1 00:00:07,700 --> 00:00:10,259 today we will 2 00:00:10,259 --> 00:00:10,269 today we will 3 00:00:10,269 --> 00:00:12,340 today we will start 4 00:00:12,340 --> 00:00:12,350 start 5 00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:15,110 start 2:24 this is the last job 6 00:00:15,110 --> 00:00:15,120 2:24 this is the last job 7 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:16,580 2:24 this is the last job of the book and it will be the last 8 00:00:16,580 --> 00:00:16,590 of the book and it will be the last 9 00:00:16,590 --> 00:00:21,890 of the book and it will be the last chapter for our course also the name of 10 00:00:21,890 --> 00:00:21,900 chapter for our course also the name of 11 00:00:21,900 --> 00:00:27,010 chapter for our course also the name of the chapter is the chemistry of life 12 00:00:27,010 --> 00:00:27,020 13 00:00:27,020 --> 00:00:31,670 organic and biological chemistry now we 14 00:00:31,670 --> 00:00:31,680 organic and biological chemistry now we 15 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:38,000 organic and biological chemistry now we will probably go fast in the first part 16 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:38,010 will probably go fast in the first part 17 00:00:38,010 --> 00:00:40,430 will probably go fast in the first part organic chemistry part I assume that you 18 00:00:40,430 --> 00:00:40,440 organic chemistry part I assume that you 19 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:44,569 organic chemistry part I assume that you know those from the high school but at 20 00:00:44,569 --> 00:00:44,579 know those from the high school but at 21 00:00:44,579 --> 00:00:47,840 know those from the high school but at least you will have a chance to learn 22 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:47,850 least you will have a chance to learn 23 00:00:47,850 --> 00:00:55,130 least you will have a chance to learn the English aspect of the organic 24 00:00:55,130 --> 00:00:55,140 the English aspect of the organic 25 00:00:55,140 --> 00:00:58,610 the English aspect of the organic chemistry those that come from the high 26 00:00:58,610 --> 00:00:58,620 chemistry those that come from the high 27 00:00:58,620 --> 00:01:00,229 chemistry those that come from the high school that the instruction was not 28 00:01:00,229 --> 00:01:00,239 school that the instruction was not 29 00:01:00,239 --> 00:01:03,979 school that the instruction was not English actually it's at least oh it's 30 00:01:03,979 --> 00:01:03,989 English actually it's at least oh it's 31 00:01:03,989 --> 00:01:05,930 English actually it's at least oh it's very interesting actual life chemistry 32 00:01:05,930 --> 00:01:05,940 very interesting actual life chemistry 33 00:01:05,940 --> 00:01:08,090 very interesting actual life chemistry is very very interesting as I as myself 34 00:01:08,090 --> 00:01:08,100 is very very interesting as I as myself 35 00:01:08,100 --> 00:01:11,540 is very very interesting as I as myself as I read it I'm not a biochemist I'm 36 00:01:11,540 --> 00:01:11,550 as I read it I'm not a biochemist I'm 37 00:01:11,550 --> 00:01:13,730 as I read it I'm not a biochemist I'm not an organic chemist I'm an inorganic 38 00:01:13,730 --> 00:01:13,740 not an organic chemist I'm an inorganic 39 00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:18,080 not an organic chemist I'm an inorganic chemist actually but I found it very 40 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:18,090 chemist actually but I found it very 41 00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:21,920 chemist actually but I found it very interesting also myself very very 42 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:21,930 interesting also myself very very 43 00:01:21,930 --> 00:01:23,750 interesting also myself very very interested as a matter of fact when you 44 00:01:23,750 --> 00:01:23,760 interested as a matter of fact when you 45 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:26,120 interested as a matter of fact when you start thinking about it how would the 46 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:26,130 start thinking about it how would the 47 00:01:26,130 --> 00:01:31,340 start thinking about it how would the life is simply based on chemistry you 48 00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:31,350 life is simply based on chemistry you 49 00:01:31,350 --> 00:01:33,500 life is simply based on chemistry you know chemical interactions chemical 50 00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:33,510 know chemical interactions chemical 51 00:01:33,510 --> 00:01:37,480 know chemical interactions chemical reactions molecules that's all it is but 52 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:37,490 reactions molecules that's all it is but 53 00:01:37,490 --> 00:01:41,090 reactions molecules that's all it is but that's where the life is going on how it 54 00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:41,100 that's where the life is going on how it 55 00:01:41,100 --> 00:01:47,260 that's where the life is going on how it goes sometimes hard to answer now let's 56 00:01:47,260 --> 00:01:47,270 goes sometimes hard to answer now let's 57 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:51,260 goes sometimes hard to answer now let's continue as I said I would go fast in 58 00:01:51,260 --> 00:01:51,270 continue as I said I would go fast in 59 00:01:51,270 --> 00:01:56,200 continue as I said I would go fast in the first part organic part now organic 60 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:56,210 the first part organic part now organic 61 00:01:56,210 --> 00:02:00,350 the first part organic part now organic actually says we will focus on molecules 62 00:02:00,350 --> 00:02:00,360 actually says we will focus on molecules 63 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:04,450 actually says we will focus on molecules that bridge chemistry and biology 64 00:02:04,450 --> 00:02:04,460 that bridge chemistry and biology 65 00:02:04,460 --> 00:02:08,059 that bridge chemistry and biology actually the biologies chemistry with 66 00:02:08,059 --> 00:02:08,069 actually the biologies chemistry with 67 00:02:08,069 --> 00:02:10,309 actually the biologies chemistry with nothing else just a special part of 68 00:02:10,309 --> 00:02:10,319 nothing else just a special part of 69 00:02:10,319 --> 00:02:14,300 nothing else just a special part of chemistry in a matter of fact and most 70 00:02:14,300 --> 00:02:14,310 chemistry in a matter of fact and most 71 00:02:14,310 --> 00:02:17,900 chemistry in a matter of fact and most common elements in this organic 72 00:02:17,900 --> 00:02:17,910 common elements in this organic 73 00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,320 common elements in this organic chemistry and biochemistry are carbon 74 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:21,330 chemistry and biochemistry are carbon 75 00:02:21,330 --> 00:02:23,510 chemistry and biochemistry are carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen 76 00:02:23,510 --> 00:02:23,520 hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen 77 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:27,500 hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen say now the organic chemistry 78 00:02:27,500 --> 00:02:27,510 say now the organic chemistry 79 00:02:27,510 --> 00:02:34,060 say now the organic chemistry study of compounds containing carbon so 80 00:02:34,060 --> 00:02:34,070 study of compounds containing carbon so 81 00:02:34,070 --> 00:02:37,670 study of compounds containing carbon so those are called organic compounds but 82 00:02:37,670 --> 00:02:37,680 those are called organic compounds but 83 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:41,210 those are called organic compounds but again we know that not only carbon we 84 00:02:41,210 --> 00:02:41,220 again we know that not only carbon we 85 00:02:41,220 --> 00:02:43,280 again we know that not only carbon we will have hydrogen oxygen nitrogen those 86 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:43,290 will have hydrogen oxygen nitrogen those 87 00:02:43,290 --> 00:02:46,370 will have hydrogen oxygen nitrogen those organic compounds biochemistry is the 88 00:02:46,370 --> 00:02:46,380 organic compounds biochemistry is the 89 00:02:46,380 --> 00:02:48,560 organic compounds biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living systems 90 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:48,570 study of the chemistry of living systems 91 00:02:48,570 --> 00:02:52,160 study of the chemistry of living systems living systems so let's go through the 92 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:52,170 living systems so let's go through the 93 00:02:52,170 --> 00:02:55,390 living systems so let's go through the first part quickly the organic chemistry 94 00:02:55,390 --> 00:02:55,400 first part quickly the organic chemistry 95 00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:58,700 first part quickly the organic chemistry now general characteristics of organic 96 00:02:58,700 --> 00:02:58,710 now general characteristics of organic 97 00:02:58,710 --> 00:03:03,170 now general characteristics of organic molecules carbon makes four bonds we 98 00:03:03,170 --> 00:03:03,180 molecules carbon makes four bonds we 99 00:03:03,180 --> 00:03:06,260 molecules carbon makes four bonds we know that actually we learn in all 100 00:03:06,260 --> 00:03:06,270 know that actually we learn in all 101 00:03:06,270 --> 00:03:11,750 know that actually we learn in all single bonds tetrahedral sp3 hybridized 102 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:11,760 single bonds tetrahedral sp3 hybridized 103 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:14,300 single bonds tetrahedral sp3 hybridized so if carbon simply makes four single 104 00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:14,310 so if carbon simply makes four single 105 00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,540 so if carbon simply makes four single bonds then the hybridization on carbon 106 00:03:17,540 --> 00:03:17,550 bonds then the hybridization on carbon 107 00:03:17,550 --> 00:03:21,760 bonds then the hybridization on carbon will be sp3 hybrids and one double bond 108 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:21,770 will be sp3 hybrids and one double bond 109 00:03:21,770 --> 00:03:24,890 will be sp3 hybrids and one double bond if you have carbon makes a one double 110 00:03:24,890 --> 00:03:24,900 if you have carbon makes a one double 111 00:03:24,900 --> 00:03:27,650 if you have carbon makes a one double bond then the hybridization becomes sp2 112 00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:27,660 bond then the hybridization becomes sp2 113 00:03:27,660 --> 00:03:29,990 bond then the hybridization becomes sp2 types and the structure around that 114 00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:30,000 types and the structure around that 115 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:32,900 types and the structure around that carbon is trigonal planar one triple 116 00:03:32,900 --> 00:03:32,910 carbon is trigonal planar one triple 117 00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:36,520 carbon is trigonal planar one triple bond that means we have an SP 118 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:36,530 bond that means we have an SP 119 00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:39,350 bond that means we have an SP hybridization on that carbon and say 120 00:03:39,350 --> 00:03:39,360 hybridization on that carbon and say 121 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:42,440 hybridization on that carbon and say linear and carbon hydrogen's are most 122 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:42,450 linear and carbon hydrogen's are most 123 00:03:42,450 --> 00:03:45,200 linear and carbon hydrogen's are most common carbon hydrogen bonds in organic 124 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:45,210 common carbon hydrogen bonds in organic 125 00:03:45,210 --> 00:03:49,630 common carbon hydrogen bonds in organic compounds and again carbon forms stable 126 00:03:49,630 --> 00:03:49,640 compounds and again carbon forms stable 127 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:52,700 compounds and again carbon forms stable bonds with many elements including 128 00:03:52,700 --> 00:03:52,710 bonds with many elements including 129 00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:55,550 bonds with many elements including carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and the 130 00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:55,560 carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and the 131 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:58,550 carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and the halogens in organic compounds also we 132 00:03:58,550 --> 00:03:58,560 halogens in organic compounds also we 133 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:00,320 halogens in organic compounds also we will see not the hellige ins but these 134 00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:00,330 will see not the hellige ins but these 135 00:04:00,330 --> 00:04:03,500 will see not the hellige ins but these are very common in organic molecules now 136 00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:03,510 are very common in organic molecules now 137 00:04:03,510 --> 00:04:06,110 are very common in organic molecules now a group of atoms that determine how an 138 00:04:06,110 --> 00:04:06,120 a group of atoms that determine how an 139 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,010 a group of atoms that determine how an organic molecule reacts are called 140 00:04:09,010 --> 00:04:09,020 organic molecule reacts are called 141 00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:11,930 organic molecule reacts are called functional groups so again you see the 142 00:04:11,930 --> 00:04:11,940 functional groups so again you see the 143 00:04:11,940 --> 00:04:14,720 functional groups so again you see the functional groups in organic chemistry 144 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:14,730 functional groups in organic chemistry 145 00:04:14,730 --> 00:04:16,610 functional groups in organic chemistry is very important as it says it 146 00:04:16,610 --> 00:04:16,620 is very important as it says it 147 00:04:16,620 --> 00:04:20,300 is very important as it says it determines how the organic molecule will 148 00:04:20,300 --> 00:04:20,310 determines how the organic molecule will 149 00:04:20,310 --> 00:04:23,210 determines how the organic molecule will behave chemically as a matter of fact so 150 00:04:23,210 --> 00:04:23,220 behave chemically as a matter of fact so 151 00:04:23,220 --> 00:04:26,260 behave chemically as a matter of fact so those functional groups are important 152 00:04:26,260 --> 00:04:26,270 those functional groups are important 153 00:04:26,270 --> 00:04:29,600 those functional groups are important now if we think about the solubility of 154 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:29,610 now if we think about the solubility of 155 00:04:29,610 --> 00:04:33,020 now if we think about the solubility of organic compounds again most prevalent 156 00:04:33,020 --> 00:04:33,030 organic compounds again most prevalent 157 00:04:33,030 --> 00:04:35,540 organic compounds again most prevalent bonds are carbon carbon and carbon 158 00:04:35,540 --> 00:04:35,550 bonds are carbon carbon and carbon 159 00:04:35,550 --> 00:04:36,920 bonds are carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen which 160 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:36,930 hydrogen which 161 00:04:36,930 --> 00:04:39,980 hydrogen which nonpolar we know that and the solubility 162 00:04:39,980 --> 00:04:39,990 nonpolar we know that and the solubility 163 00:04:39,990 --> 00:04:42,499 nonpolar we know that and the solubility in water is low for many organic 164 00:04:42,499 --> 00:04:42,509 in water is low for many organic 165 00:04:42,509 --> 00:04:45,350 in water is low for many organic compounds remember water will dissolve 166 00:04:45,350 --> 00:04:45,360 compounds remember water will dissolve 167 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,260 compounds remember water will dissolve either ionic compounds or polar 168 00:04:48,260 --> 00:04:48,270 either ionic compounds or polar 169 00:04:48,270 --> 00:04:51,200 either ionic compounds or polar compounds or compounds that can form 170 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:51,210 compounds or compounds that can form 171 00:04:51,210 --> 00:04:53,090 compounds or compounds that can form hydrogen bonds as a matter of thang and 172 00:04:53,090 --> 00:04:53,100 hydrogen bonds as a matter of thang and 173 00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:55,820 hydrogen bonds as a matter of thang and those most organic compounds we don't 174 00:04:55,820 --> 00:04:55,830 those most organic compounds we don't 175 00:04:55,830 --> 00:04:58,340 those most organic compounds we don't have those now organic molecules such as 176 00:04:58,340 --> 00:04:58,350 have those now organic molecules such as 177 00:04:58,350 --> 00:05:00,980 have those now organic molecules such as glucose that have polar groups are 178 00:05:00,980 --> 00:05:00,990 glucose that have polar groups are 179 00:05:00,990 --> 00:05:03,350 glucose that have polar groups are soluble in polar solvents remember in 180 00:05:03,350 --> 00:05:03,360 soluble in polar solvents remember in 181 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:06,170 soluble in polar solvents remember in the exam this was why the glucose was 182 00:05:06,170 --> 00:05:06,180 the exam this was why the glucose was 183 00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:09,189 the exam this was why the glucose was soluble in water about not hexane 184 00:05:09,189 --> 00:05:09,199 soluble in water about not hexane 185 00:05:09,199 --> 00:05:12,890 soluble in water about not hexane cyclohexane I guess again the glucose 186 00:05:12,890 --> 00:05:12,900 cyclohexane I guess again the glucose 187 00:05:12,900 --> 00:05:15,680 cyclohexane I guess again the glucose has the hydrogen bonding capabilities 188 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:15,690 has the hydrogen bonding capabilities 189 00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:17,749 has the hydrogen bonding capabilities and glucose is also polar and it 190 00:05:17,749 --> 00:05:17,759 and glucose is also polar and it 191 00:05:17,759 --> 00:05:20,330 and glucose is also polar and it dissolves in water molecules with long 192 00:05:20,330 --> 00:05:20,340 dissolves in water molecules with long 193 00:05:20,340 --> 00:05:23,570 dissolves in water molecules with long non polar regions and polar regions act 194 00:05:23,570 --> 00:05:23,580 non polar regions and polar regions act 195 00:05:23,580 --> 00:05:28,100 non polar regions and polar regions act as surfactants bridging simply bring in 196 00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:28,110 as surfactants bridging simply bring in 197 00:05:28,110 --> 00:05:31,760 as surfactants bridging simply bring in polar material into a cue solution using 198 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:31,770 polar material into a cue solution using 199 00:05:31,770 --> 00:05:34,930 polar material into a cue solution using detergent and soaps actually if you have 200 00:05:34,930 --> 00:05:34,940 detergent and soaps actually if you have 201 00:05:34,940 --> 00:05:38,390 detergent and soaps actually if you have molecules one side is polar the other 202 00:05:38,390 --> 00:05:38,400 molecules one side is polar the other 203 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:41,540 molecules one side is polar the other side is nonpolar and it's a big molecule 204 00:05:41,540 --> 00:05:41,550 side is nonpolar and it's a big molecule 205 00:05:41,550 --> 00:05:44,089 side is nonpolar and it's a big molecule what really happens that when you throw 206 00:05:44,089 --> 00:05:44,099 what really happens that when you throw 207 00:05:44,099 --> 00:05:47,300 what really happens that when you throw in these molecules into the water the 208 00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:47,310 in these molecules into the water the 209 00:05:47,310 --> 00:05:50,930 in these molecules into the water the water the the polar part of the 210 00:05:50,930 --> 00:05:50,940 water the the polar part of the 211 00:05:50,940 --> 00:05:53,149 water the the polar part of the molecules points to the water interacts 212 00:05:53,149 --> 00:05:53,159 molecules points to the water interacts 213 00:05:53,159 --> 00:05:55,070 molecules points to the water interacts with the water but the nonpolar part 214 00:05:55,070 --> 00:05:55,080 with the water but the nonpolar part 215 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:57,110 with the water but the nonpolar part interacts with each other and these are 216 00:05:57,110 --> 00:05:57,120 interacts with each other and these are 217 00:05:57,120 --> 00:05:59,450 interacts with each other and these are simply called surfactants as a matter of 218 00:05:59,450 --> 00:05:59,460 simply called surfactants as a matter of 219 00:05:59,460 --> 00:06:03,589 simply called surfactants as a matter of fact and they try to nonpolar part try 220 00:06:03,589 --> 00:06:03,599 fact and they try to nonpolar part try 221 00:06:03,599 --> 00:06:06,260 fact and they try to nonpolar part try to weight from the water and the polar 222 00:06:06,260 --> 00:06:06,270 to weight from the water and the polar 223 00:06:06,270 --> 00:06:08,870 to weight from the water and the polar part is directly interacting with the 224 00:06:08,870 --> 00:06:08,880 part is directly interacting with the 225 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,860 part is directly interacting with the water as a matter of fact now our 226 00:06:12,860 --> 00:06:12,870 water as a matter of fact now our 227 00:06:12,870 --> 00:06:15,710 water as a matter of fact now our acid-base properties again many organic 228 00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:15,720 acid-base properties again many organic 229 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:17,680 acid-base properties again many organic molecules contain acidic or basic 230 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:17,690 molecules contain acidic or basic 231 00:06:17,690 --> 00:06:20,899 molecules contain acidic or basic functional groups carboxylic acid this 232 00:06:20,899 --> 00:06:20,909 functional groups carboxylic acid this 233 00:06:20,909 --> 00:06:24,560 functional groups carboxylic acid this is the main group that gives the acidic 234 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:24,570 is the main group that gives the acidic 235 00:06:24,570 --> 00:06:26,330 is the main group that gives the acidic character to the organic compounds are 236 00:06:26,330 --> 00:06:26,340 character to the organic compounds are 237 00:06:26,340 --> 00:06:29,480 character to the organic compounds are the most Commons remember this oxygen is 238 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:29,490 the most Commons remember this oxygen is 239 00:06:29,490 --> 00:06:31,730 the most Commons remember this oxygen is double bonded to the carbon and this Oh 240 00:06:31,730 --> 00:06:31,740 double bonded to the carbon and this Oh 241 00:06:31,740 --> 00:06:33,920 double bonded to the carbon and this Oh H is single bonded to the carbon and 242 00:06:33,920 --> 00:06:33,930 H is single bonded to the carbon and 243 00:06:33,930 --> 00:06:35,480 H is single bonded to the carbon and that hydrogen is the acidic hydrogen 244 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:35,490 that hydrogen is the acidic hydrogen 245 00:06:35,490 --> 00:06:39,170 that hydrogen is the acidic hydrogen means that it will dissociate and to 246 00:06:39,170 --> 00:06:39,180 means that it will dissociate and to 247 00:06:39,180 --> 00:06:43,810 means that it will dissociate and to give H+ proton in solutions now amines 248 00:06:43,810 --> 00:06:43,820 give H+ proton in solutions now amines 249 00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:49,429 give H+ proton in solutions now amines NH 2 NH r or NR 2 groups they also by 250 00:06:49,429 --> 00:06:49,439 NH 2 NH r or NR 2 groups they also by 251 00:06:49,439 --> 00:06:53,449 NH 2 NH r or NR 2 groups they also by bind to the carbon they behave as the 252 00:06:53,449 --> 00:06:53,459 bind to the carbon they behave as the 253 00:06:53,459 --> 00:06:56,269 bind to the carbon they behave as the basic part of the organic molecules why 254 00:06:56,269 --> 00:06:56,279 basic part of the organic molecules why 255 00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,139 basic part of the organic molecules why because they have this lone pair 256 00:06:59,139 --> 00:06:59,149 because they have this lone pair 257 00:06:59,149 --> 00:07:02,299 because they have this lone pair electron on the nitrogen and that lone 258 00:07:02,299 --> 00:07:02,309 electron on the nitrogen and that lone 259 00:07:02,309 --> 00:07:03,979 electron on the nitrogen and that lone pair electrons on the nitrogen behaves 260 00:07:03,979 --> 00:07:03,989 pair electrons on the nitrogen behaves 261 00:07:03,989 --> 00:07:07,549 pair electrons on the nitrogen behaves as a loose base and gives the basic 262 00:07:07,549 --> 00:07:07,559 as a loose base and gives the basic 263 00:07:07,559 --> 00:07:14,570 as a loose base and gives the basic properties basic properties now are the 264 00:07:14,570 --> 00:07:14,580 properties basic properties now are the 265 00:07:14,580 --> 00:07:17,269 properties basic properties now are the organic compounds are also classified as 266 00:07:17,269 --> 00:07:17,279 organic compounds are also classified as 267 00:07:17,279 --> 00:07:21,109 organic compounds are also classified as like hydrocarbons now hydrocarbons again 268 00:07:21,109 --> 00:07:21,119 like hydrocarbons now hydrocarbons again 269 00:07:21,119 --> 00:07:24,199 like hydrocarbons now hydrocarbons again it says consists of only carbon and 270 00:07:24,199 --> 00:07:24,209 it says consists of only carbon and 271 00:07:24,209 --> 00:07:26,479 it says consists of only carbon and hydrogen so an organic compound is made 272 00:07:26,479 --> 00:07:26,489 hydrogen so an organic compound is made 273 00:07:26,489 --> 00:07:28,040 hydrogen so an organic compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen 274 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:28,050 of only carbon and hydrogen 275 00:07:28,050 --> 00:07:30,379 of only carbon and hydrogen we call it hydrocarbons they are grouped 276 00:07:30,379 --> 00:07:30,389 we call it hydrocarbons they are grouped 277 00:07:30,389 --> 00:07:32,569 we call it hydrocarbons they are grouped based on the number of bonds between 278 00:07:32,569 --> 00:07:32,579 based on the number of bonds between 279 00:07:32,579 --> 00:07:35,359 based on the number of bonds between carbon atoms there are four basic types 280 00:07:35,359 --> 00:07:35,369 carbon atoms there are four basic types 281 00:07:35,369 --> 00:07:39,189 carbon atoms there are four basic types of hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes 282 00:07:39,189 --> 00:07:39,199 of hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes 283 00:07:39,199 --> 00:07:44,149 of hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons now again we 284 00:07:44,149 --> 00:07:44,159 and aromatic hydrocarbons now again we 285 00:07:44,159 --> 00:07:47,540 and aromatic hydrocarbons now again we know all if simply there is no double 286 00:07:47,540 --> 00:07:47,550 know all if simply there is no double 287 00:07:47,550 --> 00:07:50,709 know all if simply there is no double bond in an organic molecule hydrocarbon 288 00:07:50,709 --> 00:07:50,719 bond in an organic molecule hydrocarbon 289 00:07:50,719 --> 00:07:54,429 bond in an organic molecule hydrocarbon actually it is alkanes if there is one 290 00:07:54,429 --> 00:07:54,439 actually it is alkanes if there is one 291 00:07:54,439 --> 00:07:56,959 actually it is alkanes if there is one double bond at least it is called 292 00:07:56,959 --> 00:07:56,969 double bond at least it is called 293 00:07:56,969 --> 00:07:59,929 double bond at least it is called alkenes and if it has at least one 294 00:07:59,929 --> 00:07:59,939 alkenes and if it has at least one 295 00:07:59,939 --> 00:08:02,179 alkenes and if it has at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms it 296 00:08:02,179 --> 00:08:02,189 triple bond between two carbon atoms it 297 00:08:02,189 --> 00:08:06,319 triple bond between two carbon atoms it is called alkynes again and the aromatic 298 00:08:06,319 --> 00:08:06,329 is called alkynes again and the aromatic 299 00:08:06,329 --> 00:08:11,649 is called alkynes again and the aromatic hydrocarbons is the cycle one's actually 300 00:08:11,649 --> 00:08:11,659 hydrocarbons is the cycle one's actually 301 00:08:11,659 --> 00:08:15,739 hydrocarbons is the cycle one's actually now let's see here are some examples 302 00:08:15,739 --> 00:08:15,749 now let's see here are some examples 303 00:08:15,749 --> 00:08:19,309 now let's see here are some examples this is the like alkane an example 304 00:08:19,309 --> 00:08:19,319 this is the like alkane an example 305 00:08:19,319 --> 00:08:21,529 this is the like alkane an example single bond and a double bond and triple 306 00:08:21,529 --> 00:08:21,539 single bond and a double bond and triple 307 00:08:21,539 --> 00:08:24,439 single bond and a double bond and triple bond and aromatic hydrocarbons each of 308 00:08:24,439 --> 00:08:24,449 bond and aromatic hydrocarbons each of 309 00:08:24,449 --> 00:08:27,609 bond and aromatic hydrocarbons each of those just gives an example now 310 00:08:27,609 --> 00:08:27,619 those just gives an example now 311 00:08:27,619 --> 00:08:30,739 those just gives an example now properties common to hydrocarbons if you 312 00:08:30,739 --> 00:08:30,749 properties common to hydrocarbons if you 313 00:08:30,749 --> 00:08:34,009 properties common to hydrocarbons if you go through these since they are nonpolar 314 00:08:34,009 --> 00:08:34,019 go through these since they are nonpolar 315 00:08:34,019 --> 00:08:36,949 go through these since they are nonpolar they are insoluble in water but soluble 316 00:08:36,949 --> 00:08:36,959 they are insoluble in water but soluble 317 00:08:36,959 --> 00:08:40,129 they are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents again hydrocarbons 318 00:08:40,129 --> 00:08:40,139 in nonpolar solvents again hydrocarbons 319 00:08:40,139 --> 00:08:42,620 in nonpolar solvents again hydrocarbons are soluble in nonpolar solvents only 320 00:08:42,620 --> 00:08:42,630 are soluble in nonpolar solvents only 321 00:08:42,630 --> 00:08:44,629 are soluble in nonpolar solvents only now the mountain points and the boiling 322 00:08:44,629 --> 00:08:44,639 now the mountain points and the boiling 323 00:08:44,639 --> 00:08:47,629 now the mountain points and the boiling points are determined by dispersion 324 00:08:47,629 --> 00:08:47,639 points are determined by dispersion 325 00:08:47,639 --> 00:08:50,619 points are determined by dispersion forces remember again boiling point and 326 00:08:50,619 --> 00:08:50,629 forces remember again boiling point and 327 00:08:50,629 --> 00:08:52,999 forces remember again boiling point and melting points are determined by 328 00:08:52,999 --> 00:08:53,009 melting points are determined by 329 00:08:53,009 --> 00:08:55,429 melting points are determined by intermolecular forces and since these 330 00:08:55,429 --> 00:08:55,439 intermolecular forces and since these 331 00:08:55,439 --> 00:08:57,759 intermolecular forces and since these are all nonpolar molecules actually 332 00:08:57,759 --> 00:08:57,769 are all nonpolar molecules actually 333 00:08:57,769 --> 00:09:01,270 are all nonpolar molecules actually hydrocarbons and the main 334 00:09:01,270 --> 00:09:01,280 hydrocarbons and the main 335 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:05,000 hydrocarbons and the main force that operates in these compounds 336 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:05,010 force that operates in these compounds 337 00:09:05,010 --> 00:09:07,280 force that operates in these compounds is the dispersion London dispersion 338 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:07,290 is the dispersion London dispersion 339 00:09:07,290 --> 00:09:11,390 is the dispersion London dispersion forces again now remember again when we 340 00:09:11,390 --> 00:09:11,400 forces again now remember again when we 341 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,490 forces again now remember again when we have large molecules this dispersion 342 00:09:13,490 --> 00:09:13,500 have large molecules this dispersion 343 00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:16,400 have large molecules this dispersion force it becomes very strong and the 344 00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:16,410 force it becomes very strong and the 345 00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:18,050 force it becomes very strong and the mountain points and the boiling points 346 00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:18,060 mountain points and the boiling points 347 00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:19,790 mountain points and the boiling points becomes pretty high as a matter of fact 348 00:09:19,790 --> 00:09:19,800 becomes pretty high as a matter of fact 349 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,460 becomes pretty high as a matter of fact now here again it says low molar mass 350 00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:22,470 now here again it says low molar mass 351 00:09:22,470 --> 00:09:25,670 now here again it says low molar mass hydrocarbons are gases moderate molar 352 00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:25,680 hydrocarbons are gases moderate molar 353 00:09:25,680 --> 00:09:28,490 hydrocarbons are gases moderate molar mass hydrocarbons are liquids high molar 354 00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:28,500 mass hydrocarbons are liquids high molar 355 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:31,250 mass hydrocarbons are liquids high molar mass hydrocarbons are solids again 356 00:09:31,250 --> 00:09:31,260 mass hydrocarbons are solids again 357 00:09:31,260 --> 00:09:34,340 mass hydrocarbons are solids again you remember gain dispersion force are 358 00:09:34,340 --> 00:09:34,350 you remember gain dispersion force are 359 00:09:34,350 --> 00:09:36,260 you remember gain dispersion force are the only intermolecular forces that 360 00:09:36,260 --> 00:09:36,270 the only intermolecular forces that 361 00:09:36,270 --> 00:09:38,900 the only intermolecular forces that operates in these compounds and here 362 00:09:38,900 --> 00:09:38,910 operates in these compounds and here 363 00:09:38,910 --> 00:09:41,780 operates in these compounds and here some examples of those hydrocarbons are 364 00:09:41,780 --> 00:09:41,790 some examples of those hydrocarbons are 365 00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:44,840 some examples of those hydrocarbons are given up to the carbon number is what 366 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:44,850 given up to the carbon number is what 367 00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:48,200 given up to the carbon number is what here is about 10 decane and you see 368 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:48,210 here is about 10 decane and you see 369 00:09:48,210 --> 00:09:51,410 here is about 10 decane and you see again gives the boiling point and its 370 00:09:51,410 --> 00:09:51,420 again gives the boiling point and its 371 00:09:51,420 --> 00:09:54,980 again gives the boiling point and its charge from minus 161 for methane and 372 00:09:54,980 --> 00:09:54,990 charge from minus 161 for methane and 373 00:09:54,990 --> 00:09:57,050 charge from minus 161 for methane and goes up to one hundred and seventy four 374 00:09:57,050 --> 00:09:57,060 goes up to one hundred and seventy four 375 00:09:57,060 --> 00:10:00,140 goes up to one hundred and seventy four plus hundred and seventy for melting 376 00:10:00,140 --> 00:10:00,150 plus hundred and seventy for melting 377 00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:02,060 plus hundred and seventy for melting points in fact a boiling points actually 378 00:10:02,060 --> 00:10:02,070 points in fact a boiling points actually 379 00:10:02,070 --> 00:10:05,570 points in fact a boiling points actually of these compounds very different and 380 00:10:05,570 --> 00:10:05,580 of these compounds very different and 381 00:10:05,580 --> 00:10:09,260 of these compounds very different and it's simply based on the mass of the 382 00:10:09,260 --> 00:10:09,270 it's simply based on the mass of the 383 00:10:09,270 --> 00:10:11,270 it's simply based on the mass of the molecule the higher the mass the 384 00:10:11,270 --> 00:10:11,280 molecule the higher the mass the 385 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:12,920 molecule the higher the mass the stronger and intermolecular forces and 386 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:12,930 stronger and intermolecular forces and 387 00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:17,720 stronger and intermolecular forces and higher the boiling point now uses of 388 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:17,730 higher the boiling point now uses of 389 00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:20,780 higher the boiling point now uses of some simple alkanes again just examples 390 00:10:20,780 --> 00:10:20,790 some simple alkanes again just examples 391 00:10:20,790 --> 00:10:23,870 some simple alkanes again just examples methane is the simplest one and in 392 00:10:23,870 --> 00:10:23,880 methane is the simplest one and in 393 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,930 methane is the simplest one and in natural gas we use that and most of 394 00:10:26,930 --> 00:10:26,940 natural gas we use that and most of 395 00:10:26,940 --> 00:10:28,250 natural gas we use that and most of natural gases methane 396 00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:28,260 natural gases methane 397 00:10:28,260 --> 00:10:31,790 natural gases methane now propane is again 3 carbon 398 00:10:31,790 --> 00:10:31,800 now propane is again 3 carbon 399 00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:36,260 now propane is again 3 carbon hydrocarbon and in bottled gas heating 400 00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:36,270 hydrocarbon and in bottled gas heating 401 00:10:36,270 --> 00:10:38,720 hydrocarbon and in bottled gas heating and cooking fuels actually those tubes 402 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:38,730 and cooking fuels actually those tubes 403 00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:41,300 and cooking fuels actually those tubes gas tubes contains the propane that we 404 00:10:41,300 --> 00:10:41,310 gas tubes contains the propane that we 405 00:10:41,310 --> 00:10:43,700 gas tubes contains the propane that we buy now the butane is also used a 406 00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:43,710 buy now the butane is also used a 407 00:10:43,710 --> 00:10:46,760 buy now the butane is also used a similar way in disposable lighters and 408 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:46,770 similar way in disposable lighters and 409 00:10:46,770 --> 00:10:50,180 similar way in disposable lighters and fuel canisters for camping for example 410 00:10:50,180 --> 00:10:50,190 fuel canisters for camping for example 411 00:10:50,190 --> 00:10:53,690 fuel canisters for camping for example we use those all of them are gases now 412 00:10:53,690 --> 00:10:53,700 we use those all of them are gases now 413 00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:58,790 we use those all of them are gases now alkanes with carbon 5 to 12 are gasoline 414 00:10:58,790 --> 00:10:58,800 alkanes with carbon 5 to 12 are gasoline 415 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:02,420 alkanes with carbon 5 to 12 are gasoline that's what we use in automobiles 416 00:11:02,420 --> 00:11:02,430 that's what we use in automobiles 417 00:11:02,430 --> 00:11:06,160 that's what we use in automobiles actually they are gasoline's 418 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:06,170 actually they are gasoline's 419 00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:08,960 actually they are gasoline's now the formula I'm not going to go 420 00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:08,970 now the formula I'm not going to go 421 00:11:08,970 --> 00:11:10,670 now the formula I'm not going to go through this I guess these are simple we 422 00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:10,680 through this I guess these are simple we 423 00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:12,800 through this I guess these are simple we can write those formulas of the compound 424 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:12,810 can write those formulas of the compound 425 00:11:12,810 --> 00:11:13,879 can write those formulas of the compound open 426 00:11:13,879 --> 00:11:13,889 open 427 00:11:13,889 --> 00:11:16,340 open structural formula this is called this 428 00:11:16,340 --> 00:11:16,350 structural formula this is called this 429 00:11:16,350 --> 00:11:18,679 structural formula this is called this is sort of close formula again and we 430 00:11:18,679 --> 00:11:18,689 is sort of close formula again and we 431 00:11:18,689 --> 00:11:21,650 is sort of close formula again and we know how to write them like this all of 432 00:11:21,650 --> 00:11:21,660 know how to write them like this all of 433 00:11:21,660 --> 00:11:26,199 know how to write them like this all of these are the same structure of alkanes 434 00:11:26,199 --> 00:11:26,209 these are the same structure of alkanes 435 00:11:26,209 --> 00:11:30,319 these are the same structure of alkanes again carbon in alkanes are sp3 436 00:11:30,319 --> 00:11:30,329 again carbon in alkanes are sp3 437 00:11:30,329 --> 00:11:31,970 again carbon in alkanes are sp3 hybridized remember there is no double 438 00:11:31,970 --> 00:11:31,980 hybridized remember there is no double 439 00:11:31,980 --> 00:11:34,729 hybridized remember there is no double bond in alkane and tetrahedral we know 440 00:11:34,729 --> 00:11:34,739 bond in alkane and tetrahedral we know 441 00:11:34,739 --> 00:11:38,659 bond in alkane and tetrahedral we know that the angle is 109.5 in straight 442 00:11:38,659 --> 00:11:38,669 that the angle is 109.5 in straight 443 00:11:38,669 --> 00:11:41,989 that the angle is 109.5 in straight chain form all carbons connect in a 444 00:11:41,989 --> 00:11:41,999 chain form all carbons connect in a 445 00:11:41,999 --> 00:11:44,780 chain form all carbons connect in a continuous chain like you know one 446 00:11:44,780 --> 00:11:44,790 continuous chain like you know one 447 00:11:44,790 --> 00:11:46,400 continuous chain like you know one carbon is bonded to the other carbon and 448 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:46,410 carbon is bonded to the other carbon and 449 00:11:46,410 --> 00:11:48,710 carbon is bonded to the other carbon and carbon can make four bonds so it is 450 00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:48,720 carbon can make four bonds so it is 451 00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:51,019 carbon can make four bonds so it is possible for a carbon atom to bond to 452 00:11:51,019 --> 00:11:51,029 possible for a carbon atom to bond to 453 00:11:51,029 --> 00:11:54,379 possible for a carbon atom to bond to three or four other carbon atoms making 454 00:11:54,379 --> 00:11:54,389 three or four other carbon atoms making 455 00:11:54,389 --> 00:11:57,559 three or four other carbon atoms making a branch alkane so we can have a chain 456 00:11:57,559 --> 00:11:57,569 a branch alkane so we can have a chain 457 00:11:57,569 --> 00:12:01,489 a branch alkane so we can have a chain structure or branch structure for 458 00:12:01,489 --> 00:12:01,499 structure or branch structure for 459 00:12:01,499 --> 00:12:04,069 structure or branch structure for alkanes compounds with the same 460 00:12:04,069 --> 00:12:04,079 alkanes compounds with the same 461 00:12:04,079 --> 00:12:06,220 alkanes compounds with the same molecular formula but different 462 00:12:06,220 --> 00:12:06,230 molecular formula but different 463 00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:08,840 molecular formula but different connections of atoms are called 464 00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:08,850 connections of atoms are called 465 00:12:08,850 --> 00:12:11,389 connections of atoms are called structural isomers as seen in the next 466 00:12:11,389 --> 00:12:11,399 structural isomers as seen in the next 467 00:12:11,399 --> 00:12:14,659 structural isomers as seen in the next slide again here we have the structural 468 00:12:14,659 --> 00:12:14,669 slide again here we have the structural 469 00:12:14,669 --> 00:12:17,900 slide again here we have the structural isomers of butane two structural isomers 470 00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:17,910 isomers of butane two structural isomers 471 00:12:17,910 --> 00:12:20,119 isomers of butane two structural isomers these are the open the formula of those 472 00:12:20,119 --> 00:12:20,129 these are the open the formula of those 473 00:12:20,129 --> 00:12:24,049 these are the open the formula of those this is the molecule in fact and this is 474 00:12:24,049 --> 00:12:24,059 this is the molecule in fact and this is 475 00:12:24,059 --> 00:12:26,169 this is the molecule in fact and this is the pentane we have three structural 476 00:12:26,169 --> 00:12:26,179 the pentane we have three structural 477 00:12:26,179 --> 00:12:29,359 the pentane we have three structural isomers of pentane now again what you 478 00:12:29,359 --> 00:12:29,369 isomers of pentane now again what you 479 00:12:29,369 --> 00:12:31,129 isomers of pentane now again what you see here the mountain permanent point 480 00:12:31,129 --> 00:12:31,139 see here the mountain permanent point 481 00:12:31,139 --> 00:12:33,739 see here the mountain permanent point and boiling point of these isomers are 482 00:12:33,739 --> 00:12:33,749 and boiling point of these isomers are 483 00:12:33,749 --> 00:12:37,069 and boiling point of these isomers are quite different again right in between 484 00:12:37,069 --> 00:12:37,079 quite different again right in between 485 00:12:37,079 --> 00:12:39,199 quite different again right in between the structural isomers even though the 486 00:12:39,199 --> 00:12:39,209 the structural isomers even though the 487 00:12:39,209 --> 00:12:41,749 the structural isomers even though the clothes formula is the same but the 488 00:12:41,749 --> 00:12:41,759 clothes formula is the same but the 489 00:12:41,759 --> 00:12:43,850 clothes formula is the same but the structures are different why they are 490 00:12:43,850 --> 00:12:43,860 structures are different why they are 491 00:12:43,860 --> 00:12:47,499 structures are different why they are different because intermolecular forces 492 00:12:47,499 --> 00:12:47,509 different because intermolecular forces 493 00:12:47,509 --> 00:12:49,609 different because intermolecular forces the strength of the intermolecular 494 00:12:49,609 --> 00:12:49,619 the strength of the intermolecular 495 00:12:49,619 --> 00:12:52,579 the strength of the intermolecular forces changes from one isomer to the 496 00:12:52,579 --> 00:12:52,589 forces changes from one isomer to the 497 00:12:52,589 --> 00:12:55,850 forces changes from one isomer to the other isomers again now naming I will 498 00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:55,860 other isomers again now naming I will 499 00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:59,150 other isomers again now naming I will not simply go to this how to name the 500 00:12:59,150 --> 00:12:59,160 not simply go to this how to name the 501 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,059 not simply go to this how to name the compound you can read those as a matter 502 00:13:02,059 --> 00:13:02,069 compound you can read those as a matter 503 00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:03,139 compound you can read those as a matter of fact like that 504 00:13:03,139 --> 00:13:03,149 of fact like that 505 00:13:03,149 --> 00:13:07,009 of fact like that now cyclo alkanes the cyclic ones again 506 00:13:07,009 --> 00:13:07,019 now cyclo alkanes the cyclic ones again 507 00:13:07,019 --> 00:13:10,159 now cyclo alkanes the cyclic ones again here these are the some examples that 508 00:13:10,159 --> 00:13:10,169 here these are the some examples that 509 00:13:10,169 --> 00:13:13,729 here these are the some examples that formed rings or cycles all saturated no 510 00:13:13,729 --> 00:13:13,739 formed rings or cycles all saturated no 511 00:13:13,739 --> 00:13:16,039 formed rings or cycles all saturated no double bonds again if there is no double 512 00:13:16,039 --> 00:13:16,049 double bonds again if there is no double 513 00:13:16,049 --> 00:13:18,189 double bonds again if there is no double bond in a hydrocarbon we call that 514 00:13:18,189 --> 00:13:18,199 bond in a hydrocarbon we call that 515 00:13:18,199 --> 00:13:20,859 bond in a hydrocarbon we call that saturated if there is one at least 516 00:13:20,859 --> 00:13:20,869 saturated if there is one at least 517 00:13:20,869 --> 00:13:23,679 saturated if there is one at least double bonds we call that unsaturated 518 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:23,689 double bonds we call that unsaturated 519 00:13:23,689 --> 00:13:27,049 double bonds we call that unsaturated hydrocarbons again now possible with at 520 00:13:27,049 --> 00:13:27,059 hydrocarbons again now possible with at 521 00:13:27,059 --> 00:13:27,590 hydrocarbons again now possible with at least 522 00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:27,600 least 523 00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:30,110 least three carbon atoms but sp3 hybridization 524 00:13:30,110 --> 00:13:30,120 three carbon atoms but sp3 hybridization 525 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:35,080 three carbon atoms but sp3 hybridization requires so stable molecules for carbon 526 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:35,090 requires so stable molecules for carbon 527 00:13:35,090 --> 00:13:39,050 requires so stable molecules for carbon ring is also not very stable five carbon 528 00:13:39,050 --> 00:13:39,060 ring is also not very stable five carbon 529 00:13:39,060 --> 00:13:42,970 ring is also not very stable five carbon and more have room for proper bond angle 530 00:13:42,970 --> 00:13:42,980 and more have room for proper bond angle 531 00:13:42,980 --> 00:13:48,050 and more have room for proper bond angle now cyclo and as prefix or alkane name 532 00:13:48,050 --> 00:13:48,060 now cyclo and as prefix or alkane name 533 00:13:48,060 --> 00:13:51,650 now cyclo and as prefix or alkane name we use that Amman cyclopentane 534 00:13:51,650 --> 00:13:51,660 we use that Amman cyclopentane 535 00:13:51,660 --> 00:13:54,500 we use that Amman cyclopentane cyclohexane for example this is cyclo 536 00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:54,510 cyclohexane for example this is cyclo 537 00:13:54,510 --> 00:13:57,760 cyclohexane for example this is cyclo hexane this is cyclopentane now this is 538 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:57,770 hexane this is cyclopentane now this is 539 00:13:57,770 --> 00:14:02,720 hexane this is cyclopentane now this is cyclo propane but again as the number of 540 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:02,730 cyclo propane but again as the number of 541 00:14:02,730 --> 00:14:05,480 cyclo propane but again as the number of carbon atoms in the cycle decreases it 542 00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:05,490 carbon atoms in the cycle decreases it 543 00:14:05,490 --> 00:14:08,210 carbon atoms in the cycle decreases it becomes more unstable because there is a 544 00:14:08,210 --> 00:14:08,220 becomes more unstable because there is a 545 00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:10,700 becomes more unstable because there is a strain particularly this cycle propane 546 00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:10,710 strain particularly this cycle propane 547 00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:12,680 strain particularly this cycle propane is not very stable there is quite a bit 548 00:14:12,680 --> 00:14:12,690 is not very stable there is quite a bit 549 00:14:12,690 --> 00:14:16,880 is not very stable there is quite a bit strain on these but larger cyclo alkanes 550 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:16,890 strain on these but larger cyclo alkanes 551 00:14:16,890 --> 00:14:21,110 strain on these but larger cyclo alkanes are more stable now reactions let's go 552 00:14:21,110 --> 00:14:21,120 are more stable now reactions let's go 553 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,420 are more stable now reactions let's go very quickly with these of alkanes 554 00:14:23,420 --> 00:14:23,430 very quickly with these of alkanes 555 00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:27,260 very quickly with these of alkanes alkanes are relatively unreactive due to 556 00:14:27,260 --> 00:14:27,270 alkanes are relatively unreactive due to 557 00:14:27,270 --> 00:14:28,940 alkanes are relatively unreactive due to the lack of polarity and presence of 558 00:14:28,940 --> 00:14:28,950 the lack of polarity and presence of 559 00:14:28,950 --> 00:14:30,860 the lack of polarity and presence of only carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen 560 00:14:30,860 --> 00:14:30,870 only carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen 561 00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:33,620 only carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds which are very stable so when you 562 00:14:33,620 --> 00:14:33,630 bonds which are very stable so when you 563 00:14:33,630 --> 00:14:36,080 bonds which are very stable so when you have a stable strong bond actually and 564 00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:36,090 have a stable strong bond actually and 565 00:14:36,090 --> 00:14:38,660 have a stable strong bond actually and plus there the molecule is not polar 566 00:14:38,660 --> 00:14:38,670 plus there the molecule is not polar 567 00:14:38,670 --> 00:14:41,630 plus there the molecule is not polar molecule the reactivity is pretty low as 568 00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:41,640 molecule the reactivity is pretty low as 569 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,870 molecule the reactivity is pretty low as in this case and they do not react with 570 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:44,880 in this case and they do not react with 571 00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:48,710 in this case and they do not react with acids bases or oxidizing agents as a 572 00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:48,720 acids bases or oxidizing agents as a 573 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:50,900 acids bases or oxidizing agents as a matter of fact however the most 574 00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:50,910 matter of fact however the most 575 00:14:50,910 --> 00:14:53,410 matter of fact however the most important reaction observed in is 576 00:14:53,410 --> 00:14:53,420 important reaction observed in is 577 00:14:53,420 --> 00:14:56,990 important reaction observed in is combustion again these alkanes are the 578 00:14:56,990 --> 00:14:57,000 combustion again these alkanes are the 579 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:01,910 combustion again these alkanes are the source of energy for a lot of factories 580 00:15:01,910 --> 00:15:01,920 source of energy for a lot of factories 581 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:06,040 source of energy for a lot of factories and places again and here if we have the 582 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:06,050 and places again and here if we have the 583 00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:10,010 and places again and here if we have the methane molecule and alkane in fact and 584 00:15:10,010 --> 00:15:10,020 methane molecule and alkane in fact and 585 00:15:10,020 --> 00:15:12,620 methane molecule and alkane in fact and it reacts with the oxygen and gives 586 00:15:12,620 --> 00:15:12,630 it reacts with the oxygen and gives 587 00:15:12,630 --> 00:15:15,080 it reacts with the oxygen and gives carbon dioxide and water this is the 588 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:15,090 carbon dioxide and water this is the 589 00:15:15,090 --> 00:15:16,820 carbon dioxide and water this is the only product actually if you have enough 590 00:15:16,820 --> 00:15:16,830 only product actually if you have enough 591 00:15:16,830 --> 00:15:19,610 only product actually if you have enough oxygen in this full combustion and this 592 00:15:19,610 --> 00:15:19,620 oxygen in this full combustion and this 593 00:15:19,620 --> 00:15:21,350 oxygen in this full combustion and this reaction is called combustion reaction 594 00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:21,360 reaction is called combustion reaction 595 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:23,780 reaction is called combustion reaction and these are again very exothermic 596 00:15:23,780 --> 00:15:23,790 and these are again very exothermic 597 00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:26,540 and these are again very exothermic reactions for this case for example - 598 00:15:26,540 --> 00:15:26,550 reactions for this case for example - 599 00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:27,980 reactions for this case for example - two thousand eight hundred and 600 00:15:27,980 --> 00:15:27,990 two thousand eight hundred and 601 00:15:27,990 --> 00:15:31,160 two thousand eight hundred and eighty-five kilojoules per two moles of 602 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:31,170 eighty-five kilojoules per two moles of 603 00:15:31,170 --> 00:15:34,460 eighty-five kilojoules per two moles of this that's a very very high as a matter 604 00:15:34,460 --> 00:15:34,470 this that's a very very high as a matter 605 00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:37,100 this that's a very very high as a matter of fact and so these combustion 606 00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:37,110 of fact and so these combustion 607 00:15:37,110 --> 00:15:38,960 of fact and so these combustion reactions becomes a very good source of 608 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:38,970 reactions becomes a very good source of 609 00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:41,410 reactions becomes a very good source of energy 610 00:15:41,410 --> 00:15:41,420 611 00:15:41,420 --> 00:15:44,410 now saturated versus unsaturated 612 00:15:44,410 --> 00:15:44,420 now saturated versus unsaturated 613 00:15:44,420 --> 00:15:47,570 now saturated versus unsaturated remember if you have hydrocarbons with a 614 00:15:47,570 --> 00:15:47,580 remember if you have hydrocarbons with a 615 00:15:47,580 --> 00:15:50,240 remember if you have hydrocarbons with a single bonds only are called saturated 616 00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:50,250 single bonds only are called saturated 617 00:15:50,250 --> 00:15:53,210 single bonds only are called saturated haruka hydrocarbons these are simply the 618 00:15:53,210 --> 00:15:53,220 haruka hydrocarbons these are simply the 619 00:15:53,220 --> 00:15:56,180 haruka hydrocarbons these are simply the alkanes now if you have alkenes and 620 00:15:56,180 --> 00:15:56,190 alkanes now if you have alkenes and 621 00:15:56,190 --> 00:15:59,600 alkanes now if you have alkenes and alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons have 622 00:15:59,600 --> 00:15:59,610 alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons have 623 00:15:59,610 --> 00:16:01,640 alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons have fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkanes 624 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:01,650 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkanes 625 00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:03,590 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms 626 00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:03,600 with the same number of carbon atoms 627 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:07,400 with the same number of carbon atoms they are called unsaturated actually the 628 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:07,410 they are called unsaturated actually the 629 00:16:07,410 --> 00:16:09,590 they are called unsaturated actually the measure here is if they have at least 630 00:16:09,590 --> 00:16:09,600 measure here is if they have at least 631 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:13,010 measure here is if they have at least one double bond or triple bond that 632 00:16:13,010 --> 00:16:13,020 one double bond or triple bond that 633 00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:14,900 one double bond or triple bond that becomes an unsaturated hydrocarbon 634 00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:14,910 becomes an unsaturated hydrocarbon 635 00:16:14,910 --> 00:16:17,200 becomes an unsaturated hydrocarbon unsaturated hydrocarbons are more 636 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:17,210 unsaturated hydrocarbons are more 637 00:16:17,210 --> 00:16:20,240 unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons 638 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:20,250 reactive than saturated hydrocarbons 639 00:16:20,250 --> 00:16:22,340 reactive than saturated hydrocarbons this is important 9 yes we should always 640 00:16:22,340 --> 00:16:22,350 this is important 9 yes we should always 641 00:16:22,350 --> 00:16:25,520 this is important 9 yes we should always remember that the double bond is sort of 642 00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:25,530 remember that the double bond is sort of 643 00:16:25,530 --> 00:16:28,280 remember that the double bond is sort of the starting point of the reaction of 644 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:28,290 the starting point of the reaction of 645 00:16:28,290 --> 00:16:30,470 the starting point of the reaction of these hydrocarbons therefore they are 646 00:16:30,470 --> 00:16:30,480 these hydrocarbons therefore they are 647 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:34,070 these hydrocarbons therefore they are more reactive in fact unsaturated carbon 648 00:16:34,070 --> 00:16:34,080 more reactive in fact unsaturated carbon 649 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:38,540 more reactive in fact unsaturated carbon hydrocarbons now alkenes double bonds 650 00:16:38,540 --> 00:16:38,550 hydrocarbons now alkenes double bonds 651 00:16:38,550 --> 00:16:40,700 hydrocarbons now alkenes double bonds actually the one which have a double 652 00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:40,710 actually the one which have a double 653 00:16:40,710 --> 00:16:42,770 actually the one which have a double bond contains at least one carbon-carbon 654 00:16:42,770 --> 00:16:42,780 bond contains at least one carbon-carbon 655 00:16:42,780 --> 00:16:45,290 bond contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond no free rotations about the 656 00:16:45,290 --> 00:16:45,300 double bond no free rotations about the 657 00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,140 double bond no free rotations about the double bond remember again this is a PI 658 00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:48,150 double bond remember again this is a PI 659 00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:50,150 double bond remember again this is a PI bond and a sigma bond no free rotations 660 00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:50,160 bond and a sigma bond no free rotations 661 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:53,480 bond and a sigma bond no free rotations and if you have here four other hydrogen 662 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:53,490 and if you have here four other hydrogen 663 00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:55,250 and if you have here four other hydrogen atoms attached to this or other groups 664 00:16:55,250 --> 00:16:55,260 atoms attached to this or other groups 665 00:16:55,260 --> 00:16:58,940 atoms attached to this or other groups it is a planar longest chain that this 666 00:16:58,940 --> 00:16:58,950 it is a planar longest chain that this 667 00:16:58,950 --> 00:17:00,890 it is a planar longest chain that this is the name but this is a planar 668 00:17:00,890 --> 00:17:00,900 is the name but this is a planar 669 00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:03,860 is the name but this is a planar molecule again for example when we have 670 00:17:03,860 --> 00:17:03,870 molecule again for example when we have 671 00:17:03,870 --> 00:17:07,130 molecule again for example when we have ethane molecule and it's a planar 672 00:17:07,130 --> 00:17:07,140 ethane molecule and it's a planar 673 00:17:07,140 --> 00:17:09,740 ethane molecule and it's a planar molecule all of the hydrogen's and the 674 00:17:09,740 --> 00:17:09,750 molecule all of the hydrogen's and the 675 00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:15,200 molecule all of the hydrogen's and the carbon are on the same plane now these 676 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:15,210 carbon are on the same plane now these 677 00:17:15,210 --> 00:17:20,740 carbon are on the same plane now these are the geometric isomers as we said 678 00:17:20,740 --> 00:17:20,750 are the geometric isomers as we said 679 00:17:20,750 --> 00:17:24,920 are the geometric isomers as we said again let's see since there is no free 680 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:24,930 again let's see since there is no free 681 00:17:24,930 --> 00:17:27,410 again let's see since there is no free rotation around a double bond the 682 00:17:27,410 --> 00:17:27,420 rotation around a double bond the 683 00:17:27,420 --> 00:17:29,480 rotation around a double bond the directions of the longest chain can 684 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:29,490 directions of the longest chain can 685 00:17:29,490 --> 00:17:35,170 directions of the longest chain can differ for four or more carbon atoms now 686 00:17:35,170 --> 00:17:35,180 differ for four or more carbon atoms now 687 00:17:35,180 --> 00:17:37,670 differ for four or more carbon atoms now compounds that have all atoms connected 688 00:17:37,670 --> 00:17:37,680 compounds that have all atoms connected 689 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:40,060 compounds that have all atoms connected to the same atoms but differ in 690 00:17:40,060 --> 00:17:40,070 to the same atoms but differ in 691 00:17:40,070 --> 00:17:42,520 to the same atoms but differ in three-dimensional arrangement are 692 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:42,530 three-dimensional arrangement are 693 00:17:42,530 --> 00:17:47,060 three-dimensional arrangement are geometric isomers now alkenes have cysts 694 00:17:47,060 --> 00:17:47,070 geometric isomers now alkenes have cysts 695 00:17:47,070 --> 00:17:50,930 geometric isomers now alkenes have cysts and trans isomers as we see over here 696 00:17:50,930 --> 00:17:50,940 and trans isomers as we see over here 697 00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:53,390 and trans isomers as we see over here for example this is an organic compound 698 00:17:53,390 --> 00:17:53,400 for example this is an organic compound 699 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:53,970 for example this is an organic compound containing 700 00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:53,980 containing 701 00:17:53,980 --> 00:17:56,480 containing double bond so this is an alkene now 702 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:56,490 double bond so this is an alkene now 703 00:17:56,490 --> 00:17:59,760 double bond so this is an alkene now this again considering this hydrogen and 704 00:17:59,760 --> 00:17:59,770 this again considering this hydrogen and 705 00:17:59,770 --> 00:18:01,919 this again considering this hydrogen and the carbon here and that carbon and that 706 00:18:01,919 --> 00:18:01,929 the carbon here and that carbon and that 707 00:18:01,929 --> 00:18:04,350 the carbon here and that carbon and that hydrogen and these two carbons are all 708 00:18:04,350 --> 00:18:04,360 hydrogen and these two carbons are all 709 00:18:04,360 --> 00:18:06,180 hydrogen and these two carbons are all on the same plane 710 00:18:06,180 --> 00:18:06,190 on the same plane 711 00:18:06,190 --> 00:18:08,730 on the same plane it's a planar molecule so if they are in 712 00:18:08,730 --> 00:18:08,740 it's a planar molecule so if they are in 713 00:18:08,740 --> 00:18:12,539 it's a planar molecule so if they are in the same plane then the place of the 714 00:18:12,539 --> 00:18:12,549 the same plane then the place of the 715 00:18:12,549 --> 00:18:14,280 the same plane then the place of the hydrogen would respect two methyl groups 716 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:14,290 hydrogen would respect two methyl groups 717 00:18:14,290 --> 00:18:19,020 hydrogen would respect two methyl groups actually can be like this or it could be 718 00:18:19,020 --> 00:18:19,030 actually can be like this or it could be 719 00:18:19,030 --> 00:18:21,780 actually can be like this or it could be actively let's say again it could be 720 00:18:21,780 --> 00:18:21,790 actively let's say again it could be 721 00:18:21,790 --> 00:18:27,299 actively let's say again it could be like like this or it could be in fact 722 00:18:27,299 --> 00:18:27,309 like like this or it could be in fact 723 00:18:27,309 --> 00:18:30,299 like like this or it could be in fact like this now these are simply called 724 00:18:30,299 --> 00:18:30,309 like this now these are simply called 725 00:18:30,309 --> 00:18:32,549 like this now these are simply called the cysts we have the two hydrogen on 726 00:18:32,549 --> 00:18:32,559 the cysts we have the two hydrogen on 727 00:18:32,559 --> 00:18:34,980 the cysts we have the two hydrogen on the same side and this is called the 728 00:18:34,980 --> 00:18:34,990 the same side and this is called the 729 00:18:34,990 --> 00:18:37,020 the same side and this is called the trench the two hydrogen's are in 730 00:18:37,020 --> 00:18:37,030 trench the two hydrogen's are in 731 00:18:37,030 --> 00:18:39,419 trench the two hydrogen's are in opposite side again considering all of 732 00:18:39,419 --> 00:18:39,429 opposite side again considering all of 733 00:18:39,429 --> 00:18:42,299 opposite side again considering all of those are planar again this trans and 734 00:18:42,299 --> 00:18:42,309 those are planar again this trans and 735 00:18:42,309 --> 00:18:46,530 those are planar again this trans and since isomerism is simply originated 736 00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:46,540 since isomerism is simply originated 737 00:18:46,540 --> 00:18:50,100 since isomerism is simply originated from the plane arity of the molecule if 738 00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:50,110 from the plane arity of the molecule if 739 00:18:50,110 --> 00:18:51,659 from the plane arity of the molecule if the molecule is not planar we will not 740 00:18:51,659 --> 00:18:51,669 the molecule is not planar we will not 741 00:18:51,669 --> 00:18:55,350 the molecule is not planar we will not have since and trans isomers now all 742 00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:55,360 have since and trans isomers now all 743 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:56,850 have since and trans isomers now all kinds of triple bond 744 00:18:56,850 --> 00:18:56,860 kinds of triple bond 745 00:18:56,860 --> 00:19:01,610 kinds of triple bond unsaturated and we just named that again 746 00:19:01,610 --> 00:19:01,620 unsaturated and we just named that again 747 00:19:01,620 --> 00:19:05,549 unsaturated and we just named that again acetylene is the simplest all kinds 748 00:19:05,549 --> 00:19:05,559 acetylene is the simplest all kinds 749 00:19:05,559 --> 00:19:10,950 acetylene is the simplest all kinds actually addition reactions of all keys 750 00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:10,960 actually addition reactions of all keys 751 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:12,840 actually addition reactions of all keys and all kinds again these are 752 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:12,850 and all kinds again these are 753 00:19:12,850 --> 00:19:17,549 and all kinds again these are characteristic reactions add atoms to 754 00:19:17,549 --> 00:19:17,559 characteristic reactions add atoms to 755 00:19:17,559 --> 00:19:19,409 characteristic reactions add atoms to the double or triple bond making it 756 00:19:19,409 --> 00:19:19,419 the double or triple bond making it 757 00:19:19,419 --> 00:19:22,650 the double or triple bond making it saturated or mass more saturated and pi 758 00:19:22,650 --> 00:19:22,660 saturated or mass more saturated and pi 759 00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:24,810 saturated or mass more saturated and pi bonds are broken and the electrons from 760 00:19:24,810 --> 00:19:24,820 bonds are broken and the electrons from 761 00:19:24,820 --> 00:19:30,870 bonds are broken and the electrons from Sigma bonds to added atoms work with h2 762 00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:30,880 Sigma bonds to added atoms work with h2 763 00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:36,000 Sigma bonds to added atoms work with h2 for example or HX in fact or sometimes 764 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:36,010 for example or HX in fact or sometimes 765 00:19:36,010 --> 00:19:38,940 for example or HX in fact or sometimes water or x2 can be added for example 766 00:19:38,940 --> 00:19:38,950 water or x2 can be added for example 767 00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:41,669 water or x2 can be added for example when we have x2 is bromine molecule 768 00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:41,679 when we have x2 is bromine molecule 769 00:19:41,679 --> 00:19:43,710 when we have x2 is bromine molecule added to the double bond this is a very 770 00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:43,720 added to the double bond this is a very 771 00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,140 added to the double bond this is a very characteristic reactions of the bromine 772 00:19:46,140 --> 00:19:46,150 characteristic reactions of the bromine 773 00:19:46,150 --> 00:19:51,260 characteristic reactions of the bromine with our alkenes actually and we add the 774 00:19:51,260 --> 00:19:51,270 with our alkenes actually and we add the 775 00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:54,900 with our alkenes actually and we add the two bromine to two carbons over here and 776 00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:54,910 two bromine to two carbons over here and 777 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:57,090 two bromine to two carbons over here and this is a saturated now right 778 00:19:57,090 --> 00:19:57,100 this is a saturated now right 779 00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:58,860 this is a saturated now right this is unsaturated that's a saturated 780 00:19:58,860 --> 00:19:58,870 this is unsaturated that's a saturated 781 00:19:58,870 --> 00:20:01,260 this is unsaturated that's a saturated and again with the hydrogen we can add 782 00:20:01,260 --> 00:20:01,270 and again with the hydrogen we can add 783 00:20:01,270 --> 00:20:03,899 and again with the hydrogen we can add two hydrogen's over here one mole for 784 00:20:03,899 --> 00:20:03,909 two hydrogen's over here one mole for 785 00:20:03,909 --> 00:20:04,440 two hydrogen's over here one mole for one more 786 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:04,450 one more 787 00:20:04,450 --> 00:20:06,960 one more and gives you a saturated hydrocarbons 788 00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:06,970 and gives you a saturated hydrocarbons 789 00:20:06,970 --> 00:20:11,789 and gives you a saturated hydrocarbons or we can have simply add water in the 790 00:20:11,789 --> 00:20:11,799 or we can have simply add water in the 791 00:20:11,799 --> 00:20:16,109 or we can have simply add water in the presence of sulfurous acid h2so4 and we 792 00:20:16,109 --> 00:20:16,119 presence of sulfurous acid h2so4 and we 793 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:18,690 presence of sulfurous acid h2so4 and we get an alcohol or we can add simply 794 00:20:18,690 --> 00:20:18,700 get an alcohol or we can add simply 795 00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:22,289 get an alcohol or we can add simply chlorine to the triple bond and get like 796 00:20:22,289 --> 00:20:22,299 chlorine to the triple bond and get like 797 00:20:22,299 --> 00:20:24,840 chlorine to the triple bond and get like this and this will also have cysts and 798 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:24,850 this and this will also have cysts and 799 00:20:24,850 --> 00:20:27,899 this and this will also have cysts and trans isomers too right so this is a 800 00:20:27,899 --> 00:20:27,909 trans isomers too right so this is a 801 00:20:27,909 --> 00:20:30,479 trans isomers too right so this is a trans isomer as you see because when we 802 00:20:30,479 --> 00:20:30,489 trans isomer as you see because when we 803 00:20:30,489 --> 00:20:31,710 trans isomer as you see because when we have a double bond it's a planar 804 00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:31,720 have a double bond it's a planar 805 00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:35,129 have a double bond it's a planar molecule and since ni simmers trans 806 00:20:35,129 --> 00:20:35,139 molecule and since ni simmers trans 807 00:20:35,139 --> 00:20:39,810 molecule and since ni simmers trans isomers are possible again now aromatic 808 00:20:39,810 --> 00:20:39,820 isomers are possible again now aromatic 809 00:20:39,820 --> 00:20:42,359 isomers are possible again now aromatic hydrocarbons is the aromatic 810 00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:42,369 hydrocarbons is the aromatic 811 00:20:42,369 --> 00:20:44,460 hydrocarbons is the aromatic hydrocarbons have six membered rings 812 00:20:44,460 --> 00:20:44,470 hydrocarbons have six membered rings 813 00:20:44,470 --> 00:20:46,769 hydrocarbons have six membered rings containing localized and delocalized 814 00:20:46,769 --> 00:20:46,779 containing localized and delocalized 815 00:20:46,779 --> 00:20:49,950 containing localized and delocalized electrons the PI ring is much more 816 00:20:49,950 --> 00:20:49,960 electrons the PI ring is much more 817 00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,440 electrons the PI ring is much more stable than PI bond so aromatic 818 00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:52,450 stable than PI bond so aromatic 819 00:20:52,450 --> 00:20:55,080 stable than PI bond so aromatic hydrocarbons are much less reactive than 820 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:55,090 hydrocarbons are much less reactive than 821 00:20:55,090 --> 00:20:58,080 hydrocarbons are much less reactive than alkenes and alkynes they undergo 822 00:20:58,080 --> 00:20:58,090 alkenes and alkynes they undergo 823 00:20:58,090 --> 00:20:59,909 alkenes and alkynes they undergo substitution reactions rather than 824 00:20:59,909 --> 00:20:59,919 substitution reactions rather than 825 00:20:59,919 --> 00:21:02,909 substitution reactions rather than addition reactions groups replaces 826 00:21:02,909 --> 00:21:02,919 addition reactions groups replaces 827 00:21:02,919 --> 00:21:05,580 addition reactions groups replaces hydrogen on a ring for example nitration 828 00:21:05,580 --> 00:21:05,590 hydrogen on a ring for example nitration 829 00:21:05,590 --> 00:21:08,729 hydrogen on a ring for example nitration halogenation and alkylations 830 00:21:08,729 --> 00:21:08,739 halogenation and alkylations 831 00:21:08,739 --> 00:21:10,950 halogenation and alkylations here are the examples again this is 832 00:21:10,950 --> 00:21:10,960 here are the examples again this is 833 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:14,060 here are the examples again this is benzene is the aromatic ring actually 834 00:21:14,060 --> 00:21:14,070 benzene is the aromatic ring actually 835 00:21:14,070 --> 00:21:18,299 benzene is the aromatic ring actually mainly and we simply make addition to 836 00:21:18,299 --> 00:21:18,309 mainly and we simply make addition to 837 00:21:18,309 --> 00:21:21,450 mainly and we simply make addition to benzene and we get nitro benzene like 838 00:21:21,450 --> 00:21:21,460 benzene and we get nitro benzene like 839 00:21:21,460 --> 00:21:24,149 benzene and we get nitro benzene like this or we can add bromine and we get 840 00:21:24,149 --> 00:21:24,159 this or we can add bromine and we get 841 00:21:24,159 --> 00:21:27,180 this or we can add bromine and we get bromo benzene you see again these are 842 00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:27,190 bromo benzene you see again these are 843 00:21:27,190 --> 00:21:29,249 bromo benzene you see again these are replacement of the hydrogen on the ring 844 00:21:29,249 --> 00:21:29,259 replacement of the hydrogen on the ring 845 00:21:29,259 --> 00:21:33,239 replacement of the hydrogen on the ring by the entering group here and we can 846 00:21:33,239 --> 00:21:33,249 by the entering group here and we can 847 00:21:33,249 --> 00:21:39,169 by the entering group here and we can also add two benzene this chloro ethyl 848 00:21:39,169 --> 00:21:39,179 also add two benzene this chloro ethyl 849 00:21:39,179 --> 00:21:42,029 also add two benzene this chloro ethyl methane or ethane to get the ethyl 850 00:21:42,029 --> 00:21:42,039 methane or ethane to get the ethyl 851 00:21:42,039 --> 00:21:45,710 methane or ethane to get the ethyl benzene like this these are simply the 852 00:21:45,710 --> 00:21:45,720 benzene like this these are simply the 853 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:48,200 benzene like this these are simply the automatic hydrocarbons and their 854 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:48,210 automatic hydrocarbons and their 855 00:21:48,210 --> 00:21:53,279 automatic hydrocarbons and their reaction types now this is gate again 856 00:21:53,279 --> 00:21:53,289 reaction types now this is gate again 857 00:21:53,289 --> 00:21:55,710 reaction types now this is gate again the nomenclature I will just go through 858 00:21:55,710 --> 00:21:55,720 the nomenclature I will just go through 859 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:58,349 the nomenclature I will just go through this you can read it here is the 860 00:21:58,349 --> 00:21:58,359 this you can read it here is the 861 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:00,930 this you can read it here is the probably benzene this is the naphthalene 862 00:22:00,930 --> 00:22:00,940 probably benzene this is the naphthalene 863 00:22:00,940 --> 00:22:04,680 probably benzene this is the naphthalene and this is anthracene toluene and 864 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:04,690 and this is anthracene toluene and 865 00:22:04,690 --> 00:22:07,950 and this is anthracene toluene and pyrene these are it would be good 866 00:22:07,950 --> 00:22:07,960 pyrene these are it would be good 867 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:10,320 pyrene these are it would be good general culture of chemistry knowledge 868 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:10,330 general culture of chemistry knowledge 869 00:22:10,330 --> 00:22:12,419 general culture of chemistry knowledge actually if you know those as a matter 870 00:22:12,419 --> 00:22:12,429 actually if you know those as a matter 871 00:22:12,429 --> 00:22:15,450 actually if you know those as a matter of fact now the functional groups 872 00:22:15,450 --> 00:22:15,460 of fact now the functional groups 873 00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:17,610 of fact now the functional groups remember are very very important 874 00:22:17,610 --> 00:22:17,620 remember are very very important 875 00:22:17,620 --> 00:22:19,490 remember are very very important in organic chemistry because the 876 00:22:19,490 --> 00:22:19,500 in organic chemistry because the 877 00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:22,830 in organic chemistry because the chemists chemical property of the 878 00:22:22,830 --> 00:22:22,840 chemists chemical property of the 879 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:24,769 chemists chemical property of the organic molecule is determined by the 880 00:22:24,769 --> 00:22:24,779 organic molecule is determined by the 881 00:22:24,779 --> 00:22:26,220 organic molecule is determined by the functional groups 882 00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:26,230 functional groups 883 00:22:26,230 --> 00:22:28,019 functional groups what are these functional groups again 884 00:22:28,019 --> 00:22:28,029 what are these functional groups again 885 00:22:28,029 --> 00:22:31,500 what are these functional groups again we see here the functional groups we see 886 00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:31,510 we see here the functional groups we see 887 00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:32,789 we see here the functional groups we see again the chemistry of an organic 888 00:22:32,789 --> 00:22:32,799 again the chemistry of an organic 889 00:22:32,799 --> 00:22:34,560 again the chemistry of an organic molecules is largely determined by the 890 00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:34,570 molecules is largely determined by the 891 00:22:34,570 --> 00:22:35,909 molecules is largely determined by the functional groups 892 00:22:35,909 --> 00:22:35,919 functional groups 893 00:22:35,919 --> 00:22:39,360 functional groups it contains the that it contains it says 894 00:22:39,360 --> 00:22:39,370 it contains the that it contains it says 895 00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,049 it contains the that it contains it says R represents the alkyl portion that's 896 00:22:43,049 --> 00:22:43,059 R represents the alkyl portion that's 897 00:22:43,059 --> 00:22:45,000 R represents the alkyl portion that's the carbon and hydrogen part of the 898 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:45,010 the carbon and hydrogen part of the 899 00:22:45,010 --> 00:22:51,149 the carbon and hydrogen part of the organic molecule now here are we simply 900 00:22:51,149 --> 00:22:51,159 organic molecule now here are we simply 901 00:22:51,159 --> 00:22:53,820 organic molecule now here are we simply the functional groups a double bond is a 902 00:22:53,820 --> 00:22:53,830 the functional groups a double bond is a 903 00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:56,580 the functional groups a double bond is a functional group and triple bond is the 904 00:22:56,580 --> 00:22:56,590 functional group and triple bond is the 905 00:22:56,590 --> 00:22:59,970 functional group and triple bond is the another functional group and we have the 906 00:22:59,970 --> 00:22:59,980 another functional group and we have the 907 00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:03,210 another functional group and we have the Oh H let's go threes alcohols for 908 00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:03,220 Oh H let's go threes alcohols for 909 00:23:03,220 --> 00:23:06,590 Oh H let's go threes alcohols for example the O H is a functional group 910 00:23:06,590 --> 00:23:06,600 example the O H is a functional group 911 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:10,680 example the O H is a functional group alcohols contain one or more hydroxide 912 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:10,690 alcohols contain one or more hydroxide 913 00:23:10,690 --> 00:23:15,200 alcohols contain one or more hydroxide group actually and it is simply called 914 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:15,210 group actually and it is simply called 915 00:23:15,210 --> 00:23:18,180 group actually and it is simply called if you have more than one o age group 916 00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:18,190 if you have more than one o age group 917 00:23:18,190 --> 00:23:22,889 if you have more than one o age group it's called poly hydroxy alcohol 918 00:23:22,889 --> 00:23:22,899 it's called poly hydroxy alcohol 919 00:23:22,899 --> 00:23:25,409 it's called poly hydroxy alcohol actually they are named from the parent 920 00:23:25,409 --> 00:23:25,419 actually they are named from the parent 921 00:23:25,419 --> 00:23:29,070 actually they are named from the parent hydrocarbon and the suffix is changed to 922 00:23:29,070 --> 00:23:29,080 hydrocarbon and the suffix is changed to 923 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:32,880 hydrocarbon and the suffix is changed to o L and a number designates the carbon 924 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:32,890 o L and a number designates the carbon 925 00:23:32,890 --> 00:23:35,190 o L and a number designates the carbon to which the O H group is attached 926 00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:35,200 to which the O H group is attached 927 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,710 to which the O H group is attached actually there's a like to propanol 928 00:23:37,710 --> 00:23:37,720 actually there's a like to propanol 929 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,049 actually there's a like to propanol means that the Oh H is added to the 930 00:23:40,049 --> 00:23:40,059 means that the Oh H is added to the 931 00:23:40,059 --> 00:23:41,130 means that the Oh H is added to the second carbon here 932 00:23:41,130 --> 00:23:41,140 second carbon here 933 00:23:41,140 --> 00:23:44,010 second carbon here number two carbons and two methyl groups 934 00:23:44,010 --> 00:23:44,020 number two carbons and two methyl groups 935 00:23:44,020 --> 00:23:49,740 number two carbons and two methyl groups and these are again the alcohols now our 936 00:23:49,740 --> 00:23:49,750 and these are again the alcohols now our 937 00:23:49,750 --> 00:23:52,680 and these are again the alcohols now our properties are and uses of alcohols 938 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:52,690 properties are and uses of alcohols 939 00:23:52,690 --> 00:23:55,169 properties are and uses of alcohols they're all polar molecules remember 940 00:23:55,169 --> 00:23:55,179 they're all polar molecules remember 941 00:23:55,179 --> 00:23:56,700 they're all polar molecules remember they have an O H group and they are 942 00:23:56,700 --> 00:23:56,710 they have an O H group and they are 943 00:23:56,710 --> 00:24:01,110 they have an O H group and they are polar and lead to water solubility and 944 00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:01,120 polar and lead to water solubility and 945 00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:03,510 polar and lead to water solubility and higher boiling points it dissolves they 946 00:24:03,510 --> 00:24:03,520 higher boiling points it dissolves they 947 00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:06,120 higher boiling points it dissolves they all dissolve in water methanol for 948 00:24:06,120 --> 00:24:06,130 all dissolve in water methanol for 949 00:24:06,130 --> 00:24:08,519 all dissolve in water methanol for example used as a fuel additive ethanol 950 00:24:08,519 --> 00:24:08,529 example used as a fuel additive ethanol 951 00:24:08,529 --> 00:24:11,970 example used as a fuel additive ethanol in alcoholic beverages that we drink 952 00:24:11,970 --> 00:24:11,980 in alcoholic beverages that we drink 953 00:24:11,980 --> 00:24:12,510 in alcoholic beverages that we drink actually 954 00:24:12,510 --> 00:24:12,520 actually 955 00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:15,299 actually now ethylene glycol is used as an 956 00:24:15,299 --> 00:24:15,309 now ethylene glycol is used as an 957 00:24:15,309 --> 00:24:18,419 now ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze and a glycerol is used for 958 00:24:18,419 --> 00:24:18,429 antifreeze and a glycerol is used for 959 00:24:18,429 --> 00:24:20,519 antifreeze and a glycerol is used for cosmetics skin softener and food 960 00:24:20,519 --> 00:24:20,529 cosmetics skin softener and food 961 00:24:20,529 --> 00:24:23,909 cosmetics skin softener and food moisturizers phenol making plastics and 962 00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:23,919 moisturizers phenol making plastics and 963 00:24:23,919 --> 00:24:27,779 moisturizers phenol making plastics and dyes and topical anesthetic in throat 964 00:24:27,779 --> 00:24:27,789 dyes and topical anesthetic in throat 965 00:24:27,789 --> 00:24:30,930 dyes and topical anesthetic in throat sprays and cholesterol and import 966 00:24:30,930 --> 00:24:30,940 sprays and cholesterol and import 967 00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:33,330 sprays and cholesterol and import by a molecule in membranes but can 968 00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:33,340 by a molecule in membranes but can 969 00:24:33,340 --> 00:24:38,160 by a molecule in membranes but can precipitate and form gel stones or block 970 00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:38,170 precipitate and form gel stones or block 971 00:24:38,170 --> 00:24:41,670 precipitate and form gel stones or block the blood vessels this is again what the 972 00:24:41,670 --> 00:24:41,680 the blood vessels this is again what the 973 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:43,560 the blood vessels this is again what the high cholesterol in the body causes 974 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:43,570 high cholesterol in the body causes 975 00:24:43,570 --> 00:24:48,740 high cholesterol in the body causes remember blocks the veins again now 976 00:24:48,740 --> 00:24:48,750 remember blocks the veins again now 977 00:24:48,750 --> 00:24:52,560 remember blocks the veins again now another functional group is ethers again 978 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:52,570 another functional group is ethers again 979 00:24:52,570 --> 00:24:56,790 another functional group is ethers again now the ether have RoR that means one 980 00:24:56,790 --> 00:24:56,800 now the ether have RoR that means one 981 00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,000 now the ether have RoR that means one oxygen bonded to two alkyl group here 982 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:00,010 oxygen bonded to two alkyl group here 983 00:25:00,010 --> 00:25:03,210 oxygen bonded to two alkyl group here again formed by the dehydration between 984 00:25:03,210 --> 00:25:03,220 again formed by the dehydration between 985 00:25:03,220 --> 00:25:06,090 again formed by the dehydration between alcohol molecules when they dehydrate 986 00:25:06,090 --> 00:25:06,100 alcohol molecules when they dehydrate 987 00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:09,020 alcohol molecules when they dehydrate the alcohol molecules not very reactive 988 00:25:09,020 --> 00:25:09,030 the alcohol molecules not very reactive 989 00:25:09,030 --> 00:25:12,330 the alcohol molecules not very reactive except in combustion it says and used as 990 00:25:12,330 --> 00:25:12,340 except in combustion it says and used as 991 00:25:12,340 --> 00:25:15,750 except in combustion it says and used as solvents for organic reactions and like 992 00:25:15,750 --> 00:25:15,760 solvents for organic reactions and like 993 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:18,780 solvents for organic reactions and like we have over here diethyl ether this is 994 00:25:18,780 --> 00:25:18,790 we have over here diethyl ether this is 995 00:25:18,790 --> 00:25:21,270 we have over here diethyl ether this is simply called diethyl ether if you have 996 00:25:21,270 --> 00:25:21,280 simply called diethyl ether if you have 997 00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:23,070 simply called diethyl ether if you have one methyl group dimethyl group it's an 998 00:25:23,070 --> 00:25:23,080 one methyl group dimethyl group it's an 999 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:25,230 one methyl group dimethyl group it's an acetone we know we use that and 1000 00:25:25,230 --> 00:25:25,240 acetone we know we use that and 1001 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:29,840 acetone we know we use that and tetrahydrofuran all of these are again 1002 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:29,850 tetrahydrofuran all of these are again 1003 00:25:29,850 --> 00:25:35,310 tetrahydrofuran all of these are again liquids and use as solvents now how 1004 00:25:35,310 --> 00:25:35,320 liquids and use as solvents now how 1005 00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:37,380 liquids and use as solvents now how about the solubility of ether in water 1006 00:25:37,380 --> 00:25:37,390 about the solubility of ether in water 1007 00:25:37,390 --> 00:25:40,590 about the solubility of ether in water would you expect as good as the alcohol 1008 00:25:40,590 --> 00:25:40,600 would you expect as good as the alcohol 1009 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,650 would you expect as good as the alcohol solubility of ether no actually but 1010 00:25:43,650 --> 00:25:43,660 solubility of ether no actually but 1011 00:25:43,660 --> 00:25:45,300 solubility of ether no actually but there's going to be hydrogen bonding 1012 00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:45,310 there's going to be hydrogen bonding 1013 00:25:45,310 --> 00:25:48,930 there's going to be hydrogen bonding between the ether molecule and the water 1014 00:25:48,930 --> 00:25:48,940 between the ether molecule and the water 1015 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:51,900 between the ether molecule and the water molecule right the hydrogen off the 1016 00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:51,910 molecule right the hydrogen off the 1017 00:25:51,910 --> 00:25:54,960 molecule right the hydrogen off the water molecule can simply interact with 1018 00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:54,970 water molecule can simply interact with 1019 00:25:54,970 --> 00:25:57,510 water molecule can simply interact with the lone pair electron on the oxygen in 1020 00:25:57,510 --> 00:25:57,520 the lone pair electron on the oxygen in 1021 00:25:57,520 --> 00:25:59,670 the lone pair electron on the oxygen in ether but again the solubility of ether 1022 00:25:59,670 --> 00:25:59,680 ether but again the solubility of ether 1023 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,040 ether but again the solubility of ether is water is not very good as a matter of 1024 00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:02,050 is water is not very good as a matter of 1025 00:26:02,050 --> 00:26:07,770 is water is not very good as a matter of fact now another functional group is 1026 00:26:07,770 --> 00:26:07,780 fact now another functional group is 1027 00:26:07,780 --> 00:26:11,280 fact now another functional group is carbonyl group in fact and this carbonyl 1028 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:11,290 carbonyl group in fact and this carbonyl 1029 00:26:11,290 --> 00:26:13,410 carbonyl group in fact and this carbonyl group is carbon double bond right here 1030 00:26:13,410 --> 00:26:13,420 group is carbon double bond right here 1031 00:26:13,420 --> 00:26:16,770 group is carbon double bond right here and functional groups containing carbon 1032 00:26:16,770 --> 00:26:16,780 and functional groups containing carbon 1033 00:26:16,780 --> 00:26:19,280 and functional groups containing carbon double bonds also classified as 1034 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:19,290 double bonds also classified as 1035 00:26:19,290 --> 00:26:24,600 double bonds also classified as aldehydes ketones carboxylic acid esters 1036 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:24,610 aldehydes ketones carboxylic acid esters 1037 00:26:24,610 --> 00:26:28,260 aldehydes ketones carboxylic acid esters and amides let's look at those in 1038 00:26:28,260 --> 00:26:28,270 and amides let's look at those in 1039 00:26:28,270 --> 00:26:31,470 and amides let's look at those in examples this is actually the 1040 00:26:31,470 --> 00:26:31,480 examples this is actually the 1041 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:35,580 examples this is actually the formaldehyde right aldehyde actually if 1042 00:26:35,580 --> 00:26:35,590 formaldehyde right aldehyde actually if 1043 00:26:35,590 --> 00:26:37,950 formaldehyde right aldehyde actually if you have only a hydrogen bonded to the 1044 00:26:37,950 --> 00:26:37,960 you have only a hydrogen bonded to the 1045 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:40,710 you have only a hydrogen bonded to the carbon which is bonded to an oxygen it 1046 00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:40,720 carbon which is bonded to an oxygen it 1047 00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:43,620 carbon which is bonded to an oxygen it is called aldehyde like this this is an 1048 00:26:43,620 --> 00:26:43,630 is called aldehyde like this this is an 1049 00:26:43,630 --> 00:26:44,790 is called aldehyde like this this is an aldehyde 1050 00:26:44,790 --> 00:26:44,800 aldehyde 1051 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:47,070 aldehyde this is also another aldehyde I said all 1052 00:26:47,070 --> 00:26:47,080 this is also another aldehyde I said all 1053 00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:50,880 this is also another aldehyde I said all the height or ethanol now in ketones we 1054 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:50,890 the height or ethanol now in ketones we 1055 00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:52,530 the height or ethanol now in ketones we have two R groups attached to the 1056 00:26:52,530 --> 00:26:52,540 have two R groups attached to the 1057 00:26:52,540 --> 00:26:56,280 have two R groups attached to the carbonyl carbon atoms like this and this 1058 00:26:56,280 --> 00:26:56,290 carbonyl carbon atoms like this and this 1059 00:26:56,290 --> 00:27:01,710 carbonyl carbon atoms like this and this is the acetone dimethyl ketone actually 1060 00:27:01,710 --> 00:27:01,720 is the acetone dimethyl ketone actually 1061 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:04,140 is the acetone dimethyl ketone actually it's called propanone another different 1062 00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:04,150 it's called propanone another different 1063 00:27:04,150 --> 00:27:06,810 it's called propanone another different name and this is another ketone you see 1064 00:27:06,810 --> 00:27:06,820 name and this is another ketone you see 1065 00:27:06,820 --> 00:27:10,830 name and this is another ketone you see again if the carbon atom which is bonded 1066 00:27:10,830 --> 00:27:10,840 again if the carbon atom which is bonded 1067 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:15,000 again if the carbon atom which is bonded to the oxygen is bunts to two other 1068 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:15,010 to the oxygen is bunts to two other 1069 00:27:15,010 --> 00:27:21,870 to the oxygen is bunts to two other carbons like this it is the ketone now 1070 00:27:21,870 --> 00:27:21,880 carbons like this it is the ketone now 1071 00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:24,330 carbons like this it is the ketone now important all the Heinz and ketones that 1072 00:27:24,330 --> 00:27:24,340 important all the Heinz and ketones that 1073 00:27:24,340 --> 00:27:26,250 important all the Heinz and ketones that quickly let's go through this many 1074 00:27:26,250 --> 00:27:26,260 quickly let's go through this many 1075 00:27:26,260 --> 00:27:29,100 quickly let's go through this many aldehydes are natural flavorings 1076 00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:29,110 aldehydes are natural flavorings 1077 00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:32,130 aldehydes are natural flavorings so those aldehydes for example vanilla 1078 00:27:32,130 --> 00:27:32,140 so those aldehydes for example vanilla 1079 00:27:32,140 --> 00:27:35,550 so those aldehydes for example vanilla and cinnamon and spearmint and caraway 1080 00:27:35,550 --> 00:27:35,560 and cinnamon and spearmint and caraway 1081 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:40,230 and cinnamon and spearmint and caraway are from aldehydes and ketones are used 1082 00:27:40,230 --> 00:27:40,240 are from aldehydes and ketones are used 1083 00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:42,630 are from aldehydes and ketones are used extensively as solvents the most 1084 00:27:42,630 --> 00:27:42,640 extensively as solvents the most 1085 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:44,430 extensively as solvents the most important saw one other than water is 1086 00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:44,440 important saw one other than water is 1087 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,340 important saw one other than water is acetone and that's for two actually 1088 00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:47,350 acetone and that's for two actually 1089 00:27:47,350 --> 00:27:49,740 acetone and that's for two actually three carbon ketone remember and which 1090 00:27:49,740 --> 00:27:49,750 three carbon ketone remember and which 1091 00:27:49,750 --> 00:27:51,990 three carbon ketone remember and which dissolves in water and dissolves many 1092 00:27:51,990 --> 00:27:52,000 dissolves in water and dissolves many 1093 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,070 dissolves in water and dissolves many organic compounds and it simply 1094 00:27:55,070 --> 00:27:55,080 organic compounds and it simply 1095 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:57,420 organic compounds and it simply dissolves in water to acetones better 1096 00:27:57,420 --> 00:27:57,430 dissolves in water to acetones better 1097 00:27:57,430 --> 00:28:03,800 dissolves in water to acetones better than ether actually now carboxylic acids 1098 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:03,810 than ether actually now carboxylic acids 1099 00:28:03,810 --> 00:28:07,230 than ether actually now carboxylic acids as we have here the structure you have 1100 00:28:07,230 --> 00:28:07,240 as we have here the structure you have 1101 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:09,240 as we have here the structure you have the hydroxyl group bonded to the 1102 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:09,250 the hydroxyl group bonded to the 1103 00:28:09,250 --> 00:28:11,250 the hydroxyl group bonded to the carbonyl group that means the carbon 1104 00:28:11,250 --> 00:28:11,260 carbonyl group that means the carbon 1105 00:28:11,260 --> 00:28:14,550 carbonyl group that means the carbon which binds the oxygen with a double 1106 00:28:14,550 --> 00:28:14,560 which binds the oxygen with a double 1107 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:16,320 which binds the oxygen with a double bond like this and these are the 1108 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:16,330 bond like this and these are the 1109 00:28:16,330 --> 00:28:22,130 bond like this and these are the different simply acids and we may have 1110 00:28:22,130 --> 00:28:22,140 1111 00:28:22,140 --> 00:28:27,060 like two carboxylic group again in one 1112 00:28:27,060 --> 00:28:27,070 like two carboxylic group again in one 1113 00:28:27,070 --> 00:28:31,080 like two carboxylic group again in one acid in one molecule too so let's say 1114 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:31,090 acid in one molecule too so let's say 1115 00:28:31,090 --> 00:28:33,330 acid in one molecule too so let's say hydrogen on the hydroxyl group is weakly 1116 00:28:33,330 --> 00:28:33,340 hydrogen on the hydroxyl group is weakly 1117 00:28:33,340 --> 00:28:37,260 hydrogen on the hydroxyl group is weakly acidic that's what the makes the 1118 00:28:37,260 --> 00:28:37,270 acidic that's what the makes the 1119 00:28:37,270 --> 00:28:39,540 acidic that's what the makes the compound acidic that hydrogen bonded to 1120 00:28:39,540 --> 00:28:39,550 compound acidic that hydrogen bonded to 1121 00:28:39,550 --> 00:28:41,610 compound acidic that hydrogen bonded to the oxygen which is bonded to the 1122 00:28:41,610 --> 00:28:41,620 the oxygen which is bonded to the 1123 00:28:41,620 --> 00:28:44,550 the oxygen which is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom is acidic and it is 1124 00:28:44,550 --> 00:28:44,560 carbonyl carbon atom is acidic and it is 1125 00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:48,630 carbonyl carbon atom is acidic and it is ionisers to give h+ again important in 1126 00:28:48,630 --> 00:28:48,640 ionisers to give h+ again important in 1127 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:52,140 ionisers to give h+ again important in manufacturing polymers for films fibers 1128 00:28:52,140 --> 00:28:52,150 manufacturing polymers for films fibers 1129 00:28:52,150 --> 00:28:56,580 manufacturing polymers for films fibers and pains actually oxidation products of 1130 00:28:56,580 --> 00:28:56,590 and pains actually oxidation products of 1131 00:28:56,590 --> 00:28:58,170 and pains actually oxidation products of alcohols 1132 00:28:58,170 --> 00:28:58,180 alcohols 1133 00:28:58,180 --> 00:29:02,520 alcohols are actually carboxylic acids that means 1134 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:02,530 are actually carboxylic acids that means 1135 00:29:02,530 --> 00:29:05,010 are actually carboxylic acids that means if you simply take the ketone and then 1136 00:29:05,010 --> 00:29:05,020 if you simply take the ketone and then 1137 00:29:05,020 --> 00:29:07,920 if you simply take the ketone and then oxidize it you get the alcohol and you 1138 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:07,930 oxidize it you get the alcohol and you 1139 00:29:07,930 --> 00:29:09,990 oxidize it you get the alcohol and you take the alcohol and oxidize it one more 1140 00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:10,000 take the alcohol and oxidize it one more 1141 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,730 take the alcohol and oxidize it one more step then you get the acid remember 1142 00:29:11,730 --> 00:29:11,740 step then you get the acid remember 1143 00:29:11,740 --> 00:29:15,660 step then you get the acid remember those are inorganic chemistry 1144 00:29:15,660 --> 00:29:15,670 those are inorganic chemistry 1145 00:29:15,670 --> 00:29:20,630 those are inorganic chemistry now esters is the combination of an 1146 00:29:20,630 --> 00:29:20,640 now esters is the combination of an 1147 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:24,270 now esters is the combination of an alcohol and an acid carboxylic acid and 1148 00:29:24,270 --> 00:29:24,280 alcohol and an acid carboxylic acid and 1149 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:27,000 alcohol and an acid carboxylic acid and it again gives what gives off a 1150 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:27,010 it again gives what gives off a 1151 00:29:27,010 --> 00:29:29,190 it again gives what gives off a condensation reaction sort of gives off 1152 00:29:29,190 --> 00:29:29,200 condensation reaction sort of gives off 1153 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:31,290 condensation reaction sort of gives off a water 1154 00:29:31,290 --> 00:29:31,300 a water 1155 00:29:31,300 --> 00:29:33,570 a water he says the products of reactions 1156 00:29:33,570 --> 00:29:33,580 he says the products of reactions 1157 00:29:33,580 --> 00:29:35,370 he says the products of reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols 1158 00:29:35,370 --> 00:29:35,380 between carboxylic acids and alcohols 1159 00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:38,540 between carboxylic acids and alcohols they are found on many fruits and 1160 00:29:38,540 --> 00:29:38,550 they are found on many fruits and 1161 00:29:38,550 --> 00:29:44,430 they are found on many fruits and perfumes and naming is a gain name the 1162 00:29:44,430 --> 00:29:44,440 perfumes and naming is a gain name the 1163 00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:47,040 perfumes and naming is a gain name the alcohol part as an alkyl name separate 1164 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:47,050 alcohol part as an alkyl name separate 1165 00:29:47,050 --> 00:29:51,840 alcohol part as an alkyl name separate words is the acid part as at 8ni now 1166 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:51,850 words is the acid part as at 8ni now 1167 00:29:51,850 --> 00:29:56,120 words is the acid part as at 8ni now this is simply ethyl butyrate and the 1168 00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:56,130 this is simply ethyl butyrate and the 1169 00:29:56,130 --> 00:29:59,640 this is simply ethyl butyrate and the acid here is beauty Cassatt right with 1170 00:29:59,640 --> 00:29:59,650 acid here is beauty Cassatt right with 1171 00:29:59,650 --> 00:30:02,010 acid here is beauty Cassatt right with four carbon atoms they if you have an O 1172 00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:02,020 four carbon atoms they if you have an O 1173 00:30:02,020 --> 00:30:04,470 four carbon atoms they if you have an O H here it said B trick acid now this is 1174 00:30:04,470 --> 00:30:04,480 H here it said B trick acid now this is 1175 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,440 H here it said B trick acid now this is the ethyl alcohol and when you simply 1176 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:07,450 the ethyl alcohol and when you simply 1177 00:30:07,450 --> 00:30:09,420 the ethyl alcohol and when you simply combine them and take a condensation 1178 00:30:09,420 --> 00:30:09,430 combine them and take a condensation 1179 00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:11,790 combine them and take a condensation sort of take one water out you get the 1180 00:30:11,790 --> 00:30:11,800 sort of take one water out you get the 1181 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:14,820 sort of take one water out you get the ester and the name of this is ethyl 1182 00:30:14,820 --> 00:30:14,830 ester and the name of this is ethyl 1183 00:30:14,830 --> 00:30:19,380 ester and the name of this is ethyl butyrate no that's just the composition 1184 00:30:19,380 --> 00:30:19,390 butyrate no that's just the composition 1185 00:30:19,390 --> 00:30:22,680 butyrate no that's just the composition of esters again heating an ester in the 1186 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:22,690 of esters again heating an ester in the 1187 00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:26,070 of esters again heating an ester in the presence of an acid catalyzed and water 1188 00:30:26,070 --> 00:30:26,080 presence of an acid catalyzed and water 1189 00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:28,410 presence of an acid catalyzed and water can decompose the ester this is called 1190 00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:28,420 can decompose the ester this is called 1191 00:30:28,420 --> 00:30:30,540 can decompose the ester this is called hydrolysis reactions of ester if you 1192 00:30:30,540 --> 00:30:30,550 hydrolysis reactions of ester if you 1193 00:30:30,550 --> 00:30:32,940 hydrolysis reactions of ester if you simply hydrolyze the ester you get the 1194 00:30:32,940 --> 00:30:32,950 simply hydrolyze the ester you get the 1195 00:30:32,950 --> 00:30:36,690 simply hydrolyze the ester you get the acid and the alcohol again just like the 1196 00:30:36,690 --> 00:30:36,700 acid and the alcohol again just like the 1197 00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:40,050 acid and the alcohol again just like the starting materials heat in an ester in 1198 00:30:40,050 --> 00:30:40,060 starting materials heat in an ester in 1199 00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:42,270 starting materials heat in an ester in the presence of base results in spawn if 1200 00:30:42,270 --> 00:30:42,280 the presence of base results in spawn if 1201 00:30:42,280 --> 00:30:42,930 the presence of base results in spawn if occations 1202 00:30:42,930 --> 00:30:42,940 occations 1203 00:30:42,940 --> 00:30:46,950 occations making soap this is an acid we get the 1204 00:30:46,950 --> 00:30:46,960 making soap this is an acid we get the 1205 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:49,290 making soap this is an acid we get the original compound here we get a soap 1206 00:30:49,290 --> 00:30:49,300 original compound here we get a soap 1207 00:30:49,300 --> 00:30:51,930 original compound here we get a soap like this that's called the spawn if 1208 00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:51,940 like this that's called the spawn if 1209 00:30:51,940 --> 00:30:55,280 like this that's called the spawn if occation reaction actually remember now 1210 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:55,290 occation reaction actually remember now 1211 00:30:55,290 --> 00:30:57,960 occation reaction actually remember now nitrogen containing organic compounds 1212 00:30:57,960 --> 00:30:57,970 nitrogen containing organic compounds 1213 00:30:57,970 --> 00:31:01,230 nitrogen containing organic compounds these are called amines and amines are 1214 00:31:01,230 --> 00:31:01,240 these are called amines and amines are 1215 00:31:01,240 --> 00:31:05,700 these are called amines and amines are organic derivatives of ammonia nh3 one 1216 00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:05,710 organic derivatives of ammonia nh3 one 1217 00:31:05,710 --> 00:31:08,010 organic derivatives of ammonia nh3 one two or all three hydrogen atoms can be 1218 00:31:08,010 --> 00:31:08,020 two or all three hydrogen atoms can be 1219 00:31:08,020 --> 00:31:11,160 two or all three hydrogen atoms can be replaced for our groups again in the 1220 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:11,170 replaced for our groups again in the 1221 00:31:11,170 --> 00:31:11,730 replaced for our groups again in the amine 1222 00:31:11,730 --> 00:31:11,740 amine 1223 00:31:11,740 --> 00:31:14,730 amine this is simply the vanilla mean like 1224 00:31:14,730 --> 00:31:14,740 this is simply the vanilla mean like 1225 00:31:14,740 --> 00:31:18,590 this is simply the vanilla mean like this or we can simply replace the 1226 00:31:18,590 --> 00:31:18,600 this or we can simply replace the 1227 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,360 this or we can simply replace the hydrogen on the nitrogen 1228 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:21,370 hydrogen on the nitrogen 1229 00:31:21,370 --> 00:31:25,340 hydrogen on the nitrogen what with another group again if 1230 00:31:25,340 --> 00:31:25,350 what with another group again if 1231 00:31:25,350 --> 00:31:28,680 what with another group again if hydrogen in nh3 or an amine is replaced 1232 00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:28,690 hydrogen in nh3 or an amine is replaced 1233 00:31:28,690 --> 00:31:31,740 hydrogen in nh3 or an amine is replaced by a carbonyl group and directly 1234 00:31:31,740 --> 00:31:31,750 by a carbonyl group and directly 1235 00:31:31,750 --> 00:31:34,830 by a carbonyl group and directly attached to Co double bond oxygen and 1236 00:31:34,830 --> 00:31:34,840 attached to Co double bond oxygen and 1237 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,060 attached to Co double bond oxygen and amide is formed right this is how the mi 1238 00:31:39,060 --> 00:31:39,070 amide is formed right this is how the mi 1239 00:31:39,070 --> 00:31:42,240 amide is formed right this is how the mi is formed this is the acid acetic acid 1240 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:42,250 is formed this is the acid acetic acid 1241 00:31:42,250 --> 00:31:46,409 is formed this is the acid acetic acid and this is the dimethyl amine like this 1242 00:31:46,409 --> 00:31:46,419 and this is the dimethyl amine like this 1243 00:31:46,419 --> 00:31:50,549 and this is the dimethyl amine like this and this hydrogen and that Oh H forms a 1244 00:31:50,549 --> 00:31:50,559 and this hydrogen and that Oh H forms a 1245 00:31:50,559 --> 00:31:54,950 and this hydrogen and that Oh H forms a water molecules and we get simply a 1246 00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:54,960 water molecules and we get simply a 1247 00:31:54,960 --> 00:32:00,710 water molecules and we get simply a might over here mi group like this 1248 00:32:00,710 --> 00:32:00,720 1249 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:03,450 okay now this this is our thinking 1250 00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:03,460 okay now this this is our thinking 1251 00:32:03,460 --> 00:32:06,480 okay now this this is our thinking important high relative what is a 1252 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:06,490 important high relative what is a 1253 00:32:06,490 --> 00:32:11,549 important high relative what is a chirality now carbons with four 1254 00:32:11,549 --> 00:32:11,559 chirality now carbons with four 1255 00:32:11,559 --> 00:32:13,970 chirality now carbons with four different groups attached to them are 1256 00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:13,980 different groups attached to them are 1257 00:32:13,980 --> 00:32:16,760 different groups attached to them are chiral 1258 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:16,770 chiral 1259 00:32:16,770 --> 00:32:21,560 chiral now these are optical isomers or 1260 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:21,570 now these are optical isomers or 1261 00:32:21,570 --> 00:32:25,039 now these are optical isomers or enantiomers these are simply called 1262 00:32:25,039 --> 00:32:25,049 enantiomers these are simply called 1263 00:32:25,049 --> 00:32:28,110 enantiomers these are simply called optical isomers and enantiomers now 1264 00:32:28,110 --> 00:32:28,120 optical isomers and enantiomers now 1265 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:30,060 optical isomers and enantiomers now enantiomers have the same physical and 1266 00:32:30,060 --> 00:32:30,070 enantiomers have the same physical and 1267 00:32:30,070 --> 00:32:32,120 enantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties when they react with 1268 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:32,130 chemical properties when they react with 1269 00:32:32,130 --> 00:32:36,240 chemical properties when they react with non chiral reagents and aunt enantiomers 1270 00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:36,250 non chiral reagents and aunt enantiomers 1271 00:32:36,250 --> 00:32:38,909 non chiral reagents and aunt enantiomers rotate plane polarized light in opposite 1272 00:32:38,909 --> 00:32:38,919 rotate plane polarized light in opposite 1273 00:32:38,919 --> 00:32:43,139 rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions let's simply look at this one 1274 00:32:43,139 --> 00:32:43,149 directions let's simply look at this one 1275 00:32:43,149 --> 00:32:46,350 directions let's simply look at this one more time now suppose that we have this 1276 00:32:46,350 --> 00:32:46,360 more time now suppose that we have this 1277 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:56,700 more time now suppose that we have this compound and let's say we have a ch3 1278 00:32:56,700 --> 00:32:56,710 compound and let's say we have a ch3 1279 00:32:56,710 --> 00:33:01,409 compound and let's say we have a ch3 group here now what does this means this 1280 00:33:01,409 --> 00:33:01,419 group here now what does this means this 1281 00:33:01,419 --> 00:33:06,419 group here now what does this means this simply means that four groups bonded to 1282 00:33:06,419 --> 00:33:06,429 simply means that four groups bonded to 1283 00:33:06,429 --> 00:33:10,169 simply means that four groups bonded to the carbon the same carbon are different 1284 00:33:10,169 --> 00:33:10,179 the carbon the same carbon are different 1285 00:33:10,179 --> 00:33:13,019 the carbon the same carbon are different now remember this is tetrahedral 1286 00:33:13,019 --> 00:33:13,029 now remember this is tetrahedral 1287 00:33:13,029 --> 00:33:18,090 now remember this is tetrahedral structure like this and the angles are 1288 00:33:18,090 --> 00:33:18,100 structure like this and the angles are 1289 00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:22,200 structure like this and the angles are 109 degrees now if I simply take a 1290 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:22,210 109 degrees now if I simply take a 1291 00:33:22,210 --> 00:33:25,320 109 degrees now if I simply take a mirror put a mirror here sort of a two 1292 00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:25,330 mirror put a mirror here sort of a two 1293 00:33:25,330 --> 00:33:25,660 mirror put a mirror here sort of a two side 1294 00:33:25,660 --> 00:33:25,670 side 1295 00:33:25,670 --> 00:33:27,310 side mirror you can call a one-sided mirror 1296 00:33:27,310 --> 00:33:27,320 mirror you can call a one-sided mirror 1297 00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:30,730 mirror you can call a one-sided mirror and the mirror image of this molecule 1298 00:33:30,730 --> 00:33:30,740 and the mirror image of this molecule 1299 00:33:30,740 --> 00:33:34,630 and the mirror image of this molecule would simply be like this Corinne over 1300 00:33:34,630 --> 00:33:34,640 would simply be like this Corinne over 1301 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:40,240 would simply be like this Corinne over here and then bromine here and then we 1302 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:40,250 here and then bromine here and then we 1303 00:33:40,250 --> 00:33:44,440 here and then bromine here and then we have the iodine on this side and the ch3 1304 00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:44,450 have the iodine on this side and the ch3 1305 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:48,820 have the iodine on this side and the ch3 group over here like this now if you 1306 00:33:48,820 --> 00:33:48,830 group over here like this now if you 1307 00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:50,550 group over here like this now if you make this molecule and this molecule 1308 00:33:50,550 --> 00:33:50,560 make this molecule and this molecule 1309 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:54,190 make this molecule and this molecule again try to put them on one on the 1310 00:33:54,190 --> 00:33:54,200 again try to put them on one on the 1311 00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:58,720 again try to put them on one on the other side you know superimpose one to 1312 00:33:58,720 --> 00:33:58,730 other side you know superimpose one to 1313 00:33:58,730 --> 00:34:00,280 other side you know superimpose one to the others you will never be able to do 1314 00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:00,290 the others you will never be able to do 1315 00:34:00,290 --> 00:34:04,060 the others you will never be able to do that never be able to do that so it is 1316 00:34:04,060 --> 00:34:04,070 that never be able to do that so it is 1317 00:34:04,070 --> 00:34:07,780 that never be able to do that so it is just similar to two hands if you take 1318 00:34:07,780 --> 00:34:07,790 just similar to two hands if you take 1319 00:34:07,790 --> 00:34:10,900 just similar to two hands if you take this and take a mirror here the mirror 1320 00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:10,910 this and take a mirror here the mirror 1321 00:34:10,910 --> 00:34:13,800 this and take a mirror here the mirror image of this one would be this right 1322 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:13,810 image of this one would be this right 1323 00:34:13,810 --> 00:34:17,320 image of this one would be this right now when you take these two hands here 1324 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:17,330 now when you take these two hands here 1325 00:34:17,330 --> 00:34:20,200 now when you take these two hands here try to superimpose them there will be no 1326 00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:20,210 try to superimpose them there will be no 1327 00:34:20,210 --> 00:34:22,919 try to superimpose them there will be no way you can simply put superimpose those 1328 00:34:22,919 --> 00:34:22,929 way you can simply put superimpose those 1329 00:34:22,929 --> 00:34:29,110 way you can simply put superimpose those right so if a molecule has this property 1330 00:34:29,110 --> 00:34:29,120 right so if a molecule has this property 1331 00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:33,130 right so if a molecule has this property that means that if the mirror image of a 1332 00:34:33,130 --> 00:34:33,140 that means that if the mirror image of a 1333 00:34:33,140 --> 00:34:36,640 that means that if the mirror image of a molecule is not superimposable on itself 1334 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:36,650 molecule is not superimposable on itself 1335 00:34:36,650 --> 00:34:39,659 molecule is not superimposable on itself to itself that molecules is called 1336 00:34:39,659 --> 00:34:39,669 to itself that molecules is called 1337 00:34:39,669 --> 00:34:43,390 to itself that molecules is called optically active molecule right 1338 00:34:43,390 --> 00:34:43,400 optically active molecule right 1339 00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:46,450 optically active molecule right optically active molecule now or it is 1340 00:34:46,450 --> 00:34:46,460 optically active molecule now or it is 1341 00:34:46,460 --> 00:34:49,720 optically active molecule now or it is called chiral molecule it is chiral 1342 00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:49,730 called chiral molecule it is chiral 1343 00:34:49,730 --> 00:34:57,460 called chiral molecule it is chiral so simply optically active or it is 1344 00:34:57,460 --> 00:34:57,470 so simply optically active or it is 1345 00:34:57,470 --> 00:35:00,010 so simply optically active or it is called chiral this is another word that 1346 00:35:00,010 --> 00:35:00,020 called chiral this is another word that 1347 00:35:00,020 --> 00:35:04,810 called chiral this is another word that we use for the same things now these two 1348 00:35:04,810 --> 00:35:04,820 we use for the same things now these two 1349 00:35:04,820 --> 00:35:09,430 we use for the same things now these two molecules chemically are very similar if 1350 00:35:09,430 --> 00:35:09,440 molecules chemically are very similar if 1351 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:12,670 molecules chemically are very similar if they are reactant with non chiral 1352 00:35:12,670 --> 00:35:12,680 they are reactant with non chiral 1353 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:15,340 they are reactant with non chiral molecules non kind of molecules but if 1354 00:35:15,340 --> 00:35:15,350 molecules non kind of molecules but if 1355 00:35:15,350 --> 00:35:17,200 molecules non kind of molecules but if they are reacting with another chiral 1356 00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:17,210 they are reacting with another chiral 1357 00:35:17,210 --> 00:35:20,800 they are reacting with another chiral molecules the reaction of the this one 1358 00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:20,810 molecules the reaction of the this one 1359 00:35:20,810 --> 00:35:22,870 molecules the reaction of the this one and that one will be different will be 1360 00:35:22,870 --> 00:35:22,880 and that one will be different will be 1361 00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:26,670 and that one will be different will be different now what does this means 1362 00:35:26,670 --> 00:35:26,680 different now what does this means 1363 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:31,660 different now what does this means actually this simply means that if you 1364 00:35:31,660 --> 00:35:31,670 actually this simply means that if you 1365 00:35:31,670 --> 00:35:35,580 actually this simply means that if you have only this compound in a solution I 1366 00:35:35,580 --> 00:35:35,590 have only this compound in a solution I 1367 00:35:35,590 --> 00:35:38,840 have only this compound in a solution I have a solution here 1368 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:38,850 have a solution here 1369 00:35:38,850 --> 00:35:42,090 have a solution here like this and in this solution that I 1370 00:35:42,090 --> 00:35:42,100 like this and in this solution that I 1371 00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:46,920 like this and in this solution that I have only one of this compound these are 1372 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:46,930 have only one of this compound these are 1373 00:35:46,930 --> 00:35:49,620 have only one of this compound these are simply called enantiomers the mirror 1374 00:35:49,620 --> 00:35:49,630 simply called enantiomers the mirror 1375 00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:51,180 simply called enantiomers the mirror image of these are simply called 1376 00:35:51,180 --> 00:35:51,190 image of these are simply called 1377 00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:54,060 image of these are simply called enantiomers yeah if you have one 1378 00:35:54,060 --> 00:35:54,070 enantiomers yeah if you have one 1379 00:35:54,070 --> 00:35:56,520 enantiomers yeah if you have one enantiomers put here and then you send 1380 00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:56,530 enantiomers put here and then you send 1381 00:35:56,530 --> 00:36:01,040 enantiomers put here and then you send here plane polarized light plane 1382 00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:01,050 here plane polarized light plane 1383 00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:08,730 here plane polarized light plane polarized light now what is plane 1384 00:36:08,730 --> 00:36:08,740 polarized light now what is plane 1385 00:36:08,740 --> 00:36:10,230 polarized light now what is plane polarized light that's another things 1386 00:36:10,230 --> 00:36:10,240 polarized light that's another things 1387 00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:12,150 polarized light that's another things plane polarized light simply means that 1388 00:36:12,150 --> 00:36:12,160 plane polarized light simply means that 1389 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:15,180 plane polarized light simply means that the elec 1390 00:36:15,180 --> 00:36:15,190 the elec 1391 00:36:15,190 --> 00:36:17,280 the elec remember the electromagnetic radiation 1392 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:17,290 remember the electromagnetic radiation 1393 00:36:17,290 --> 00:36:19,830 remember the electromagnetic radiation light has both the electrical and 1394 00:36:19,830 --> 00:36:19,840 light has both the electrical and 1395 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:21,390 light has both the electrical and magnetic properties and there's 1396 00:36:21,390 --> 00:36:21,400 magnetic properties and there's 1397 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:23,370 magnetic properties and there's oscillating electrical field vector and 1398 00:36:23,370 --> 00:36:23,380 oscillating electrical field vector and 1399 00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:25,740 oscillating electrical field vector and also oscillate in magnetic field vector 1400 00:36:25,740 --> 00:36:25,750 also oscillate in magnetic field vector 1401 00:36:25,750 --> 00:36:29,300 also oscillate in magnetic field vector in that now this plane polarized light 1402 00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:29,310 in that now this plane polarized light 1403 00:36:29,310 --> 00:36:34,430 in that now this plane polarized light has the electrical field vector 1404 00:36:34,430 --> 00:36:34,440 has the electrical field vector 1405 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:38,870 has the electrical field vector oscillating only on one plane like this 1406 00:36:38,870 --> 00:36:38,880 oscillating only on one plane like this 1407 00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:42,720 oscillating only on one plane like this or like this same things actually on one 1408 00:36:42,720 --> 00:36:42,730 or like this same things actually on one 1409 00:36:42,730 --> 00:36:45,300 or like this same things actually on one plane right it's called plane polarized 1410 00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:45,310 plane right it's called plane polarized 1411 00:36:45,310 --> 00:36:47,670 plane right it's called plane polarized now how you get the plane polarized 1412 00:36:47,670 --> 00:36:47,680 now how you get the plane polarized 1413 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:49,349 now how you get the plane polarized light you can get two plane polarized 1414 00:36:49,349 --> 00:36:49,359 light you can get two plane polarized 1415 00:36:49,359 --> 00:36:52,170 light you can get two plane polarized light by combining two circularly 1416 00:36:52,170 --> 00:36:52,180 light by combining two circularly 1417 00:36:52,180 --> 00:36:56,130 light by combining two circularly polarized light hmm so the circular 1418 00:36:56,130 --> 00:36:56,140 polarized light hmm so the circular 1419 00:36:56,140 --> 00:36:57,900 polarized light hmm so the circular polarized light would be again as follow 1420 00:36:57,900 --> 00:36:57,910 polarized light would be again as follow 1421 00:36:57,910 --> 00:37:00,990 polarized light would be again as follow let's say that we have simply a 1422 00:37:00,990 --> 00:37:01,000 let's say that we have simply a 1423 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:03,390 let's say that we have simply a circularly polarized light simply 1424 00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:03,400 circularly polarized light simply 1425 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:09,330 circularly polarized light simply circulating like this that means this is 1426 00:37:09,330 --> 00:37:09,340 circulating like this that means this is 1427 00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:13,200 circulating like this that means this is left circularly polarized left let's say 1428 00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:13,210 left circularly polarized left let's say 1429 00:37:13,210 --> 00:37:15,060 left circularly polarized left let's say this this would be all right 1430 00:37:15,060 --> 00:37:15,070 this this would be all right 1431 00:37:15,070 --> 00:37:17,849 this this would be all right right circle polarized okay this is 1432 00:37:17,849 --> 00:37:17,859 right circle polarized okay this is 1433 00:37:17,859 --> 00:37:19,940 right circle polarized okay this is let's call that right circularly 1434 00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:19,950 let's call that right circularly 1435 00:37:19,950 --> 00:37:23,250 let's call that right circularly polarized light and that simply means 1436 00:37:23,250 --> 00:37:23,260 polarized light and that simply means 1437 00:37:23,260 --> 00:37:27,650 polarized light and that simply means that if you simply take the electrical 1438 00:37:27,650 --> 00:37:27,660 that if you simply take the electrical 1439 00:37:27,660 --> 00:37:31,050 that if you simply take the electrical field vector like this as the light 1440 00:37:31,050 --> 00:37:31,060 field vector like this as the light 1441 00:37:31,060 --> 00:37:34,740 field vector like this as the light simply goes in this directions it simply 1442 00:37:34,740 --> 00:37:34,750 simply goes in this directions it simply 1443 00:37:34,750 --> 00:37:36,599 simply goes in this directions it simply goes like this the electrical field 1444 00:37:36,599 --> 00:37:36,609 goes like this the electrical field 1445 00:37:36,609 --> 00:37:40,020 goes like this the electrical field vector rotates like that right sort of 1446 00:37:40,020 --> 00:37:40,030 vector rotates like that right sort of 1447 00:37:40,030 --> 00:37:42,300 vector rotates like that right sort of make a circular motion circular motion 1448 00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:42,310 make a circular motion circular motion 1449 00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:44,670 make a circular motion circular motion and this is called right circularly 1450 00:37:44,670 --> 00:37:44,680 and this is called right circularly 1451 00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:48,620 and this is called right circularly polarized light now you can also have 1452 00:37:48,620 --> 00:37:48,630 polarized light now you can also have 1453 00:37:48,630 --> 00:37:56,030 polarized light now you can also have left circle the polarized light 1454 00:37:56,030 --> 00:37:56,040 1455 00:37:56,040 --> 00:37:58,920 like this and this left circularly 1456 00:37:58,920 --> 00:37:58,930 like this and this left circularly 1457 00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:01,560 like this and this left circularly polarised light would simply go in this 1458 00:38:01,560 --> 00:38:01,570 polarised light would simply go in this 1459 00:38:01,570 --> 00:38:05,070 polarised light would simply go in this direction right this goes in that 1460 00:38:05,070 --> 00:38:05,080 direction right this goes in that 1461 00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:07,230 direction right this goes in that direction again this is the electrical 1462 00:38:07,230 --> 00:38:07,240 direction again this is the electrical 1463 00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:09,330 direction again this is the electrical field vector that's you can think about 1464 00:38:09,330 --> 00:38:09,340 field vector that's you can think about 1465 00:38:09,340 --> 00:38:16,200 field vector that's you can think about that and as the left circularly 1466 00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:16,210 that and as the left circularly 1467 00:38:16,210 --> 00:38:18,540 that and as the left circularly polarized light goes in it goes in the 1468 00:38:18,540 --> 00:38:18,550 polarized light goes in it goes in the 1469 00:38:18,550 --> 00:38:20,849 polarized light goes in it goes in the other this direction electrical field 1470 00:38:20,849 --> 00:38:20,859 other this direction electrical field 1471 00:38:20,859 --> 00:38:22,530 other this direction electrical field vector makes this kind of motions again 1472 00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:22,540 vector makes this kind of motions again 1473 00:38:22,540 --> 00:38:24,990 vector makes this kind of motions again circular motions like this now when you 1474 00:38:24,990 --> 00:38:25,000 circular motions like this now when you 1475 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,470 circular motions like this now when you combine these two on the same phase at 1476 00:38:28,470 --> 00:38:28,480 combine these two on the same phase at 1477 00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:30,660 combine these two on the same phase at the same time what will really happen 1478 00:38:30,660 --> 00:38:30,670 the same time what will really happen 1479 00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:33,780 the same time what will really happen let's think about that that simply means 1480 00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:33,790 let's think about that that simply means 1481 00:38:33,790 --> 00:38:39,080 let's think about that that simply means that if you get them all in the same 1482 00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:39,090 1483 00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:42,420 things on superimpose this left and 1484 00:38:42,420 --> 00:38:42,430 things on superimpose this left and 1485 00:38:42,430 --> 00:38:46,099 things on superimpose this left and right circularly polarized light so the 1486 00:38:46,099 --> 00:38:46,109 right circularly polarized light so the 1487 00:38:46,109 --> 00:38:49,080 right circularly polarized light so the electrical field vector of one will 1488 00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:49,090 electrical field vector of one will 1489 00:38:49,090 --> 00:38:52,260 electrical field vector of one will simply go in this direction and the 1490 00:38:52,260 --> 00:38:52,270 simply go in this direction and the 1491 00:38:52,270 --> 00:38:55,470 simply go in this direction and the other one will go in that directions now 1492 00:38:55,470 --> 00:38:55,480 other one will go in that directions now 1493 00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:58,920 other one will go in that directions now at this position right here the 1494 00:38:58,920 --> 00:38:58,930 at this position right here the 1495 00:38:58,930 --> 00:39:01,430 at this position right here the electrical field vector will be added up 1496 00:39:01,430 --> 00:39:01,440 electrical field vector will be added up 1497 00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:05,580 electrical field vector will be added up right now as they move in this direction 1498 00:39:05,580 --> 00:39:05,590 right now as they move in this direction 1499 00:39:05,590 --> 00:39:10,140 right now as they move in this direction like this right and the sum of the 1500 00:39:10,140 --> 00:39:10,150 like this right and the sum of the 1501 00:39:10,150 --> 00:39:12,030 like this right and the sum of the vectors will get smaller smaller smaller 1502 00:39:12,030 --> 00:39:12,040 vectors will get smaller smaller smaller 1503 00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:14,160 vectors will get smaller smaller smaller that means that sum of the two vectors 1504 00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:14,170 that means that sum of the two vectors 1505 00:39:14,170 --> 00:39:16,050 that means that sum of the two vectors left and right circularly polarized 1506 00:39:16,050 --> 00:39:16,060 left and right circularly polarized 1507 00:39:16,060 --> 00:39:17,910 left and right circularly polarized light electric field vector we get 1508 00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:17,920 light electric field vector we get 1509 00:39:17,920 --> 00:39:20,099 light electric field vector we get smaller and smaller here it would be 1510 00:39:20,099 --> 00:39:20,109 smaller and smaller here it would be 1511 00:39:20,109 --> 00:39:23,340 smaller and smaller here it would be what it would be actually not will be 1512 00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:23,350 what it would be actually not will be 1513 00:39:23,350 --> 00:39:24,990 what it would be actually not will be smaller that simply means they will 1514 00:39:24,990 --> 00:39:25,000 smaller that simply means they will 1515 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:26,630 smaller that simply means they will cancel out as a matter of fact right 1516 00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:26,640 cancel out as a matter of fact right 1517 00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:30,500 cancel out as a matter of fact right because if you take the this vector and 1518 00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:30,510 because if you take the this vector and 1519 00:39:30,510 --> 00:39:33,180 because if you take the this vector and make the vectorial sum that would be 1520 00:39:33,180 --> 00:39:33,190 make the vectorial sum that would be 1521 00:39:33,190 --> 00:39:35,310 make the vectorial sum that would be zero here it will be zero and here it 1522 00:39:35,310 --> 00:39:35,320 zero here it will be zero and here it 1523 00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:37,950 zero here it will be zero and here it will be also maximum - so what does that 1524 00:39:37,950 --> 00:39:37,960 will be also maximum - so what does that 1525 00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:39,750 will be also maximum - so what does that means if you have a left and right 1526 00:39:39,750 --> 00:39:39,760 means if you have a left and right 1527 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:43,620 means if you have a left and right circularly polarized light combined in 1528 00:39:43,620 --> 00:39:43,630 circularly polarized light combined in 1529 00:39:43,630 --> 00:39:45,480 circularly polarized light combined in the same phase that means that the 1530 00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:45,490 the same phase that means that the 1531 00:39:45,490 --> 00:39:47,390 the same phase that means that the electrical field vector for example only 1532 00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:47,400 electrical field vector for example only 1533 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,010 electrical field vector for example only oscillate in this plane right here and 1534 00:39:50,010 --> 00:39:50,020 oscillate in this plane right here and 1535 00:39:50,020 --> 00:39:54,270 oscillate in this plane right here and this is called left this is called the 1536 00:39:54,270 --> 00:39:54,280 this is called left this is called the 1537 00:39:54,280 --> 00:39:56,580 this is called left this is called the plane polarized light plane polarized 1538 00:39:56,580 --> 00:39:56,590 plane polarized light plane polarized 1539 00:39:56,590 --> 00:39:59,490 plane polarized light plane polarized light now if I take that plane polarized 1540 00:39:59,490 --> 00:39:59,500 light now if I take that plane polarized 1541 00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:02,220 light now if I take that plane polarized light actually the combinations of these 1542 00:40:02,220 --> 00:40:02,230 light actually the combinations of these 1543 00:40:02,230 --> 00:40:03,330 light actually the combinations of these two 1544 00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:03,340 two 1545 00:40:03,340 --> 00:40:06,030 two through this solution which contains 1546 00:40:06,030 --> 00:40:06,040 through this solution which contains 1547 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:12,920 through this solution which contains only one enantiomers right now since 1548 00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:12,930 only one enantiomers right now since 1549 00:40:12,930 --> 00:40:16,860 only one enantiomers right now since this vector here that means left 1550 00:40:16,860 --> 00:40:16,870 this vector here that means left 1551 00:40:16,870 --> 00:40:19,230 this vector here that means left circularly polarized light will go in 1552 00:40:19,230 --> 00:40:19,240 circularly polarized light will go in 1553 00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:20,700 circularly polarized light will go in that directions and the other one will 1554 00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:20,710 that directions and the other one will 1555 00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:22,920 that directions and the other one will go in the other directions and this 1556 00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:22,930 go in the other directions and this 1557 00:40:22,930 --> 00:40:25,860 go in the other directions and this molecule looking from this side and from 1558 00:40:25,860 --> 00:40:25,870 molecule looking from this side and from 1559 00:40:25,870 --> 00:40:28,320 molecule looking from this side and from that side will be different that means 1560 00:40:28,320 --> 00:40:28,330 that side will be different that means 1561 00:40:28,330 --> 00:40:31,410 that side will be different that means that as they go through the solution 1562 00:40:31,410 --> 00:40:31,420 that as they go through the solution 1563 00:40:31,420 --> 00:40:33,770 that as they go through the solution which contains optically active 1564 00:40:33,770 --> 00:40:33,780 which contains optically active 1565 00:40:33,780 --> 00:40:37,260 which contains optically active molecules left and right circularly 1566 00:40:37,260 --> 00:40:37,270 molecules left and right circularly 1567 00:40:37,270 --> 00:40:39,060 molecules left and right circularly polarized light interaction with this 1568 00:40:39,060 --> 00:40:39,070 polarized light interaction with this 1569 00:40:39,070 --> 00:40:42,210 polarized light interaction with this molecule will be different right so as a 1570 00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:42,220 molecule will be different right so as a 1571 00:40:42,220 --> 00:40:45,480 molecule will be different right so as a result of that what really happens the 1572 00:40:45,480 --> 00:40:45,490 result of that what really happens the 1573 00:40:45,490 --> 00:40:48,210 result of that what really happens the speed of these two in this solution will 1574 00:40:48,210 --> 00:40:48,220 speed of these two in this solution will 1575 00:40:48,220 --> 00:40:50,760 speed of these two in this solution will be different than refractive indexes 1576 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:50,770 be different than refractive indexes 1577 00:40:50,770 --> 00:40:52,650 be different than refractive indexes will be different the speed then will be 1578 00:40:52,650 --> 00:40:52,660 will be different the speed then will be 1579 00:40:52,660 --> 00:40:54,660 will be different the speed then will be different that means when they come up 1580 00:40:54,660 --> 00:40:54,670 different that means when they come up 1581 00:40:54,670 --> 00:40:56,970 different that means when they come up for example rotate like this come in 1582 00:40:56,970 --> 00:40:56,980 for example rotate like this come in 1583 00:40:56,980 --> 00:40:58,440 for example rotate like this come in this position this will be a little bit 1584 00:40:58,440 --> 00:40:58,450 this position this will be a little bit 1585 00:40:58,450 --> 00:41:02,790 this position this will be a little bit simple I will be rotated like that right 1586 00:41:02,790 --> 00:41:02,800 simple I will be rotated like that right 1587 00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:07,500 simple I will be rotated like that right so that means if you have a solution 1588 00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:07,510 so that means if you have a solution 1589 00:41:07,510 --> 00:41:10,740 so that means if you have a solution that contains optically active molecule 1590 00:41:10,740 --> 00:41:10,750 that contains optically active molecule 1591 00:41:10,750 --> 00:41:14,820 that contains optically active molecule and send a polarized light let's say in 1592 00:41:14,820 --> 00:41:14,830 and send a polarized light let's say in 1593 00:41:14,830 --> 00:41:17,010 and send a polarized light let's say in this directions like this when it comes 1594 00:41:17,010 --> 00:41:17,020 this directions like this when it comes 1595 00:41:17,020 --> 00:41:19,650 this directions like this when it comes out from the solution it will be rotated 1596 00:41:19,650 --> 00:41:19,660 out from the solution it will be rotated 1597 00:41:19,660 --> 00:41:23,100 out from the solution it will be rotated just a little bit like that right why 1598 00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:23,110 just a little bit like that right why 1599 00:41:23,110 --> 00:41:26,130 just a little bit like that right why due to the interactions of left and 1600 00:41:26,130 --> 00:41:26,140 due to the interactions of left and 1601 00:41:26,140 --> 00:41:28,380 due to the interactions of left and right circularly polarized light with 1602 00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:28,390 right circularly polarized light with 1603 00:41:28,390 --> 00:41:31,760 right circularly polarized light with optically active molecule are different 1604 00:41:31,760 --> 00:41:31,770 optically active molecule are different 1605 00:41:31,770 --> 00:41:34,440 optically active molecule are different right that's different that's that's the 1606 00:41:34,440 --> 00:41:34,450 right that's different that's that's the 1607 00:41:34,450 --> 00:41:38,310 right that's different that's that's the reason now then for example if one of 1608 00:41:38,310 --> 00:41:38,320 reason now then for example if one of 1609 00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:41,010 reason now then for example if one of the enantiomer rotates this plane 1610 00:41:41,010 --> 00:41:41,020 the enantiomer rotates this plane 1611 00:41:41,020 --> 00:41:42,840 the enantiomer rotates this plane polarized light in this direction let's 1612 00:41:42,840 --> 00:41:42,850 polarized light in this direction let's 1613 00:41:42,850 --> 00:41:47,180 polarized light in this direction let's say ten degrees now if I put the other 1614 00:41:47,180 --> 00:41:47,190 say ten degrees now if I put the other 1615 00:41:47,190 --> 00:41:49,410 say ten degrees now if I put the other enantiomers in another solution passed 1616 00:41:49,410 --> 00:41:49,420 enantiomers in another solution passed 1617 00:41:49,420 --> 00:41:51,210 enantiomers in another solution passed then it will rotate just the opposite 1618 00:41:51,210 --> 00:41:51,220 then it will rotate just the opposite 1619 00:41:51,220 --> 00:41:54,930 then it will rotate just the opposite directions but the same angle right now 1620 00:41:54,930 --> 00:41:54,940 directions but the same angle right now 1621 00:41:54,940 --> 00:41:56,970 directions but the same angle right now if I have the mixture of those in 1622 00:41:56,970 --> 00:41:56,980 if I have the mixture of those in 1623 00:41:56,980 --> 00:41:58,940 if I have the mixture of those in solution what will happen 1624 00:41:58,940 --> 00:41:58,950 solution what will happen 1625 00:41:58,950 --> 00:42:02,730 solution what will happen no rotations right there will be no 1626 00:42:02,730 --> 00:42:02,740 no rotations right there will be no 1627 00:42:02,740 --> 00:42:04,800 no rotations right there will be no locations because left and right will be 1628 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:04,810 locations because left and right will be 1629 00:42:04,810 --> 00:42:08,970 locations because left and right will be the same so that's why what the 1630 00:42:08,970 --> 00:42:08,980 the same so that's why what the 1631 00:42:08,980 --> 00:42:12,150 the same so that's why what the optically active compound means and 1632 00:42:12,150 --> 00:42:12,160 optically active compound means and 1633 00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,730 optically active compound means and that's what we call the enantiomers 1634 00:42:14,730 --> 00:42:14,740 that's what we call the enantiomers 1635 00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:18,080 that's what we call the enantiomers again here 1636 00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:18,090 1637 00:42:18,090 --> 00:42:20,670 so this this is again this is what I try 1638 00:42:20,670 --> 00:42:20,680 so this this is again this is what I try 1639 00:42:20,680 --> 00:42:25,230 so this this is again this is what I try to explain you enantiomers rotate plane 1640 00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:25,240 to explain you enantiomers rotate plane 1641 00:42:25,240 --> 00:42:27,740 to explain you enantiomers rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions 1642 00:42:27,740 --> 00:42:27,750 polarized light in opposite directions 1643 00:42:27,750 --> 00:42:30,660 polarized light in opposite directions that means if I have one enantiomers in 1644 00:42:30,660 --> 00:42:30,670 that means if I have one enantiomers in 1645 00:42:30,670 --> 00:42:32,430 that means if I have one enantiomers in one solution rotates in this direction a 1646 00:42:32,430 --> 00:42:32,440 one solution rotates in this direction a 1647 00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:34,350 one solution rotates in this direction a little bit when the light passes through 1648 00:42:34,350 --> 00:42:34,360 little bit when the light passes through 1649 00:42:34,360 --> 00:42:36,750 little bit when the light passes through that and the other one if I have that's 1650 00:42:36,750 --> 00:42:36,760 that and the other one if I have that's 1651 00:42:36,760 --> 00:42:38,910 that and the other one if I have that's called the on the other side but if I 1652 00:42:38,910 --> 00:42:38,920 called the on the other side but if I 1653 00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:41,100 called the on the other side but if I have the mixture of those equal amounts 1654 00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:41,110 have the mixture of those equal amounts 1655 00:42:41,110 --> 00:42:44,220 have the mixture of those equal amounts 50/50 there will be no rotations no 1656 00:42:44,220 --> 00:42:44,230 50/50 there will be no rotations no 1657 00:42:44,230 --> 00:42:45,960 50/50 there will be no rotations no activity actually there will be no 1658 00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:45,970 activity actually there will be no 1659 00:42:45,970 --> 00:42:49,580 activity actually there will be no optical activity as a matter of fact so 1660 00:42:49,580 --> 00:42:49,590 optical activity as a matter of fact so 1661 00:42:49,590 --> 00:42:53,280 optical activity as a matter of fact so then they're not this is not only 1662 00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:53,290 then they're not this is not only 1663 00:42:53,290 --> 00:42:56,250 then they're not this is not only specific to the organic molecules 1664 00:42:56,250 --> 00:42:56,260 specific to the organic molecules 1665 00:42:56,260 --> 00:42:58,530 specific to the organic molecules actually any molecule which have a 1666 00:42:58,530 --> 00:42:58,540 actually any molecule which have a 1667 00:42:58,540 --> 00:43:00,830 actually any molecule which have a mirror image that is not superimposable 1668 00:43:00,830 --> 00:43:00,840 mirror image that is not superimposable 1669 00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:03,930 mirror image that is not superimposable that will be optically active that will 1670 00:43:03,930 --> 00:43:03,940 that will be optically active that will 1671 00:43:03,940 --> 00:43:05,910 that will be optically active that will be optically active very different 1672 00:43:05,910 --> 00:43:05,920 be optically active very different 1673 00:43:05,920 --> 00:43:10,920 be optically active very different property actually now here is again 1674 00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:10,930 property actually now here is again 1675 00:43:10,930 --> 00:43:13,560 property actually now here is again chirality and pharmaceuticals this is 1676 00:43:13,560 --> 00:43:13,570 chirality and pharmaceuticals this is 1677 00:43:13,570 --> 00:43:17,040 chirality and pharmaceuticals this is this is really important because as he 1678 00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:17,050 this is really important because as he 1679 00:43:17,050 --> 00:43:19,880 this is really important because as he says here many drugs are chiral 1680 00:43:19,880 --> 00:43:19,890 says here many drugs are chiral 1681 00:43:19,890 --> 00:43:23,880 says here many drugs are chiral compounds chiral compounds means they 1682 00:43:23,880 --> 00:43:23,890 compounds chiral compounds means they 1683 00:43:23,890 --> 00:43:26,070 compounds chiral compounds means they have enantiomers means they're mirror 1684 00:43:26,070 --> 00:43:26,080 have enantiomers means they're mirror 1685 00:43:26,080 --> 00:43:29,010 have enantiomers means they're mirror images are not superimposable and again 1686 00:43:29,010 --> 00:43:29,020 images are not superimposable and again 1687 00:43:29,020 --> 00:43:30,870 images are not superimposable and again here it says equal mixtures of 1688 00:43:30,870 --> 00:43:30,880 here it says equal mixtures of 1689 00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:33,720 here it says equal mixtures of enantiomers is called racemic mixture 1690 00:43:33,720 --> 00:43:33,730 enantiomers is called racemic mixture 1691 00:43:33,730 --> 00:43:37,110 enantiomers is called racemic mixture that means that they loses their optical 1692 00:43:37,110 --> 00:43:37,120 that means that they loses their optical 1693 00:43:37,120 --> 00:43:40,320 that means that they loses their optical property right optical activity because 1694 00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:40,330 property right optical activity because 1695 00:43:40,330 --> 00:43:43,470 property right optical activity because if you have 50:50 mix the enantiomers 1696 00:43:43,470 --> 00:43:43,480 if you have 50:50 mix the enantiomers 1697 00:43:43,480 --> 00:43:46,290 if you have 50:50 mix the enantiomers there will be no optical activity and 1698 00:43:46,290 --> 00:43:46,300 there will be no optical activity and 1699 00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:48,390 there will be no optical activity and plane polarized pass through that 1700 00:43:48,390 --> 00:43:48,400 plane polarized pass through that 1701 00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:50,670 plane polarized pass through that solution will not be rotated either to 1702 00:43:50,670 --> 00:43:50,680 solution will not be rotated either to 1703 00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:52,470 solution will not be rotated either to the left or to the right with certain 1704 00:43:52,470 --> 00:43:52,480 the left or to the right with certain 1705 00:43:52,480 --> 00:43:56,790 the left or to the right with certain angles now often this is really 1706 00:43:56,790 --> 00:43:56,800 angles now often this is really 1707 00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:00,140 angles now often this is really important often only one enantiomer is 1708 00:44:00,140 --> 00:44:00,150 important often only one enantiomer is 1709 00:44:00,150 --> 00:44:04,080 important often only one enantiomer is clinically active the other can be inert 1710 00:44:04,080 --> 00:44:04,090 clinically active the other can be inert 1711 00:44:04,090 --> 00:44:09,150 clinically active the other can be inert or harmful you see the same molecule 1712 00:44:09,150 --> 00:44:09,160 or harmful you see the same molecule 1713 00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:11,310 or harmful you see the same molecule just the mirror image of the same 1714 00:44:11,310 --> 00:44:11,320 just the mirror image of the same 1715 00:44:11,320 --> 00:44:13,890 just the mirror image of the same molecule one enantiomer is used as a 1716 00:44:13,890 --> 00:44:13,900 molecule one enantiomer is used as a 1717 00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:17,280 molecule one enantiomer is used as a drug it cures the disease and the 1718 00:44:17,280 --> 00:44:17,290 drug it cures the disease and the 1719 00:44:17,290 --> 00:44:19,890 drug it cures the disease and the another entry emerges sometimes do not 1720 00:44:19,890 --> 00:44:19,900 another entry emerges sometimes do not 1721 00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:21,870 another entry emerges sometimes do not cure to disease but sometimes it's 1722 00:44:21,870 --> 00:44:21,880 cure to disease but sometimes it's 1723 00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:23,280 cure to disease but sometimes it's harmful so what does that mean that 1724 00:44:23,280 --> 00:44:23,290 harmful so what does that mean that 1725 00:44:23,290 --> 00:44:26,400 harmful so what does that mean that means when we prepare this drug we have 1726 00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:26,410 means when we prepare this drug we have 1727 00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:28,940 means when we prepare this drug we have to separate those two enantiomers from 1728 00:44:28,940 --> 00:44:28,950 to separate those two enantiomers from 1729 00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:30,859 to separate those two enantiomers from as a matter of fact and sometimes it's 1730 00:44:30,859 --> 00:44:30,869 as a matter of fact and sometimes it's 1731 00:44:30,869 --> 00:44:33,170 as a matter of fact and sometimes it's not easy to do that you know to to 1732 00:44:33,170 --> 00:44:33,180 not easy to do that you know to to 1733 00:44:33,180 --> 00:44:35,270 not easy to do that you know to to separate the enantiomers because usually 1734 00:44:35,270 --> 00:44:35,280 separate the enantiomers because usually 1735 00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:38,510 separate the enantiomers because usually we get the mixture of the enantiomers 1736 00:44:38,510 --> 00:44:38,520 we get the mixture of the enantiomers 1737 00:44:38,520 --> 00:44:41,569 we get the mixture of the enantiomers rate which we call that racemic mixture 1738 00:44:41,569 --> 00:44:41,579 rate which we call that racemic mixture 1739 00:44:41,579 --> 00:44:45,050 rate which we call that racemic mixture of the enantiomers now here again you 1740 00:44:45,050 --> 00:44:45,060 of the enantiomers now here again you 1741 00:44:45,060 --> 00:44:48,410 of the enantiomers now here again you see now this carbon for example is an 1742 00:44:48,410 --> 00:44:48,420 see now this carbon for example is an 1743 00:44:48,420 --> 00:44:51,620 see now this carbon for example is an optically active carbon center why 1744 00:44:51,620 --> 00:44:51,630 optically active carbon center why 1745 00:44:51,630 --> 00:44:54,410 optically active carbon center why because the groups bonded to that four 1746 00:44:54,410 --> 00:44:54,420 because the groups bonded to that four 1747 00:44:54,420 --> 00:44:58,339 because the groups bonded to that four groups are different here like there 1748 00:44:58,339 --> 00:44:58,349 groups are different here like there 1749 00:44:58,349 --> 00:45:00,050 groups are different here like there should be another hydrogen here actually 1750 00:45:00,050 --> 00:45:00,060 should be another hydrogen here actually 1751 00:45:00,060 --> 00:45:03,260 should be another hydrogen here actually one this group over here that group 1752 00:45:03,260 --> 00:45:03,270 one this group over here that group 1753 00:45:03,270 --> 00:45:05,390 one this group over here that group there OAH and the hydrogen's will be 1754 00:45:05,390 --> 00:45:05,400 there OAH and the hydrogen's will be 1755 00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:07,550 there OAH and the hydrogen's will be optically active here yeah I guess this 1756 00:45:07,550 --> 00:45:07,560 optically active here yeah I guess this 1757 00:45:07,560 --> 00:45:09,079 optically active here yeah I guess this is the open form of that you see again 1758 00:45:09,079 --> 00:45:09,089 is the open form of that you see again 1759 00:45:09,089 --> 00:45:12,950 is the open form of that you see again that carbon there has four different 1760 00:45:12,950 --> 00:45:12,960 that carbon there has four different 1761 00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:15,800 that carbon there has four different groups bonded to that one two three four 1762 00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:15,810 groups bonded to that one two three four 1763 00:45:15,810 --> 00:45:20,420 groups bonded to that one two three four and this is the criteria how we decide 1764 00:45:20,420 --> 00:45:20,430 and this is the criteria how we decide 1765 00:45:20,430 --> 00:45:24,200 and this is the criteria how we decide whether a compound will be optically 1766 00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:24,210 whether a compound will be optically 1767 00:45:24,210 --> 00:45:26,359 whether a compound will be optically active or it will not be optically 1768 00:45:26,359 --> 00:45:26,369 active or it will not be optically 1769 00:45:26,369 --> 00:45:29,060 active or it will not be optically active it will be chiral in other words 1770 00:45:29,060 --> 00:45:29,070 active it will be chiral in other words 1771 00:45:29,070 --> 00:45:31,730 active it will be chiral in other words or non chiral right it should had at 1772 00:45:31,730 --> 00:45:31,740 or non chiral right it should had at 1773 00:45:31,740 --> 00:45:36,290 or non chiral right it should had at least one carbon atom which four groups 1774 00:45:36,290 --> 00:45:36,300 least one carbon atom which four groups 1775 00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:38,809 least one carbon atom which four groups bonded to that carbon atom should be 1776 00:45:38,809 --> 00:45:38,819 bonded to that carbon atom should be 1777 00:45:38,819 --> 00:45:40,790 bonded to that carbon atom should be different from one another Ryan should 1778 00:45:40,790 --> 00:45:40,800 different from one another Ryan should 1779 00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:43,930 different from one another Ryan should be a different one from one another 1780 00:45:43,930 --> 00:45:43,940 be a different one from one another 1781 00:45:43,940 --> 00:45:48,140 be a different one from one another okay now ah the second part of this 1782 00:45:48,140 --> 00:45:48,150 okay now ah the second part of this 1783 00:45:48,150 --> 00:45:52,940 okay now ah the second part of this chapter is biomolecules and biological 1784 00:45:52,940 --> 00:45:52,950 chapter is biomolecules and biological 1785 00:45:52,950 --> 00:45:55,930 chapter is biomolecules and biological chemistry this is really very 1786 00:45:55,930 --> 00:45:55,940 chemistry this is really very 1787 00:45:55,940 --> 00:45:58,400 chemistry this is really very interesting as I said we will see that 1788 00:45:58,400 --> 00:45:58,410 interesting as I said we will see that 1789 00:45:58,410 --> 00:46:02,240 interesting as I said we will see that now biomolecules are biopolymers they 1790 00:46:02,240 --> 00:46:02,250 now biomolecules are biopolymers they 1791 00:46:02,250 --> 00:46:05,120 now biomolecules are biopolymers they are large biological molecules and they 1792 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:05,130 are large biological molecules and they 1793 00:46:05,130 --> 00:46:07,910 are large biological molecules and they are built from small molecules small 1794 00:46:07,910 --> 00:46:07,920 are built from small molecules small 1795 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:18,640 are built from small molecules small molecules now we can 1796 00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:18,650 1797 00:46:18,650 --> 00:46:22,630 when we say biochemistry actually 1798 00:46:22,630 --> 00:46:22,640 when we say biochemistry actually 1799 00:46:22,640 --> 00:46:27,559 when we say biochemistry actually biochemistry simply means the chemistry 1800 00:46:27,559 --> 00:46:27,569 biochemistry simply means the chemistry 1801 00:46:27,569 --> 00:46:31,640 biochemistry simply means the chemistry of living organisms right chemistry of 1802 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:31,650 of living organisms right chemistry of 1803 00:46:31,650 --> 00:46:34,880 of living organisms right chemistry of living organisms but when we say 1804 00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:34,890 living organisms but when we say 1805 00:46:34,890 --> 00:46:36,289 living organisms but when we say chemistry that means there are molecules 1806 00:46:36,289 --> 00:46:36,299 chemistry that means there are molecules 1807 00:46:36,299 --> 00:46:38,630 chemistry that means there are molecules there right reactions between the 1808 00:46:38,630 --> 00:46:38,640 there right reactions between the 1809 00:46:38,640 --> 00:46:39,710 there right reactions between the molecules and so on 1810 00:46:39,710 --> 00:46:39,720 molecules and so on 1811 00:46:39,720 --> 00:46:44,299 molecules and so on now biopolymers again here are very very 1812 00:46:44,299 --> 00:46:44,309 now biopolymers again here are very very 1813 00:46:44,309 --> 00:46:48,079 now biopolymers again here are very very large molecules how large hmm they go up 1814 00:46:48,079 --> 00:46:48,089 large molecules how large hmm they go up 1815 00:46:48,089 --> 00:46:51,109 large molecules how large hmm they go up to from fifty thousand to six million 1816 00:46:51,109 --> 00:46:51,119 to from fifty thousand to six million 1817 00:46:51,119 --> 00:46:54,770 to from fifty thousand to six million atomic mass units that means very very 1818 00:46:54,770 --> 00:46:54,780 atomic mass units that means very very 1819 00:46:54,780 --> 00:46:58,549 atomic mass units that means very very large big molecules and most of them are 1820 00:46:58,549 --> 00:46:58,559 large big molecules and most of them are 1821 00:46:58,559 --> 00:47:00,650 large big molecules and most of them are polymers they are most of them are 1822 00:47:00,650 --> 00:47:00,660 polymers they are most of them are 1823 00:47:00,660 --> 00:47:03,200 polymers they are most of them are polymers and what are these they're 1824 00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:03,210 polymers and what are these they're 1825 00:47:03,210 --> 00:47:06,470 polymers and what are these they're proteins for example the classifications 1826 00:47:06,470 --> 00:47:06,480 proteins for example the classifications 1827 00:47:06,480 --> 00:47:08,200 proteins for example the classifications of these biopolymers proteins 1828 00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:08,210 of these biopolymers proteins 1829 00:47:08,210 --> 00:47:11,599 of these biopolymers proteins polysaccharides or carbohydrates nucleic 1830 00:47:11,599 --> 00:47:11,609 polysaccharides or carbohydrates nucleic 1831 00:47:11,609 --> 00:47:14,510 polysaccharides or carbohydrates nucleic acids these are the polymers and we also 1832 00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:14,520 acids these are the polymers and we also 1833 00:47:14,520 --> 00:47:16,789 acids these are the polymers and we also have lipids but the lipids are large 1834 00:47:16,789 --> 00:47:16,799 have lipids but the lipids are large 1835 00:47:16,799 --> 00:47:18,589 have lipids but the lipids are large molecules but they are not polymers we 1836 00:47:18,589 --> 00:47:18,599 molecules but they are not polymers we 1837 00:47:18,599 --> 00:47:21,500 molecules but they are not polymers we will see those again now and other 1838 00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:21,510 will see those again now and other 1839 00:47:21,510 --> 00:47:26,710 will see those again now and other things here is to build this large 1840 00:47:26,710 --> 00:47:26,720 things here is to build this large 1841 00:47:26,720 --> 00:47:31,670 things here is to build this large molecules which are polymers or bio bio 1842 00:47:31,670 --> 00:47:31,680 molecules which are polymers or bio bio 1843 00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:36,920 molecules which are polymers or bio bio polymers we need energy right first of 1844 00:47:36,920 --> 00:47:36,930 polymers we need energy right first of 1845 00:47:36,930 --> 00:47:40,640 polymers we need energy right first of all because the synthesis the formation 1846 00:47:40,640 --> 00:47:40,650 all because the synthesis the formation 1847 00:47:40,650 --> 00:47:44,089 all because the synthesis the formation of these big molecules from small 1848 00:47:44,089 --> 00:47:44,099 of these big molecules from small 1849 00:47:44,099 --> 00:47:47,120 of these big molecules from small molecules that is readily available for 1850 00:47:47,120 --> 00:47:47,130 molecules that is readily available for 1851 00:47:47,130 --> 00:47:48,289 molecules that is readily available for us in the biosphere 1852 00:47:48,289 --> 00:47:48,299 us in the biosphere 1853 00:47:48,299 --> 00:47:50,839 us in the biosphere you know like carbon dioxide waters and 1854 00:47:50,839 --> 00:47:50,849 you know like carbon dioxide waters and 1855 00:47:50,849 --> 00:47:53,740 you know like carbon dioxide waters and other things like that requires energy 1856 00:47:53,740 --> 00:47:53,750 other things like that requires energy 1857 00:47:53,750 --> 00:47:58,190 other things like that requires energy to simply build up these large molecules 1858 00:47:58,190 --> 00:47:58,200 to simply build up these large molecules 1859 00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:02,599 to simply build up these large molecules now second things is if you look at from 1860 00:48:02,599 --> 00:48:02,609 now second things is if you look at from 1861 00:48:02,609 --> 00:48:05,779 now second things is if you look at from the entropy standpoint the living 1862 00:48:05,779 --> 00:48:05,789 the entropy standpoint the living 1863 00:48:05,789 --> 00:48:07,609 the entropy standpoint the living organisms which have these large 1864 00:48:07,609 --> 00:48:07,619 organisms which have these large 1865 00:48:07,619 --> 00:48:11,839 organisms which have these large molecules are more organized systems 1866 00:48:11,839 --> 00:48:11,849 molecules are more organized systems 1867 00:48:11,849 --> 00:48:14,900 molecules are more organized systems right what does that means that means 1868 00:48:14,900 --> 00:48:14,910 right what does that means that means 1869 00:48:14,910 --> 00:48:17,029 right what does that means that means that the big molecules is more organized 1870 00:48:17,029 --> 00:48:17,039 that the big molecules is more organized 1871 00:48:17,039 --> 00:48:17,480 that the big molecules is more organized too 1872 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:17,490 too 1873 00:48:17,490 --> 00:48:21,289 too that simply means that in the formations 1874 00:48:21,289 --> 00:48:21,299 that simply means that in the formations 1875 00:48:21,299 --> 00:48:23,870 that simply means that in the formations of this polymer big molecules the 1876 00:48:23,870 --> 00:48:23,880 of this polymer big molecules the 1877 00:48:23,880 --> 00:48:27,019 of this polymer big molecules the entropy change will always be negative 1878 00:48:27,019 --> 00:48:27,029 entropy change will always be negative 1879 00:48:27,029 --> 00:48:30,490 entropy change will always be negative or positive 1880 00:48:30,490 --> 00:48:30,500 1881 00:48:30,500 --> 00:48:34,210 we'll be positive right because there 1882 00:48:34,210 --> 00:48:34,220 we'll be positive right because there 1883 00:48:34,220 --> 00:48:37,710 we'll be positive right because there will be higher order that means that the 1884 00:48:37,710 --> 00:48:37,720 will be higher order that means that the 1885 00:48:37,720 --> 00:48:41,349 will be higher order that means that the entropy change will be positive no 1886 00:48:41,349 --> 00:48:41,359 entropy change will be positive no 1887 00:48:41,359 --> 00:48:43,120 entropy change will be positive no negative the entropy change will be 1888 00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:43,130 negative the entropy change will be 1889 00:48:43,130 --> 00:48:46,510 negative the entropy change will be negative compare again if you take a big 1890 00:48:46,510 --> 00:48:46,520 negative compare again if you take a big 1891 00:48:46,520 --> 00:48:51,880 negative compare again if you take a big molecule and obtain that from smaller 1892 00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:51,890 molecule and obtain that from smaller 1893 00:48:51,890 --> 00:48:54,250 molecule and obtain that from smaller molecules in a chemical reaction the 1894 00:48:54,250 --> 00:48:54,260 molecules in a chemical reaction the 1895 00:48:54,260 --> 00:48:56,890 molecules in a chemical reaction the entropy change for that will be negative 1896 00:48:56,890 --> 00:48:56,900 entropy change for that will be negative 1897 00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:59,500 entropy change for that will be negative again right now but what does that means 1898 00:48:59,500 --> 00:48:59,510 again right now but what does that means 1899 00:48:59,510 --> 00:49:03,130 again right now but what does that means that simply means it gains the second 1900 00:49:03,130 --> 00:49:03,140 that simply means it gains the second 1901 00:49:03,140 --> 00:49:05,109 that simply means it gains the second law of thermodynamic that means for 1902 00:49:05,109 --> 00:49:05,119 law of thermodynamic that means for 1903 00:49:05,119 --> 00:49:07,540 law of thermodynamic that means for spontaneous processes we expect that the 1904 00:49:07,540 --> 00:49:07,550 spontaneous processes we expect that the 1905 00:49:07,550 --> 00:49:09,940 spontaneous processes we expect that the entropy change is positive that means 1906 00:49:09,940 --> 00:49:09,950 entropy change is positive that means 1907 00:49:09,950 --> 00:49:12,819 entropy change is positive that means the entropy change increases so there 1908 00:49:12,819 --> 00:49:12,829 the entropy change increases so there 1909 00:49:12,829 --> 00:49:16,839 the entropy change increases so there are two aspects of this synthesis of 1910 00:49:16,839 --> 00:49:16,849 are two aspects of this synthesis of 1911 00:49:16,849 --> 00:49:19,089 are two aspects of this synthesis of these biopolymers big molecules from the 1912 00:49:19,089 --> 00:49:19,099 these biopolymers big molecules from the 1913 00:49:19,099 --> 00:49:22,120 these biopolymers big molecules from the small molecules now where we get the 1914 00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:22,130 small molecules now where we get the 1915 00:49:22,130 --> 00:49:28,440 small molecules now where we get the energy now animals have no potential of 1916 00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:28,450 energy now animals have no potential of 1917 00:49:28,450 --> 00:49:31,930 energy now animals have no potential of using directly the solar energy actually 1918 00:49:31,930 --> 00:49:31,940 using directly the solar energy actually 1919 00:49:31,940 --> 00:49:34,569 using directly the solar energy actually the most of the energy we get from from 1920 00:49:34,569 --> 00:49:34,579 the most of the energy we get from from 1921 00:49:34,579 --> 00:49:38,349 the most of the energy we get from from the Sun on the earth right so how we can 1922 00:49:38,349 --> 00:49:38,359 the Sun on the earth right so how we can 1923 00:49:38,359 --> 00:49:41,349 the Sun on the earth right so how we can utilize how the animals or human beings 1924 00:49:41,349 --> 00:49:41,359 utilize how the animals or human beings 1925 00:49:41,359 --> 00:49:43,740 utilize how the animals or human beings that are also animals can utilize the 1926 00:49:43,740 --> 00:49:43,750 that are also animals can utilize the 1927 00:49:43,750 --> 00:49:48,010 that are also animals can utilize the solar energy by the help of the plants 1928 00:49:48,010 --> 00:49:48,020 solar energy by the help of the plants 1929 00:49:48,020 --> 00:49:52,720 solar energy by the help of the plants right the plants actually plant take the 1930 00:49:52,720 --> 00:49:52,730 right the plants actually plant take the 1931 00:49:52,730 --> 00:49:56,980 right the plants actually plant take the solar energy and they convert it to 1932 00:49:56,980 --> 00:49:56,990 solar energy and they convert it to 1933 00:49:56,990 --> 00:49:59,530 solar energy and they convert it to carbon dioxide and water converted to 1934 00:49:59,530 --> 00:49:59,540 carbon dioxide and water converted to 1935 00:49:59,540 --> 00:50:03,640 carbon dioxide and water converted to sugar or other molecules and this is 1936 00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:03,650 sugar or other molecules and this is 1937 00:50:03,650 --> 00:50:06,450 sugar or other molecules and this is called photo synthesis right 1938 00:50:06,450 --> 00:50:06,460 called photo synthesis right 1939 00:50:06,460 --> 00:50:09,700 called photo synthesis right photosynthesis and as a result of this 1940 00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:09,710 photosynthesis and as a result of this 1941 00:50:09,710 --> 00:50:11,349 photosynthesis and as a result of this photosynthesis in the plants actually 1942 00:50:11,349 --> 00:50:11,359 photosynthesis in the plants actually 1943 00:50:11,359 --> 00:50:15,460 photosynthesis in the plants actually green plants we have some fruits or 1944 00:50:15,460 --> 00:50:15,470 green plants we have some fruits or 1945 00:50:15,470 --> 00:50:18,609 green plants we have some fruits or other foods that produced by these 1946 00:50:18,609 --> 00:50:18,619 other foods that produced by these 1947 00:50:18,619 --> 00:50:24,059 other foods that produced by these plants and which contains sugar or other 1948 00:50:24,059 --> 00:50:24,069 plants and which contains sugar or other 1949 00:50:24,069 --> 00:50:27,849 plants and which contains sugar or other molecules that can give us the energy 1950 00:50:27,849 --> 00:50:27,859 molecules that can give us the energy 1951 00:50:27,859 --> 00:50:31,300 molecules that can give us the energy that we need for these reactions so you 1952 00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:31,310 that we need for these reactions so you 1953 00:50:31,310 --> 00:50:34,630 that we need for these reactions so you see again the animals uses the plant 1954 00:50:34,630 --> 00:50:34,640 see again the animals uses the plant 1955 00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:37,839 see again the animals uses the plant photosynthesis to get their energy needs 1956 00:50:37,839 --> 00:50:37,849 photosynthesis to get their energy needs 1957 00:50:37,849 --> 00:50:40,900 photosynthesis to get their energy needs to continue their life actually right to 1958 00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:40,910 to continue their life actually right to 1959 00:50:40,910 --> 00:50:43,480 to continue their life actually right to continue their life so that's in other 1960 00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:43,490 continue their life so that's in other 1961 00:50:43,490 --> 00:50:44,229 continue their life so that's in other things that we 1962 00:50:44,229 --> 00:50:44,239 things that we 1963 00:50:44,239 --> 00:50:46,209 things that we to think about that as a matter of fact 1964 00:50:46,209 --> 00:50:46,219 to think about that as a matter of fact 1965 00:50:46,219 --> 00:50:55,829 to think about that as a matter of fact okay now let's continue the proteins are 1966 00:50:55,829 --> 00:50:55,839 okay now let's continue the proteins are 1967 00:50:55,839 --> 00:51:00,959 okay now let's continue the proteins are polymers and the monomer of proteins are 1968 00:51:00,959 --> 00:51:00,969 polymers and the monomer of proteins are 1969 00:51:00,969 --> 00:51:08,019 polymers and the monomer of proteins are amino acids actually we stop here