1
00:00:07,060 --> 00:00:11,280
where we left last time we were talking

2
00:00:11,280 --> 00:00:11,290
where we left last time we were talking

3
00:00:11,290 --> 00:00:14,250
where we left last time we were talking
about the genetics of radioactive decay

4
00:00:14,250 --> 00:00:14,260
about the genetics of radioactive decay

5
00:00:14,260 --> 00:00:18,830
about the genetics of radioactive decay
and we said that all radioactive decay

6
00:00:18,830 --> 00:00:18,840
and we said that all radioactive decay

7
00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:23,910
and we said that all radioactive decay
reactions nuclear reactions follow the

8
00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:23,920
reactions nuclear reactions follow the

9
00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:29,519
reactions nuclear reactions follow the
first order rate law and the first order

10
00:00:29,519 --> 00:00:29,529
first order rate law and the first order

11
00:00:29,529 --> 00:00:33,450
first order rate law and the first order
rate law integrated rate law here for

12
00:00:33,450 --> 00:00:33,460
rate law integrated rate law here for

13
00:00:33,460 --> 00:00:36,530
rate law integrated rate law here for
the first order and simply by using this

14
00:00:36,530 --> 00:00:36,540
the first order and simply by using this

15
00:00:36,540 --> 00:00:39,540
the first order and simply by using this
first order rate law integrated rate law

16
00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:39,550
first order rate law integrated rate law

17
00:00:39,550 --> 00:00:45,319
first order rate law integrated rate law
we can calculate the age of the old

18
00:00:45,319 --> 00:00:45,329
we can calculate the age of the old

19
00:00:45,329 --> 00:00:48,810
we can calculate the age of the old
objects and this is simply called radio

20
00:00:48,810 --> 00:00:48,820
objects and this is simply called radio

21
00:00:48,820 --> 00:00:55,470
objects and this is simply called radio
dating and for this we follow the decay

22
00:00:55,470 --> 00:00:55,480
dating and for this we follow the decay

23
00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:58,410
dating and for this we follow the decay
of carbon-14 a radioactive decay

24
00:00:58,410 --> 00:00:58,420
of carbon-14 a radioactive decay

25
00:00:58,420 --> 00:01:02,310
of carbon-14 a radioactive decay
radiative isotopes of carbon 14 or other

26
00:01:02,310 --> 00:01:02,320
radiative isotopes of carbon 14 or other

27
00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:07,290
radiative isotopes of carbon 14 or other
radioactive nucleus in fact and last

28
00:01:07,290 --> 00:01:07,300
radioactive nucleus in fact and last

29
00:01:07,300 --> 00:01:10,770
radioactive nucleus in fact and last
time remember we gave you an example how

30
00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:10,780
time remember we gave you an example how

31
00:01:10,780 --> 00:01:14,340
time remember we gave you an example how
we determine the age of an old object by

32
00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:14,350
we determine the age of an old object by

33
00:01:14,350 --> 00:01:17,910
we determine the age of an old object by
using carbon-14 dating methods actually

34
00:01:17,910 --> 00:01:17,920
using carbon-14 dating methods actually

35
00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:22,320
using carbon-14 dating methods actually
I picked up another example actually the

36
00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:22,330
I picked up another example actually the

37
00:01:22,330 --> 00:01:24,690
I picked up another example actually the
example given in the book and I will

38
00:01:24,690 --> 00:01:24,700
example given in the book and I will

39
00:01:24,700 --> 00:01:27,990
example given in the book and I will
just go through that before we leave

40
00:01:27,990 --> 00:01:28,000
just go through that before we leave

41
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:32,520
just go through that before we leave
this dating radioactive dating now for

42
00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:32,530
this dating radioactive dating now for

43
00:01:32,530 --> 00:01:36,929
this dating radioactive dating now for
the again half-life first-order

44
00:01:36,929 --> 00:01:36,939
the again half-life first-order

45
00:01:36,939 --> 00:01:39,749
the again half-life first-order
reactions is given by this equation

46
00:01:39,749 --> 00:01:39,759
reactions is given by this equation

47
00:01:39,759 --> 00:01:42,960
reactions is given by this equation
again we know and we know what the

48
00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:42,970
again we know and we know what the

49
00:01:42,970 --> 00:01:45,840
again we know and we know what the
half-life is that's the time required to

50
00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:45,850
half-life is that's the time required to

51
00:01:45,850 --> 00:01:49,230
half-life is that's the time required to
reduce the initial reaction to the half

52
00:01:49,230 --> 00:01:49,240
reduce the initial reaction to the half

53
00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:53,850
reduce the initial reaction to the half
off it is initial value and in this case

54
00:01:53,850 --> 00:01:53,860
off it is initial value and in this case

55
00:01:53,860 --> 00:01:57,960
off it is initial value and in this case
in terms of ready activity simply decay

56
00:01:57,960 --> 00:01:57,970
in terms of ready activity simply decay

57
00:01:57,970 --> 00:02:03,030
in terms of ready activity simply decay
of the radioactive isotope in fact half

58
00:02:03,030 --> 00:02:03,040
of the radioactive isotope in fact half

59
00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:08,520
of the radioactive isotope in fact half
of it requires half the time T 1/2 we

60
00:02:08,520 --> 00:02:08,530
of it requires half the time T 1/2 we

61
00:02:08,530 --> 00:02:10,470
of it requires half the time T 1/2 we
call that

62
00:02:10,470 --> 00:02:10,480
call that

63
00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:15,490
call that
okay here we see some of the half-lives

64
00:02:15,490 --> 00:02:15,500
okay here we see some of the half-lives

65
00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:18,340
okay here we see some of the half-lives
of the radioactive isotopes Radio

66
00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:18,350
of the radioactive isotopes Radio

67
00:02:18,350 --> 00:02:21,280
of the radioactive isotopes Radio
isotopes actually and some of them are

68
00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:21,290
isotopes actually and some of them are

69
00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:23,230
isotopes actually and some of them are
very very long actually if you look at

70
00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:23,240
very very long actually if you look at

71
00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:28,270
very very long actually if you look at
the uranium for example 238 it is 4.5

72
00:02:28,270 --> 00:02:28,280
the uranium for example 238 it is 4.5

73
00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:31,380
the uranium for example 238 it is 4.5
times 10 to the 9 years they half-life

74
00:02:31,380 --> 00:02:31,390
times 10 to the 9 years they half-life

75
00:02:31,390 --> 00:02:34,180
times 10 to the 9 years they half-life
and the others and for example for

76
00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:34,190
and the others and for example for

77
00:02:34,190 --> 00:02:43,770
and the others and for example for
carbon 5,700 years and we used carbon-14

78
00:02:43,770 --> 00:02:43,780
carbon 5,700 years and we used carbon-14

79
00:02:43,780 --> 00:02:46,690
carbon 5,700 years and we used carbon-14
particularly in determining the age of

80
00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:46,700
particularly in determining the age of

81
00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:50,590
particularly in determining the age of
the radioactive isotopes and we believe

82
00:02:50,590 --> 00:02:50,600
the radioactive isotopes and we believe

83
00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:54,790
the radioactive isotopes and we believe
that it gives quite a reasonable age up

84
00:02:54,790 --> 00:02:54,800
that it gives quite a reasonable age up

85
00:02:54,800 --> 00:03:03,400
that it gives quite a reasonable age up
to 50,000 or lo 50,000 actually okay see

86
00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:03,410
to 50,000 or lo 50,000 actually okay see

87
00:03:03,410 --> 00:03:06,160
to 50,000 or lo 50,000 actually okay see
the example I picked up this is the

88
00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:06,170
the example I picked up this is the

89
00:03:06,170 --> 00:03:08,890
the example I picked up this is the
again I just took it from the book

90
00:03:08,890 --> 00:03:08,900
again I just took it from the book

91
00:03:08,900 --> 00:03:12,550
again I just took it from the book
example but it's a good example to go

92
00:03:12,550 --> 00:03:12,560
example but it's a good example to go

93
00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:15,640
example but it's a good example to go
through one more time here it says the

94
00:03:15,640 --> 00:03:15,650
through one more time here it says the

95
00:03:15,650 --> 00:03:21,280
through one more time here it says the
question here is Iraq contains 0.25 7

96
00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:21,290
question here is Iraq contains 0.25 7

97
00:03:21,290 --> 00:03:25,600
question here is Iraq contains 0.25 7
milligram of lead 206 for every

98
00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,610
milligram of lead 206 for every

99
00:03:25,610 --> 00:03:28,470
milligram of lead 206 for every
milligram of uranium 238

100
00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:28,480
milligram of uranium 238

101
00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:31,449
milligram of uranium 238
now the half-life for the decay of

102
00:03:31,449 --> 00:03:31,459
now the half-life for the decay of

103
00:03:31,459 --> 00:03:37,240
now the half-life for the decay of
uranium 238 is to the lead-206 actually

104
00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:37,250
uranium 238 is to the lead-206 actually

105
00:03:37,250 --> 00:03:40,180
uranium 238 is to the lead-206 actually
is given as two point five four point

106
00:03:40,180 --> 00:03:40,190
is given as two point five four point

107
00:03:40,190 --> 00:03:43,810
is given as two point five four point
five times ten to the nine year how old

108
00:03:43,810 --> 00:03:43,820
five times ten to the nine year how old

109
00:03:43,820 --> 00:03:48,580
five times ten to the nine year how old
is the rock now how can we determine the

110
00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:48,590
is the rock now how can we determine the

111
00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:51,370
is the rock now how can we determine the
age of the rock using these informations

112
00:03:51,370 --> 00:03:51,380
age of the rock using these informations

113
00:03:51,380 --> 00:03:54,420
age of the rock using these informations
again we will do the same things in

114
00:03:54,420 --> 00:03:54,430
again we will do the same things in

115
00:03:54,430 --> 00:03:57,160
again we will do the same things in
carbon-14 cases but remember in the

116
00:03:57,160 --> 00:03:57,170
carbon-14 cases but remember in the

117
00:03:57,170 --> 00:04:00,940
carbon-14 cases but remember in the
carbon-14 case we measure the activity

118
00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:00,950
carbon-14 case we measure the activity

119
00:04:00,950 --> 00:04:05,050
carbon-14 case we measure the activity
of the object carbon-14 activity decay

120
00:04:05,050 --> 00:04:05,060
of the object carbon-14 activity decay

121
00:04:05,060 --> 00:04:08,590
of the object carbon-14 activity decay
activity of the object and then also use

122
00:04:08,590 --> 00:04:08,600
activity of the object and then also use

123
00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:11,410
activity of the object and then also use
the decay activity of carbon dioxide

124
00:04:11,410 --> 00:04:11,420
the decay activity of carbon dioxide

125
00:04:11,420 --> 00:04:13,810
the decay activity of carbon dioxide
which contains carbon 14 in the

126
00:04:13,810 --> 00:04:13,820
which contains carbon 14 in the

127
00:04:13,820 --> 00:04:17,590
which contains carbon 14 in the
atmosphere today and we find out the

128
00:04:17,590 --> 00:04:17,600
atmosphere today and we find out the

129
00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:18,949
atmosphere today and we find out the
time

130
00:04:18,949 --> 00:04:18,959
time

131
00:04:18,959 --> 00:04:22,680
time
actually for the age of the object in

132
00:04:22,680 --> 00:04:22,690
actually for the age of the object in

133
00:04:22,690 --> 00:04:27,409
actually for the age of the object in
this case we simply assume that all

134
00:04:27,409 --> 00:04:27,419
this case we simply assume that all

135
00:04:27,419 --> 00:04:33,990
this case we simply assume that all
uranium-238 goes to lead-206 right now

136
00:04:33,990 --> 00:04:34,000
uranium-238 goes to lead-206 right now

137
00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:38,249
uranium-238 goes to lead-206 right now
remember this is a chain decay reactions

138
00:04:38,249 --> 00:04:38,259
remember this is a chain decay reactions

139
00:04:38,259 --> 00:04:40,529
remember this is a chain decay reactions
it's not only one step it starts from

140
00:04:40,529 --> 00:04:40,539
it's not only one step it starts from

141
00:04:40,539 --> 00:04:43,860
it's not only one step it starts from
the uranium-238 and it goes into the

142
00:04:43,860 --> 00:04:43,870
the uranium-238 and it goes into the

143
00:04:43,870 --> 00:04:46,920
the uranium-238 and it goes into the
other radioactive isotopes Radio

144
00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:46,930
other radioactive isotopes Radio

145
00:04:46,930 --> 00:04:50,480
other radioactive isotopes Radio
isotopes and then finally it reaches to

146
00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:50,490
isotopes and then finally it reaches to

147
00:04:50,490 --> 00:04:54,960
isotopes and then finally it reaches to
lead-206 because the led 206 is a very

148
00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:54,970
lead-206 because the led 206 is a very

149
00:04:54,970 --> 00:04:58,379
lead-206 because the led 206 is a very
very stable nucleus very stable nucleus

150
00:04:58,379 --> 00:04:58,389
very stable nucleus very stable nucleus

151
00:04:58,389 --> 00:05:04,520
very stable nucleus very stable nucleus
in fact so now what we assume here that

152
00:05:04,520 --> 00:05:04,530

153
00:05:04,530 --> 00:05:09,210
all of the lead-206

154
00:05:09,210 --> 00:05:09,220
all of the lead-206

155
00:05:09,220 --> 00:05:13,620
all of the lead-206
in this rock came from the decay of

156
00:05:13,620 --> 00:05:13,630
in this rock came from the decay of

157
00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:18,149
in this rock came from the decay of
uranium 238 and at the beginning

158
00:05:18,149 --> 00:05:18,159
uranium 238 and at the beginning

159
00:05:18,159 --> 00:05:20,580
uranium 238 and at the beginning
actually when the rock formed which

160
00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:20,590
actually when the rock formed which

161
00:05:20,590 --> 00:05:24,020
actually when the rock formed which
contain uranium 238 only but no lead

162
00:05:24,020 --> 00:05:24,030
contain uranium 238 only but no lead

163
00:05:24,030 --> 00:05:29,820
contain uranium 238 only but no lead
right no lead now then we simply find

164
00:05:29,820 --> 00:05:29,830
right no lead now then we simply find

165
00:05:29,830 --> 00:05:35,700
right no lead now then we simply find
out what was the amount of uranium at

166
00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:35,710
out what was the amount of uranium at

167
00:05:35,710 --> 00:05:39,629
out what was the amount of uranium at
the beginning actually when the at the

168
00:05:39,629 --> 00:05:39,639
the beginning actually when the at the

169
00:05:39,639 --> 00:05:43,200
the beginning actually when the at the
formations of the rock time right and we

170
00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:43,210
formations of the rock time right and we

171
00:05:43,210 --> 00:05:46,140
formations of the rock time right and we
calculate that again as follow every 1

172
00:05:46,140 --> 00:05:46,150
calculate that again as follow every 1

173
00:05:46,150 --> 00:05:50,310
calculate that again as follow every 1
milligram of uranium 238 we have and we

174
00:05:50,310 --> 00:05:50,320
milligram of uranium 238 we have and we

175
00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:54,420
milligram of uranium 238 we have and we
also have simply 0.25 7 milligrams of

176
00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:54,430
also have simply 0.25 7 milligrams of

177
00:05:54,430 --> 00:06:00,870
also have simply 0.25 7 milligrams of
uranium no lead actually 206 right over

178
00:06:00,870 --> 00:06:00,880
uranium no lead actually 206 right over

179
00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:06,300
uranium no lead actually 206 right over
here and we simply say how from how much

180
00:06:06,300 --> 00:06:06,310
here and we simply say how from how much

181
00:06:06,310 --> 00:06:09,740
here and we simply say how from how much
uranium 238

182
00:06:09,740 --> 00:06:09,750
uranium 238

183
00:06:09,750 --> 00:06:16,550
uranium 238
we got 0.25 7 milligrams of lead 206

184
00:06:16,550 --> 00:06:16,560
we got 0.25 7 milligrams of lead 206

185
00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:21,300
we got 0.25 7 milligrams of lead 206
right if the 206 lead 206 is obtained

186
00:06:21,300 --> 00:06:21,310
right if the 206 lead 206 is obtained

187
00:06:21,310 --> 00:06:23,760
right if the 206 lead 206 is obtained
from uranium 238 so we can calculate

188
00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:23,770
from uranium 238 so we can calculate

189
00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:27,740
from uranium 238 so we can calculate
that because the ratio of the uranium

190
00:06:27,740 --> 00:06:27,750
that because the ratio of the uranium

191
00:06:27,750 --> 00:06:31,770
that because the ratio of the uranium
mass 238 divided by the

192
00:06:31,770 --> 00:06:31,780
mass 238 divided by the

193
00:06:31,780 --> 00:06:37,530
mass 238 divided by the
led 206 this is multiplied by 0.25 7

194
00:06:37,530 --> 00:06:37,540
led 206 this is multiplied by 0.25 7

195
00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:47,760
led 206 this is multiplied by 0.25 7
will give us the amount of uranium which

196
00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:47,770
will give us the amount of uranium which

197
00:06:47,770 --> 00:06:52,740
will give us the amount of uranium which
decayed to give us lead 206 in this time

198
00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:52,750
decayed to give us lead 206 in this time

199
00:06:52,750 --> 00:06:58,520
decayed to give us lead 206 in this time
period right so then we simply add that

200
00:06:58,520 --> 00:06:58,530
period right so then we simply add that

201
00:06:58,530 --> 00:07:01,830
period right so then we simply add that
to 1 milligram that present time

202
00:07:01,830 --> 00:07:01,840
to 1 milligram that present time

203
00:07:01,840 --> 00:07:04,800
to 1 milligram that present time
presence of the uranium 238 in the rock

204
00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:04,810
presence of the uranium 238 in the rock

205
00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:08,790
presence of the uranium 238 in the rock
and find out that or we assume that when

206
00:07:08,790 --> 00:07:08,800
and find out that or we assume that when

207
00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:12,570
and find out that or we assume that when
the rock simply formed the amount of

208
00:07:12,570 --> 00:07:12,580
the rock simply formed the amount of

209
00:07:12,580 --> 00:07:17,100
the rock simply formed the amount of
uranium there was one point two nine

210
00:07:17,100 --> 00:07:17,110
uranium there was one point two nine

211
00:07:17,110 --> 00:07:23,250
uranium there was one point two nine
seven milligrams right and that is

212
00:07:23,250 --> 00:07:23,260
seven milligrams right and that is

213
00:07:23,260 --> 00:07:25,290
seven milligrams right and that is
actually reduced to one milligram

214
00:07:25,290 --> 00:07:25,300
actually reduced to one milligram

215
00:07:25,300 --> 00:07:29,159
actually reduced to one milligram
now once we know the amount of uranium

216
00:07:29,159 --> 00:07:29,169
now once we know the amount of uranium

217
00:07:29,169 --> 00:07:32,430
now once we know the amount of uranium
238 when the rock formed and also the

218
00:07:32,430 --> 00:07:32,440
238 when the rock formed and also the

219
00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,280
238 when the rock formed and also the
amount of uranium 238 when we determine

220
00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:35,290
amount of uranium 238 when we determine

221
00:07:35,290 --> 00:07:38,159
amount of uranium 238 when we determine
the age then we can simply make the

222
00:07:38,159 --> 00:07:38,169
the age then we can simply make the

223
00:07:38,169 --> 00:07:40,200
the age then we can simply make the
ratio of those use the first-order rate

224
00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:40,210
ratio of those use the first-order rate

225
00:07:40,210 --> 00:07:43,650
ratio of those use the first-order rate
low and the half-life to calculate the

226
00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:43,660
low and the half-life to calculate the

227
00:07:43,660 --> 00:07:46,620
low and the half-life to calculate the
rate constant then we can calculate the

228
00:07:46,620 --> 00:07:46,630
rate constant then we can calculate the

229
00:07:46,630 --> 00:07:50,400
rate constant then we can calculate the
age of the rock is this clear again this

230
00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:50,410
age of the rock is this clear again this

231
00:07:50,410 --> 00:07:53,240
age of the rock is this clear again this
is this is crucial again in this problem

232
00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:53,250
is this is crucial again in this problem

233
00:07:53,250 --> 00:07:57,990
is this is crucial again in this problem
that means we have to calculate the

234
00:07:57,990 --> 00:07:58,000
that means we have to calculate the

235
00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:02,100
that means we have to calculate the
amount of uranium 238 at the time when

236
00:08:02,100 --> 00:08:02,110
amount of uranium 238 at the time when

237
00:08:02,110 --> 00:08:07,909
amount of uranium 238 at the time when
the rock formed going from the you let

238
00:08:07,909 --> 00:08:07,919
the rock formed going from the you let

239
00:08:07,919 --> 00:08:12,150
the rock formed going from the you let
206 amount actually here and just the

240
00:08:12,150 --> 00:08:12,160
206 amount actually here and just the

241
00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:15,900
206 amount actually here and just the
molar masses of those or the atomic

242
00:08:15,900 --> 00:08:15,910
molar masses of those or the atomic

243
00:08:15,910 --> 00:08:20,279
molar masses of those or the atomic
masses now the problem now is more easy

244
00:08:20,279 --> 00:08:20,289
masses now the problem now is more easy

245
00:08:20,289 --> 00:08:25,460
masses now the problem now is more easy
so rate constant K will be equal to the

246
00:08:25,460 --> 00:08:25,470
so rate constant K will be equal to the

247
00:08:25,470 --> 00:08:28,860
so rate constant K will be equal to the
logarithm natural logarithm of 2 divided

248
00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:28,870
logarithm natural logarithm of 2 divided

249
00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:32,399
logarithm natural logarithm of 2 divided
by the half-life of uranium 238 this is

250
00:08:32,399 --> 00:08:32,409
by the half-life of uranium 238 this is

251
00:08:32,409 --> 00:08:36,029
by the half-life of uranium 238 this is
our rate constant and our equation turns

252
00:08:36,029 --> 00:08:36,039
our rate constant and our equation turns

253
00:08:36,039 --> 00:08:38,730
our rate constant and our equation turns
out to be T is equal to this is again -

254
00:08:38,730 --> 00:08:38,740
out to be T is equal to this is again -

255
00:08:38,740 --> 00:08:42,580
out to be T is equal to this is again -
remember 1 over K which is that value NT

256
00:08:42,580 --> 00:08:42,590
remember 1 over K which is that value NT

257
00:08:42,590 --> 00:08:46,560
remember 1 over K which is that value NT
M zero now NT is the amount of

258
00:08:46,560 --> 00:08:46,570
M zero now NT is the amount of

259
00:08:46,570 --> 00:08:50,700
M zero now NT is the amount of
uranium-238 at the present time and n0

260
00:08:50,700 --> 00:08:50,710
uranium-238 at the present time and n0

261
00:08:50,710 --> 00:08:53,680
uranium-238 at the present time and n0
is the amount of uranium when the rock

262
00:08:53,680 --> 00:08:53,690
is the amount of uranium when the rock

263
00:08:53,690 --> 00:08:56,530
is the amount of uranium when the rock
formed which we have calculated remember

264
00:08:56,530 --> 00:08:56,540
formed which we have calculated remember

265
00:08:56,540 --> 00:08:59,320
formed which we have calculated remember
in the previous step right and we just

266
00:08:59,320 --> 00:08:59,330
in the previous step right and we just

267
00:08:59,330 --> 00:09:03,130
in the previous step right and we just
simply put those here one milligram is a

268
00:09:03,130 --> 00:09:03,140
simply put those here one milligram is a

269
00:09:03,140 --> 00:09:05,380
simply put those here one milligram is a
present amount and this is the initial

270
00:09:05,380 --> 00:09:05,390
present amount and this is the initial

271
00:09:05,390 --> 00:09:07,720
present amount and this is the initial
amount when the rock formed from there

272
00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:07,730
amount when the rock formed from there

273
00:09:07,730 --> 00:09:12,070
amount when the rock formed from there
we calculate the T the time passed since

274
00:09:12,070 --> 00:09:12,080
we calculate the T the time passed since

275
00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:14,800
we calculate the T the time passed since
that rock formed or the age of the rock

276
00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:14,810
that rock formed or the age of the rock

277
00:09:14,810 --> 00:09:16,450
that rock formed or the age of the rock
in other words and it turns out to be

278
00:09:16,450 --> 00:09:16,460
in other words and it turns out to be

279
00:09:16,460 --> 00:09:19,470
in other words and it turns out to be
one point seven times ten to the nine

280
00:09:19,470 --> 00:09:19,480
one point seven times ten to the nine

281
00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:23,829
one point seven times ten to the nine
years ten to the nine years so that is

282
00:09:23,829 --> 00:09:23,839
years ten to the nine years so that is

283
00:09:23,839 --> 00:09:28,000
years ten to the nine years so that is
one point seven billion years old

284
00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:28,010
one point seven billion years old

285
00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,360
one point seven billion years old
Rock old rock so this is how we use the

286
00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:31,370
Rock old rock so this is how we use the

287
00:09:31,370 --> 00:09:34,240
Rock old rock so this is how we use the
Radio isotopes again to determine the

288
00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:34,250
Radio isotopes again to determine the

289
00:09:34,250 --> 00:09:37,740
Radio isotopes again to determine the
age and this is called radio dating

290
00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:37,750
age and this is called radio dating

291
00:09:37,750 --> 00:09:40,960
age and this is called radio dating
actually very very useful as a matter of

292
00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:40,970
actually very very useful as a matter of

293
00:09:40,970 --> 00:09:46,120
actually very very useful as a matter of
fact okay now let's look at the how we

294
00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:46,130
fact okay now let's look at the how we

295
00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:50,350
fact okay now let's look at the how we
measure the radioactivity again the

296
00:09:50,350 --> 00:09:50,360
measure the radioactivity again the

297
00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:53,200
measure the radioactivity again the
activity is the rate at which the sample

298
00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:53,210
activity is the rate at which the sample

299
00:09:53,210 --> 00:09:59,079
activity is the rate at which the sample
decays now that's simply rate at which

300
00:09:59,079 --> 00:09:59,089
decays now that's simply rate at which

301
00:09:59,089 --> 00:10:02,650
decays now that's simply rate at which
the sample decays means it is the number

302
00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:02,660
the sample decays means it is the number

303
00:10:02,660 --> 00:10:05,530
the sample decays means it is the number
of disintegrations per unit time is

304
00:10:05,530 --> 00:10:05,540
of disintegrations per unit time is

305
00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:09,100
of disintegrations per unit time is
actually the rate of decay right number

306
00:10:09,100 --> 00:10:09,110
actually the rate of decay right number

307
00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:11,730
actually the rate of decay right number
of this integrations how many nuclei

308
00:10:11,730 --> 00:10:11,740
of this integrations how many nuclei

309
00:10:11,740 --> 00:10:16,660
of this integrations how many nuclei
actually decays in one second or yet per

310
00:10:16,660 --> 00:10:16,670
actually decays in one second or yet per

311
00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:19,540
actually decays in one second or yet per
unit time it that is the actually the

312
00:10:19,540 --> 00:10:19,550
unit time it that is the actually the

313
00:10:19,550 --> 00:10:22,390
unit time it that is the actually the
activity the units used to measure the

314
00:10:22,390 --> 00:10:22,400
activity the units used to measure the

315
00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:24,760
activity the units used to measure the
activity are as follow this is the Becca

316
00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:24,770
activity are as follow this is the Becca

317
00:10:24,770 --> 00:10:26,760
activity are as follow this is the Becca
L this is the guy who found the

318
00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:26,770
L this is the guy who found the

319
00:10:26,770 --> 00:10:28,990
L this is the guy who found the
radioactivity actually the first time

320
00:10:28,990 --> 00:10:29,000
radioactivity actually the first time

321
00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:31,960
radioactivity actually the first time
given its name French scientist one

322
00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:31,970
given its name French scientist one

323
00:10:31,970 --> 00:10:34,000
given its name French scientist one
disintegration per second is called one

324
00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:34,010
disintegration per second is called one

325
00:10:34,010 --> 00:10:37,840
disintegration per second is called one
bickerin and now we also use the Curie

326
00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:37,850
bickerin and now we also use the Curie

327
00:10:37,850 --> 00:10:40,560
bickerin and now we also use the Curie
and this is also another scientist lady

328
00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:40,570
and this is also another scientist lady

329
00:10:40,570 --> 00:10:45,760
and this is also another scientist lady
Polish lady and one Curie is equal to

330
00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:45,770
Polish lady and one Curie is equal to

331
00:10:45,770 --> 00:10:47,769
Polish lady and one Curie is equal to
three point seven times ten to the ten

332
00:10:47,769 --> 00:10:47,779
three point seven times ten to the ten

333
00:10:47,779 --> 00:10:52,030
three point seven times ten to the ten
dissing disintegration per second or we

334
00:10:52,030 --> 00:10:52,040
dissing disintegration per second or we

335
00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:54,250
dissing disintegration per second or we
can simply say one Puri is equal to

336
00:10:54,250 --> 00:10:54,260
can simply say one Puri is equal to

337
00:10:54,260 --> 00:10:56,230
can simply say one Puri is equal to
three point seven times ten to the

338
00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:56,240
three point seven times ten to the

339
00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:58,989
three point seven times ten to the
becquer all right because Becky Riley is

340
00:10:58,989 --> 00:10:58,999
becquer all right because Becky Riley is

341
00:10:58,999 --> 00:11:02,439
becquer all right because Becky Riley is
one disintegration per second actually

342
00:11:02,439 --> 00:11:02,449
one disintegration per second actually

343
00:11:02,449 --> 00:11:07,210
one disintegration per second actually
per second and again that simply comes

344
00:11:07,210 --> 00:11:07,220
per second and again that simply comes

345
00:11:07,220 --> 00:11:12,759
per second and again that simply comes
out from the radium decay and it says

346
00:11:12,759 --> 00:11:12,769
out from the radium decay and it says

347
00:11:12,769 --> 00:11:14,769
out from the radium decay and it says
which is the rate of the decay of one

348
00:11:14,769 --> 00:11:14,779
which is the rate of the decay of one

349
00:11:14,779 --> 00:11:16,119
which is the rate of the decay of one
gram of radium that means if you take

350
00:11:16,119 --> 00:11:16,129
gram of radium that means if you take

351
00:11:16,129 --> 00:11:18,309
gram of radium that means if you take
one gram of radium which is radioactive

352
00:11:18,309 --> 00:11:18,319
one gram of radium which is radioactive

353
00:11:18,319 --> 00:11:21,549
one gram of radium which is radioactive
and in one second there are three point

354
00:11:21,549 --> 00:11:21,559
and in one second there are three point

355
00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:22,749
and in one second there are three point
seven times ten to the ten

356
00:11:22,749 --> 00:11:22,759
seven times ten to the ten

357
00:11:22,759 --> 00:11:27,549
seven times ten to the ten
disintegrations off in that radium in

358
00:11:27,549 --> 00:11:27,559
disintegrations off in that radium in

359
00:11:27,559 --> 00:11:29,169
disintegrations off in that radium in
one gram radium in fact and it's called

360
00:11:29,169 --> 00:11:29,179
one gram radium in fact and it's called

361
00:11:29,179 --> 00:11:33,850
one gram radium in fact and it's called
one Curie now how do we measure the

362
00:11:33,850 --> 00:11:33,860
one Curie now how do we measure the

363
00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,189
one Curie now how do we measure the
radioactivity and there are instruments

364
00:11:36,189 --> 00:11:36,199
radioactivity and there are instruments

365
00:11:36,199 --> 00:11:39,970
radioactivity and there are instruments
one is using just film batches just like

366
00:11:39,970 --> 00:11:39,980
one is using just film batches just like

367
00:11:39,980 --> 00:11:43,090
one is using just film batches just like
we use we used to use actually for

368
00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:43,100
we use we used to use actually for

369
00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:45,669
we use we used to use actually for
taking photographs or x-ray films again

370
00:11:45,669 --> 00:11:45,679
taking photographs or x-ray films again

371
00:11:45,679 --> 00:11:49,540
taking photographs or x-ray films again
right so the decay particles simply when

372
00:11:49,540 --> 00:11:49,550
right so the decay particles simply when

373
00:11:49,550 --> 00:11:51,939
right so the decay particles simply when
hit to the films it makes it dark the

374
00:11:51,939 --> 00:11:51,949
hit to the films it makes it dark the

375
00:11:51,949 --> 00:11:55,720
hit to the films it makes it dark the
film contains silver bromide silver

376
00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:55,730
film contains silver bromide silver

377
00:11:55,730 --> 00:11:58,179
film contains silver bromide silver
iodide type things again and we also

378
00:11:58,179 --> 00:11:58,189
iodide type things again and we also

379
00:11:58,189 --> 00:12:01,269
iodide type things again and we also
have Geiger counters these are for

380
00:12:01,269 --> 00:12:01,279
have Geiger counters these are for

381
00:12:01,279 --> 00:12:05,799
have Geiger counters these are for
ionization in fact the the atoms are

382
00:12:05,799 --> 00:12:05,809
ionization in fact the the atoms are

383
00:12:05,809 --> 00:12:07,960
ionization in fact the the atoms are
ionized by decaying

384
00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:07,970
ionized by decaying

385
00:12:07,970 --> 00:12:11,850
ionized by decaying
radiation in fact and this is another

386
00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:11,860
radiation in fact and this is another

387
00:12:11,860 --> 00:12:14,470
radiation in fact and this is another
scintillation counters phosphorus in

388
00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:14,480
scintillation counters phosphorus in

389
00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:17,530
scintillation counters phosphorus in
this case again the decay particles when

390
00:12:17,530 --> 00:12:17,540
this case again the decay particles when

391
00:12:17,540 --> 00:12:20,289
this case again the decay particles when
hits to the surface it emits light and

392
00:12:20,289 --> 00:12:20,299
hits to the surface it emits light and

393
00:12:20,299 --> 00:12:22,210
hits to the surface it emits light and
by accounting those lights or measuring

394
00:12:22,210 --> 00:12:22,220
by accounting those lights or measuring

395
00:12:22,220 --> 00:12:24,879
by accounting those lights or measuring
conversion that to the electricity we

396
00:12:24,879 --> 00:12:24,889
conversion that to the electricity we

397
00:12:24,889 --> 00:12:29,289
conversion that to the electricity we
measure the radioactivity again actually

398
00:12:29,289 --> 00:12:29,299
measure the radioactivity again actually

399
00:12:29,299 --> 00:12:31,629
measure the radioactivity again actually
we measure the rate of this integrations

400
00:12:31,629 --> 00:12:31,639
we measure the rate of this integrations

401
00:12:31,639 --> 00:12:34,660
we measure the rate of this integrations
right that means how many disintegration

402
00:12:34,660 --> 00:12:34,670
right that means how many disintegration

403
00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:38,889
right that means how many disintegration
took place in one second now this is the

404
00:12:38,889 --> 00:12:38,899
took place in one second now this is the

405
00:12:38,899 --> 00:12:41,769
took place in one second now this is the
film batches again radioactivity was

406
00:12:41,769 --> 00:12:41,779
film batches again radioactivity was

407
00:12:41,779 --> 00:12:43,389
film batches again radioactivity was
first discovered by Henry Becker I'll

408
00:12:43,389 --> 00:12:43,399
first discovered by Henry Becker I'll

409
00:12:43,399 --> 00:12:46,059
first discovered by Henry Becker I'll
remember I told you because it's fogged

410
00:12:46,059 --> 00:12:46,069
remember I told you because it's fogged

411
00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:48,400
remember I told you because it's fogged
up the photographic plate this is

412
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:48,410
up the photographic plate this is

413
00:12:48,410 --> 00:12:50,230
up the photographic plate this is
actually photographic plate film has

414
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:50,240
actually photographic plate film has

415
00:12:50,240 --> 00:12:52,239
actually photographic plate film has
been used to detect radioactivity since

416
00:12:52,239 --> 00:12:52,249
been used to detect radioactivity since

417
00:12:52,249 --> 00:12:54,669
been used to detect radioactivity since
more exposure to the radioactivity means

418
00:12:54,669 --> 00:12:54,679
more exposure to the radioactivity means

419
00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:58,449
more exposure to the radioactivity means
darker spots and the developed film film

420
00:12:58,449 --> 00:12:58,459
darker spots and the developed film film

421
00:12:58,459 --> 00:13:00,549
darker spots and the developed film film
batches are used by people who work with

422
00:13:00,549 --> 00:13:00,559
batches are used by people who work with

423
00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:02,519
batches are used by people who work with
radioactivity to measure their own

424
00:13:02,519 --> 00:13:02,529
radioactivity to measure their own

425
00:13:02,529 --> 00:13:05,379
radioactivity to measure their own
exposure over time that means people

426
00:13:05,379 --> 00:13:05,389
exposure over time that means people

427
00:13:05,389 --> 00:13:07,989
exposure over time that means people
working in radioactive environment they

428
00:13:07,989 --> 00:13:07,999
working in radioactive environment they

429
00:13:07,999 --> 00:13:08,560
working in radioactive environment they
use the

430
00:13:08,560 --> 00:13:08,570
use the

431
00:13:08,570 --> 00:13:10,420
use the
batches in fact which contains film and

432
00:13:10,420 --> 00:13:10,430
batches in fact which contains film and

433
00:13:10,430 --> 00:13:12,820
batches in fact which contains film and
from that they measure how much

434
00:13:12,820 --> 00:13:12,830
from that they measure how much

435
00:13:12,830 --> 00:13:16,170
from that they measure how much
radioactivity they absorb their bodies

436
00:13:16,170 --> 00:13:16,180
radioactivity they absorb their bodies

437
00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:23,740
radioactivity they absorb their bodies
absorb now this is again Geiger counter

438
00:13:23,740 --> 00:13:23,750
absorb now this is again Geiger counter

439
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:25,330
absorb now this is again Geiger counter
these are just instruments to determine

440
00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:25,340
these are just instruments to determine

441
00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:27,690
these are just instruments to determine
the radioactivity or rate of decay

442
00:13:27,690 --> 00:13:27,700
the radioactivity or rate of decay

443
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,100
the radioactivity or rate of decay
measuring the amount of activity present

444
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:30,110
measuring the amount of activity present

445
00:13:30,110 --> 00:13:32,380
measuring the amount of activity present
in radioactive samples radioactivity

446
00:13:32,380 --> 00:13:32,390
in radioactive samples radioactivity

447
00:13:32,390 --> 00:13:35,530
in radioactive samples radioactivity
enters the window and creates ions in a

448
00:13:35,530 --> 00:13:35,540
enters the window and creates ions in a

449
00:13:35,540 --> 00:13:39,160
enters the window and creates ions in a
gas and the ion results in an electric

450
00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:39,170
gas and the ion results in an electric

451
00:13:39,170 --> 00:13:41,710
gas and the ion results in an electric
current that is measured and recorded by

452
00:13:41,710 --> 00:13:41,720
current that is measured and recorded by

453
00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,680
current that is measured and recorded by
an instrument it is simply like this so

454
00:13:44,680 --> 00:13:44,690
an instrument it is simply like this so

455
00:13:44,690 --> 00:13:47,340
an instrument it is simply like this so
radioactive decay for example gamma rays

456
00:13:47,340 --> 00:13:47,350
radioactive decay for example gamma rays

457
00:13:47,350 --> 00:13:50,980
radioactive decay for example gamma rays
sent from here and this is we have a gas

458
00:13:50,980 --> 00:13:50,990
sent from here and this is we have a gas

459
00:13:50,990 --> 00:13:53,620
sent from here and this is we have a gas
in this case argon gas they are ionized

460
00:13:53,620 --> 00:13:53,630
in this case argon gas they are ionized

461
00:13:53,630 --> 00:13:55,570
in this case argon gas they are ionized
the gamma rays actually ionizes the

462
00:13:55,570 --> 00:13:55,580
the gamma rays actually ionizes the

463
00:13:55,580 --> 00:13:57,970
the gamma rays actually ionizes the
argon one gamma ray one argon and one

464
00:13:57,970 --> 00:13:57,980
argon one gamma ray one argon and one

465
00:13:57,980 --> 00:13:59,710
argon one gamma ray one argon and one
electron comes out and then we measure

466
00:13:59,710 --> 00:13:59,720
electron comes out and then we measure

467
00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:01,990
electron comes out and then we measure
the number of electrons and then we

468
00:14:01,990 --> 00:14:02,000
the number of electrons and then we

469
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:06,220
the number of electrons and then we
convert it to the activity of the

470
00:14:06,220 --> 00:14:06,230
convert it to the activity of the

471
00:14:06,230 --> 00:14:09,550
convert it to the activity of the
radioactive substance now this is the

472
00:14:09,550 --> 00:14:09,560
radioactive substance now this is the

473
00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:12,490
radioactive substance now this is the
phosphorous it's not phosphorus the

474
00:14:12,490 --> 00:14:12,500
phosphorous it's not phosphorus the

475
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,250
phosphorous it's not phosphorus the
element phosphorus it's fast first right

476
00:14:15,250 --> 00:14:15,260
element phosphorus it's fast first right

477
00:14:15,260 --> 00:14:18,070
element phosphorus it's fast first right
and some substances it says absorbs

478
00:14:18,070 --> 00:14:18,080
and some substances it says absorbs

479
00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:21,490
and some substances it says absorbs
radioactivity at and emit light they are

480
00:14:21,490 --> 00:14:21,500
radioactivity at and emit light they are

481
00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:26,290
radioactivity at and emit light they are
called phosphorus and the simply

482
00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:26,300
called phosphorus and the simply

483
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:28,960
called phosphorus and the simply
well-known of these is zinc sulfide zinc

484
00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:28,970
well-known of these is zinc sulfide zinc

485
00:14:28,970 --> 00:14:31,390
well-known of these is zinc sulfide zinc
sulfide surfaces if you remember in

486
00:14:31,390 --> 00:14:31,400
sulfide surfaces if you remember in

487
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:33,490
sulfide surfaces if you remember in
Alpha scattering experiment they used a

488
00:14:33,490 --> 00:14:33,500
Alpha scattering experiment they used a

489
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,610
Alpha scattering experiment they used a
zinc sulfide surfaces to find out how

490
00:14:36,610 --> 00:14:36,620
zinc sulfide surfaces to find out how

491
00:14:36,620 --> 00:14:39,250
zinc sulfide surfaces to find out how
many alpha particles are simply coming

492
00:14:39,250 --> 00:14:39,260
many alpha particles are simply coming

493
00:14:39,260 --> 00:14:41,920
many alpha particles are simply coming
in what directions and so on an

494
00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:41,930
in what directions and so on an

495
00:14:41,930 --> 00:14:43,690
in what directions and so on an
instrument commonly used to measure the

496
00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:43,700
instrument commonly used to measure the

497
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:46,870
instrument commonly used to measure the
amount of light emitted by a phosphor is

498
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:46,880
amount of light emitted by a phosphor is

499
00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:49,390
amount of light emitted by a phosphor is
a scintillation counters called a

500
00:14:49,390 --> 00:14:49,400
a scintillation counters called a

501
00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:51,580
a scintillation counters called a
scintillation counter it converts the

502
00:14:51,580 --> 00:14:51,590
scintillation counter it converts the

503
00:14:51,590 --> 00:14:54,220
scintillation counter it converts the
light to an electrical response for the

504
00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:54,230
light to an electrical response for the

505
00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:56,020
light to an electrical response for the
measurement and simply counts out how

506
00:14:56,020 --> 00:14:56,030
measurement and simply counts out how

507
00:14:56,030 --> 00:14:59,620
measurement and simply counts out how
many simply disintegration and usually

508
00:14:59,620 --> 00:14:59,630
many simply disintegration and usually

509
00:14:59,630 --> 00:15:01,630
many simply disintegration and usually
alpha particles these are used for alpha

510
00:15:01,630 --> 00:15:01,640
alpha particles these are used for alpha

511
00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:09,280
alpha particles these are used for alpha
particle emissions yes no yes that's a

512
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:09,290
particle emissions yes no yes that's a

513
00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:11,560
particle emissions yes no yes that's a
different little different but it's same

514
00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:11,570
different little different but it's same

515
00:15:11,570 --> 00:15:15,790
different little different but it's same
principle actually those are absorbs the

516
00:15:15,790 --> 00:15:15,800
principle actually those are absorbs the

517
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:20,110
principle actually those are absorbs the
light in the visible sometimes and then

518
00:15:20,110 --> 00:15:20,120
light in the visible sometimes and then

519
00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:21,000
light in the visible sometimes and then
or

520
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:21,010
or

521
00:15:21,010 --> 00:15:24,090
or
in the UV part and then emit the light

522
00:15:24,090 --> 00:15:24,100
in the UV part and then emit the light

523
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:26,840
in the UV part and then emit the light
in the visible part and those are called

524
00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:26,850
in the visible part and those are called

525
00:15:26,850 --> 00:15:29,699
in the visible part and those are called
phosphorus phosphorescence and those

526
00:15:29,699 --> 00:15:29,709
phosphorus phosphorescence and those

527
00:15:29,709 --> 00:15:31,470
phosphorus phosphorescence and those
compounds are called phosphorescence

528
00:15:31,470 --> 00:15:31,480
compounds are called phosphorescence

529
00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:33,480
compounds are called phosphorescence
compound this is similar to that too

530
00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:33,490
compound this is similar to that too

531
00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:39,269
compound this is similar to that too
this is very similar now radio tape

532
00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:39,279
this is very similar now radio tape

533
00:15:39,279 --> 00:15:43,860
this is very similar now radio tape
traces again these radio isotopes are

534
00:15:43,860 --> 00:15:43,870
traces again these radio isotopes are

535
00:15:43,870 --> 00:15:48,750
traces again these radio isotopes are
used in a lot of applications actually

536
00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:48,760
used in a lot of applications actually

537
00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:50,519
used in a lot of applications actually
to study for example the chemical

538
00:15:50,519 --> 00:15:50,529
to study for example the chemical

539
00:15:50,529 --> 00:15:54,000
to study for example the chemical
reactions particularly the mechanism of

540
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:54,010
reactions particularly the mechanism of

541
00:15:54,010 --> 00:15:57,290
reactions particularly the mechanism of
chemical reactions we used for example

542
00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:57,300
chemical reactions we used for example

543
00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:02,730
chemical reactions we used for example
oxygen-18 and labeled water that simply

544
00:16:02,730 --> 00:16:02,740
oxygen-18 and labeled water that simply

545
00:16:02,740 --> 00:16:06,180
oxygen-18 and labeled water that simply
means we prepare water molecule with the

546
00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:06,190
means we prepare water molecule with the

547
00:16:06,190 --> 00:16:09,060
means we prepare water molecule with the
oxygen 18 isotope and then we follow

548
00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:09,070
oxygen 18 isotope and then we follow

549
00:16:09,070 --> 00:16:12,629
oxygen 18 isotope and then we follow
that oxygen 18 or some other Radio

550
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:12,639
that oxygen 18 or some other Radio

551
00:16:12,639 --> 00:16:15,180
that oxygen 18 or some other Radio
isotopes as a matter of fact an element

552
00:16:15,180 --> 00:16:15,190
isotopes as a matter of fact an element

553
00:16:15,190 --> 00:16:17,850
isotopes as a matter of fact an element
can be followed through a reaction to

554
00:16:17,850 --> 00:16:17,860
can be followed through a reaction to

555
00:16:17,860 --> 00:16:19,920
can be followed through a reaction to
determine its path and better understand

556
00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:19,930
determine its path and better understand

557
00:16:19,930 --> 00:16:22,079
determine its path and better understand
the mechanism of chemical reaction this

558
00:16:22,079 --> 00:16:22,089
the mechanism of chemical reaction this

559
00:16:22,089 --> 00:16:28,620
the mechanism of chemical reaction this
is one application now medical

560
00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:28,630
is one application now medical

561
00:16:28,630 --> 00:16:31,019
is one application now medical
applications of radio ice traces you've

562
00:16:31,019 --> 00:16:31,029
applications of radio ice traces you've

563
00:16:31,029 --> 00:16:32,639
applications of radio ice traces you've
probably heard about these when you go

564
00:16:32,639 --> 00:16:32,649
probably heard about these when you go

565
00:16:32,649 --> 00:16:35,160
probably heard about these when you go
to the hospitals you know they might

566
00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:35,170
to the hospitals you know they might

567
00:16:35,170 --> 00:16:40,650
to the hospitals you know they might
apply these radiotracers applications

568
00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:40,660
apply these radiotracers applications

569
00:16:40,660 --> 00:16:42,840
apply these radiotracers applications
medical applications radio charities

570
00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:42,850
medical applications radio charities

571
00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:45,840
medical applications radio charities
have found why diode misdiagnose stick

572
00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:45,850
have found why diode misdiagnose stick

573
00:16:45,850 --> 00:16:49,139
have found why diode misdiagnose stick
used in medicine again Radio isotopes

574
00:16:49,139 --> 00:16:49,149
used in medicine again Radio isotopes

575
00:16:49,149 --> 00:16:51,870
used in medicine again Radio isotopes
are administered to a patient that means

576
00:16:51,870 --> 00:16:51,880
are administered to a patient that means

577
00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,050
are administered to a patient that means
given to the patient usually

578
00:16:54,050 --> 00:16:54,060
given to the patient usually

579
00:16:54,060 --> 00:16:56,509
given to the patient usually
intravenously from the blood actually

580
00:16:56,509 --> 00:16:56,519
intravenously from the blood actually

581
00:16:56,519 --> 00:16:58,889
intravenously from the blood actually
injection from the blood and then

582
00:16:58,889 --> 00:16:58,899
injection from the blood and then

583
00:16:58,899 --> 00:17:01,259
injection from the blood and then
followed since it's radioactive you can

584
00:17:01,259 --> 00:17:01,269
followed since it's radioactive you can

585
00:17:01,269 --> 00:17:03,689
followed since it's radioactive you can
follow it by measuring its activity in

586
00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:03,699
follow it by measuring its activity in

587
00:17:03,699 --> 00:17:05,909
follow it by measuring its activity in
the body and where it goes through your

588
00:17:05,909 --> 00:17:05,919
the body and where it goes through your

589
00:17:05,919 --> 00:17:08,909
the body and where it goes through your
body certain elements collect more in

590
00:17:08,909 --> 00:17:08,919
body certain elements collect more in

591
00:17:08,919 --> 00:17:11,069
body certain elements collect more in
certain tissues so an organ or tissue

592
00:17:11,069 --> 00:17:11,079
certain tissues so an organ or tissue

593
00:17:11,079 --> 00:17:14,309
certain tissues so an organ or tissue
type can be studied based on where the

594
00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:14,319
type can be studied based on where the

595
00:17:14,319 --> 00:17:18,000
type can be studied based on where the
radioactivity collects again this is

596
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:18,010
radioactivity collects again this is

597
00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:21,120
radioactivity collects again this is
just the applications medical

598
00:17:21,120 --> 00:17:21,130
just the applications medical

599
00:17:21,130 --> 00:17:24,179
just the applications medical
applications actually so some of the

600
00:17:24,179 --> 00:17:24,189
applications actually so some of the

601
00:17:24,189 --> 00:17:27,179
applications actually so some of the
radio nuclei used in radio tracers are

602
00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:27,189
radio nuclei used in radio tracers are

603
00:17:27,189 --> 00:17:30,840
radio nuclei used in radio tracers are
given here for example iodine 131 iron

604
00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:30,850
given here for example iodine 131 iron

605
00:17:30,850 --> 00:17:33,900
given here for example iodine 131 iron
59 and phosphorus now this is the L

606
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:33,910
59 and phosphorus now this is the L

607
00:17:33,910 --> 00:17:36,660
59 and phosphorus now this is the L
phosphors actually and technetium-99

608
00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:36,670
phosphors actually and technetium-99

609
00:17:36,670 --> 00:17:39,360
phosphors actually and technetium-99
talia and sodium particularly the iodine

610
00:17:39,360 --> 00:17:39,370
talia and sodium particularly the iodine

611
00:17:39,370 --> 00:17:43,670
talia and sodium particularly the iodine
31 is used for thyroid disease and to

612
00:17:43,670 --> 00:17:43,680
31 is used for thyroid disease and to

613
00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:49,760
31 is used for thyroid disease and to
put the diagnosis on that actually now

614
00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:49,770
put the diagnosis on that actually now

615
00:17:49,770 --> 00:17:52,920
put the diagnosis on that actually now
they're positron emission tomography

616
00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:52,930
they're positron emission tomography

617
00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:57,210
they're positron emission tomography
again a compound labeled with a positron

618
00:17:57,210 --> 00:17:57,220
again a compound labeled with a positron

619
00:17:57,220 --> 00:18:00,590
again a compound labeled with a positron
emitters is injected into the patient

620
00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:00,600
emitters is injected into the patient

621
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,630
emitters is injected into the patient
blood flow oxygen and glucose metabolism

622
00:18:03,630 --> 00:18:03,640
blood flow oxygen and glucose metabolism

623
00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:05,790
blood flow oxygen and glucose metabolism
and other biological functions can be

624
00:18:05,790 --> 00:18:05,800
and other biological functions can be

625
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,030
and other biological functions can be
studied from those and again labeled

626
00:18:09,030 --> 00:18:09,040
studied from those and again labeled

627
00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:11,370
studied from those and again labeled
glucose is used to study the brain as

628
00:18:11,370 --> 00:18:11,380
glucose is used to study the brain as

629
00:18:11,380 --> 00:18:13,830
glucose is used to study the brain as
seen in the figure to the right here

630
00:18:13,830 --> 00:18:13,840
seen in the figure to the right here

631
00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:17,670
seen in the figure to the right here
again and from that the medical doctors

632
00:18:17,670 --> 00:18:17,680
again and from that the medical doctors

633
00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:21,480
again and from that the medical doctors
you know put the diagnosis and evaluate

634
00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:21,490
you know put the diagnosis and evaluate

635
00:18:21,490 --> 00:18:24,090
you know put the diagnosis and evaluate
that and do whatever they're supposed to

636
00:18:24,090 --> 00:18:24,100
that and do whatever they're supposed to

637
00:18:24,100 --> 00:18:29,040
that and do whatever they're supposed to
do again to treat that disease now

638
00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:29,050
do again to treat that disease now

639
00:18:29,050 --> 00:18:32,010
do again to treat that disease now
energy in nuclear reactions again we

640
00:18:32,010 --> 00:18:32,020
energy in nuclear reactions again we

641
00:18:32,020 --> 00:18:35,640
energy in nuclear reactions again we
said that the nuclear reactions are much

642
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:35,650
said that the nuclear reactions are much

643
00:18:35,650 --> 00:18:37,530
said that the nuclear reactions are much
much more energetic than the chemical

644
00:18:37,530 --> 00:18:37,540
much more energetic than the chemical

645
00:18:37,540 --> 00:18:39,780
much more energetic than the chemical
reactions or the energy involved in

646
00:18:39,780 --> 00:18:39,790
reactions or the energy involved in

647
00:18:39,790 --> 00:18:43,080
reactions or the energy involved in
nuclear reactions like usually thousand

648
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:43,090
nuclear reactions like usually thousand

649
00:18:43,090 --> 00:18:45,630
nuclear reactions like usually thousand
at least thousand or more times of the

650
00:18:45,630 --> 00:18:45,640
at least thousand or more times of the

651
00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,570
at least thousand or more times of the
chemical reactions very very energetic

652
00:18:48,570 --> 00:18:48,580
chemical reactions very very energetic

653
00:18:48,580 --> 00:18:51,200
chemical reactions very very energetic
reactions these nuclear reactions now

654
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:51,210
reactions these nuclear reactions now

655
00:18:51,210 --> 00:18:56,220
reactions these nuclear reactions now
what we actually are we calculate the

656
00:18:56,220 --> 00:18:56,230
what we actually are we calculate the

657
00:18:56,230 --> 00:18:58,560
what we actually are we calculate the
energy involved in chemical nuclear

658
00:18:58,560 --> 00:18:58,570
energy involved in chemical nuclear

659
00:18:58,570 --> 00:19:01,260
energy involved in chemical nuclear
reactions by using this equation here i

660
00:19:01,260 --> 00:19:01,270
reactions by using this equation here i

661
00:19:01,270 --> 00:19:03,780
reactions by using this equation here i
unsigned famous equation z is equal to

662
00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:03,790
unsigned famous equation z is equal to

663
00:19:03,790 --> 00:19:06,420
unsigned famous equation z is equal to
MC square and this relates directly to

664
00:19:06,420 --> 00:19:06,430
MC square and this relates directly to

665
00:19:06,430 --> 00:19:09,470
MC square and this relates directly to
the calculations of this energy actually

666
00:19:09,470 --> 00:19:09,480
the calculations of this energy actually

667
00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:14,970
the calculations of this energy actually
if there as I said in chemical reactions

668
00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:14,980
if there as I said in chemical reactions

669
00:19:14,980 --> 00:19:18,900
if there as I said in chemical reactions
the mass change between the reactants

670
00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:18,910
the mass change between the reactants

671
00:19:18,910 --> 00:19:21,620
the mass change between the reactants
and the products is very very small

672
00:19:21,620 --> 00:19:21,630
and the products is very very small

673
00:19:21,630 --> 00:19:24,600
and the products is very very small
negligible we never think about the mass

674
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:24,610
negligible we never think about the mass

675
00:19:24,610 --> 00:19:26,880
negligible we never think about the mass
change what we say actually that the

676
00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:26,890
change what we say actually that the

677
00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:29,430
change what we say actually that the
mass of the reactants exactly equal to

678
00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:29,440
mass of the reactants exactly equal to

679
00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,100
mass of the reactants exactly equal to
the mass of the product they're not

680
00:19:32,100 --> 00:19:32,110
the mass of the product they're not

681
00:19:32,110 --> 00:19:35,670
the mass of the product they're not
exactly equal but very very small

682
00:19:35,670 --> 00:19:35,680
exactly equal but very very small

683
00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:37,440
exactly equal but very very small
difference again it's not so important

684
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:37,450
difference again it's not so important

685
00:19:37,450 --> 00:19:40,650
difference again it's not so important
so we neglected but for nuclear

686
00:19:40,650 --> 00:19:40,660
so we neglected but for nuclear

687
00:19:40,660 --> 00:19:44,460
so we neglected but for nuclear
reactions the mass balance is important

688
00:19:44,460 --> 00:19:44,470
reactions the mass balance is important

689
00:19:44,470 --> 00:19:45,150
reactions the mass balance is important
again

690
00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:45,160
again

691
00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:49,710
again
the mass of the reactants that enter in

692
00:19:49,710 --> 00:19:49,720
the mass of the reactants that enter in

693
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:52,140
the mass of the reactants that enter in
nuclear reactions are not equal to the

694
00:19:52,140 --> 00:19:52,150
nuclear reactions are not equal to the

695
00:19:52,150 --> 00:19:53,850
nuclear reactions are not equal to the
mass of the product that comes out

696
00:19:53,850 --> 00:19:53,860
mass of the product that comes out

697
00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:56,640
mass of the product that comes out
usually when the energy is released

698
00:19:56,640 --> 00:19:56,650
usually when the energy is released

699
00:19:56,650 --> 00:20:00,270
usually when the energy is released
actually the mass of the product is less

700
00:20:00,270 --> 00:20:00,280
actually the mass of the product is less

701
00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:03,690
actually the mass of the product is less
than the mass of the reactant so we can

702
00:20:03,690 --> 00:20:03,700
than the mass of the reactant so we can

703
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:06,930
than the mass of the reactant so we can
calculate the energy that is released if

704
00:20:06,930 --> 00:20:06,940
calculate the energy that is released if

705
00:20:06,940 --> 00:20:10,799
calculate the energy that is released if
you know how much mass change between

706
00:20:10,799 --> 00:20:10,809
you know how much mass change between

707
00:20:10,809 --> 00:20:12,960
you know how much mass change between
the reactants and the products in a

708
00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:12,970
the reactants and the products in a

709
00:20:12,970 --> 00:20:14,970
the reactants and the products in a
nuclear reactions this is simply based

710
00:20:14,970 --> 00:20:14,980
nuclear reactions this is simply based

711
00:20:14,980 --> 00:20:18,120
nuclear reactions this is simply based
on that and using this equation this is

712
00:20:18,120 --> 00:20:18,130
on that and using this equation this is

713
00:20:18,130 --> 00:20:20,610
on that and using this equation this is
the mass this is the speed of light and

714
00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:20,620
the mass this is the speed of light and

715
00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:23,190
the mass this is the speed of light and
we can calculate what is the energy

716
00:20:23,190 --> 00:20:23,200
we can calculate what is the energy

717
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:26,130
we can calculate what is the energy
involved in a nuclear reactions again if

718
00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:26,140
involved in a nuclear reactions again if

719
00:20:26,140 --> 00:20:29,100
involved in a nuclear reactions again if
you know the masses of reactants and the

720
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:29,110
you know the masses of reactants and the

721
00:20:29,110 --> 00:20:34,409
you know the masses of reactants and the
products now again to show the enormous

722
00:20:34,409 --> 00:20:34,419
products now again to show the enormous

723
00:20:34,419 --> 00:20:36,210
products now again to show the enormous
difference in energy for nuclear

724
00:20:36,210 --> 00:20:36,220
difference in energy for nuclear

725
00:20:36,220 --> 00:20:37,649
difference in energy for nuclear
reaction the mass changes associated

726
00:20:37,649 --> 00:20:37,659
reaction the mass changes associated

727
00:20:37,659 --> 00:20:40,529
reaction the mass changes associated
with alpha decay of one mole of uranium

728
00:20:40,529 --> 00:20:40,539
with alpha decay of one mole of uranium

729
00:20:40,539 --> 00:20:47,610
with alpha decay of one mole of uranium
238 to thorium 234 is about minus 0.004

730
00:20:47,610 --> 00:20:47,620
238 to thorium 234 is about minus 0.004

731
00:20:47,620 --> 00:20:52,230
238 to thorium 234 is about minus 0.004
six grams that means to 38 grams that

732
00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:52,240
six grams that means to 38 grams that

733
00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:56,510
six grams that means to 38 grams that
much decrease in the mass of the

734
00:20:56,510 --> 00:20:56,520
much decrease in the mass of the

735
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:59,520
much decrease in the mass of the
reactant as it goes to the product again

736
00:20:59,520 --> 00:20:59,530
reactant as it goes to the product again

737
00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:02,720
reactant as it goes to the product again
now this minus means that the mass

738
00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:02,730
now this minus means that the mass

739
00:21:02,730 --> 00:21:05,820
now this minus means that the mass
reduced that means that the mass of the

740
00:21:05,820 --> 00:21:05,830
reduced that means that the mass of the

741
00:21:05,830 --> 00:21:08,539
reduced that means that the mass of the
product is less than the mass of the

742
00:21:08,539 --> 00:21:08,549
product is less than the mass of the

743
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:12,180
product is less than the mass of the
reactants now where is that mass gone

744
00:21:12,180 --> 00:21:12,190
reactants now where is that mass gone

745
00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:15,060
reactants now where is that mass gone
that is actually converted to the energy

746
00:21:15,060 --> 00:21:15,070
that is actually converted to the energy

747
00:21:15,070 --> 00:21:17,730
that is actually converted to the energy
which is released as a result of this

748
00:21:17,730 --> 00:21:17,740
which is released as a result of this

749
00:21:17,740 --> 00:21:20,250
which is released as a result of this
nuclear reaction and we can calculate

750
00:21:20,250 --> 00:21:20,260
nuclear reaction and we can calculate

751
00:21:20,260 --> 00:21:22,980
nuclear reaction and we can calculate
that once we know that that change and

752
00:21:22,980 --> 00:21:22,990
that once we know that that change and

753
00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:25,590
that once we know that that change and
we just put it over here and one thing

754
00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:25,600
we just put it over here and one thing

755
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:28,740
we just put it over here and one thing
that we have to remember the unit of

756
00:21:28,740 --> 00:21:28,750
that we have to remember the unit of

757
00:21:28,750 --> 00:21:33,299
that we have to remember the unit of
mass in SI unit system is kilograms and

758
00:21:33,299 --> 00:21:33,309
mass in SI unit system is kilograms and

759
00:21:33,309 --> 00:21:36,750
mass in SI unit system is kilograms and
we usually talk about grams here when we

760
00:21:36,750 --> 00:21:36,760
we usually talk about grams here when we

761
00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:38,820
we usually talk about grams here when we
talk about the mass molar mass of the

762
00:21:38,820 --> 00:21:38,830
talk about the mass molar mass of the

763
00:21:38,830 --> 00:21:41,630
talk about the mass molar mass of the
substances so we have to convert that to

764
00:21:41,630 --> 00:21:41,640
substances so we have to convert that to

765
00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,100
substances so we have to convert that to
kilograms and then multiplied by the

766
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:44,110
kilograms and then multiplied by the

767
00:21:44,110 --> 00:21:46,980
kilograms and then multiplied by the
square of the speed of light and that

768
00:21:46,980 --> 00:21:46,990
square of the speed of light and that

769
00:21:46,990 --> 00:21:49,380
square of the speed of light and that
gives us minus four point one times 10

770
00:21:49,380 --> 00:21:49,390
gives us minus four point one times 10

771
00:21:49,390 --> 00:21:53,250
gives us minus four point one times 10
to the 11 joules this is really big very

772
00:21:53,250 --> 00:21:53,260
to the 11 joules this is really big very

773
00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:55,230
to the 11 joules this is really big very
very large amount of energy comes out

774
00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:55,240
very large amount of energy comes out

775
00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:58,450
very large amount of energy comes out
again when you

776
00:21:58,450 --> 00:21:58,460
again when you

777
00:21:58,460 --> 00:22:02,370
again when you
actually 238 is converted to thorium-234

778
00:22:02,370 --> 00:22:02,380
actually 238 is converted to thorium-234

779
00:22:02,380 --> 00:22:05,290
actually 238 is converted to thorium-234
just this is just for one mole that

780
00:22:05,290 --> 00:22:05,300
just this is just for one mole that

781
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:07,540
just this is just for one mole that
means to 38 grams and if you have twice

782
00:22:07,540 --> 00:22:07,550
means to 38 grams and if you have twice

783
00:22:07,550 --> 00:22:09,790
means to 38 grams and if you have twice
as much the energy release will be twice

784
00:22:09,790 --> 00:22:09,800
as much the energy release will be twice

785
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:15,970
as much the energy release will be twice
as much also right okay I have simply

786
00:22:15,970 --> 00:22:15,980
as much also right okay I have simply

787
00:22:15,980 --> 00:22:19,090
as much also right okay I have simply
take another example from the book this

788
00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:19,100
take another example from the book this

789
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:21,610
take another example from the book this
is a gain word example it says how much

790
00:22:21,610 --> 00:22:21,620
is a gain word example it says how much

791
00:22:21,620 --> 00:22:24,430
is a gain word example it says how much
energy is lost or gained when one mole

792
00:22:24,430 --> 00:22:24,440
energy is lost or gained when one mole

793
00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:29,020
energy is lost or gained when one mole
of cobalt-60 undergoes to cop out nickel

794
00:22:29,020 --> 00:22:29,030
of cobalt-60 undergoes to cop out nickel

795
00:22:29,030 --> 00:22:33,100
of cobalt-60 undergoes to cop out nickel
60 and beta particle right here like

796
00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:33,110
60 and beta particle right here like

797
00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:38,590
60 and beta particle right here like
this alright now we will simply take

798
00:22:38,590 --> 00:22:38,600
this alright now we will simply take

799
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:40,750
this alright now we will simply take
this equation this is our nuclear

800
00:22:40,750 --> 00:22:40,760
this equation this is our nuclear

801
00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:43,390
this equation this is our nuclear
balanced nuclear reaction equations

802
00:22:43,390 --> 00:22:43,400
balanced nuclear reaction equations

803
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:47,190
balanced nuclear reaction equations
right so we simply find out the mass of

804
00:22:47,190 --> 00:22:47,200
right so we simply find out the mass of

805
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:51,670
right so we simply find out the mass of
the nickel 60 and the mass of the

806
00:22:51,670 --> 00:22:51,680
the nickel 60 and the mass of the

807
00:22:51,680 --> 00:22:54,340
the nickel 60 and the mass of the
electrons and subtract from that the

808
00:22:54,340 --> 00:22:54,350
electrons and subtract from that the

809
00:22:54,350 --> 00:22:57,670
electrons and subtract from that the
mass actually subtract from that the

810
00:22:57,670 --> 00:22:57,680
mass actually subtract from that the

811
00:22:57,680 --> 00:23:01,780
mass actually subtract from that the
mass of the cobalt 60 we can work in

812
00:23:01,780 --> 00:23:01,790
mass of the cobalt 60 we can work in

813
00:23:01,790 --> 00:23:04,600
mass of the cobalt 60 we can work in
molar quantities for example and find it

814
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:04,610
molar quantities for example and find it

815
00:23:04,610 --> 00:23:08,910
molar quantities for example and find it
out now here it says the mass of carbon

816
00:23:08,910 --> 00:23:08,920
out now here it says the mass of carbon

817
00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:13,150
out now here it says the mass of carbon
60 atoms is this and the mass of nickel

818
00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:13,160
60 atoms is this and the mass of nickel

819
00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:16,690
60 atoms is this and the mass of nickel
60 atoms is this here is a point when

820
00:23:16,690 --> 00:23:16,700
60 atoms is this here is a point when

821
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:20,410
60 atoms is this here is a point when
they say that this is the mass of the

822
00:23:20,410 --> 00:23:20,420
they say that this is the mass of the

823
00:23:20,420 --> 00:23:28,230
they say that this is the mass of the
carbon 60 atoms means that this atom has

824
00:23:28,230 --> 00:23:28,240
carbon 60 atoms means that this atom has

825
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:33,630
carbon 60 atoms means that this atom has
27 protons and 33 neutrons in a nucleus

826
00:23:33,630 --> 00:23:33,640
27 protons and 33 neutrons in a nucleus

827
00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:37,660
27 protons and 33 neutrons in a nucleus
right that's it but the this mass

828
00:23:37,660 --> 00:23:37,670
right that's it but the this mass

829
00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:42,760
right that's it but the this mass
corresponds to 27 protons and 33

830
00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:42,770
corresponds to 27 protons and 33

831
00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:49,360
corresponds to 27 protons and 33
neutrons and 27 electrons so when we

832
00:23:49,360 --> 00:23:49,370
neutrons and 27 electrons so when we

833
00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:52,360
neutrons and 27 electrons so when we
simply calculate the energy involved in

834
00:23:52,360 --> 00:23:52,370
simply calculate the energy involved in

835
00:23:52,370 --> 00:23:55,260
simply calculate the energy involved in
nuclear reactions we only consider the

836
00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:55,270
nuclear reactions we only consider the

837
00:23:55,270 --> 00:24:00,250
nuclear reactions we only consider the
nucleus not the electrons right so this

838
00:24:00,250 --> 00:24:00,260
nucleus not the electrons right so this

839
00:24:00,260 --> 00:24:03,640
nucleus not the electrons right so this
is important again so as we see here

840
00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:03,650
is important again so as we see here

841
00:24:03,650 --> 00:24:06,850
is important again so as we see here
when we calculate for example we just

842
00:24:06,850 --> 00:24:06,860
when we calculate for example we just

843
00:24:06,860 --> 00:24:10,630
when we calculate for example we just
take one mole of cobalt 60 and

844
00:24:10,630 --> 00:24:10,640
take one mole of cobalt 60 and

845
00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:14,020
take one mole of cobalt 60 and
them to get one mole of nickel 60 like

846
00:24:14,020 --> 00:24:14,030
them to get one mole of nickel 60 like

847
00:24:14,030 --> 00:24:17,050
them to get one mole of nickel 60 like
this so to find out the mass of the

848
00:24:17,050 --> 00:24:17,060
this so to find out the mass of the

849
00:24:17,060 --> 00:24:20,980
this so to find out the mass of the
nickel 60 right here we take the mass of

850
00:24:20,980 --> 00:24:20,990
nickel 60 right here we take the mass of

851
00:24:20,990 --> 00:24:22,330
nickel 60 right here we take the mass of
the nickel

852
00:24:22,330 --> 00:24:22,340
the nickel

853
00:24:22,340 --> 00:24:27,190
the nickel
simply given here write that and then

854
00:24:27,190 --> 00:24:27,200
simply given here write that and then

855
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:31,290
simply given here write that and then
subtract from that the mass of 27

856
00:24:31,290 --> 00:24:31,300
subtract from that the mass of 27

857
00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:36,370
subtract from that the mass of 27
electrons right the electrons remember

858
00:24:36,370 --> 00:24:36,380
electrons right the electrons remember

859
00:24:36,380 --> 00:24:40,200
electrons right the electrons remember
27 electrons is outside of the nucleus

860
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:40,210
27 electrons is outside of the nucleus

861
00:24:40,210 --> 00:24:43,990
27 electrons is outside of the nucleus
they are the simply electrons that is

862
00:24:43,990 --> 00:24:44,000
they are the simply electrons that is

863
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,300
they are the simply electrons that is
involved valence electrons only involved

864
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:46,310
involved valence electrons only involved

865
00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:48,070
involved valence electrons only involved
in the chemical reactions Oh core

866
00:24:48,070 --> 00:24:48,080
in the chemical reactions Oh core

867
00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:49,990
in the chemical reactions Oh core
electrons and the valence electrons and

868
00:24:49,990 --> 00:24:50,000
electrons and the valence electrons and

869
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:56,350
electrons and the valence electrons and
then we find out the mass of the nickel

870
00:24:56,350 --> 00:24:56,360
then we find out the mass of the nickel

871
00:24:56,360 --> 00:25:01,120
then we find out the mass of the nickel
in fact per mole here in atomic units it

872
00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:01,130
in fact per mole here in atomic units it

873
00:25:01,130 --> 00:25:03,310
in fact per mole here in atomic units it
is this and per mole it that simply

874
00:25:03,310 --> 00:25:03,320
is this and per mole it that simply

875
00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:06,820
is this and per mole it that simply
means 59.91 gram per mole less than that

876
00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:06,830
means 59.91 gram per mole less than that

877
00:25:06,830 --> 00:25:10,060
means 59.91 gram per mole less than that
how much less 27 electrons subtracted

878
00:25:10,060 --> 00:25:10,070
how much less 27 electrons subtracted

879
00:25:10,070 --> 00:25:12,130
how much less 27 electrons subtracted
the mass of the 27 electrons subtracted

880
00:25:12,130 --> 00:25:12,140
the mass of the 27 electrons subtracted

881
00:25:12,140 --> 00:25:14,530
the mass of the 27 electrons subtracted
from the mass of the atoms and then we

882
00:25:14,530 --> 00:25:14,540
from the mass of the atoms and then we

883
00:25:14,540 --> 00:25:17,020
from the mass of the atoms and then we
do the same things for the nickel and

884
00:25:17,020 --> 00:25:17,030
do the same things for the nickel and

885
00:25:17,030 --> 00:25:19,240
do the same things for the nickel and
the cobalt the same things again here

886
00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:19,250
the cobalt the same things again here

887
00:25:19,250 --> 00:25:24,190
the cobalt the same things again here
then we can calculate the mass change so

888
00:25:24,190 --> 00:25:24,200
then we can calculate the mass change so

889
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:25,720
then we can calculate the mass change so
the mass change in that chemical

890
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:25,730
the mass change in that chemical

891
00:25:25,730 --> 00:25:29,530
the mass change in that chemical
reaction will be mass of the electron

892
00:25:29,530 --> 00:25:29,540
reaction will be mass of the electron

893
00:25:29,540 --> 00:25:32,560
reaction will be mass of the electron
now this is the beta particles which

894
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:32,570
now this is the beta particles which

895
00:25:32,570 --> 00:25:35,350
now this is the beta particles which
comes out from the nuclear reactions

896
00:25:35,350 --> 00:25:35,360
comes out from the nuclear reactions

897
00:25:35,360 --> 00:25:38,620
comes out from the nuclear reactions
this is the mass of the nickel 60 that

898
00:25:38,620 --> 00:25:38,630
this is the mass of the nickel 60 that

899
00:25:38,630 --> 00:25:40,900
this is the mass of the nickel 60 that
we have calculated in previous steps

900
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:40,910
we have calculated in previous steps

901
00:25:40,910 --> 00:25:43,930
we have calculated in previous steps
without electrons right without

902
00:25:43,930 --> 00:25:43,940
without electrons right without

903
00:25:43,940 --> 00:25:46,240
without electrons right without
electrons and then this is again the

904
00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:46,250
electrons and then this is again the

905
00:25:46,250 --> 00:25:48,670
electrons and then this is again the
mass of cobalt 60 without electrons that

906
00:25:48,670 --> 00:25:48,680
mass of cobalt 60 without electrons that

907
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:50,500
mass of cobalt 60 without electrons that
will be calculated in previous by

908
00:25:50,500 --> 00:25:50,510
will be calculated in previous by

909
00:25:50,510 --> 00:25:52,930
will be calculated in previous by
subtracting 27 electrons off the cobalt

910
00:25:52,930 --> 00:25:52,940
subtracting 27 electrons off the cobalt

911
00:25:52,940 --> 00:25:56,320
subtracting 27 electrons off the cobalt
and the mass difference again is equals

912
00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:56,330
and the mass difference again is equals

913
00:25:56,330 --> 00:25:59,710
and the mass difference again is equals
to this and this is simply means if we

914
00:25:59,710 --> 00:25:59,720
to this and this is simply means if we

915
00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:03,820
to this and this is simply means if we
work for one mole of cobalt 60 and

916
00:26:03,820 --> 00:26:03,830
work for one mole of cobalt 60 and

917
00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:06,310
work for one mole of cobalt 60 and
nickel 60 means that the mass change in

918
00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:06,320
nickel 60 means that the mass change in

919
00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:08,350
nickel 60 means that the mass change in
this nuclear reaction will be equal to

920
00:26:08,350 --> 00:26:08,360
this nuclear reaction will be equal to

921
00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:11,080
this nuclear reaction will be equal to
this and what is the energy the energy

922
00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:11,090
this and what is the energy the energy

923
00:26:11,090 --> 00:26:13,750
this and what is the energy the energy
just Delta e is equal to C square Delta

924
00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:13,760
just Delta e is equal to C square Delta

925
00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:17,170
just Delta e is equal to C square Delta
M and it is minus two point seven three

926
00:26:17,170 --> 00:26:17,180
M and it is minus two point seven three

927
00:26:17,180 --> 00:26:21,220
M and it is minus two point seven three
times 10 to the 11 joules again huge

928
00:26:21,220 --> 00:26:21,230
times 10 to the 11 joules again huge

929
00:26:21,230 --> 00:26:24,280
times 10 to the 11 joules again huge
amount of energy so this is how we

930
00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:24,290
amount of energy so this is how we

931
00:26:24,290 --> 00:26:28,799
amount of energy so this is how we
calculate the energy involved in nuclear

932
00:26:28,799 --> 00:26:28,809
calculate the energy involved in nuclear

933
00:26:28,809 --> 00:26:31,180
calculate the energy involved in nuclear
reactions the energy involved in nuclear

934
00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:31,190
reactions the energy involved in nuclear

935
00:26:31,190 --> 00:26:35,130
reactions the energy involved in nuclear
reactions gained using the Einstein

936
00:26:35,130 --> 00:26:35,140
reactions gained using the Einstein

937
00:26:35,140 --> 00:26:40,480
reactions gained using the Einstein
equations again now here is another

938
00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:40,490
equations again now here is another

939
00:26:40,490 --> 00:26:47,250
equations again now here is another
things we said that some of the nuclei

940
00:26:47,250 --> 00:26:47,260
things we said that some of the nuclei

941
00:26:47,260 --> 00:26:53,110
things we said that some of the nuclei
are stable some are not stable can we

942
00:26:53,110 --> 00:26:53,120
are stable some are not stable can we

943
00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:55,960
are stable some are not stable can we
find out or somehow can we find a

944
00:26:55,960 --> 00:26:55,970
find out or somehow can we find a

945
00:26:55,970 --> 00:27:01,169
find out or somehow can we find a
measure to predict the stability of a

946
00:27:01,169 --> 00:27:01,179
measure to predict the stability of a

947
00:27:01,179 --> 00:27:05,340
measure to predict the stability of a
nucleus stability of any quiz and the

948
00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:05,350
nucleus stability of any quiz and the

949
00:27:05,350 --> 00:27:07,990
nucleus stability of any quiz and the
answer to this question is yes there is

950
00:27:07,990 --> 00:27:08,000
answer to this question is yes there is

951
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:12,220
answer to this question is yes there is
a way in fact to predict the stability

952
00:27:12,220 --> 00:27:12,230
a way in fact to predict the stability

953
00:27:12,230 --> 00:27:15,370
a way in fact to predict the stability
of a nucleus stability of a nucleus

954
00:27:15,370 --> 00:27:15,380
of a nucleus stability of a nucleus

955
00:27:15,380 --> 00:27:18,539
of a nucleus stability of a nucleus
remember when we say nucleus we mean the

956
00:27:18,539 --> 00:27:18,549
remember when we say nucleus we mean the

957
00:27:18,549 --> 00:27:22,780
remember when we say nucleus we mean the
center of the atom which consists of

958
00:27:22,780 --> 00:27:22,790
center of the atom which consists of

959
00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,630
center of the atom which consists of
protons and neutrons right that's it

960
00:27:25,630 --> 00:27:25,640
protons and neutrons right that's it

961
00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:35,080
protons and neutrons right that's it
now here we know that at the nucleus we

962
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:35,090
now here we know that at the nucleus we

963
00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:38,950
now here we know that at the nucleus we
have protons and neutrons for example if

964
00:27:38,950 --> 00:27:38,960
have protons and neutrons for example if

965
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:42,430
have protons and neutrons for example if
we simply take a helium right in a

966
00:27:42,430 --> 00:27:42,440
we simply take a helium right in a

967
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,669
we simply take a helium right in a
helium nucleus there are two protons and

968
00:27:45,669 --> 00:27:45,679
helium nucleus there are two protons and

969
00:27:45,679 --> 00:27:49,900
helium nucleus there are two protons and
two neutrons can we calculate the mass

970
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:49,910
two neutrons can we calculate the mass

971
00:27:49,910 --> 00:27:55,210
two neutrons can we calculate the mass
of one helium atom or the mass of one

972
00:27:55,210 --> 00:27:55,220
of one helium atom or the mass of one

973
00:27:55,220 --> 00:27:59,289
of one helium atom or the mass of one
helium nucleus yes we can calculate it

974
00:27:59,289 --> 00:27:59,299
helium nucleus yes we can calculate it

975
00:27:59,299 --> 00:28:03,250
helium nucleus yes we can calculate it
how if I know for example the mass of a

976
00:28:03,250 --> 00:28:03,260
how if I know for example the mass of a

977
00:28:03,260 --> 00:28:06,580
how if I know for example the mass of a
proton and the mass of a neutron I can

978
00:28:06,580 --> 00:28:06,590
proton and the mass of a neutron I can

979
00:28:06,590 --> 00:28:09,460
proton and the mass of a neutron I can
simply calculate the mass of two proton

980
00:28:09,460 --> 00:28:09,470
simply calculate the mass of two proton

981
00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:11,919
simply calculate the mass of two proton
and the mass of two neutrons and add

982
00:28:11,919 --> 00:28:11,929
and the mass of two neutrons and add

983
00:28:11,929 --> 00:28:14,470
and the mass of two neutrons and add
them up that will give me the mass of

984
00:28:14,470 --> 00:28:14,480
them up that will give me the mass of

985
00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:18,220
them up that will give me the mass of
the helium right but when I do that I

986
00:28:18,220 --> 00:28:18,230
the helium right but when I do that I

987
00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:21,940
the helium right but when I do that I
find out that the calculated mass of

988
00:28:21,940 --> 00:28:21,950
find out that the calculated mass of

989
00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:25,900
find out that the calculated mass of
helium is always greater than the

990
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:25,910
helium is always greater than the

991
00:28:25,910 --> 00:28:30,669
helium is always greater than the
measured mass of helium nucleus now what

992
00:28:30,669 --> 00:28:30,679
measured mass of helium nucleus now what

993
00:28:30,679 --> 00:28:33,539
measured mass of helium nucleus now what
does that means that means is this

994
00:28:33,539 --> 00:28:33,549
does that means that means is this

995
00:28:33,549 --> 00:28:37,229
does that means that means is this
when you have the two protons and two

996
00:28:37,229 --> 00:28:37,239
when you have the two protons and two

997
00:28:37,239 --> 00:28:40,769
when you have the two protons and two
neutrons infinitely apart they have a

998
00:28:40,769 --> 00:28:40,779
neutrons infinitely apart they have a

999
00:28:40,779 --> 00:28:42,359
neutrons infinitely apart they have a
mass right

1000
00:28:42,359 --> 00:28:42,369
mass right

1001
00:28:42,369 --> 00:28:44,100
mass right
certain amount each proton has a mass

1002
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:44,110
certain amount each proton has a mass

1003
00:28:44,110 --> 00:28:46,889
certain amount each proton has a mass
and neutrons has a mass we know that now

1004
00:28:46,889 --> 00:28:46,899
and neutrons has a mass we know that now

1005
00:28:46,899 --> 00:28:49,889
and neutrons has a mass we know that now
when you bring those two neutrons and

1006
00:28:49,889 --> 00:28:49,899
when you bring those two neutrons and

1007
00:28:49,899 --> 00:28:54,019
when you bring those two neutrons and
two protons to form a helium nucleus

1008
00:28:54,019 --> 00:28:54,029
two protons to form a helium nucleus

1009
00:28:54,029 --> 00:28:58,940
two protons to form a helium nucleus
huge amount of energy is released and

1010
00:28:58,940 --> 00:28:58,950
huge amount of energy is released and

1011
00:28:58,950 --> 00:29:03,060
huge amount of energy is released and
that released energy corresponds to the

1012
00:29:03,060 --> 00:29:03,070
that released energy corresponds to the

1013
00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:07,019
that released energy corresponds to the
mass loss as the two neutrons and two

1014
00:29:07,019 --> 00:29:07,029
mass loss as the two neutrons and two

1015
00:29:07,029 --> 00:29:10,049
mass loss as the two neutrons and two
protons from infinitely apart brought

1016
00:29:10,049 --> 00:29:10,059
protons from infinitely apart brought

1017
00:29:10,059 --> 00:29:13,139
protons from infinitely apart brought
together to form a helium nucleus energy

1018
00:29:13,139 --> 00:29:13,149
together to form a helium nucleus energy

1019
00:29:13,149 --> 00:29:17,570
together to form a helium nucleus energy
is released so this energy that released

1020
00:29:17,570 --> 00:29:17,580
is released so this energy that released

1021
00:29:17,580 --> 00:29:20,700
is released so this energy that released
is exactly the amount of energy required

1022
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:20,710
is exactly the amount of energy required

1023
00:29:20,710 --> 00:29:23,460
is exactly the amount of energy required
if I would like to take that nucleus of

1024
00:29:23,460 --> 00:29:23,470
if I would like to take that nucleus of

1025
00:29:23,470 --> 00:29:27,060
if I would like to take that nucleus of
helium and separate do put two protons

1026
00:29:27,060 --> 00:29:27,070
helium and separate do put two protons

1027
00:29:27,070 --> 00:29:29,249
helium and separate do put two protons
and two neutrons infinitely apart I have

1028
00:29:29,249 --> 00:29:29,259
and two neutrons infinitely apart I have

1029
00:29:29,259 --> 00:29:31,849
and two neutrons infinitely apart I have
to give the same amount of energy right

1030
00:29:31,849 --> 00:29:31,859
to give the same amount of energy right

1031
00:29:31,859 --> 00:29:34,680
to give the same amount of energy right
so what does that mean that means that

1032
00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:34,690
so what does that mean that means that

1033
00:29:34,690 --> 00:29:38,279
so what does that mean that means that
the energy released as that nucleus

1034
00:29:38,279 --> 00:29:38,289
the energy released as that nucleus

1035
00:29:38,289 --> 00:29:42,570
the energy released as that nucleus
formed shows the stability of that

1036
00:29:42,570 --> 00:29:42,580
formed shows the stability of that

1037
00:29:42,580 --> 00:29:45,649
formed shows the stability of that
nucleus the larger the energy released

1038
00:29:45,649 --> 00:29:45,659
nucleus the larger the energy released

1039
00:29:45,659 --> 00:29:48,450
nucleus the larger the energy released
the more stable the nucleus we can say

1040
00:29:48,450 --> 00:29:48,460
the more stable the nucleus we can say

1041
00:29:48,460 --> 00:29:50,639
the more stable the nucleus we can say
why because the larger the energy

1042
00:29:50,639 --> 00:29:50,649
why because the larger the energy

1043
00:29:50,649 --> 00:29:53,220
why because the larger the energy
released means that it will require more

1044
00:29:53,220 --> 00:29:53,230
released means that it will require more

1045
00:29:53,230 --> 00:29:57,720
released means that it will require more
energy to disintegrate that nucleus into

1046
00:29:57,720 --> 00:29:57,730
energy to disintegrate that nucleus into

1047
00:29:57,730 --> 00:30:00,090
energy to disintegrate that nucleus into
the protons and neutrons actually right

1048
00:30:00,090 --> 00:30:00,100
the protons and neutrons actually right

1049
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:02,399
the protons and neutrons actually right
protons and neutrons so by using this

1050
00:30:02,399 --> 00:30:02,409
protons and neutrons so by using this

1051
00:30:02,409 --> 00:30:05,340
protons and neutrons so by using this
approach we can calculate how much

1052
00:30:05,340 --> 00:30:05,350
approach we can calculate how much

1053
00:30:05,350 --> 00:30:08,489
approach we can calculate how much
energy is released if I would like to

1054
00:30:08,489 --> 00:30:08,499
energy is released if I would like to

1055
00:30:08,499 --> 00:30:10,710
energy is released if I would like to
make that nucleus starting from the

1056
00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:10,720
make that nucleus starting from the

1057
00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:12,960
make that nucleus starting from the
protons and neutrons infinitely apart

1058
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:12,970
protons and neutrons infinitely apart

1059
00:30:12,970 --> 00:30:15,629
protons and neutrons infinitely apart
right bring them together and now

1060
00:30:15,629 --> 00:30:15,639
right bring them together and now

1061
00:30:15,639 --> 00:30:18,299
right bring them together and now
dividing that energy release to the

1062
00:30:18,299 --> 00:30:18,309
dividing that energy release to the

1063
00:30:18,309 --> 00:30:20,249
dividing that energy release to the
number of nucleons that means total

1064
00:30:20,249 --> 00:30:20,259
number of nucleons that means total

1065
00:30:20,259 --> 00:30:22,619
number of nucleons that means total
number of protons and neutrons I find

1066
00:30:22,619 --> 00:30:22,629
number of protons and neutrons I find

1067
00:30:22,629 --> 00:30:25,470
number of protons and neutrons I find
out an energy which I call the binding

1068
00:30:25,470 --> 00:30:25,480
out an energy which I call the binding

1069
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:29,279
out an energy which I call the binding
energy per nucleon actually the energy

1070
00:30:29,279 --> 00:30:29,289
energy per nucleon actually the energy

1071
00:30:29,289 --> 00:30:31,680
energy per nucleon actually the energy
released is called the binding energy of

1072
00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:31,690
released is called the binding energy of

1073
00:30:31,690 --> 00:30:34,830
released is called the binding energy of
the nucleus and if I divided that to the

1074
00:30:34,830 --> 00:30:34,840
the nucleus and if I divided that to the

1075
00:30:34,840 --> 00:30:36,629
the nucleus and if I divided that to the
number of protons and neutrons that

1076
00:30:36,629 --> 00:30:36,639
number of protons and neutrons that

1077
00:30:36,639 --> 00:30:39,840
number of protons and neutrons that
means total number of nucleons and it

1078
00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:39,850
means total number of nucleons and it

1079
00:30:39,850 --> 00:30:42,269
means total number of nucleons and it
will give me the binding energy of the

1080
00:30:42,269 --> 00:30:42,279
will give me the binding energy of the

1081
00:30:42,279 --> 00:30:46,770
will give me the binding energy of the
nucleus per nucleon actually right

1082
00:30:46,770 --> 00:30:46,780
nucleus per nucleon actually right

1083
00:30:46,780 --> 00:30:50,510
nucleus per nucleon actually right
curr nuclei so here is the the values

1084
00:30:50,510 --> 00:30:50,520
curr nuclei so here is the the values

1085
00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,190
curr nuclei so here is the the values
that are calculated for helium for

1086
00:30:53,190 --> 00:30:53,200
that are calculated for helium for

1087
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:57,540
that are calculated for helium for
example helium 4 and the mass of nucleus

1088
00:30:57,540 --> 00:30:57,550
example helium 4 and the mass of nucleus

1089
00:30:57,550 --> 00:31:00,060
example helium 4 and the mass of nucleus
in atomic mass unit only the nucleus not

1090
00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:00,070
in atomic mass unit only the nucleus not

1091
00:31:00,070 --> 00:31:01,970
in atomic mass unit only the nucleus not
remember this is not the mass of atom

1092
00:31:01,970 --> 00:31:01,980
remember this is not the mass of atom

1093
00:31:01,980 --> 00:31:04,350
remember this is not the mass of atom
mass of nucleus what does that means

1094
00:31:04,350 --> 00:31:04,360
mass of nucleus what does that means

1095
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,230
mass of nucleus what does that means
that means it is the mass excluding the

1096
00:31:07,230 --> 00:31:07,240
that means it is the mass excluding the

1097
00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,350
that means it is the mass excluding the
two electrons of the helium right it's

1098
00:31:10,350 --> 00:31:10,360
two electrons of the helium right it's

1099
00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:12,210
two electrons of the helium right it's
actually alpha particle as a matter of

1100
00:31:12,210 --> 00:31:12,220
actually alpha particle as a matter of

1101
00:31:12,220 --> 00:31:14,310
actually alpha particle as a matter of
fact now this is the mass of that and

1102
00:31:14,310 --> 00:31:14,320
fact now this is the mass of that and

1103
00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:16,980
fact now this is the mass of that and
the mass of individual nucleons atomic

1104
00:31:16,980 --> 00:31:16,990
the mass of individual nucleons atomic

1105
00:31:16,990 --> 00:31:19,880
the mass of individual nucleons atomic
masses again that means if I simply

1106
00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:19,890
masses again that means if I simply

1107
00:31:19,890 --> 00:31:22,410
masses again that means if I simply
calculate the mass of helium by using

1108
00:31:22,410 --> 00:31:22,420
calculate the mass of helium by using

1109
00:31:22,420 --> 00:31:25,110
calculate the mass of helium by using
the mass of each nucleon proton and

1110
00:31:25,110 --> 00:31:25,120
the mass of each nucleon proton and

1111
00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:26,550
the mass of each nucleon proton and
neutrons it turns out to be this

1112
00:31:26,550 --> 00:31:26,560
neutrons it turns out to be this

1113
00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:29,870
neutrons it turns out to be this
you see it's larger than it's actually

1114
00:31:29,870 --> 00:31:29,880
you see it's larger than it's actually

1115
00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:32,730
you see it's larger than it's actually
okay this is larger than that right you

1116
00:31:32,730 --> 00:31:32,740
okay this is larger than that right you

1117
00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,950
okay this is larger than that right you
see that's larger now the mass defect is

1118
00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:34,960
see that's larger now the mass defect is

1119
00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:37,350
see that's larger now the mass defect is
this and then when we convert it to the

1120
00:31:37,350 --> 00:31:37,360
this and then when we convert it to the

1121
00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:39,480
this and then when we convert it to the
energy this is called the binding energy

1122
00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:39,490
energy this is called the binding energy

1123
00:31:39,490 --> 00:31:43,590
energy this is called the binding energy
right again we just use again Einsteins

1124
00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:43,600
right again we just use again Einsteins

1125
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:45,840
right again we just use again Einsteins
e is equal to MC square equations to

1126
00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:45,850
e is equal to MC square equations to

1127
00:31:45,850 --> 00:31:49,710
e is equal to MC square equations to
convert that mass defect to the energy

1128
00:31:49,710 --> 00:31:49,720
convert that mass defect to the energy

1129
00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:52,260
convert that mass defect to the energy
that is the binding energy of helium

1130
00:31:52,260 --> 00:31:52,270
that is the binding energy of helium

1131
00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:56,190
that is the binding energy of helium
nucleus if I divide it by for number of

1132
00:31:56,190 --> 00:31:56,200
nucleus if I divide it by for number of

1133
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:57,870
nucleus if I divide it by for number of
nucleons this will give me the binding

1134
00:31:57,870 --> 00:31:57,880
nucleons this will give me the binding

1135
00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,920
nucleons this will give me the binding
energy per nucleon right so if I do this

1136
00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:01,930
energy per nucleon right so if I do this

1137
00:32:01,930 --> 00:32:06,780
energy per nucleon right so if I do this
for all nuclei and it will give me

1138
00:32:06,780 --> 00:32:06,790
for all nuclei and it will give me

1139
00:32:06,790 --> 00:32:09,360
for all nuclei and it will give me
actually a measure of stability of the

1140
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:09,370
actually a measure of stability of the

1141
00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:12,150
actually a measure of stability of the
nuclei the more the energy binding

1142
00:32:12,150 --> 00:32:12,160
nuclei the more the energy binding

1143
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:14,490
nuclei the more the energy binding
energy or binding energy per nucleon

1144
00:32:14,490 --> 00:32:14,500
energy or binding energy per nucleon

1145
00:32:14,500 --> 00:32:17,760
energy or binding energy per nucleon
that means it's more stable than nuclei

1146
00:32:17,760 --> 00:32:17,770
that means it's more stable than nuclei

1147
00:32:17,770 --> 00:32:22,050
that means it's more stable than nuclei
right or that nucleus and more stable

1148
00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:22,060
right or that nucleus and more stable

1149
00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:23,700
right or that nucleus and more stable
means that means it will not be very

1150
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:23,710
means that means it will not be very

1151
00:32:23,710 --> 00:32:26,910
means that means it will not be very
active right it will not be radioactive

1152
00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:26,920
active right it will not be radioactive

1153
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:31,200
active right it will not be radioactive
as a matter of fact okay now here is the

1154
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:31,210
as a matter of fact okay now here is the

1155
00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:36,090
as a matter of fact okay now here is the
graph it's done for all elements all

1156
00:32:36,090 --> 00:32:36,100
graph it's done for all elements all

1157
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,180
graph it's done for all elements all
nuclei actually and you see again this

1158
00:32:39,180 --> 00:32:39,190
nuclei actually and you see again this

1159
00:32:39,190 --> 00:32:43,080
nuclei actually and you see again this
is the mass number of the nuclei and

1160
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:43,090
is the mass number of the nuclei and

1161
00:32:43,090 --> 00:32:47,030
is the mass number of the nuclei and
this is the binding energy per nucleon

1162
00:32:47,030 --> 00:32:47,040
this is the binding energy per nucleon

1163
00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:49,080
this is the binding energy per nucleon
divided by the total number of protons

1164
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:49,090
divided by the total number of protons

1165
00:32:49,090 --> 00:32:52,200
divided by the total number of protons
and neutrons what we see here that when

1166
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:52,210
and neutrons what we see here that when

1167
00:32:52,210 --> 00:32:54,900
and neutrons what we see here that when
we have light atoms the binding energy

1168
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:54,910
we have light atoms the binding energy

1169
00:32:54,910 --> 00:32:58,380
we have light atoms the binding energy
is not very high for example consider

1170
00:32:58,380 --> 00:32:58,390
is not very high for example consider

1171
00:32:58,390 --> 00:32:59,940
is not very high for example consider
the hydrogen in its hydrogen is right

1172
00:32:59,940 --> 00:32:59,950
the hydrogen in its hydrogen is right

1173
00:32:59,950 --> 00:33:00,750
the hydrogen in its hydrogen is right
over here

1174
00:33:00,750 --> 00:33:00,760
over here

1175
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,240
over here
right somewhere over here it's not hot

1176
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:03,250
right somewhere over here it's not hot

1177
00:33:03,250 --> 00:33:04,799
right somewhere over here it's not hot
not large at all

1178
00:33:04,799 --> 00:33:04,809
not large at all

1179
00:33:04,809 --> 00:33:08,030
not large at all
now as the atomic mass increases of a

1180
00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:08,040
now as the atomic mass increases of a

1181
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:11,250
now as the atomic mass increases of a
nucleus the binding energy increases and

1182
00:33:11,250 --> 00:33:11,260
nucleus the binding energy increases and

1183
00:33:11,260 --> 00:33:15,240
nucleus the binding energy increases and
then becomes maximum here at ayran what

1184
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:15,250
then becomes maximum here at ayran what

1185
00:33:15,250 --> 00:33:18,380
then becomes maximum here at ayran what
does that mean that means that iron-56

1186
00:33:18,380 --> 00:33:18,390
does that mean that means that iron-56

1187
00:33:18,390 --> 00:33:22,940
does that mean that means that iron-56
actually is the most stable isotope

1188
00:33:22,940 --> 00:33:22,950
actually is the most stable isotope

1189
00:33:22,950 --> 00:33:26,490
actually is the most stable isotope
right it will be very very stable it has

1190
00:33:26,490 --> 00:33:26,500
right it will be very very stable it has

1191
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:28,830
right it will be very very stable it has
a very high binding energy per nucleon

1192
00:33:28,830 --> 00:33:28,840
a very high binding energy per nucleon

1193
00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:31,260
a very high binding energy per nucleon
actually the maximum point now from that

1194
00:33:31,260 --> 00:33:31,270
actually the maximum point now from that

1195
00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:34,320
actually the maximum point now from that
point on again decreases what does that

1196
00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:34,330
point on again decreases what does that

1197
00:33:34,330 --> 00:33:36,990
point on again decreases what does that
means that simply means that the light

1198
00:33:36,990 --> 00:33:37,000
means that simply means that the light

1199
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:41,250
means that simply means that the light
nuclei are not stable as well as the

1200
00:33:41,250 --> 00:33:41,260
nuclei are not stable as well as the

1201
00:33:41,260 --> 00:33:44,220
nuclei are not stable as well as the
heavy ones are not stable so we will

1202
00:33:44,220 --> 00:33:44,230
heavy ones are not stable so we will

1203
00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:51,240
heavy ones are not stable so we will
simply find the radioactive nuclei small

1204
00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:51,250
simply find the radioactive nuclei small

1205
00:33:51,250 --> 00:33:54,000
simply find the radioactive nuclei small
atoms small nuclei and also very heavy

1206
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:54,010
atoms small nuclei and also very heavy

1207
00:33:54,010 --> 00:33:57,240
atoms small nuclei and also very heavy
ones over here now what will happen if

1208
00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:57,250
ones over here now what will happen if

1209
00:33:57,250 --> 00:34:00,960
ones over here now what will happen if
the uranium-235 for example which has a

1210
00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:00,970
the uranium-235 for example which has a

1211
00:34:00,970 --> 00:34:04,440
the uranium-235 for example which has a
binding energy about that this

1212
00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:04,450
binding energy about that this

1213
00:34:04,450 --> 00:34:07,590
binding energy about that this
integrates into smaller nuclei that

1214
00:34:07,590 --> 00:34:07,600
integrates into smaller nuclei that

1215
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,830
integrates into smaller nuclei that
means the energy will be released now

1216
00:34:10,830 --> 00:34:10,840
means the energy will be released now

1217
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:13,790
means the energy will be released now
energy will be released means that the

1218
00:34:13,790 --> 00:34:13,800
energy will be released means that the

1219
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,409
energy will be released means that the
uranium-235 will be converted to more

1220
00:34:16,409 --> 00:34:16,419
uranium-235 will be converted to more

1221
00:34:16,419 --> 00:34:20,609
uranium-235 will be converted to more
stable nuclei right now if you have

1222
00:34:20,609 --> 00:34:20,619
stable nuclei right now if you have

1223
00:34:20,619 --> 00:34:22,980
stable nuclei right now if you have
light atoms like hydrogen if we combine

1224
00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:22,990
light atoms like hydrogen if we combine

1225
00:34:22,990 --> 00:34:25,710
light atoms like hydrogen if we combine
the hydrogen to form helium that means

1226
00:34:25,710 --> 00:34:25,720
the hydrogen to form helium that means

1227
00:34:25,720 --> 00:34:27,359
the hydrogen to form helium that means
that the binding energy will also

1228
00:34:27,359 --> 00:34:27,369
that the binding energy will also

1229
00:34:27,369 --> 00:34:28,889
that the binding energy will also
increase what does that means energy

1230
00:34:28,889 --> 00:34:28,899
increase what does that means energy

1231
00:34:28,899 --> 00:34:31,770
increase what does that means energy
will be released right energy will be

1232
00:34:31,770 --> 00:34:31,780
will be released right energy will be

1233
00:34:31,780 --> 00:34:35,270
will be released right energy will be
released so these two processes actually

1234
00:34:35,270 --> 00:34:35,280
released so these two processes actually

1235
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:40,590
released so these two processes actually
this is dividing off one nucleus into

1236
00:34:40,590 --> 00:34:40,600
this is dividing off one nucleus into

1237
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,950
this is dividing off one nucleus into
two or three coming from this side to

1238
00:34:43,950 --> 00:34:43,960
two or three coming from this side to

1239
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:49,139
two or three coming from this side to
this direction is called fission right

1240
00:34:49,139 --> 00:34:49,149
this direction is called fission right

1241
00:34:49,149 --> 00:34:52,980
this direction is called fission right
you take one nucleus divided into two or

1242
00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:52,990
you take one nucleus divided into two or

1243
00:34:52,990 --> 00:34:55,820
you take one nucleus divided into two or
three smaller one is called fission now

1244
00:34:55,820 --> 00:34:55,830
three smaller one is called fission now

1245
00:34:55,830 --> 00:35:01,560
three smaller one is called fission now
when we simply combine light nuclei to

1246
00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:01,570
when we simply combine light nuclei to

1247
00:35:01,570 --> 00:35:03,690
when we simply combine light nuclei to
to get the heavier ones they gain energy

1248
00:35:03,690 --> 00:35:03,700
to get the heavier ones they gain energy

1249
00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:05,940
to get the heavier ones they gain energy
will be released and that process is

1250
00:35:05,940 --> 00:35:05,950
will be released and that process is

1251
00:35:05,950 --> 00:35:09,000
will be released and that process is
called fusion so we have fission and

1252
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:09,010
called fusion so we have fission and

1253
00:35:09,010 --> 00:35:14,070
called fusion so we have fission and
fusion process

1254
00:35:14,070 --> 00:35:14,080

1255
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:22,270
fission and fusion now both process will

1256
00:35:22,270 --> 00:35:22,280
fission and fusion now both process will

1257
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:25,180
fission and fusion now both process will
be exothermic process but that means

1258
00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:25,190
be exothermic process but that means

1259
00:35:25,190 --> 00:35:28,240
be exothermic process but that means
energy will be released again fission is

1260
00:35:28,240 --> 00:35:28,250
energy will be released again fission is

1261
00:35:28,250 --> 00:35:30,790
energy will be released again fission is
simply means going in this graph from

1262
00:35:30,790 --> 00:35:30,800
simply means going in this graph from

1263
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,849
simply means going in this graph from
this side to that directions and fusion

1264
00:35:33,849 --> 00:35:33,859
this side to that directions and fusion

1265
00:35:33,859 --> 00:35:37,570
this side to that directions and fusion
simply combinations of smaller light

1266
00:35:37,570 --> 00:35:37,580
simply combinations of smaller light

1267
00:35:37,580 --> 00:35:40,359
simply combinations of smaller light
nuclei to get heavier going from this to

1268
00:35:40,359 --> 00:35:40,369
nuclei to get heavier going from this to

1269
00:35:40,369 --> 00:35:40,780
nuclei to get heavier going from this to
that

1270
00:35:40,780 --> 00:35:40,790
that

1271
00:35:40,790 --> 00:35:45,339
that
okay so let's simply look at here it

1272
00:35:45,339 --> 00:35:45,349
okay so let's simply look at here it

1273
00:35:45,349 --> 00:35:47,950
okay so let's simply look at here it
says alright the same things here heavy

1274
00:35:47,950 --> 00:35:47,960
says alright the same things here heavy

1275
00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:50,620
says alright the same things here heavy
nuclei again stability and give off

1276
00:35:50,620 --> 00:35:50,630
nuclei again stability and give off

1277
00:35:50,630 --> 00:35:53,410
nuclei again stability and give off
energy when they split into two smaller

1278
00:35:53,410 --> 00:35:53,420
energy when they split into two smaller

1279
00:35:53,420 --> 00:35:56,050
energy when they split into two smaller
nuclei this is fission as we said here

1280
00:35:56,050 --> 00:35:56,060
nuclei this is fission as we said here

1281
00:35:56,060 --> 00:35:58,599
nuclei this is fission as we said here
and the lighter nuclei emits great

1282
00:35:58,599 --> 00:35:58,609
and the lighter nuclei emits great

1283
00:35:58,609 --> 00:36:01,390
and the lighter nuclei emits great
amount of energy by being combined in

1284
00:36:01,390 --> 00:36:01,400
amount of energy by being combined in

1285
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,490
amount of energy by being combined in
fusion this is called the fusion fission

1286
00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:03,500
fusion this is called the fusion fission

1287
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:08,200
fusion this is called the fusion fission
and fusion okay here are the simply

1288
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:08,210
and fusion okay here are the simply

1289
00:36:08,210 --> 00:36:12,520
and fusion okay here are the simply
examples of nuclear fission let's look

1290
00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:12,530
examples of nuclear fission let's look

1291
00:36:12,530 --> 00:36:14,560
examples of nuclear fission let's look
at what this slide says commercial

1292
00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:14,570
at what this slide says commercial

1293
00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:17,440
at what this slide says commercial
nuclear power plants uses fission

1294
00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:17,450
nuclear power plants uses fission

1295
00:36:17,450 --> 00:36:20,410
nuclear power plants uses fission
nuclear power plants remember are the

1296
00:36:20,410 --> 00:36:20,420
nuclear power plants remember are the

1297
00:36:20,420 --> 00:36:23,170
nuclear power plants remember are the
power plants generates electricity by

1298
00:36:23,170 --> 00:36:23,180
power plants generates electricity by

1299
00:36:23,180 --> 00:36:28,870
power plants generates electricity by
using nuclear substances radioactive

1300
00:36:28,870 --> 00:36:28,880
using nuclear substances radioactive

1301
00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:31,420
using nuclear substances radioactive
substances as fuel right and the fuel

1302
00:36:31,420 --> 00:36:31,430
substances as fuel right and the fuel

1303
00:36:31,430 --> 00:36:37,000
substances as fuel right and the fuel
used in those is uranium-235 again now

1304
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:37,010
used in those is uranium-235 again now

1305
00:36:37,010 --> 00:36:42,010
used in those is uranium-235 again now
as we see this is the fuel that is used

1306
00:36:42,010 --> 00:36:42,020
as we see this is the fuel that is used

1307
00:36:42,020 --> 00:36:45,839
as we see this is the fuel that is used
in nuclear power plants uranium-235

1308
00:36:45,839 --> 00:36:45,849
in nuclear power plants uranium-235

1309
00:36:45,849 --> 00:36:51,450
in nuclear power plants uranium-235
remember the uranium has uranium 238

1310
00:36:51,450 --> 00:36:51,460
remember the uranium has uranium 238

1311
00:36:51,460 --> 00:36:54,010
remember the uranium has uranium 238
isotope uranium-235

1312
00:36:54,010 --> 00:36:54,020
isotope uranium-235

1313
00:36:54,020 --> 00:36:59,589
isotope uranium-235
and also uranium 237 I guess yes 237 but

1314
00:36:59,589 --> 00:36:59,599
and also uranium 237 I guess yes 237 but

1315
00:36:59,599 --> 00:37:05,700
and also uranium 237 I guess yes 237 but
the most abundant one is 238 now the

1316
00:37:05,700 --> 00:37:05,710
the most abundant one is 238 now the

1317
00:37:05,710 --> 00:37:10,630
the most abundant one is 238 now the
abundance of uranium 235 in uranium 238

1318
00:37:10,630 --> 00:37:10,640
abundance of uranium 235 in uranium 238

1319
00:37:10,640 --> 00:37:14,950
abundance of uranium 235 in uranium 238
rocks is about 0.7 I guess about 0.7

1320
00:37:14,950 --> 00:37:14,960
rocks is about 0.7 I guess about 0.7

1321
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:17,190
rocks is about 0.7 I guess about 0.7
percent somewhere about 0.7% very low

1322
00:37:17,190 --> 00:37:17,200
percent somewhere about 0.7% very low

1323
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:20,859
percent somewhere about 0.7% very low
but this is the reaction nuclear fission

1324
00:37:20,859 --> 00:37:20,869
but this is the reaction nuclear fission

1325
00:37:20,869 --> 00:37:26,260
but this is the reaction nuclear fission
reactions now again this reaction is

1326
00:37:26,260 --> 00:37:26,270
reactions now again this reaction is

1327
00:37:26,270 --> 00:37:30,250
reactions now again this reaction is
started with bombardment of a neutron we

1328
00:37:30,250 --> 00:37:30,260
started with bombardment of a neutron we

1329
00:37:30,260 --> 00:37:33,460
started with bombardment of a neutron we
have a neutron slow-speed neutron and

1330
00:37:33,460 --> 00:37:33,470
have a neutron slow-speed neutron and

1331
00:37:33,470 --> 00:37:37,480
have a neutron slow-speed neutron and
sent it to uranium 235 92 at it

1332
00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:37,490
sent it to uranium 235 92 at it

1333
00:37:37,490 --> 00:37:41,080
sent it to uranium 235 92 at it
disintegrates like this divides into the

1334
00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:41,090
disintegrates like this divides into the

1335
00:37:41,090 --> 00:37:44,830
disintegrates like this divides into the
smaller nuclei and this gives you the

1336
00:37:44,830 --> 00:37:44,840
smaller nuclei and this gives you the

1337
00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:49,810
smaller nuclei and this gives you the
barium 142 Krypton 91 and three neutrons

1338
00:37:49,810 --> 00:37:49,820
barium 142 Krypton 91 and three neutrons

1339
00:37:49,820 --> 00:37:52,060
barium 142 Krypton 91 and three neutrons
from this fission this is again a

1340
00:37:52,060 --> 00:37:52,070
from this fission this is again a

1341
00:37:52,070 --> 00:37:53,920
from this fission this is again a
fission reaction three neutrons comes

1342
00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:53,930
fission reaction three neutrons comes

1343
00:37:53,930 --> 00:37:56,620
fission reaction three neutrons comes
out from there and now this way two

1344
00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:56,630
out from there and now this way two

1345
00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:58,240
out from there and now this way two
neutrons comes out tellurium and

1346
00:37:58,240 --> 00:37:58,250
neutrons comes out tellurium and

1347
00:37:58,250 --> 00:38:02,460
neutrons comes out tellurium and
zirconium now if those three neutrons

1348
00:38:02,460 --> 00:38:02,470
zirconium now if those three neutrons

1349
00:38:02,470 --> 00:38:06,850
zirconium now if those three neutrons
hits two another three uranium-235 then

1350
00:38:06,850 --> 00:38:06,860
hits two another three uranium-235 then

1351
00:38:06,860 --> 00:38:09,790
hits two another three uranium-235 then
there will be another fission and then

1352
00:38:09,790 --> 00:38:09,800
there will be another fission and then

1353
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:12,340
there will be another fission and then
each of those will emit three neutrons

1354
00:38:12,340 --> 00:38:12,350
each of those will emit three neutrons

1355
00:38:12,350 --> 00:38:14,470
each of those will emit three neutrons
and if we can have those three neutrons

1356
00:38:14,470 --> 00:38:14,480
and if we can have those three neutrons

1357
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:18,100
and if we can have those three neutrons
and hit another three uranium-235

1358
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:18,110
and hit another three uranium-235

1359
00:38:18,110 --> 00:38:21,460
and hit another three uranium-235
this is a chain reaction and the amount

1360
00:38:21,460 --> 00:38:21,470
this is a chain reaction and the amount

1361
00:38:21,470 --> 00:38:23,260
this is a chain reaction and the amount
of energy that relieves from this chain

1362
00:38:23,260 --> 00:38:23,270
of energy that relieves from this chain

1363
00:38:23,270 --> 00:38:26,740
of energy that relieves from this chain
reaction if we do not control that will

1364
00:38:26,740 --> 00:38:26,750
reaction if we do not control that will

1365
00:38:26,750 --> 00:38:29,890
reaction if we do not control that will
be huge amount huge amount of energy

1366
00:38:29,890 --> 00:38:29,900
be huge amount huge amount of energy

1367
00:38:29,900 --> 00:38:33,910
be huge amount huge amount of energy
actually but in the power plant as we

1368
00:38:33,910 --> 00:38:33,920
actually but in the power plant as we

1369
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:38,050
actually but in the power plant as we
will see the amount of fission actually

1370
00:38:38,050 --> 00:38:38,060
will see the amount of fission actually

1371
00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:40,920
will see the amount of fission actually
or the rate of this reactions is control

1372
00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:40,930
or the rate of this reactions is control

1373
00:38:40,930 --> 00:38:44,380
or the rate of this reactions is control
certain ways and that way we keep the

1374
00:38:44,380 --> 00:38:44,390
certain ways and that way we keep the

1375
00:38:44,390 --> 00:38:47,140
certain ways and that way we keep the
amount of heat that released from the

1376
00:38:47,140 --> 00:38:47,150
amount of heat that released from the

1377
00:38:47,150 --> 00:38:50,170
amount of heat that released from the
reactions and we control it just enough

1378
00:38:50,170 --> 00:38:50,180
reactions and we control it just enough

1379
00:38:50,180 --> 00:39:02,350
reactions and we control it just enough
to produce the electricity actually

1380
00:39:02,350 --> 00:39:02,360

1381
00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:07,100
we will talk about that okay so this is

1382
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:07,110
we will talk about that okay so this is

1383
00:39:07,110 --> 00:39:10,280
we will talk about that okay so this is
again the genetic diagram how it shows

1384
00:39:10,280 --> 00:39:10,290
again the genetic diagram how it shows

1385
00:39:10,290 --> 00:39:12,410
again the genetic diagram how it shows
the chain reaction in nuclear fission

1386
00:39:12,410 --> 00:39:12,420
the chain reaction in nuclear fission

1387
00:39:12,420 --> 00:39:16,100
the chain reaction in nuclear fission
238 you see again one proton one uranium

1388
00:39:16,100 --> 00:39:16,110
238 you see again one proton one uranium

1389
00:39:16,110 --> 00:39:20,240
238 you see again one proton one uranium
238 235 remember this is uranium 235 I

1390
00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:20,250
238 235 remember this is uranium 235 I

1391
00:39:20,250 --> 00:39:22,940
238 235 remember this is uranium 235 I
should talk and then hitch to that and

1392
00:39:22,940 --> 00:39:22,950
should talk and then hitch to that and

1393
00:39:22,950 --> 00:39:26,030
should talk and then hitch to that and
another two neutrons comes out from

1394
00:39:26,030 --> 00:39:26,040
another two neutrons comes out from

1395
00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:28,310
another two neutrons comes out from
there and they hit this one and that

1396
00:39:28,310 --> 00:39:28,320
there and they hit this one and that

1397
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:30,200
there and they hit this one and that
gives two neutrons and so this continues

1398
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:30,210
gives two neutrons and so this continues

1399
00:39:30,210 --> 00:39:35,030
gives two neutrons and so this continues
like this and that chain reaction take

1400
00:39:35,030 --> 00:39:35,040
like this and that chain reaction take

1401
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,240
like this and that chain reaction take
place now bombardment of the radioactive

1402
00:39:38,240 --> 00:39:38,250
place now bombardment of the radioactive

1403
00:39:38,250 --> 00:39:40,790
place now bombardment of the radioactive
nuclei within neutrons starts the

1404
00:39:40,790 --> 00:39:40,800
nuclei within neutrons starts the

1405
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,640
nuclei within neutrons starts the
process right there Neutron released in

1406
00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:43,650
process right there Neutron released in

1407
00:39:43,650 --> 00:39:46,550
process right there Neutron released in
the transmutation strike other nuclei

1408
00:39:46,550 --> 00:39:46,560
the transmutation strike other nuclei

1409
00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:50,090
the transmutation strike other nuclei
chosen their decay and the productions

1410
00:39:50,090 --> 00:39:50,100
chosen their decay and the productions

1411
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:53,120
chosen their decay and the productions
of more neutrons this process continues

1412
00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:53,130
of more neutrons this process continues

1413
00:39:53,130 --> 00:39:55,960
of more neutrons this process continues
in what we call a nuclear chain

1414
00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:55,970
in what we call a nuclear chain

1415
00:39:55,970 --> 00:39:58,310
in what we call a nuclear chain
reactions and the amount of energy

1416
00:39:58,310 --> 00:39:58,320
reactions and the amount of energy

1417
00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:02,050
reactions and the amount of energy
involved huge huge amount of energy

1418
00:40:02,050 --> 00:40:02,060
involved huge huge amount of energy

1419
00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:06,650
involved huge huge amount of energy
alright now what we need for this

1420
00:40:06,650 --> 00:40:06,660
alright now what we need for this

1421
00:40:06,660 --> 00:40:09,410
alright now what we need for this
nuclear fission again remember we can we

1422
00:40:09,410 --> 00:40:09,420
nuclear fission again remember we can we

1423
00:40:09,420 --> 00:40:14,570
nuclear fission again remember we can we
can use the uranium-235 as a fuel in

1424
00:40:14,570 --> 00:40:14,580
can use the uranium-235 as a fuel in

1425
00:40:14,580 --> 00:40:16,190
can use the uranium-235 as a fuel in
nuclear power plant to generate

1426
00:40:16,190 --> 00:40:16,200
nuclear power plant to generate

1427
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,930
nuclear power plant to generate
electricity but we can also use

1428
00:40:19,930 --> 00:40:19,940
electricity but we can also use

1429
00:40:19,940 --> 00:40:23,440
electricity but we can also use
uranium-235 to make an atomic bomb

1430
00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:23,450
uranium-235 to make an atomic bomb

1431
00:40:23,450 --> 00:40:27,200
uranium-235 to make an atomic bomb
atomic bomb is nothing but huge amount

1432
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:27,210
atomic bomb is nothing but huge amount

1433
00:40:27,210 --> 00:40:29,180
atomic bomb is nothing but huge amount
of energy is released in a very short

1434
00:40:29,180 --> 00:40:29,190
of energy is released in a very short

1435
00:40:29,190 --> 00:40:33,710
of energy is released in a very short
time right and that's the bomb actually

1436
00:40:33,710 --> 00:40:33,720
time right and that's the bomb actually

1437
00:40:33,720 --> 00:40:36,530
time right and that's the bomb actually
made use you know she may negotiate

1438
00:40:36,530 --> 00:40:36,540
made use you know she may negotiate

1439
00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:41,570
made use you know she may negotiate
macro sake in 1945 right and it's made

1440
00:40:41,570 --> 00:40:41,580
macro sake in 1945 right and it's made

1441
00:40:41,580 --> 00:40:46,250
macro sake in 1945 right and it's made
from the uranium-235 now we have to

1442
00:40:46,250 --> 00:40:46,260
from the uranium-235 now we have to

1443
00:40:46,260 --> 00:40:49,190
from the uranium-235 now we have to
remember that if you want to use the

1444
00:40:49,190 --> 00:40:49,200
remember that if you want to use the

1445
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,400
remember that if you want to use the
uranium-235 as a fuel in part in in in

1446
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:52,410
uranium-235 as a fuel in part in in in

1447
00:40:52,410 --> 00:40:55,150
uranium-235 as a fuel in part in in in
power plants to generate electricity the

1448
00:40:55,150 --> 00:40:55,160
power plants to generate electricity the

1449
00:40:55,160 --> 00:41:00,670
power plants to generate electricity the
amount of uranium-235 has to be up to

1450
00:41:00,670 --> 00:41:00,680
amount of uranium-235 has to be up to

1451
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:04,580
amount of uranium-235 has to be up to
3.5 to 4 percent right so that means

1452
00:41:04,580 --> 00:41:04,590
3.5 to 4 percent right so that means

1453
00:41:04,590 --> 00:41:08,030
3.5 to 4 percent right so that means
that in natural uranium ore contains

1454
00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:08,040
that in natural uranium ore contains

1455
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:12,339
that in natural uranium ore contains
point O 7 I guess

1456
00:41:12,339 --> 00:41:12,349
point O 7 I guess

1457
00:41:12,349 --> 00:41:16,759
point O 7 I guess
abundance of the uranium-235 that means

1458
00:41:16,759 --> 00:41:16,769
abundance of the uranium-235 that means

1459
00:41:16,769 --> 00:41:18,710
abundance of the uranium-235 that means
we have to increase the amount of

1460
00:41:18,710 --> 00:41:18,720
we have to increase the amount of

1461
00:41:18,720 --> 00:41:21,549
we have to increase the amount of
uranium-235 and that process is called

1462
00:41:21,549 --> 00:41:21,559
uranium-235 and that process is called

1463
00:41:21,559 --> 00:41:25,339
uranium-235 and that process is called
enriching uranium that means we enrich

1464
00:41:25,339 --> 00:41:25,349
enriching uranium that means we enrich

1465
00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:28,130
enriching uranium that means we enrich
in the amount of uranium-235 there are

1466
00:41:28,130 --> 00:41:28,140
in the amount of uranium-235 there are

1467
00:41:28,140 --> 00:41:31,549
in the amount of uranium-235 there are
certain different ways of that remember

1468
00:41:31,549 --> 00:41:31,559
certain different ways of that remember

1469
00:41:31,559 --> 00:41:35,120
certain different ways of that remember
if you the problem that Iran has with

1470
00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:35,130
if you the problem that Iran has with

1471
00:41:35,130 --> 00:41:38,240
if you the problem that Iran has with
the other nations particularly the

1472
00:41:38,240 --> 00:41:38,250
the other nations particularly the

1473
00:41:38,250 --> 00:41:42,049
the other nations particularly the
United States because Iran was enriched

1474
00:41:42,049 --> 00:41:42,059
United States because Iran was enriched

1475
00:41:42,059 --> 00:41:47,599
United States because Iran was enriched
in the uranium 235 Ryan there's special

1476
00:41:47,599 --> 00:41:47,609
in the uranium 235 Ryan there's special

1477
00:41:47,609 --> 00:41:51,470
in the uranium 235 Ryan there's special
centrifuges now why this is important

1478
00:41:51,470 --> 00:41:51,480
centrifuges now why this is important

1479
00:41:51,480 --> 00:41:53,359
centrifuges now why this is important
because first of all if you want to use

1480
00:41:53,359 --> 00:41:53,369
because first of all if you want to use

1481
00:41:53,369 --> 00:41:56,630
because first of all if you want to use
the uranium-235 as a fuel it has to be

1482
00:41:56,630 --> 00:41:56,640
the uranium-235 as a fuel it has to be

1483
00:41:56,640 --> 00:41:59,299
the uranium-235 as a fuel it has to be
enriched how to three to four percent

1484
00:41:59,299 --> 00:41:59,309
enriched how to three to four percent

1485
00:41:59,309 --> 00:42:02,990
enriched how to three to four percent
but if you want to make uranium use the

1486
00:42:02,990 --> 00:42:03,000
but if you want to make uranium use the

1487
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,349
but if you want to make uranium use the
uranium-235 to make a bomb it has to be

1488
00:42:06,349 --> 00:42:06,359
uranium-235 to make a bomb it has to be

1489
00:42:06,359 --> 00:42:10,339
uranium-235 to make a bomb it has to be
almost 100 percent uranium-235 right but

1490
00:42:10,339 --> 00:42:10,349
almost 100 percent uranium-235 right but

1491
00:42:10,349 --> 00:42:14,390
almost 100 percent uranium-235 right but
if you can enrich it to 3.5 to 4 percent

1492
00:42:14,390 --> 00:42:14,400
if you can enrich it to 3.5 to 4 percent

1493
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:16,970
if you can enrich it to 3.5 to 4 percent
that means you can get pure from that to

1494
00:42:16,970 --> 00:42:16,980
that means you can get pure from that to

1495
00:42:16,980 --> 00:42:20,359
that means you can get pure from that to
continuing enriched in that and now for

1496
00:42:20,359 --> 00:42:20,369
continuing enriched in that and now for

1497
00:42:20,369 --> 00:42:24,319
continuing enriched in that and now for
one actually there is another things

1498
00:42:24,319 --> 00:42:24,329
one actually there is another things

1499
00:42:24,329 --> 00:42:28,999
one actually there is another things
here let's look at this this slide this

1500
00:42:28,999 --> 00:42:29,009
here let's look at this this slide this

1501
00:42:29,009 --> 00:42:32,660
here let's look at this this slide this
says that there is a minimum mass that

1502
00:42:32,660 --> 00:42:32,670
says that there is a minimum mass that

1503
00:42:32,670 --> 00:42:35,900
says that there is a minimum mass that
must be present for a chain reaction to

1504
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:35,910
must be present for a chain reaction to

1505
00:42:35,910 --> 00:42:38,499
must be present for a chain reaction to
be sustained is called the critical mass

1506
00:42:38,499 --> 00:42:38,509
be sustained is called the critical mass

1507
00:42:38,509 --> 00:42:41,690
be sustained is called the critical mass
that means for the chain reaction to

1508
00:42:41,690 --> 00:42:41,700
that means for the chain reaction to

1509
00:42:41,700 --> 00:42:44,900
that means for the chain reaction to
continue there has to be a certain

1510
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:44,910
continue there has to be a certain

1511
00:42:44,910 --> 00:42:49,279
continue there has to be a certain
amount of uranium-235 certain amount of

1512
00:42:49,279 --> 00:42:49,289
amount of uranium-235 certain amount of

1513
00:42:49,289 --> 00:42:52,099
amount of uranium-235 certain amount of
uranium-235 for the atomic bomb I guess

1514
00:42:52,099 --> 00:42:52,109
uranium-235 for the atomic bomb I guess

1515
00:42:52,109 --> 00:42:54,890
uranium-235 for the atomic bomb I guess
it's about 50 kilograms about 50

1516
00:42:54,890 --> 00:42:54,900
it's about 50 kilograms about 50

1517
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:57,319
it's about 50 kilograms about 50
kilograms now why it is so because if

1518
00:42:57,319 --> 00:42:57,329
kilograms now why it is so because if

1519
00:42:57,329 --> 00:43:02,749
kilograms now why it is so because if
you have small mass of uranium-235 you

1520
00:43:02,749 --> 00:43:02,759
you have small mass of uranium-235 you

1521
00:43:02,759 --> 00:43:04,940
you have small mass of uranium-235 you
can start the chain reaction here let's

1522
00:43:04,940 --> 00:43:04,950
can start the chain reaction here let's

1523
00:43:04,950 --> 00:43:07,039
can start the chain reaction here let's
say and then the two neutron comes out

1524
00:43:07,039 --> 00:43:07,049
say and then the two neutron comes out

1525
00:43:07,049 --> 00:43:10,359
say and then the two neutron comes out
here and hits two these and these also

1526
00:43:10,359 --> 00:43:10,369
here and hits two these and these also

1527
00:43:10,369 --> 00:43:14,839
here and hits two these and these also
goes into fission then the you lose the

1528
00:43:14,839 --> 00:43:14,849
goes into fission then the you lose the

1529
00:43:14,849 --> 00:43:17,240
goes into fission then the you lose the
neutrons most of the neutrons comes out

1530
00:43:17,240 --> 00:43:17,250
neutrons most of the neutrons comes out

1531
00:43:17,250 --> 00:43:19,880
neutrons most of the neutrons comes out
from the fission because the neutrons

1532
00:43:19,880 --> 00:43:19,890
from the fission because the neutrons

1533
00:43:19,890 --> 00:43:21,499
from the fission because the neutrons
comes out of fission are used in the

1534
00:43:21,499 --> 00:43:21,509
comes out of fission are used in the

1535
00:43:21,509 --> 00:43:24,200
comes out of fission are used in the
next fission processes right if you

1536
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:24,210
next fission processes right if you

1537
00:43:24,210 --> 00:43:25,609
next fission processes right if you
don't have enough neutrons

1538
00:43:25,609 --> 00:43:25,619
don't have enough neutrons

1539
00:43:25,619 --> 00:43:27,410
don't have enough neutrons
actually if you lose your neutrons

1540
00:43:27,410 --> 00:43:27,420
actually if you lose your neutrons

1541
00:43:27,420 --> 00:43:30,529
actually if you lose your neutrons
before they hit another uranium-235 that

1542
00:43:30,529 --> 00:43:30,539
before they hit another uranium-235 that

1543
00:43:30,539 --> 00:43:32,089
before they hit another uranium-235 that
means a chain reaction will not continue

1544
00:43:32,089 --> 00:43:32,099
means a chain reaction will not continue

1545
00:43:32,099 --> 00:43:35,329
means a chain reaction will not continue
now so you have to have a critical mass

1546
00:43:35,329 --> 00:43:35,339
now so you have to have a critical mass

1547
00:43:35,339 --> 00:43:39,140
now so you have to have a critical mass
and that critical mass simply is the

1548
00:43:39,140 --> 00:43:39,150
and that critical mass simply is the

1549
00:43:39,150 --> 00:43:43,279
and that critical mass simply is the
amount of mass where the rate of fission

1550
00:43:43,279 --> 00:43:43,289
amount of mass where the rate of fission

1551
00:43:43,289 --> 00:43:47,509
amount of mass where the rate of fission
reaction kept constant right that means

1552
00:43:47,509 --> 00:43:47,519
reaction kept constant right that means

1553
00:43:47,519 --> 00:43:50,710
reaction kept constant right that means
that if you have simply one

1554
00:43:50,710 --> 00:43:50,720
that if you have simply one

1555
00:43:50,720 --> 00:43:52,519
that if you have simply one
disintegration one fission of

1556
00:43:52,519 --> 00:43:52,529
disintegration one fission of

1557
00:43:52,529 --> 00:43:55,339
disintegration one fission of
uranium-235 let's say three neutron

1558
00:43:55,339 --> 00:43:55,349
uranium-235 let's say three neutron

1559
00:43:55,349 --> 00:43:57,950
uranium-235 let's say three neutron
comes out only one of them is hit

1560
00:43:57,950 --> 00:43:57,960
comes out only one of them is hit

1561
00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:00,680
comes out only one of them is hit
another uranium-235 and also one neutron

1562
00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:00,690
another uranium-235 and also one neutron

1563
00:44:00,690 --> 00:44:02,720
another uranium-235 and also one neutron
comes from out there and so on this way

1564
00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:02,730
comes from out there and so on this way

1565
00:44:02,730 --> 00:44:06,559
comes from out there and so on this way
we can keep the rate of the radioactive

1566
00:44:06,559 --> 00:44:06,569
we can keep the rate of the radioactive

1567
00:44:06,569 --> 00:44:08,930
we can keep the rate of the radioactive
fission reaction actually the fission

1568
00:44:08,930 --> 00:44:08,940
fission reaction actually the fission

1569
00:44:08,940 --> 00:44:13,009
fission reaction actually the fission
the same now if more than critical mass

1570
00:44:13,009 --> 00:44:13,019
the same now if more than critical mass

1571
00:44:13,019 --> 00:44:15,319
the same now if more than critical mass
is present it is called supercritical

1572
00:44:15,319 --> 00:44:15,329
is present it is called supercritical

1573
00:44:15,329 --> 00:44:18,559
is present it is called supercritical
mass an explosion will occur this is the

1574
00:44:18,559 --> 00:44:18,569
mass an explosion will occur this is the

1575
00:44:18,569 --> 00:44:22,220
mass an explosion will occur this is the
case for the atomic bump in any

1576
00:44:22,220 --> 00:44:22,230
case for the atomic bump in any

1577
00:44:22,230 --> 00:44:23,989
case for the atomic bump in any
construction of the atomic bomb it has

1578
00:44:23,989 --> 00:44:23,999
construction of the atomic bomb it has

1579
00:44:23,999 --> 00:44:25,819
construction of the atomic bomb it has
to be more than the supercritical mass

1580
00:44:25,819 --> 00:44:25,829
to be more than the supercritical mass

1581
00:44:25,829 --> 00:44:28,549
to be more than the supercritical mass
actually greater than the critical mass

1582
00:44:28,549 --> 00:44:28,559
actually greater than the critical mass

1583
00:44:28,559 --> 00:44:30,829
actually greater than the critical mass
we call it super critical mass weapons

1584
00:44:30,829 --> 00:44:30,839
we call it super critical mass weapons

1585
00:44:30,839 --> 00:44:33,109
we call it super critical mass weapons
were created by cos and smaller and

1586
00:44:33,109 --> 00:44:33,119
were created by cos and smaller and

1587
00:44:33,119 --> 00:44:35,809
were created by cos and smaller and
bounds to be forced together to create

1588
00:44:35,809 --> 00:44:35,819
bounds to be forced together to create

1589
00:44:35,819 --> 00:44:41,089
bounds to be forced together to create
this mass this is the shape of the

1590
00:44:41,089 --> 00:44:41,099
this mass this is the shape of the

1591
00:44:41,099 --> 00:44:43,849
this mass this is the shape of the
atomic bomb again here we have the

1592
00:44:43,849 --> 00:44:43,859
atomic bomb again here we have the

1593
00:44:43,859 --> 00:44:46,430
atomic bomb again here we have the
uranium-235 some amount here some amount

1594
00:44:46,430 --> 00:44:46,440
uranium-235 some amount here some amount

1595
00:44:46,440 --> 00:44:48,200
uranium-235 some amount here some amount
there and here we have a chemical

1596
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:48,210
there and here we have a chemical

1597
00:44:48,210 --> 00:44:50,329
there and here we have a chemical
explosives and when you simply have this

1598
00:44:50,329 --> 00:44:50,339
explosives and when you simply have this

1599
00:44:50,339 --> 00:44:52,039
explosives and when you simply have this
chemical explosive hit those two

1600
00:44:52,039 --> 00:44:52,049
chemical explosive hit those two

1601
00:44:52,049 --> 00:44:55,009
chemical explosive hit those two
together you start the chain reactions

1602
00:44:55,009 --> 00:44:55,019
together you start the chain reactions

1603
00:44:55,019 --> 00:44:57,829
together you start the chain reactions
and that chain reactions especially when

1604
00:44:57,829 --> 00:44:57,839
and that chain reactions especially when

1605
00:44:57,839 --> 00:45:00,229
and that chain reactions especially when
the amount of masses above the critical

1606
00:45:00,229 --> 00:45:00,239
the amount of masses above the critical

1607
00:45:00,239 --> 00:45:02,569
the amount of masses above the critical
mass we have that super critical mass

1608
00:45:02,569 --> 00:45:02,579
mass we have that super critical mass

1609
00:45:02,579 --> 00:45:08,349
mass we have that super critical mass
huge amount of energy is released now

1610
00:45:08,349 --> 00:45:08,359
huge amount of energy is released now

1611
00:45:08,359 --> 00:45:12,229
huge amount of energy is released now
but we can control the amount of energy

1612
00:45:12,229 --> 00:45:12,239
but we can control the amount of energy

1613
00:45:12,239 --> 00:45:14,440
but we can control the amount of energy
released from the fission reaction of

1614
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:14,450
released from the fission reaction of

1615
00:45:14,450 --> 00:45:16,880
released from the fission reaction of
uranium-235 and use it in a power plant

1616
00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:16,890
uranium-235 and use it in a power plant

1617
00:45:16,890 --> 00:45:19,430
uranium-235 and use it in a power plant
to generate electricity remember I said

1618
00:45:19,430 --> 00:45:19,440
to generate electricity remember I said

1619
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:22,609
to generate electricity remember I said
that there we only need about three

1620
00:45:22,609 --> 00:45:22,619
that there we only need about three

1621
00:45:22,619 --> 00:45:26,470
that there we only need about three
percent abundance enrichment of the

1622
00:45:26,470 --> 00:45:26,480
percent abundance enrichment of the

1623
00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:28,339
percent abundance enrichment of the
uranium-235

1624
00:45:28,339 --> 00:45:28,349
uranium-235

1625
00:45:28,349 --> 00:45:31,039
uranium-235
so in nuclear reactors the heat

1626
00:45:31,039 --> 00:45:31,049
so in nuclear reactors the heat

1627
00:45:31,049 --> 00:45:33,979
so in nuclear reactors the heat
generated by the reaction is used to

1628
00:45:33,979 --> 00:45:33,989
generated by the reaction is used to

1629
00:45:33,989 --> 00:45:36,319
generated by the reaction is used to
produce steam that turns a turbine

1630
00:45:36,319 --> 00:45:36,329
produce steam that turns a turbine

1631
00:45:36,329 --> 00:45:38,359
produce steam that turns a turbine
connected to a generator

1632
00:45:38,359 --> 00:45:38,369
connected to a generator

1633
00:45:38,369 --> 00:45:39,859
connected to a generator
otherwise the

1634
00:45:39,859 --> 00:45:39,869
otherwise the

1635
00:45:39,869 --> 00:45:42,650
otherwise the
plant is basically the same as any power

1636
00:45:42,650 --> 00:45:42,660
plant is basically the same as any power

1637
00:45:42,660 --> 00:45:46,609
plant is basically the same as any power
plants in fact the coal power plants we

1638
00:45:46,609 --> 00:45:46,619
plants in fact the coal power plants we

1639
00:45:46,619 --> 00:45:50,059
plants in fact the coal power plants we
use coal to boil water actually obtain

1640
00:45:50,059 --> 00:45:50,069
use coal to boil water actually obtain

1641
00:45:50,069 --> 00:45:53,239
use coal to boil water actually obtain
vapor in high pressure and use those to

1642
00:45:53,239 --> 00:45:53,249
vapor in high pressure and use those to

1643
00:45:53,249 --> 00:45:55,640
vapor in high pressure and use those to
turn the turbines and create electricity

1644
00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:55,650
turn the turbines and create electricity

1645
00:45:55,650 --> 00:45:58,089
turn the turbines and create electricity
so this part is exactly the same and

1646
00:45:58,089 --> 00:45:58,099
so this part is exactly the same and

1647
00:45:58,099 --> 00:46:02,359
so this part is exactly the same and
nuclear power plants the fuel is the

1648
00:46:02,359 --> 00:46:02,369
nuclear power plants the fuel is the

1649
00:46:02,369 --> 00:46:06,410
nuclear power plants the fuel is the
radioactive uranium 235 which is here

1650
00:46:06,410 --> 00:46:06,420
radioactive uranium 235 which is here

1651
00:46:06,420 --> 00:46:08,809
radioactive uranium 235 which is here
there are some rods but we have to

1652
00:46:08,809 --> 00:46:08,819
there are some rods but we have to

1653
00:46:08,819 --> 00:46:12,799
there are some rods but we have to
control the reaction nuclear reaction

1654
00:46:12,799 --> 00:46:12,809
control the reaction nuclear reaction

1655
00:46:12,809 --> 00:46:15,200
control the reaction nuclear reaction
chain reactions by using these control

1656
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:15,210
chain reactions by using these control

1657
00:46:15,210 --> 00:46:20,329
chain reactions by using these control
and rods we simply put push them down

1658
00:46:20,329 --> 00:46:20,339
and rods we simply put push them down

1659
00:46:20,339 --> 00:46:25,339
and rods we simply put push them down
here and that way we prevent the

1660
00:46:25,339 --> 00:46:25,349
here and that way we prevent the

1661
00:46:25,349 --> 00:46:28,099
here and that way we prevent the
neutrons emitted from the fission to hit

1662
00:46:28,099 --> 00:46:28,109
neutrons emitted from the fission to hit

1663
00:46:28,109 --> 00:46:31,759
neutrons emitted from the fission to hit
another uranium-235 and cause the chain

1664
00:46:31,759 --> 00:46:31,769
another uranium-235 and cause the chain

1665
00:46:31,769 --> 00:46:34,609
another uranium-235 and cause the chain
reactions as a matter of fact so this

1666
00:46:34,609 --> 00:46:34,619
reactions as a matter of fact so this

1667
00:46:34,619 --> 00:46:38,150
reactions as a matter of fact so this
way we get the heat and that heat went

1668
00:46:38,150 --> 00:46:38,160
way we get the heat and that heat went

1669
00:46:38,160 --> 00:46:42,009
way we get the heat and that heat went
through the heat exchanger and we get

1670
00:46:42,009 --> 00:46:42,019
through the heat exchanger and we get

1671
00:46:42,019 --> 00:46:45,680
through the heat exchanger and we get
vapor actually right here steam very

1672
00:46:45,680 --> 00:46:45,690
vapor actually right here steam very

1673
00:46:45,690 --> 00:46:48,549
vapor actually right here steam very
high pressure goes to turbine and we

1674
00:46:48,549 --> 00:46:48,559
high pressure goes to turbine and we

1675
00:46:48,559 --> 00:46:52,819
high pressure goes to turbine and we
produce electricity now this is the

1676
00:46:52,819 --> 00:46:52,829
produce electricity now this is the

1677
00:46:52,829 --> 00:46:54,920
produce electricity now this is the
reactive part of the nuclear this is

1678
00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:54,930
reactive part of the nuclear this is

1679
00:46:54,930 --> 00:46:56,690
reactive part of the nuclear this is
what I was fuel these are the fuel

1680
00:46:56,690 --> 00:46:56,700
what I was fuel these are the fuel

1681
00:46:56,700 --> 00:46:58,519
what I was fuel these are the fuel
elements these are fuel elements they

1682
00:46:58,519 --> 00:46:58,529
elements these are fuel elements they

1683
00:46:58,529 --> 00:47:02,749
elements these are fuel elements they
are actually uranium oxide but uranium

1684
00:47:02,749 --> 00:47:02,759
are actually uranium oxide but uranium

1685
00:47:02,759 --> 00:47:07,249
are actually uranium oxide but uranium
is 235 enriched actually 235 up to 3 to

1686
00:47:07,249 --> 00:47:07,259
is 235 enriched actually 235 up to 3 to

1687
00:47:07,259 --> 00:47:09,920
is 235 enriched actually 235 up to 3 to
4 as a gain percent as I said and

1688
00:47:09,920 --> 00:47:09,930
4 as a gain percent as I said and

1689
00:47:09,930 --> 00:47:12,859
4 as a gain percent as I said and
remember I said that the nuclear

1690
00:47:12,859 --> 00:47:12,869
remember I said that the nuclear

1691
00:47:12,869 --> 00:47:15,579
remember I said that the nuclear
reactions is not affected by any

1692
00:47:15,579 --> 00:47:15,589
reactions is not affected by any

1693
00:47:15,589 --> 00:47:18,200
reactions is not affected by any
environmental conditions pressure

1694
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:18,210
environmental conditions pressure

1695
00:47:18,210 --> 00:47:22,489
environmental conditions pressure
temperature or whatever the radioactive

1696
00:47:22,489 --> 00:47:22,499
temperature or whatever the radioactive

1697
00:47:22,499 --> 00:47:24,349
temperature or whatever the radioactive
isotopes in what molecule it really

1698
00:47:24,349 --> 00:47:24,359
isotopes in what molecule it really

1699
00:47:24,359 --> 00:47:26,450
isotopes in what molecule it really
doesn't matter so these are just the

1700
00:47:26,450 --> 00:47:26,460
doesn't matter so these are just the

1701
00:47:26,460 --> 00:47:30,589
doesn't matter so these are just the
uranium oxides uranium-235 oxides here

1702
00:47:30,589 --> 00:47:30,599
uranium oxides uranium-235 oxides here

1703
00:47:30,599 --> 00:47:34,400
uranium oxides uranium-235 oxides here
and then we have the control rod which

1704
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:34,410
and then we have the control rod which

1705
00:47:34,410 --> 00:47:37,249
and then we have the control rod which
are simply boron made of boron they

1706
00:47:37,249 --> 00:47:37,259
are simply boron made of boron they

1707
00:47:37,259 --> 00:47:40,430
are simply boron made of boron they
absorb actually the neutron access

1708
00:47:40,430 --> 00:47:40,440
absorb actually the neutron access

1709
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:43,489
absorb actually the neutron access
neutrons so by simply pushing it down

1710
00:47:43,489 --> 00:47:43,499
neutrons so by simply pushing it down

1711
00:47:43,499 --> 00:47:46,220
neutrons so by simply pushing it down
like this or taking it out we control

1712
00:47:46,220 --> 00:47:46,230
like this or taking it out we control

1713
00:47:46,230 --> 00:47:51,049
like this or taking it out we control
the amount of energy that comes out from

1714
00:47:51,049 --> 00:47:51,059
the amount of energy that comes out from

1715
00:47:51,059 --> 00:47:52,010
the amount of energy that comes out from
the chain

1716
00:47:52,010 --> 00:47:52,020
the chain

1717
00:47:52,020 --> 00:47:54,020
the chain
reaction from the fishin actually by

1718
00:47:54,020 --> 00:47:54,030
reaction from the fishin actually by

1719
00:47:54,030 --> 00:47:55,790
reaction from the fishin actually by
controlling deficient chain reactions

1720
00:47:55,790 --> 00:47:55,800
controlling deficient chain reactions

1721
00:47:55,800 --> 00:48:01,280
controlling deficient chain reactions
and the power plans simply works and

1722
00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:01,290
and the power plans simply works and

1723
00:48:01,290 --> 00:48:03,590
and the power plans simply works and
generates electricity produces

1724
00:48:03,590 --> 00:48:03,600
generates electricity produces

1725
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,680
generates electricity produces
electricity now unit says water acts as

1726
00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:06,690
electricity now unit says water acts as

1727
00:48:06,690 --> 00:48:09,500
electricity now unit says water acts as
moderator and coolant that means here we

1728
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:09,510
moderator and coolant that means here we

1729
00:48:09,510 --> 00:48:11,810
moderator and coolant that means here we
have water and there are different types

1730
00:48:11,810 --> 00:48:11,820
have water and there are different types

1731
00:48:11,820 --> 00:48:14,540
have water and there are different types
of nuclear reactors some use heavy water

1732
00:48:14,540 --> 00:48:14,550
of nuclear reactors some use heavy water

1733
00:48:14,550 --> 00:48:15,920
of nuclear reactors some use heavy water
for example those are called heavy

1734
00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:15,930
for example those are called heavy

1735
00:48:15,930 --> 00:48:19,150
for example those are called heavy
waters now the functions of this

1736
00:48:19,150 --> 00:48:19,160
waters now the functions of this

1737
00:48:19,160 --> 00:48:23,300
waters now the functions of this
moderator is actually to slow down the

1738
00:48:23,300 --> 00:48:23,310
moderator is actually to slow down the

1739
00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,030
moderator is actually to slow down the
speed of the neutron comes out from a

1740
00:48:26,030 --> 00:48:26,040
speed of the neutron comes out from a

1741
00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:29,330
speed of the neutron comes out from a
fission process because if the energy of

1742
00:48:29,330 --> 00:48:29,340
fission process because if the energy of

1743
00:48:29,340 --> 00:48:31,670
fission process because if the energy of
the neutron if the neutrons are very

1744
00:48:31,670 --> 00:48:31,680
the neutron if the neutrons are very

1745
00:48:31,680 --> 00:48:34,790
the neutron if the neutrons are very
fast they don't really absorb by another

1746
00:48:34,790 --> 00:48:34,800
fast they don't really absorb by another

1747
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:37,190
fast they don't really absorb by another
uranium-235 and cause the chain

1748
00:48:37,190 --> 00:48:37,200
uranium-235 and cause the chain

1749
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:40,010
uranium-235 and cause the chain
reactions they have to slow down so that

1750
00:48:40,010 --> 00:48:40,020
reactions they have to slow down so that

1751
00:48:40,020 --> 00:48:43,250
reactions they have to slow down so that
when they hit two uranium-235 absorbed

1752
00:48:43,250 --> 00:48:43,260
when they hit two uranium-235 absorbed

1753
00:48:43,260 --> 00:48:49,300
when they hit two uranium-235 absorbed
by a chain fission reaction take place

1754
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:49,310

1755
00:48:49,310 --> 00:48:52,790
now the problem with this is the waste

1756
00:48:52,790 --> 00:48:52,800
now the problem with this is the waste

1757
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:55,910
now the problem with this is the waste
actually what we do with the waste and

1758
00:48:55,910 --> 00:48:55,920
actually what we do with the waste and

1759
00:48:55,920 --> 00:48:59,020
actually what we do with the waste and
still a big problem after you use those

1760
00:48:59,020 --> 00:48:59,030
still a big problem after you use those

1761
00:48:59,030 --> 00:49:03,910
still a big problem after you use those
fuels rods which contains the

1762
00:49:03,910 --> 00:49:03,920
fuels rods which contains the

1763
00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:07,130
fuels rods which contains the
radioactive substances right remember

1764
00:49:07,130 --> 00:49:07,140
radioactive substances right remember

1765
00:49:07,140 --> 00:49:12,400
radioactive substances right remember
again the product of fission reaction

1766
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:12,410
again the product of fission reaction

1767
00:49:12,410 --> 00:49:16,760
again the product of fission reaction
also gives radioactive radioisotopes

1768
00:49:16,760 --> 00:49:16,770
also gives radioactive radioisotopes

1769
00:49:16,770 --> 00:49:19,610
also gives radioactive radioisotopes
they are also radioactive to not only

1770
00:49:19,610 --> 00:49:19,620
they are also radioactive to not only

1771
00:49:19,620 --> 00:49:22,790
they are also radioactive to not only
the remaining uranium-235 in the fuel

1772
00:49:22,790 --> 00:49:22,800
the remaining uranium-235 in the fuel

1773
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:27,530
the remaining uranium-235 in the fuel
rods are harmful but the products there

1774
00:49:27,530 --> 00:49:27,540
rods are harmful but the products there

1775
00:49:27,540 --> 00:49:30,830
rods are harmful but the products there
are also harmful so after you use that

1776
00:49:30,830 --> 00:49:30,840
are also harmful so after you use that

1777
00:49:30,840 --> 00:49:33,740
are also harmful so after you use that
fuel actually you can't use all the

1778
00:49:33,740 --> 00:49:33,750
fuel actually you can't use all the

1779
00:49:33,750 --> 00:49:35,570
fuel actually you can't use all the
uranium-235 you have to remember that

1780
00:49:35,570 --> 00:49:35,580
uranium-235 you have to remember that

1781
00:49:35,580 --> 00:49:39,290
uranium-235 you have to remember that
the half-life is very long so you have

1782
00:49:39,290 --> 00:49:39,300
the half-life is very long so you have

1783
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:43,520
the half-life is very long so you have
to somehow store it somewhere that will

1784
00:49:43,520 --> 00:49:43,530
to somehow store it somewhere that will

1785
00:49:43,530 --> 00:49:47,000
to somehow store it somewhere that will
not cause any environmental problem by

1786
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:47,010
not cause any environmental problem by

1787
00:49:47,010 --> 00:49:49,430
not cause any environmental problem by
giving those high energy radiations and

1788
00:49:49,430 --> 00:49:49,440
giving those high energy radiations and

1789
00:49:49,440 --> 00:49:52,100
giving those high energy radiations and
it's still a problem today and I guess

1790
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:52,110
it's still a problem today and I guess

1791
00:49:52,110 --> 00:49:55,430
it's still a problem today and I guess
the most important problem with the

1792
00:49:55,430 --> 00:49:55,440
the most important problem with the

1793
00:49:55,440 --> 00:49:59,750
the most important problem with the
energy production by nuclear reactions I

1794
00:49:59,750 --> 00:49:59,760
energy production by nuclear reactions I

1795
00:49:59,760 --> 00:50:04,500
energy production by nuclear reactions I
should say nuclear power plants

1796
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:04,510

1797
00:50:04,510 --> 00:50:09,359
okay now Fusion is as we see again the

1798
00:50:09,359 --> 00:50:09,369
okay now Fusion is as we see again the

1799
00:50:09,369 --> 00:50:14,010
okay now Fusion is as we see again the
lighter nuclei combines to form little

1800
00:50:14,010 --> 00:50:14,020
lighter nuclei combines to form little

1801
00:50:14,020 --> 00:50:17,070
lighter nuclei combines to form little
heavier ones this is again one of the

1802
00:50:17,070 --> 00:50:17,080
heavier ones this is again one of the

1803
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:19,670
heavier ones this is again one of the
reaction that taken place in the Sun

1804
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:19,680
reaction that taken place in the Sun

1805
00:50:19,680 --> 00:50:23,790
reaction that taken place in the Sun
actually the energy of the Sun is

1806
00:50:23,790 --> 00:50:23,800
actually the energy of the Sun is

1807
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:27,570
actually the energy of the Sun is
produced from this fusion reactions

1808
00:50:27,570 --> 00:50:27,580
produced from this fusion reactions

1809
00:50:27,580 --> 00:50:31,260
produced from this fusion reactions
because almost nineteen ninety-two

1810
00:50:31,260 --> 00:50:31,270
because almost nineteen ninety-two

1811
00:50:31,270 --> 00:50:34,800
because almost nineteen ninety-two
percent of the Sun is hydrogen and seven

1812
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:34,810
percent of the Sun is hydrogen and seven

1813
00:50:34,810 --> 00:50:37,170
percent of the Sun is hydrogen and seven
percent is helium and only one percent I

1814
00:50:37,170 --> 00:50:37,180
percent is helium and only one percent I

1815
00:50:37,180 --> 00:50:39,870
percent is helium and only one percent I
guess if I remember correctly is other

1816
00:50:39,870 --> 00:50:39,880
guess if I remember correctly is other

1817
00:50:39,880 --> 00:50:42,990
guess if I remember correctly is other
elements so it's Sun is mainly made of

1818
00:50:42,990 --> 00:50:43,000
elements so it's Sun is mainly made of

1819
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,859
elements so it's Sun is mainly made of
hydrogen and helium right and

1820
00:50:45,859 --> 00:50:45,869
hydrogen and helium right and

1821
00:50:45,869 --> 00:50:48,630
hydrogen and helium right and
continuously the hydrogen combines in

1822
00:50:48,630 --> 00:50:48,640
continuously the hydrogen combines in

1823
00:50:48,640 --> 00:50:52,500
continuously the hydrogen combines in
this fusion reaction and forms the DT

1824
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:52,510
this fusion reaction and forms the DT

1825
00:50:52,510 --> 00:50:54,180
this fusion reaction and forms the DT
reom and that combines to form the

1826
00:50:54,180 --> 00:50:54,190
reom and that combines to form the

1827
00:50:54,190 --> 00:50:55,950
reom and that combines to form the
tritium and that combines to form

1828
00:50:55,950 --> 00:50:55,960
tritium and that combines to form

1829
00:50:55,960 --> 00:50:59,099
tritium and that combines to form
finally helium right and that huge

1830
00:50:59,099 --> 00:50:59,109
finally helium right and that huge

1831
00:50:59,109 --> 00:51:02,400
finally helium right and that huge
amount of energy is released right huge

1832
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:02,410
amount of energy is released right huge

1833
00:51:02,410 --> 00:51:05,670
amount of energy is released right huge
amount of energy is released but the

1834
00:51:05,670 --> 00:51:05,680
amount of energy is released but the

1835
00:51:05,680 --> 00:51:08,430
amount of energy is released but the
problem again to be able to use this

1836
00:51:08,430 --> 00:51:08,440
problem again to be able to use this

1837
00:51:08,440 --> 00:51:11,190
problem again to be able to use this
fusion reaction instead of fission

1838
00:51:11,190 --> 00:51:11,200
fusion reaction instead of fission

1839
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:15,590
fusion reaction instead of fission
because fusion reactions do not give you

1840
00:51:15,590 --> 00:51:15,600
because fusion reactions do not give you

1841
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,190
because fusion reactions do not give you
you know like radioactive products as

1842
00:51:19,190 --> 00:51:19,200
you know like radioactive products as

1843
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,250
you know like radioactive products as
inefficient reactions so they are more

1844
00:51:22,250 --> 00:51:22,260
inefficient reactions so they are more

1845
00:51:22,260 --> 00:51:26,460
inefficient reactions so they are more
appropriate to use to generate the

1846
00:51:26,460 --> 00:51:26,470
appropriate to use to generate the

1847
00:51:26,470 --> 00:51:28,470
appropriate to use to generate the
electricity actually are used in a power

1848
00:51:28,470 --> 00:51:28,480
electricity actually are used in a power

1849
00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:31,590
electricity actually are used in a power
plants but the problem is for the fusion

1850
00:51:31,590 --> 00:51:31,600
plants but the problem is for the fusion

1851
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:33,900
plants but the problem is for the fusion
reaction to take place the temperature

1852
00:51:33,900 --> 00:51:33,910
reaction to take place the temperature

1853
00:51:33,910 --> 00:51:38,370
reaction to take place the temperature
should be like forty thousand Kelvin

1854
00:51:38,370 --> 00:51:38,380
should be like forty thousand Kelvin

1855
00:51:38,380 --> 00:51:41,370
should be like forty thousand Kelvin
somewhere about there very very high you

1856
00:51:41,370 --> 00:51:41,380
somewhere about there very very high you

1857
00:51:41,380 --> 00:51:44,040
somewhere about there very very high you
need a very high pressure and very high

1858
00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:44,050
need a very high pressure and very high

1859
00:51:44,050 --> 00:51:46,890
need a very high pressure and very high
temperature for the fusion reaction to

1860
00:51:46,890 --> 00:51:46,900
temperature for the fusion reaction to

1861
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:49,530
temperature for the fusion reaction to
take place the huge amount of energy is

1862
00:51:49,530 --> 00:51:49,540
take place the huge amount of energy is

1863
00:51:49,540 --> 00:51:53,250
take place the huge amount of energy is
simply released from that too but to get

1864
00:51:53,250 --> 00:51:53,260
simply released from that too but to get

1865
00:51:53,260 --> 00:51:56,040
simply released from that too but to get
that to start you need very high

1866
00:51:56,040 --> 00:51:56,050
that to start you need very high

1867
00:51:56,050 --> 00:51:59,640
that to start you need very high
temperature and very high pressure again

1868
00:51:59,640 --> 00:51:59,650
temperature and very high pressure again

1869
00:51:59,650 --> 00:52:04,650
temperature and very high pressure again
now atomic bump based on the fishing of

1870
00:52:04,650 --> 00:52:04,660
now atomic bump based on the fishing of

1871
00:52:04,660 --> 00:52:08,160
now atomic bump based on the fishing of
two uranium-235 hydrogen bump is based

1872
00:52:08,160 --> 00:52:08,170
two uranium-235 hydrogen bump is based

1873
00:52:08,170 --> 00:52:11,490
two uranium-235 hydrogen bump is based
on the fusion of this it is possible to

1874
00:52:11,490 --> 00:52:11,500
on the fusion of this it is possible to

1875
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:13,770
on the fusion of this it is possible to
make the hydrogen bomb that means to

1876
00:52:13,770 --> 00:52:13,780
make the hydrogen bomb that means to

1877
00:52:13,780 --> 00:52:15,450
make the hydrogen bomb that means to
carry out the fusion reactions and

1878
00:52:15,450 --> 00:52:15,460
carry out the fusion reactions and

1879
00:52:15,460 --> 00:52:17,160
carry out the fusion reactions and
release the energy from that but to

1880
00:52:17,160 --> 00:52:17,170
release the energy from that but to

1881
00:52:17,170 --> 00:52:18,240
release the energy from that but to
start the

1882
00:52:18,240 --> 00:52:18,250
start the

1883
00:52:18,250 --> 00:52:21,120
start the
atomic bomb the hydrogen bomb they use

1884
00:52:21,120 --> 00:52:21,130
atomic bomb the hydrogen bomb they use

1885
00:52:21,130 --> 00:52:24,290
atomic bomb the hydrogen bomb they use
the atomic bombs small amount

1886
00:52:24,290 --> 00:52:24,300
the atomic bombs small amount

1887
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:27,450
the atomic bombs small amount
uranium-235 and that creates the

1888
00:52:27,450 --> 00:52:27,460
uranium-235 and that creates the

1889
00:52:27,460 --> 00:52:29,580
uranium-235 and that creates the
temperature and the pressure required to

1890
00:52:29,580 --> 00:52:29,590
temperature and the pressure required to

1891
00:52:29,590 --> 00:52:33,390
temperature and the pressure required to
start the fusion actually fusion

1892
00:52:33,390 --> 00:52:33,400
start the fusion actually fusion

1893
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,570
start the fusion actually fusion
reactions but economically not feasible

1894
00:52:36,570 --> 00:52:36,580
reactions but economically not feasible

1895
00:52:36,580 --> 00:52:38,700
reactions but economically not feasible
them again to use these in the power

1896
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:38,710
them again to use these in the power

1897
00:52:38,710 --> 00:52:41,670
them again to use these in the power
plants as a fuel hydrogen in fact is not

1898
00:52:41,670 --> 00:52:41,680
plants as a fuel hydrogen in fact is not

1899
00:52:41,680 --> 00:52:45,680
plants as a fuel hydrogen in fact is not
at the moment is not feasible yet

1900
00:52:45,680 --> 00:52:45,690
at the moment is not feasible yet

1901
00:52:45,690 --> 00:52:53,130
at the moment is not feasible yet
now radiation in the environment let's

1902
00:52:53,130 --> 00:52:53,140
now radiation in the environment let's

1903
00:52:53,140 --> 00:52:55,650
now radiation in the environment let's
see what we have here we are constantly

1904
00:52:55,650 --> 00:52:55,660
see what we have here we are constantly

1905
00:52:55,660 --> 00:53:00,240
see what we have here we are constantly
exposed to radiation yes at least we

1906
00:53:00,240 --> 00:53:00,250
exposed to radiation yes at least we

1907
00:53:00,250 --> 00:53:04,950
exposed to radiation yes at least we
know that all radio frequencies of the

1908
00:53:04,950 --> 00:53:04,960
know that all radio frequencies of the

1909
00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:13,080
know that all radio frequencies of the
TVs and the mobiles right phones so we

1910
00:53:13,080 --> 00:53:13,090
TVs and the mobiles right phones so we

1911
00:53:13,090 --> 00:53:17,100
TVs and the mobiles right phones so we
are exposed to a lot of radiations but

1912
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:17,110
are exposed to a lot of radiations but

1913
00:53:17,110 --> 00:53:20,760
are exposed to a lot of radiations but
the radiations that we exposed our low

1914
00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:20,770
the radiations that we exposed our low

1915
00:53:20,770 --> 00:53:26,580
the radiations that we exposed our low
energy radiations they don't really make

1916
00:53:26,580 --> 00:53:26,590
energy radiations they don't really make

1917
00:53:26,590 --> 00:53:29,490
energy radiations they don't really make
much harm to the living organisms or the

1918
00:53:29,490 --> 00:53:29,500
much harm to the living organisms or the

1919
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,120
much harm to the living organisms or the
environment but if the living organisms

1920
00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:33,130
environment but if the living organisms

1921
00:53:33,130 --> 00:53:35,120
environment but if the living organisms
are exposed to the high energy

1922
00:53:35,120 --> 00:53:35,130
are exposed to the high energy

1923
00:53:35,130 --> 00:53:39,060
are exposed to the high energy
radiations like beta particles gamma and

1924
00:53:39,060 --> 00:53:39,070
radiations like beta particles gamma and

1925
00:53:39,070 --> 00:53:42,390
radiations like beta particles gamma and
alpha and so on and which are called

1926
00:53:42,390 --> 00:53:42,400
alpha and so on and which are called

1927
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,450
alpha and so on and which are called
ionizing radiations and that is a

1928
00:53:45,450 --> 00:53:45,460
ionizing radiations and that is a

1929
00:53:45,460 --> 00:53:47,910
ionizing radiations and that is a
problem a big problem actually right why

1930
00:53:47,910 --> 00:53:47,920
problem a big problem actually right why

1931
00:53:47,920 --> 00:53:50,940
problem a big problem actually right why
because the ionizing radiation simply

1932
00:53:50,940 --> 00:53:50,950
because the ionizing radiation simply

1933
00:53:50,950 --> 00:53:56,940
because the ionizing radiation simply
ionizes the water right which almost 70%

1934
00:53:56,940 --> 00:53:56,950
ionizes the water right which almost 70%

1935
00:53:56,950 --> 00:53:59,700
ionizes the water right which almost 70%
of living organisms are water right and

1936
00:53:59,700 --> 00:53:59,710
of living organisms are water right and

1937
00:53:59,710 --> 00:54:03,330
of living organisms are water right and
when you have the water ionized water

1938
00:54:03,330 --> 00:54:03,340
when you have the water ionized water

1939
00:54:03,340 --> 00:54:05,970
when you have the water ionized water
like this this ionized water reacts with

1940
00:54:05,970 --> 00:54:05,980
like this this ionized water reacts with

1941
00:54:05,980 --> 00:54:08,460
like this this ionized water reacts with
another water to form the hydronium ion

1942
00:54:08,460 --> 00:54:08,470
another water to form the hydronium ion

1943
00:54:08,470 --> 00:54:12,060
another water to form the hydronium ion
and all H radical and this Oh H radical

1944
00:54:12,060 --> 00:54:12,070
and all H radical and this Oh H radical

1945
00:54:12,070 --> 00:54:15,060
and all H radical and this Oh H radical
causes all kinds of problem in the

1946
00:54:15,060 --> 00:54:15,070
causes all kinds of problem in the

1947
00:54:15,070 --> 00:54:17,190
causes all kinds of problem in the
living organisms it is a very reactive

1948
00:54:17,190 --> 00:54:17,200
living organisms it is a very reactive

1949
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:19,260
living organisms it is a very reactive
species and reacts with a lot of

1950
00:54:19,260 --> 00:54:19,270
species and reacts with a lot of

1951
00:54:19,270 --> 00:54:21,450
species and reacts with a lot of
biological molecules and causes all kind

1952
00:54:21,450 --> 00:54:21,460
biological molecules and causes all kind

1953
00:54:21,460 --> 00:54:24,050
biological molecules and causes all kind
of problems so we should be aware that

1954
00:54:24,050 --> 00:54:24,060
of problems so we should be aware that

1955
00:54:24,060 --> 00:54:27,630
of problems so we should be aware that
we should not be exposed to the ionizing

1956
00:54:27,630 --> 00:54:27,640
we should not be exposed to the ionizing

1957
00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:29,930
we should not be exposed to the ionizing
radiations ionized

1958
00:54:29,930 --> 00:54:29,940
radiations ionized

1959
00:54:29,940 --> 00:54:33,560
radiations ionized
now the damage to the cells of the

1960
00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:33,570
now the damage to the cells of the

1961
00:54:33,570 --> 00:54:36,550
now the damage to the cells of the
ionizing radiations now again alpha

1962
00:54:36,550 --> 00:54:36,560
ionizing radiations now again alpha

1963
00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:39,200
ionizing radiations now again alpha
particles beta particles and gamma

1964
00:54:39,200 --> 00:54:39,210
particles beta particles and gamma

1965
00:54:39,210 --> 00:54:41,330
particles beta particles and gamma
particles you see again the penetration

1966
00:54:41,330 --> 00:54:41,340
particles you see again the penetration

1967
00:54:41,340 --> 00:54:43,460
particles you see again the penetration
power of alpha particles is not very

1968
00:54:43,460 --> 00:54:43,470
power of alpha particles is not very

1969
00:54:43,470 --> 00:54:45,410
power of alpha particles is not very
high they can't really penetrate through

1970
00:54:45,410 --> 00:54:45,420
high they can't really penetrate through

1971
00:54:45,420 --> 00:54:48,590
high they can't really penetrate through
the skin so if the alpha particles is

1972
00:54:48,590 --> 00:54:48,600
the skin so if the alpha particles is

1973
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:51,020
the skin so if the alpha particles is
outside of the living organisms the

1974
00:54:51,020 --> 00:54:51,030
outside of the living organisms the

1975
00:54:51,030 --> 00:54:52,880
outside of the living organisms the
damage is not large but if the alpha

1976
00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:52,890
damage is not large but if the alpha

1977
00:54:52,890 --> 00:54:54,910
damage is not large but if the alpha
particle if you're radioactive

1978
00:54:54,910 --> 00:54:54,920
particle if you're radioactive

1979
00:54:54,920 --> 00:54:58,040
particle if you're radioactive
substances inside your body for living

1980
00:54:58,040 --> 00:54:58,050
substances inside your body for living

1981
00:54:58,050 --> 00:55:00,140
substances inside your body for living
organisms and if it gives alpha particle

1982
00:55:00,140 --> 00:55:00,150
organisms and if it gives alpha particle

1983
00:55:00,150 --> 00:55:03,920
organisms and if it gives alpha particle
that is very bad that's really bad now

1984
00:55:03,920 --> 00:55:03,930
that is very bad that's really bad now

1985
00:55:03,930 --> 00:55:07,220
that is very bad that's really bad now
beta particles they simply penetrate you

1986
00:55:07,220 --> 00:55:07,230
beta particles they simply penetrate you

1987
00:55:07,230 --> 00:55:09,500
beta particles they simply penetrate you
see some extent now the gamma particles

1988
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:09,510
see some extent now the gamma particles

1989
00:55:09,510 --> 00:55:13,190
see some extent now the gamma particles
can go through the body actually and

1990
00:55:13,190 --> 00:55:13,200
can go through the body actually and

1991
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:17,210
can go through the body actually and
that is very very dangers to be exposed

1992
00:55:17,210 --> 00:55:17,220
that is very very dangers to be exposed

1993
00:55:17,220 --> 00:55:19,520
that is very very dangers to be exposed
about a certain limit of gamma rays

1994
00:55:19,520 --> 00:55:19,530
about a certain limit of gamma rays

1995
00:55:19,530 --> 00:55:22,040
about a certain limit of gamma rays
particularly because they simply break

1996
00:55:22,040 --> 00:55:22,050
particularly because they simply break

1997
00:55:22,050 --> 00:55:24,050
particularly because they simply break
the bonds between the atoms in the body

1998
00:55:24,050 --> 00:55:24,060
the bonds between the atoms in the body

1999
00:55:24,060 --> 00:55:25,520
the bonds between the atoms in the body
in the biological molecules and that

2000
00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:25,530
in the biological molecules and that

2001
00:55:25,530 --> 00:55:29,660
in the biological molecules and that
means the end of the life there right

2002
00:55:29,660 --> 00:55:29,670
means the end of the life there right

2003
00:55:29,670 --> 00:55:35,600
means the end of the life there right
now let's look at here again the damage

2004
00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:35,610
now let's look at here again the damage

2005
00:55:35,610 --> 00:55:37,460
now let's look at here again the damage
to the cells depends on the type of

2006
00:55:37,460 --> 00:55:37,470
to the cells depends on the type of

2007
00:55:37,470 --> 00:55:40,310
to the cells depends on the type of
radioactivity that means alpha beta or

2008
00:55:40,310 --> 00:55:40,320
radioactivity that means alpha beta or

2009
00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:42,830
radioactivity that means alpha beta or
gamma the length of the exposure and the

2010
00:55:42,830 --> 00:55:42,840
gamma the length of the exposure and the

2011
00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:45,380
gamma the length of the exposure and the
whether the source inside or outside the

2012
00:55:45,380 --> 00:55:45,390
whether the source inside or outside the

2013
00:55:45,390 --> 00:55:47,990
whether the source inside or outside the
body see that means the radioactive

2014
00:55:47,990 --> 00:55:48,000
body see that means the radioactive

2015
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:50,840
body see that means the radioactive
source inside and outside outside the

2016
00:55:50,840 --> 00:55:50,850
source inside and outside outside the

2017
00:55:50,850 --> 00:55:53,330
source inside and outside outside the
body gamma rays are most dangerous

2018
00:55:53,330 --> 00:55:53,340
body gamma rays are most dangerous

2019
00:55:53,340 --> 00:55:55,640
body gamma rays are most dangerous
because they can go through inside the

2020
00:55:55,640 --> 00:55:55,650
because they can go through inside the

2021
00:55:55,650 --> 00:55:58,700
because they can go through inside the
body alpha radiation can cause most harm

2022
00:55:58,700 --> 00:55:58,710
body alpha radiation can cause most harm

2023
00:55:58,710 --> 00:56:05,840
body alpha radiation can cause most harm
right so now the exposure and again we

2024
00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:05,850
right so now the exposure and again we

2025
00:56:05,850 --> 00:56:07,220
right so now the exposure and again we
are constantly exposed to the radiation

2026
00:56:07,220 --> 00:56:07,230
are constantly exposed to the radiation

2027
00:56:07,230 --> 00:56:11,120
are constantly exposed to the radiation
but what amount is safe this is another

2028
00:56:11,120 --> 00:56:11,130
but what amount is safe this is another

2029
00:56:11,130 --> 00:56:13,490
but what amount is safe this is another
things set in the standards for safety

2030
00:56:13,490 --> 00:56:13,500
things set in the standards for safety

2031
00:56:13,500 --> 00:56:16,370
things set in the standards for safety
is difficult low level long-term

2032
00:56:16,370 --> 00:56:16,380
is difficult low level long-term

2033
00:56:16,380 --> 00:56:20,150
is difficult low level long-term
exposure can cause health issues damage

2034
00:56:20,150 --> 00:56:20,160
exposure can cause health issues damage

2035
00:56:20,160 --> 00:56:22,460
exposure can cause health issues damage
to the growth regulation mechanism of

2036
00:56:22,460 --> 00:56:22,470
to the growth regulation mechanism of

2037
00:56:22,470 --> 00:56:26,240
to the growth regulation mechanism of
the cells results in cancer this is the

2038
00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:26,250
the cells results in cancer this is the

2039
00:56:26,250 --> 00:56:28,370
the cells results in cancer this is the
worst part of that actually if you're

2040
00:56:28,370 --> 00:56:28,380
worst part of that actually if you're

2041
00:56:28,380 --> 00:56:31,130
worst part of that actually if you're
exposed to the radiations finally you

2042
00:56:31,130 --> 00:56:31,140
exposed to the radiations finally you

2043
00:56:31,140 --> 00:56:35,990
exposed to the radiations finally you
know may take years and years but cancer

2044
00:56:35,990 --> 00:56:36,000
know may take years and years but cancer

2045
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:39,510
know may take years and years but cancer
may be seen not

2046
00:56:39,510 --> 00:56:39,520
may be seen not

2047
00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:44,280
may be seen not
living organisms actually now uh now

2048
00:56:44,280 --> 00:56:44,290
living organisms actually now uh now

2049
00:56:44,290 --> 00:56:46,420
living organisms actually now uh now
these are the average abundances

2050
00:56:46,420 --> 00:56:46,430
these are the average abundances

2051
00:56:46,430 --> 00:56:50,200
these are the average abundances
activities of natural radio nuclides are

2052
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:50,210
activities of natural radio nuclides are

2053
00:56:50,210 --> 00:56:54,190
activities of natural radio nuclides are
given here I guess the next is radiation

2054
00:56:54,190 --> 00:56:54,200
given here I guess the next is radiation

2055
00:56:54,200 --> 00:57:01,360
given here I guess the next is radiation
those are given and short term exposures

2056
00:57:01,360 --> 00:57:01,370
those are given and short term exposures

2057
00:57:01,370 --> 00:57:05,380
those are given and short term exposures
like 60 REM is fatal to most humans

2058
00:57:05,380 --> 00:57:05,390
like 60 REM is fatal to most humans

2059
00:57:05,390 --> 00:57:08,680
like 60 REM is fatal to most humans
average exposure per year is about 360

2060
00:57:08,680 --> 00:57:08,690
average exposure per year is about 360

2061
00:57:08,690 --> 00:57:11,500
average exposure per year is about 360
million this is REM this is milligram

2062
00:57:11,500 --> 00:57:11,510
million this is REM this is milligram

2063
00:57:11,510 --> 00:57:14,620
million this is REM this is milligram
that means every person is exposed to

2064
00:57:14,620 --> 00:57:14,630
that means every person is exposed to

2065
00:57:14,630 --> 00:57:19,300
that means every person is exposed to
the radiation about 60 360 milligram per

2066
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:19,310
the radiation about 60 360 milligram per

2067
00:57:19,310 --> 00:57:21,910
the radiation about 60 360 milligram per
year and that's okay I mean considered

2068
00:57:21,910 --> 00:57:21,920
year and that's okay I mean considered

2069
00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:24,310
year and that's okay I mean considered
okay agree

2070
00:57:24,310 --> 00:57:24,320
okay agree

2071
00:57:24,320 --> 00:57:29,200
okay agree
now the radon-222 is a decay product of

2072
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:29,210
now the radon-222 is a decay product of

2073
00:57:29,210 --> 00:57:31,840
now the radon-222 is a decay product of
uranium 238 which is found in the rock

2074
00:57:31,840 --> 00:57:31,850
uranium 238 which is found in the rock

2075
00:57:31,850 --> 00:57:35,830
uranium 238 which is found in the rock
formation and soil it's most of the

2076
00:57:35,830 --> 00:57:35,840
formation and soil it's most of the

2077
00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:37,900
formation and soil it's most of the
decay product of uranium remain in the

2078
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:37,910
decay product of uranium remain in the

2079
00:57:37,910 --> 00:57:41,350
decay product of uranium remain in the
soil but radon is a gas when breathing

2080
00:57:41,350 --> 00:57:41,360
soil but radon is a gas when breathing

2081
00:57:41,360 --> 00:57:45,850
soil but radon is a gas when breathing
it in if you take the radon gas in it

2082
00:57:45,850 --> 00:57:45,860
it in if you take the radon gas in it

2083
00:57:45,860 --> 00:57:48,040
it in if you take the radon gas in it
can cause much harm since it produces

2084
00:57:48,040 --> 00:57:48,050
can cause much harm since it produces

2085
00:57:48,050 --> 00:57:52,300
can cause much harm since it produces
alpha particles which have high R b/a

2086
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:52,310
alpha particles which have high R b/a

2087
00:57:52,310 --> 00:57:55,540
alpha particles which have high R b/a
that means effectiveness and it is

2088
00:57:55,540 --> 00:57:55,550
that means effectiveness and it is

2089
00:57:55,550 --> 00:57:58,090
that means effectiveness and it is
estimated to continue to about 10% of

2090
00:57:58,090 --> 00:57:58,100
estimated to continue to about 10% of

2091
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,270
estimated to continue to about 10% of
all lung cancers that in the United

2092
00:58:01,270 --> 00:58:01,280
all lung cancers that in the United

2093
00:58:01,280 --> 00:58:02,950
all lung cancers that in the United
States actually in the United States

2094
00:58:02,950 --> 00:58:02,960
States actually in the United States

2095
00:58:02,960 --> 00:58:05,170
States actually in the United States
they there are a lot of rocks that

2096
00:58:05,170 --> 00:58:05,180
they there are a lot of rocks that

2097
00:58:05,180 --> 00:58:08,680
they there are a lot of rocks that
contain radon and that radon comes from

2098
00:58:08,680 --> 00:58:08,690
contain radon and that radon comes from

2099
00:58:08,690 --> 00:58:14,380
contain radon and that radon comes from
the uranium 238 a activity of uranium

2100
00:58:14,380 --> 00:58:14,390
the uranium 238 a activity of uranium

2101
00:58:14,390 --> 00:58:17,890
the uranium 238 a activity of uranium
238 reactor to be rhenium 238 and since

2102
00:58:17,890 --> 00:58:17,900
238 reactor to be rhenium 238 and since

2103
00:58:17,900 --> 00:58:19,660
238 reactor to be rhenium 238 and since
it's a gas it goes into the air you

2104
00:58:19,660 --> 00:58:19,670
it's a gas it goes into the air you

2105
00:58:19,670 --> 00:58:23,410
it's a gas it goes into the air you
simply inhale that and very very

2106
00:58:23,410 --> 00:58:23,420
simply inhale that and very very

2107
00:58:23,420 --> 00:58:25,720
simply inhale that and very very
dangerous and in the States particularly

2108
00:58:25,720 --> 00:58:25,730
dangerous and in the States particularly

2109
00:58:25,730 --> 00:58:28,500
dangerous and in the States particularly
in these parts here they usually have

2110
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:28,510
in these parts here they usually have

2111
00:58:28,510 --> 00:58:31,180
in these parts here they usually have
measuring of radioactivity in their

2112
00:58:31,180 --> 00:58:31,190
measuring of radioactivity in their

2113
00:58:31,190 --> 00:58:33,280
measuring of radioactivity in their
homes in their living rooms in somewhere

2114
00:58:33,280 --> 00:58:33,290
homes in their living rooms in somewhere

2115
00:58:33,290 --> 00:58:35,320
homes in their living rooms in somewhere
because it comes out from the ground

2116
00:58:35,320 --> 00:58:35,330
because it comes out from the ground

2117
00:58:35,330 --> 00:58:38,020
because it comes out from the ground
right from the rocks every year or every

2118
00:58:38,020 --> 00:58:38,030
right from the rocks every year or every

2119
00:58:38,030 --> 00:58:40,060
right from the rocks every year or every
six months depending on where they are

2120
00:58:40,060 --> 00:58:40,070
six months depending on where they are

2121
00:58:40,070 --> 00:58:43,510
six months depending on where they are
to make sure that the amount of radon in

2122
00:58:43,510 --> 00:58:43,520
to make sure that the amount of radon in

2123
00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:47,110
to make sure that the amount of radon in
the air below the safe limit actually

2124
00:58:47,110 --> 00:58:47,120
the air below the safe limit actually

2125
00:58:47,120 --> 00:58:49,000
the air below the safe limit actually
before blow the safe okay

2126
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:49,010
before blow the safe okay

2127
00:58:49,010 --> 00:58:50,860
before blow the safe okay
in the last part I will advise you to

2128
00:58:50,860 --> 00:58:50,870
in the last part I will advise you to

2129
00:58:50,870 --> 00:58:52,970
in the last part I will advise you to
read the last part particularly

2130
00:58:52,970 --> 00:58:52,980
read the last part particularly

2131
00:58:52,980 --> 00:58:56,870
read the last part particularly
those things than radioactivity and this

2132
00:58:56,870 --> 00:58:56,880
those things than radioactivity and this

2133
00:58:56,880 --> 00:58:59,450
those things than radioactivity and this
like meaning of RBA and so on

2134
00:58:59,450 --> 00:58:59,460
like meaning of RBA and so on

2135
00:58:59,460 --> 00:59:01,880
like meaning of RBA and so on
and this would be the end of chapter 21

2136
00:59:01,880 --> 00:59:01,890
and this would be the end of chapter 21

2137
00:59:01,890 --> 00:59:05,599
and this would be the end of chapter 21
next week we will start chapter 24

2138
00:59:05,599 --> 00:59:05,609
next week we will start chapter 24

2139
00:59:05,609 --> 00:59:10,040
next week we will start chapter 24
not all chapter but part of it in three

2140
00:59:10,040 --> 00:59:10,050
not all chapter but part of it in three

2141
00:59:10,050 --> 00:59:13,190
not all chapter but part of it in three
hours actually finished before the final

2142
00:59:13,190 --> 00:59:13,200
hours actually finished before the final

2143
00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:18,410
hours actually finished before the final
exam okay question