the

1247
00:34:40,790 --> 00:34:45,710
decay that means that the nucleus the
nucleus captures an electron where the

1248
00:34:45,710 --> 00:34:45,720
nucleus captures an electron where the

1249
00:34:45,720 --> 00:34:48,380
nucleus captures an electron where the
electron comes from now these are the

1250
00:34:48,380 --> 00:34:48,390
electron comes from now these are the

1251
00:34:48,390 --> 00:34:52,610
electron comes from now these are the
core electrons of the atom outside right

1252
00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:52,620
core electrons of the atom outside right

1253
00:34:52,620 --> 00:34:54,650
core electrons of the atom outside right
so one of the atom in fact comes out

1254
00:34:54,650 --> 00:34:54,660
so one of the atom in fact comes out

1255
00:34:54,660 --> 00:34:57,770
so one of the atom in fact comes out
comes in to the nucleus nucleus captures

1256
00:34:57,770 --> 00:34:57,780
comes in to the nucleus nucleus captures

1257
00:34:57,780 --> 00:35:00,560
comes in to the nucleus nucleus captures
that and as you can imagine what will

1258
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:00,570
that and as you can imagine what will

1259
00:35:00,570 --> 00:35:05,270
that and as you can imagine what will
happen if you simply nucleus captures an

1260
00:35:05,270 --> 00:35:05,280
happen if you simply nucleus captures an

1261
00:35:05,280 --> 00:35:07,790
happen if you simply nucleus captures an
electron mostly that electron will go

1262
00:35:07,790 --> 00:35:07,800
electron mostly that electron will go

1263
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,310
electron mostly that electron will go
and combine with a proton and convert

1264
00:35:10,310 --> 00:35:10,320
and combine with a proton and convert

1265
00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:13,250
and combine with a proton and convert
that proton to a neutron that means it

1266
00:35:13,250 --> 00:35:13,260
that proton to a neutron that means it

1267
00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,380
that proton to a neutron that means it
will change the identity of the element

1268
00:35:15,380 --> 00:35:15,390
will change the identity of the element

1269
00:35:15,390 --> 00:35:19,280
will change the identity of the element
again this electron captures now here

1270
00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:19,290
again this electron captures now here

1271
00:35:19,290 --> 00:35:23,720
again this electron captures now here
are the the alpha decay is given here

1272
00:35:23,720 --> 00:35:23,730
are the the alpha decay is given here

1273
00:35:23,730 --> 00:35:26,710
are the the alpha decay is given here
like this and the beta decay and

1274
00:35:26,710 --> 00:35:26,720
like this and the beta decay and

1275
00:35:26,720 --> 00:35:30,770
like this and the beta decay and
positron decays and electron captures

1276
00:35:30,770 --> 00:35:30,780
positron decays and electron captures

1277
00:35:30,780 --> 00:35:33,910
positron decays and electron captures
now what we have to be careful here is

1278
00:35:33,910 --> 00:35:33,920
now what we have to be careful here is

1279
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:40,190
now what we have to be careful here is
this all of these reactions for example

1280
00:35:40,190 --> 00:35:40,200
this all of these reactions for example

1281
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,440
this all of these reactions for example
alpha decay this reaction nuclear

1282
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:42,450
alpha decay this reaction nuclear

1283
00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:45,950
alpha decay this reaction nuclear
reaction and beta decay another one here

1284
00:35:45,950 --> 00:35:45,960
reaction and beta decay another one here

1285
00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:49,910
reaction and beta decay another one here
has to be balanced and remember how we

1286
00:35:49,910 --> 00:35:49,920
has to be balanced and remember how we

1287
00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:54,380
has to be balanced and remember how we
balance the nuclear reactions the mass

1288
00:35:54,380 --> 00:35:54,390
balance the nuclear reactions the mass

1289
00:35:54,390 --> 00:35:57,170
balance the nuclear reactions the mass
numbers on the left must be equal to the

1290
00:35:57,170 --> 00:35:57,180
numbers on the left must be equal to the

1291
00:35:57,180 --> 00:35:59,660
numbers on the left must be equal to the
mass number on the right right so the

1292
00:35:59,660 --> 00:35:59,670
mass number on the right right so the

1293
00:35:59,670 --> 00:36:02,570
mass number on the right right so the
mass number is left upper again for

1294
00:36:02,570 --> 00:36:02,580
mass number is left upper again for

1295
00:36:02,580 --> 00:36:06,170
mass number is left upper again for
example here a would be equal to simply

1296
00:36:06,170 --> 00:36:06,180
example here a would be equal to simply

1297
00:36:06,180 --> 00:36:10,610
example here a would be equal to simply
a minus four plus four right and then Z

1298
00:36:10,610 --> 00:36:10,620
a minus four plus four right and then Z

1299
00:36:10,620 --> 00:36:13,340
a minus four plus four right and then Z
will be equal to Z of the products that

1300
00:36:13,340 --> 00:36:13,350
will be equal to Z of the products that

1301
00:36:13,350 --> 00:36:16,390
will be equal to Z of the products that
comes out now when we think about the

1302
00:36:16,390 --> 00:36:16,400
comes out now when we think about the

1303
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,520
comes out now when we think about the
helium the mass number is four alpha

1304
00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:19,530
helium the mass number is four alpha

1305
00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:21,590
helium the mass number is four alpha
particles actually the helium 2 plus and

1306
00:36:21,590 --> 00:36:21,600
particles actually the helium 2 plus and

1307
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:26,150
particles actually the helium 2 plus and
the atomic number is two right now when

1308
00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:26,160
the atomic number is two right now when

1309
00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:28,070
the atomic number is two right now when
we consider an electron this is the

1310
00:36:28,070 --> 00:36:28,080
we consider an electron this is the

1311
00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:31,820
we consider an electron this is the
electron right or beta emission actually

1312
00:36:31,820 --> 00:36:31,830
electron right or beta emission actually

1313
00:36:31,830 --> 00:36:36,050
electron right or beta emission actually
and we have the mass number zero but the

1314
00:36:36,050 --> 00:36:36,060
and we have the mass number zero but the

1315
00:36:36,060 --> 00:36:39,470
and we have the mass number zero but the
atomic number Z is minus one and the

1316
00:36:39,470 --> 00:36:39,480
atomic number Z is minus one and the

1317
00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:42,620
atomic number Z is minus one and the
four positron emission mass number zero

1318
00:36:42,620 --> 00:36:42,630
four positron emission mass number zero

1319
00:36:42,630 --> 00:36:44,960
four positron emission mass number zero
again atomic number plus one so we have

1320
00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:44,970
again atomic number plus one so we have

1321
00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:46,910
again atomic number plus one so we have
to be careful about those two

1322
00:36:46,910 --> 00:36:46,920
to be careful about those two

1323
00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:49,670
to be careful about those two
in a gamma radiation actually both mass

1324
00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:49,680
in a gamma radiation actually both mass

1325
00:36:49,680 --> 00:36:52,220
in a gamma radiation actually both mass
and charge zero we don't have to

1326
00:36:52,220 --> 00:36:52,230
and charge zero we don't have to

1327
00:36:52,230 --> 00:36:55,900
and charge zero we don't have to
consider that as we balance the nuclear

1328
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:55,910
consider that as we balance the nuclear

1329
00:36:55,910 --> 00:37:02,150
consider that as we balance the nuclear
reactions actually okay now here is the

1330
00:37:02,150 --> 00:37:02,160
reactions actually okay now here is the

1331
00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:04,519
reactions actually okay now here is the
example alpha decay for example one

1332
00:37:04,519 --> 00:37:04,529
example alpha decay for example one

1333
00:37:04,529 --> 00:37:07,579
example alpha decay for example one
alpha decay over decay is the loss of an

1334
00:37:07,579 --> 00:37:07,589
alpha decay over decay is the loss of an

1335
00:37:07,589 --> 00:37:11,599
alpha decay over decay is the loss of an
alpha particle helium-4 nucleus now

1336
00:37:11,599 --> 00:37:11,609
alpha particle helium-4 nucleus now

1337
00:37:11,609 --> 00:37:13,460
alpha particle helium-4 nucleus now
remember that this is very important it

1338
00:37:13,460 --> 00:37:13,470
remember that this is very important it

1339
00:37:13,470 --> 00:37:18,890
remember that this is very important it
is not a helium atom it is nearly new

1340
00:37:18,890 --> 00:37:18,900
is not a helium atom it is nearly new

1341
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:20,870
is not a helium atom it is nearly new
quiesce what does that means the atom

1342
00:37:20,870 --> 00:37:20,880
quiesce what does that means the atom

1343
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:23,569
quiesce what does that means the atom
has two electron normally like and the

1344
00:37:23,569 --> 00:37:23,579
has two electron normally like and the

1345
00:37:23,579 --> 00:37:26,809
has two electron normally like and the
helium nucleus is just two protons two

1346
00:37:26,809 --> 00:37:26,819
helium nucleus is just two protons two

1347
00:37:26,819 --> 00:37:29,390
helium nucleus is just two protons two
neutrons so the charge is two plus here

1348
00:37:29,390 --> 00:37:29,400
neutrons so the charge is two plus here

1349
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,009
neutrons so the charge is two plus here
as a matter of fact we have to remember

1350
00:37:31,009 --> 00:37:31,019
as a matter of fact we have to remember

1351
00:37:31,019 --> 00:37:34,039
as a matter of fact we have to remember
that so this is the decay nuclear

1352
00:37:34,039 --> 00:37:34,049
that so this is the decay nuclear

1353
00:37:34,049 --> 00:37:37,099
that so this is the decay nuclear
reaction in fact balanced it has to be

1354
00:37:37,099 --> 00:37:37,109
reaction in fact balanced it has to be

1355
00:37:37,109 --> 00:37:39,410
reaction in fact balanced it has to be
balanced let's check that some of the

1356
00:37:39,410 --> 00:37:39,420
balanced let's check that some of the

1357
00:37:39,420 --> 00:37:42,859
balanced let's check that some of the
mass numbers 234 plus for 238 and equals

1358
00:37:42,859 --> 00:37:42,869
mass numbers 234 plus for 238 and equals

1359
00:37:42,869 --> 00:37:45,589
mass numbers 234 plus for 238 and equals
to the mass number of the reactant 238

1360
00:37:45,589 --> 00:37:45,599
to the mass number of the reactant 238

1361
00:37:45,599 --> 00:37:48,880
to the mass number of the reactant 238
here only one and the atomic number here

1362
00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:48,890
here only one and the atomic number here

1363
00:37:48,890 --> 00:37:53,720
here only one and the atomic number here
z2 plus 90 92 this is 92 so this is a

1364
00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:53,730
z2 plus 90 92 this is 92 so this is a

1365
00:37:53,730 --> 00:37:57,710
z2 plus 90 92 this is 92 so this is a
balanced nuclear reaction equations

1366
00:37:57,710 --> 00:37:57,720
balanced nuclear reaction equations

1367
00:37:57,720 --> 00:38:00,289
balanced nuclear reaction equations
balanced nuclear reaction equations and

1368
00:38:00,289 --> 00:38:00,299
balanced nuclear reaction equations and

1369
00:38:00,299 --> 00:38:04,880
balanced nuclear reaction equations and
we show it here how we carry out that

1370
00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:04,890
we show it here how we carry out that

1371
00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:08,660
we show it here how we carry out that
now beta decay is a loss of beta

1372
00:38:08,660 --> 00:38:08,670
now beta decay is a loss of beta

1373
00:38:08,670 --> 00:38:10,579
now beta decay is a loss of beta
particle what is that means that simply

1374
00:38:10,579 --> 00:38:10,589
particle what is that means that simply

1375
00:38:10,589 --> 00:38:12,799
particle what is that means that simply
means loss of an electron right beta

1376
00:38:12,799 --> 00:38:12,809
means loss of an electron right beta

1377
00:38:12,809 --> 00:38:15,200
means loss of an electron right beta
particle and again it says a high-speed

1378
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:15,210
particle and again it says a high-speed

1379
00:38:15,210 --> 00:38:17,390
particle and again it says a high-speed
electron emitted by the nucleus that

1380
00:38:17,390 --> 00:38:17,400
electron emitted by the nucleus that

1381
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:18,950
electron emitted by the nucleus that
comes out from the nucleus not the

1382
00:38:18,950 --> 00:38:18,960
comes out from the nucleus not the

1383
00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:22,089
comes out from the nucleus not the
outside electrons and here is the

1384
00:38:22,089 --> 00:38:22,099
outside electrons and here is the

1385
00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:23,420
outside electrons and here is the
iodine-131

1386
00:38:23,420 --> 00:38:23,430
iodine-131

1387
00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:29,349
iodine-131
goes to xenon 54 131 and the beta

1388
00:38:29,349 --> 00:38:29,359
goes to xenon 54 131 and the beta

1389
00:38:29,359 --> 00:38:31,730
goes to xenon 54 131 and the beta
particle and the beta particle is

1390
00:38:31,730 --> 00:38:31,740
particle and the beta particle is

1391
00:38:31,740 --> 00:38:35,390
particle and the beta particle is
electrons simply again the balance here

1392
00:38:35,390 --> 00:38:35,400
electrons simply again the balance here

1393
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,109
electrons simply again the balance here
will be done by adding the mass numbers

1394
00:38:39,109 --> 00:38:39,119
will be done by adding the mass numbers

1395
00:38:39,119 --> 00:38:43,339
will be done by adding the mass numbers
of the products which is 131 +0 131

1396
00:38:43,339 --> 00:38:43,349
of the products which is 131 +0 131

1397
00:38:43,349 --> 00:38:47,450
of the products which is 131 +0 131
equals 131 and 54 minus 1 equal to 53

1398
00:38:47,450 --> 00:38:47,460
equals 131 and 54 minus 1 equal to 53

1399
00:38:47,460 --> 00:38:49,730
equals 131 and 54 minus 1 equal to 53
that's equal to 53 so this is again a

1400
00:38:49,730 --> 00:38:49,740
that's equal to 53 so this is again a

1401
00:38:49,740 --> 00:38:53,329
that's equal to 53 so this is again a
balanced nuclear chemical equations

1402
00:38:53,329 --> 00:38:53,339
balanced nuclear chemical equations

1403
00:38:53,339 --> 00:38:58,700
balanced nuclear chemical equations
again now gamma emission gamma emission

1404
00:38:58,700 --> 00:38:58,710
again now gamma emission gamma emission

1405
00:38:58,710 --> 00:39:00,620
again now gamma emission gamma emission
is the loss of

1406
00:39:00,620 --> 00:39:00,630
is the loss of

1407
00:39:00,630 --> 00:39:03,650
is the loss of
gamma ray which is high-energy radiation

1408
00:39:03,650 --> 00:39:03,660
gamma ray which is high-energy radiation

1409
00:39:03,660 --> 00:39:07,250
gamma ray which is high-energy radiation
that almost always accompanies the loss

1410
00:39:07,250 --> 00:39:07,260
that almost always accompanies the loss

1411
00:39:07,260 --> 00:39:09,770
that almost always accompanies the loss
of a nuclear particle that means another

1412
00:39:09,770 --> 00:39:09,780
of a nuclear particle that means another

1413
00:39:09,780 --> 00:39:12,020
of a nuclear particle that means another
beta alpha particle comes out in

1414
00:39:12,020 --> 00:39:12,030
beta alpha particle comes out in

1415
00:39:12,030 --> 00:39:15,380
beta alpha particle comes out in
addition to that gamma radiations also

1416
00:39:15,380 --> 00:39:15,390
addition to that gamma radiations also

1417
00:39:15,390 --> 00:39:16,520
addition to that gamma radiations also
comes out from there

1418
00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:16,530
comes out from there

1419
00:39:16,530 --> 00:39:19,040
comes out from there
now again gamma radiation says the gamma

1420
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:19,050
now again gamma radiation says the gamma

1421
00:39:19,050 --> 00:39:21,440
now again gamma radiation says the gamma
contains a lot of energy it is a kind of

1422
00:39:21,440 --> 00:39:21,450
contains a lot of energy it is a kind of

1423
00:39:21,450 --> 00:39:23,960
contains a lot of energy it is a kind of
energy carrier right it has a lot of

1424
00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:23,970
energy carrier right it has a lot of

1425
00:39:23,970 --> 00:39:25,820
energy carrier right it has a lot of
energy carries out the energy actually

1426
00:39:25,820 --> 00:39:25,830
energy carries out the energy actually

1427
00:39:25,830 --> 00:39:29,780
energy carries out the energy actually
the unstable high-energy radionuclide

1428
00:39:29,780 --> 00:39:29,790
the unstable high-energy radionuclide

1429
00:39:29,790 --> 00:39:33,770
the unstable high-energy radionuclide
goes into more stable radio nuclides and

1430
00:39:33,770 --> 00:39:33,780
goes into more stable radio nuclides and

1431
00:39:33,780 --> 00:39:36,970
goes into more stable radio nuclides and
it gives off energy during the nuclear

1432
00:39:36,970 --> 00:39:36,980
it gives off energy during the nuclear

1433
00:39:36,980 --> 00:39:42,890
it gives off energy during the nuclear
reactions now positron emission and this

1434
00:39:42,890 --> 00:39:42,900
reactions now positron emission and this

1435
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:45,710
reactions now positron emission and this
is again the same as the electron we

1436
00:39:45,710 --> 00:39:45,720
is again the same as the electron we

1437
00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:50,060
is again the same as the electron we
said positron but plus charge you can

1438
00:39:50,060 --> 00:39:50,070
said positron but plus charge you can

1439
00:39:50,070 --> 00:39:51,830
said positron but plus charge you can
think about this as plus charge electron

1440
00:39:51,830 --> 00:39:51,840
think about this as plus charge electron

1441
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,050
think about this as plus charge electron
the matter is exactly the same and we

1442
00:39:54,050 --> 00:39:54,060
the matter is exactly the same and we

1443
00:39:54,060 --> 00:39:56,290
the matter is exactly the same and we
consider the mass number a zero here and

1444
00:39:56,290 --> 00:39:56,300
consider the mass number a zero here and

1445
00:39:56,300 --> 00:40:02,000
consider the mass number a zero here and
again the carbon 11 goes to boron 11 and

1446
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:02,010
again the carbon 11 goes to boron 11 and

1447
00:40:02,010 --> 00:40:04,340
again the carbon 11 goes to boron 11 and
gives off a positron emission as a

1448
00:40:04,340 --> 00:40:04,350
gives off a positron emission as a

1449
00:40:04,350 --> 00:40:08,150
gives off a positron emission as a
positron again we see the mass numbers

1450
00:40:08,150 --> 00:40:08,160
positron again we see the mass numbers

1451
00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:11,570
positron again we see the mass numbers
balanced and the the atomic numbers are

1452
00:40:11,570 --> 00:40:11,580
balanced and the the atomic numbers are

1453
00:40:11,580 --> 00:40:13,250
balanced and the the atomic numbers are
also balanced of the nuclear a

1454
00:40:13,250 --> 00:40:13,260
also balanced of the nuclear a

1455
00:40:13,260 --> 00:40:16,670
also balanced of the nuclear a
nuclearized and here again how we do

1456
00:40:16,670 --> 00:40:16,680
nuclearized and here again how we do

1457
00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:19,670
nuclearized and here again how we do
that we carry on that now as a result

1458
00:40:19,670 --> 00:40:19,680
that we carry on that now as a result

1459
00:40:19,680 --> 00:40:24,440
that we carry on that now as a result
you see again when you and nuclei gives

1460
00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:24,450
you see again when you and nuclei gives

1461
00:40:24,450 --> 00:40:28,220
you see again when you and nuclei gives
a positron the number of proton

1462
00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:28,230
a positron the number of proton

1463
00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:30,740
a positron the number of proton
decreases by one what does that means

1464
00:40:30,740 --> 00:40:30,750
decreases by one what does that means

1465
00:40:30,750 --> 00:40:33,490
decreases by one what does that means
you can imagine or visualize that

1466
00:40:33,490 --> 00:40:33,500
you can imagine or visualize that

1467
00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:37,180
you can imagine or visualize that
positron emission is achieved by a

1468
00:40:37,180 --> 00:40:37,190
positron emission is achieved by a

1469
00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:42,860
positron emission is achieved by a
proton given a positron right electron

1470
00:40:42,860 --> 00:40:42,870
proton given a positron right electron

1471
00:40:42,870 --> 00:40:44,450
proton given a positron right electron
is a positive charge in the nucleus and

1472
00:40:44,450 --> 00:40:44,460
is a positive charge in the nucleus and

1473
00:40:44,460 --> 00:40:46,880
is a positive charge in the nucleus and
that proton when it gives it positron a

1474
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:46,890
that proton when it gives it positron a

1475
00:40:46,890 --> 00:40:49,880
that proton when it gives it positron a
positive charge it is converted to a

1476
00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:49,890
positive charge it is converted to a

1477
00:40:49,890 --> 00:40:52,820
positive charge it is converted to a
neutron right converted to a neutron as

1478
00:40:52,820 --> 00:40:52,830
neutron right converted to a neutron as

1479
00:40:52,830 --> 00:40:55,910
neutron right converted to a neutron as
we have seen here converted to neutron

1480
00:40:55,910 --> 00:40:55,920
we have seen here converted to neutron

1481
00:40:55,920 --> 00:40:57,980
we have seen here converted to neutron
again in this case we have six neutrons

1482
00:40:57,980 --> 00:40:57,990
again in this case we have six neutrons

1483
00:40:57,990 --> 00:41:02,960
again in this case we have six neutrons
here we have five neutrons again very

1484
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:02,970
here we have five neutrons again very

1485
00:41:02,970 --> 00:41:05,930
here we have five neutrons again very
very simple now how about electron

1486
00:41:05,930 --> 00:41:05,940
very simple now how about electron

1487
00:41:05,940 --> 00:41:09,070
very simple now how about electron
capture as I said the electron capture

1488
00:41:09,070 --> 00:41:09,080
capture as I said the electron capture

1489
00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:12,050
capture as I said the electron capture
is taking place by capturing an electron

1490
00:41:12,050 --> 00:41:12,060
is taking place by capturing an electron

1491
00:41:12,060 --> 00:41:13,580
is taking place by capturing an electron
outside

1492
00:41:13,580 --> 00:41:13,590
outside

1493
00:41:13,590 --> 00:41:17,600
outside
the nucleus outside of the nucleus in

1494
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:17,610
the nucleus outside of the nucleus in

1495
00:41:17,610 --> 00:41:20,030
the nucleus outside of the nucleus in
maybe the core electrons or what valence

1496
00:41:20,030 --> 00:41:20,040
maybe the core electrons or what valence

1497
00:41:20,040 --> 00:41:20,540
maybe the core electrons or what valence
electrons

1498
00:41:20,540 --> 00:41:20,550
electrons

1499
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:22,730
electrons
mostly the core electrons in fact and

1500
00:41:22,730 --> 00:41:22,740
mostly the core electrons in fact and

1501
00:41:22,740 --> 00:41:26,750
mostly the core electrons in fact and
here is again nuclear reaction equation

1502
00:41:26,750 --> 00:41:26,760
here is again nuclear reaction equation

1503
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,600
here is again nuclear reaction equation
for the electron capture and this is

1504
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:29,610
for the electron capture and this is

1505
00:41:29,610 --> 00:41:32,840
for the electron capture and this is
review diem again 81 37 you see it

1506
00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:32,850
review diem again 81 37 you see it

1507
00:41:32,850 --> 00:41:35,450
review diem again 81 37 you see it
captures an electron and turns out to

1508
00:41:35,450 --> 00:41:35,460
captures an electron and turns out to

1509
00:41:35,460 --> 00:41:40,910
captures an electron and turns out to
Krypton and the Krypton has 36 proton

1510
00:41:40,910 --> 00:41:40,920
Krypton and the Krypton has 36 proton

1511
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:45,470
Krypton and the Krypton has 36 proton
and the rubidium has 37 proton what is

1512
00:41:45,470 --> 00:41:45,480
and the rubidium has 37 proton what is

1513
00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:48,080
and the rubidium has 37 proton what is
that simply means when you take capture

1514
00:41:48,080 --> 00:41:48,090
that simply means when you take capture

1515
00:41:48,090 --> 00:41:49,850
that simply means when you take capture
and electron that electron combines with

1516
00:41:49,850 --> 00:41:49,860
and electron that electron combines with

1517
00:41:49,860 --> 00:41:52,640
and electron that electron combines with
a proton and converted to a neutron in

1518
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:52,650
a proton and converted to a neutron in

1519
00:41:52,650 --> 00:41:55,880
a proton and converted to a neutron in
this case also the number of protons

1520
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:55,890
this case also the number of protons

1521
00:41:55,890 --> 00:41:58,580
this case also the number of protons
decreased by 1 by the electron capture

1522
00:41:58,580 --> 00:41:58,590
decreased by 1 by the electron capture

1523
00:41:58,590 --> 00:42:06,470
decreased by 1 by the electron capture
again now these are the source of some

1524
00:42:06,470 --> 00:42:06,480
again now these are the source of some

1525
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,200
again now these are the source of some
nuclear particles as we see this is the

1526
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:09,210
nuclear particles as we see this is the

1527
00:42:09,210 --> 00:42:11,960
nuclear particles as we see this is the
positron beta particles coming from the

1528
00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:11,970
positron beta particles coming from the

1529
00:42:11,970 --> 00:42:16,970
positron beta particles coming from the
iodine which is a radioactive nuclide -

1530
00:42:16,970 --> 00:42:16,980
iodine which is a radioactive nuclide -

1531
00:42:16,980 --> 00:42:21,080
iodine which is a radioactive nuclide -
xenon 131 1 again you see again the

1532
00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:21,090
xenon 131 1 again you see again the

1533
00:42:21,090 --> 00:42:24,890
xenon 131 1 again you see again the
identity of the element changes iodine

1534
00:42:24,890 --> 00:42:24,900
identity of the element changes iodine

1535
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:28,540
identity of the element changes iodine
is changed to the xenon and if positrons

1536
00:42:28,540 --> 00:42:28,550
is changed to the xenon and if positrons

1537
00:42:28,550 --> 00:42:31,970
is changed to the xenon and if positrons
actually emission will be like

1538
00:42:31,970 --> 00:42:31,980
actually emission will be like

1539
00:42:31,980 --> 00:42:34,970
actually emission will be like
converting a proton to a neutron or we

1540
00:42:34,970 --> 00:42:34,980
converting a proton to a neutron or we

1541
00:42:34,980 --> 00:42:38,810
converting a proton to a neutron or we
can write it down as P goes to n plus a

1542
00:42:38,810 --> 00:42:38,820
can write it down as P goes to n plus a

1543
00:42:38,820 --> 00:42:41,210
can write it down as P goes to n plus a
positron and a positron emission and the

1544
00:42:41,210 --> 00:42:41,220
positron and a positron emission and the

1545
00:42:41,220 --> 00:42:43,640
positron and a positron emission and the
number of proton decreases in a nucleus

1546
00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:43,650
number of proton decreases in a nucleus

1547
00:42:43,650 --> 00:42:46,390
number of proton decreases in a nucleus
by 1 number of neutron increases by 1

1548
00:42:46,390 --> 00:42:46,400
by 1 number of neutron increases by 1

1549
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:48,590
by 1 number of neutron increases by 1
what happens with the electron capture

1550
00:42:48,590 --> 00:42:48,600
what happens with the electron capture

1551
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,020
what happens with the electron capture
again we can visualize that electron

1552
00:42:51,020 --> 00:42:51,030
again we can visualize that electron

1553
00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:55,070
again we can visualize that electron
capture turns out converts one proton to

1554
00:42:55,070 --> 00:42:55,080
capture turns out converts one proton to

1555
00:42:55,080 --> 00:42:57,290
capture turns out converts one proton to
a neutron and again the proton number

1556
00:42:57,290 --> 00:42:57,300
a neutron and again the proton number

1557
00:42:57,300 --> 00:43:01,580
a neutron and again the proton number
decreased and the neutron number

1558
00:43:01,580 --> 00:43:01,590
decreased and the neutron number

1559
00:43:01,590 --> 00:43:03,970
decreased and the neutron number
increase you see again in both cases

1560
00:43:03,970 --> 00:43:03,980
increase you see again in both cases

1561
00:43:03,980 --> 00:43:07,760
increase you see again in both cases
electron capture and positron emission

1562
00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:07,770
electron capture and positron emission

1563
00:43:07,770 --> 00:43:12,860
electron capture and positron emission
the atomic number decreases by 1 and the

1564
00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:12,870
the atomic number decreases by 1 and the

1565
00:43:12,870 --> 00:43:17,860
the atomic number decreases by 1 and the
number of neutron increases by 1 again

1566
00:43:17,860 --> 00:43:17,870
number of neutron increases by 1 again

1567
00:43:17,870 --> 00:43:22,010
number of neutron increases by 1 again
now here's a question what we said that

1568
00:43:22,010 --> 00:43:22,020
now here's a question what we said that

1569
00:43:22,020 --> 00:43:29,210
now here's a question what we said that
the the nuclei that are not stay

1570
00:43:29,210 --> 00:43:29,220

1571
00:43:29,220 --> 00:43:32,960
enter a nuclear reactions they decay

1572
00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:32,970
enter a nuclear reactions they decay

1573
00:43:32,970 --> 00:43:34,970
enter a nuclear reactions they decay
actually there turns out to be

1574
00:43:34,970 --> 00:43:34,980
actually there turns out to be

1575
00:43:34,980 --> 00:43:38,140
actually there turns out to be
radioactive why because they somehow

1576
00:43:38,140 --> 00:43:38,150
radioactive why because they somehow

1577
00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:41,900
radioactive why because they somehow
wants to give their excess energy out

1578
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:41,910
wants to give their excess energy out

1579
00:43:41,910 --> 00:43:44,750
wants to give their excess energy out
and go to a more stable States more

1580
00:43:44,750 --> 00:43:44,760
and go to a more stable States more

1581
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:49,790
and go to a more stable States more
stable state like this now can we simply

1582
00:43:49,790 --> 00:43:49,800
stable state like this now can we simply

1583
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:55,420
stable state like this now can we simply
find out which nuclides will be

1584
00:43:55,420 --> 00:43:55,430
find out which nuclides will be

1585
00:43:55,430 --> 00:43:58,520
find out which nuclides will be
radioactive which nucleus will be not

1586
00:43:58,520 --> 00:43:58,530
radioactive which nucleus will be not

1587
00:43:58,530 --> 00:44:01,790
radioactive which nucleus will be not
ready active right yeah can we simply

1588
00:44:01,790 --> 00:44:01,800
ready active right yeah can we simply

1589
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:03,079
ready active right yeah can we simply
develop a criteria

1590
00:44:03,079 --> 00:44:03,089
develop a criteria

1591
00:44:03,089 --> 00:44:06,349
develop a criteria
this is talks about that again again any

1592
00:44:06,349 --> 00:44:06,359
this is talks about that again again any

1593
00:44:06,359 --> 00:44:09,530
this is talks about that again again any
atom with more than one proton will have

1594
00:44:09,530 --> 00:44:09,540
atom with more than one proton will have

1595
00:44:09,540 --> 00:44:11,540
atom with more than one proton will have
repulsion between the protons in the

1596
00:44:11,540 --> 00:44:11,550
repulsion between the protons in the

1597
00:44:11,550 --> 00:44:14,570
repulsion between the protons in the
nucleus so if we consider the energies

1598
00:44:14,570 --> 00:44:14,580
nucleus so if we consider the energies

1599
00:44:14,580 --> 00:44:16,370
nucleus so if we consider the energies
interactions involved in the nucleus

1600
00:44:16,370 --> 00:44:16,380
interactions involved in the nucleus

1601
00:44:16,380 --> 00:44:17,390
interactions involved in the nucleus
right

1602
00:44:17,390 --> 00:44:17,400
right

1603
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:19,250
right
we have protons they're positively

1604
00:44:19,250 --> 00:44:19,260
we have protons they're positively

1605
00:44:19,260 --> 00:44:22,030
we have protons they're positively
charged protons and we have neutral

1606
00:44:22,030 --> 00:44:22,040
charged protons and we have neutral

1607
00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:25,760
charged protons and we have neutral
simply particles neutrons right you can

1608
00:44:25,760 --> 00:44:25,770
simply particles neutrons right you can

1609
00:44:25,770 --> 00:44:29,109
simply particles neutrons right you can
imagine that the proton and proton will

1610
00:44:29,109 --> 00:44:29,119
imagine that the proton and proton will

1611
00:44:29,119 --> 00:44:32,630
imagine that the proton and proton will
repel each other right will repel each

1612
00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:32,640
repel each other right will repel each

1613
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:36,950
repel each other right will repel each
other but when you have the proton and

1614
00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:36,960
other but when you have the proton and

1615
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:40,150
other but when you have the proton and
proton very close to each other actually

1616
00:44:40,150 --> 00:44:40,160
proton very close to each other actually

1617
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:45,520
proton very close to each other actually
there is actually these short distance

1618
00:44:45,520 --> 00:44:45,530
there is actually these short distance

1619
00:44:45,530 --> 00:44:48,800
there is actually these short distance
forces attractive forces comes into the

1620
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:48,810
forces attractive forces comes into the

1621
00:44:48,810 --> 00:44:52,070
forces attractive forces comes into the
picture and even though they repel the

1622
00:44:52,070 --> 00:44:52,080
picture and even though they repel the

1623
00:44:52,080 --> 00:44:53,690
picture and even though they repel the
positive past while we repel each other

1624
00:44:53,690 --> 00:44:53,700
positive past while we repel each other

1625
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:56,030
positive past while we repel each other
but there is also an attraction between

1626
00:44:56,030 --> 00:44:56,040
but there is also an attraction between

1627
00:44:56,040 --> 00:45:00,560
but there is also an attraction between
those protons but in nucleus except the

1628
00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:00,570
those protons but in nucleus except the

1629
00:45:00,570 --> 00:45:02,570
those protons but in nucleus except the
hydrogen hydrogen has only one proton

1630
00:45:02,570 --> 00:45:02,580
hydrogen hydrogen has only one proton

1631
00:45:02,580 --> 00:45:06,320
hydrogen hydrogen has only one proton
right in all other nuclei you have

1632
00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:06,330
right in all other nuclei you have

1633
00:45:06,330 --> 00:45:10,339
right in all other nuclei you have
proton and neutrons so somehow the

1634
00:45:10,339 --> 00:45:10,349
proton and neutrons so somehow the

1635
00:45:10,349 --> 00:45:12,380
proton and neutrons so somehow the
presence of neutrons you can think about

1636
00:45:12,380 --> 00:45:12,390
presence of neutrons you can think about

1637
00:45:12,390 --> 00:45:16,220
presence of neutrons you can think about
that sort of counteracts the repulsion

1638
00:45:16,220 --> 00:45:16,230
that sort of counteracts the repulsion

1639
00:45:16,230 --> 00:45:20,990
that sort of counteracts the repulsion
of the protons somehow enters between

1640
00:45:20,990 --> 00:45:21,000
of the protons somehow enters between

1641
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:23,450
of the protons somehow enters between
those protons and decreases the

1642
00:45:23,450 --> 00:45:23,460
those protons and decreases the

1643
00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:25,430
those protons and decreases the
repulsions and make the nucleus more

1644
00:45:25,430 --> 00:45:25,440
repulsions and make the nucleus more

1645
00:45:25,440 --> 00:45:29,030
repulsions and make the nucleus more
stable and as a matter of fact so let's

1646
00:45:29,030 --> 00:45:29,040
stable and as a matter of fact so let's

1647
00:45:29,040 --> 00:45:33,230
stable and as a matter of fact so let's
look at strong nuclear forces helps keep

1648
00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:33,240
look at strong nuclear forces helps keep

1649
00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:35,089
look at strong nuclear forces helps keep
the nucleus together as I said these are

1650
00:45:35,089 --> 00:45:35,099
the nucleus together as I said these are

1651
00:45:35,099 --> 00:45:37,579
the nucleus together as I said these are
called short distance forces you know

1652
00:45:37,579 --> 00:45:37,589
called short distance forces you know

1653
00:45:37,589 --> 00:45:40,730
called short distance forces you know
short range forces neutrons play a key

1654
00:45:40,730 --> 00:45:40,740
short range forces neutrons play a key

1655
00:45:40,740 --> 00:45:41,120
short range forces neutrons play a key
role

1656
00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:41,130
role

1657
00:45:41,130 --> 00:45:43,570
role
stabilizing the eclairs again as I said

1658
00:45:43,570 --> 00:45:43,580
stabilizing the eclairs again as I said

1659
00:45:43,580 --> 00:45:46,220
stabilizing the eclairs again as I said
so the ratio of the neutrons to the

1660
00:45:46,220 --> 00:45:46,230
so the ratio of the neutrons to the

1661
00:45:46,230 --> 00:45:48,980
so the ratio of the neutrons to the
protons is an important factor this is

1662
00:45:48,980 --> 00:45:48,990
protons is an important factor this is

1663
00:45:48,990 --> 00:45:52,010
protons is an important factor this is
it that simply means if you have too

1664
00:45:52,010 --> 00:45:52,020
it that simply means if you have too

1665
00:45:52,020 --> 00:45:55,610
it that simply means if you have too
much protons compared to the neutrons

1666
00:45:55,610 --> 00:45:55,620
much protons compared to the neutrons

1667
00:45:55,620 --> 00:45:58,610
much protons compared to the neutrons
that nuclear ID will not be stable it

1668
00:45:58,610 --> 00:45:58,620
that nuclear ID will not be stable it

1669
00:45:58,620 --> 00:46:00,530
that nuclear ID will not be stable it
will be radioactive while on the other

1670
00:46:00,530 --> 00:46:00,540
will be radioactive while on the other

1671
00:46:00,540 --> 00:46:03,950
will be radioactive while on the other
side if you have too much neutrons and

1672
00:46:03,950 --> 00:46:03,960
side if you have too much neutrons and

1673
00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:06,080
side if you have too much neutrons and
less protons compared to protons that

1674
00:46:06,080 --> 00:46:06,090
less protons compared to protons that

1675
00:46:06,090 --> 00:46:08,600
less protons compared to protons that
will also be not very stable right will

1676
00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:08,610
will also be not very stable right will

1677
00:46:08,610 --> 00:46:11,720
will also be not very stable right will
be radioactive so what is the the ideal

1678
00:46:11,720 --> 00:46:11,730
be radioactive so what is the the ideal

1679
00:46:11,730 --> 00:46:14,140
be radioactive so what is the the ideal
ratio of the protons and the neutrons

1680
00:46:14,140 --> 00:46:14,150
ratio of the protons and the neutrons

1681
00:46:14,150 --> 00:46:18,290
ratio of the protons and the neutrons
for any cried to be stable not really

1682
00:46:18,290 --> 00:46:18,300
for any cried to be stable not really

1683
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:20,870
for any cried to be stable not really
active or for a nuclei to be not stable

1684
00:46:20,870 --> 00:46:20,880
active or for a nuclei to be not stable

1685
00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:24,470
active or for a nuclei to be not stable
radioactive again so let's let's look at

1686
00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:24,480
radioactive again so let's let's look at

1687
00:46:24,480 --> 00:46:25,190
radioactive again so let's let's look at
that

1688
00:46:25,190 --> 00:46:25,200
that

1689
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:29,150
that
here is the neutron proton ratio graph

1690
00:46:29,150 --> 00:46:29,160
here is the neutron proton ratio graph

1691
00:46:29,160 --> 00:46:32,750
here is the neutron proton ratio graph
and we stop here and continue the next

1692
00:46:32,750 --> 00:46:32,760
and we stop here and continue the next

1693
00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:33,230
and we stop here and continue the next
hour

1694
00:46:33,230 --> 00:46:33,240
hour

1695
00:46:33,240 --> 00:46:34,640
hour
let's have 10 minutes break and come

1696
00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:34,650
let's have 10 minutes break and come

1697
00:46:34,650 --> 00:46:38,270
let's have 10 minutes break and come
back quickly again