1
00:00:07,110 --> 00:00:12,629
first class off

2
00:00:12,629 --> 00:00:12,639

3
00:00:12,639 --> 00:00:15,600
our proteins and the proteins are

4
00:00:15,600 --> 00:00:15,610
our proteins and the proteins are

5
00:00:15,610 --> 00:00:20,010
our proteins and the proteins are
obtained from the amino acid monomers

6
00:00:20,010 --> 00:00:20,020
obtained from the amino acid monomers

7
00:00:20,020 --> 00:00:24,240
obtained from the amino acid monomers
and let's look at these I'm gonna amino

8
00:00:24,240 --> 00:00:24,250
and let's look at these I'm gonna amino

9
00:00:24,250 --> 00:00:30,139
and let's look at these I'm gonna amino
acids in closer let's take for example

10
00:00:30,139 --> 00:00:30,149
acids in closer let's take for example

11
00:00:30,149 --> 00:00:46,080
acids in closer let's take for example
this amino acids alright this is an

12
00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:46,090
this amino acids alright this is an

13
00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:49,800
this amino acids alright this is an
amino acid this is the carboxylic group

14
00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:49,810
amino acid this is the carboxylic group

15
00:00:49,810 --> 00:00:53,850
amino acid this is the carboxylic group
right and this is the amine part this is

16
00:00:53,850 --> 00:00:53,860
right and this is the amine part this is

17
00:00:53,860 --> 00:00:57,900
right and this is the amine part this is
simple hydrogen and that is the alkyl

18
00:00:57,900 --> 00:00:57,910
simple hydrogen and that is the alkyl

19
00:00:57,910 --> 00:00:58,470
simple hydrogen and that is the alkyl
group

20
00:00:58,470 --> 00:00:58,480
group

21
00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:01,260
group
it could be hydrogen or I'll kill any

22
00:01:01,260 --> 00:01:01,270
it could be hydrogen or I'll kill any

23
00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:04,289
it could be hydrogen or I'll kill any
alkyl groups here again as you see if

24
00:01:04,289 --> 00:01:04,299
alkyl groups here again as you see if

25
00:01:04,299 --> 00:01:07,010
alkyl groups here again as you see if
this R is not equal to the hydrogen

26
00:01:07,010 --> 00:01:07,020
this R is not equal to the hydrogen

27
00:01:07,020 --> 00:01:09,899
this R is not equal to the hydrogen
which is a glycine the simplest amino

28
00:01:09,899 --> 00:01:09,909
which is a glycine the simplest amino

29
00:01:09,909 --> 00:01:16,050
which is a glycine the simplest amino
acids the amino acids are optically

30
00:01:16,050 --> 00:01:16,060
acids the amino acids are optically

31
00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:19,110
acids the amino acids are optically
active there must be chiral why because

32
00:01:19,110 --> 00:01:19,120
active there must be chiral why because

33
00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:22,200
active there must be chiral why because
we have a carbon and to this carbon four

34
00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:22,210
we have a carbon and to this carbon four

35
00:01:22,210 --> 00:01:25,740
we have a carbon and to this carbon four
different bonds group actually bonded to

36
00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:25,750
different bonds group actually bonded to

37
00:01:25,750 --> 00:01:29,730
different bonds group actually bonded to
that carbon means make that amino acid

38
00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:29,740
that carbon means make that amino acid

39
00:01:29,740 --> 00:01:32,340
that carbon means make that amino acid
optically active actually optically

40
00:01:32,340 --> 00:01:32,350
optically active actually optically

41
00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:32,940
optically active actually optically
active

42
00:01:32,940 --> 00:01:32,950
active

43
00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:36,840
active
now these chiral molecules and these

44
00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:36,850
now these chiral molecules and these

45
00:01:36,850 --> 00:01:39,870
now these chiral molecules and these
enantiomers one we said rotates the

46
00:01:39,870 --> 00:01:39,880
enantiomers one we said rotates the

47
00:01:39,880 --> 00:01:41,550
enantiomers one we said rotates the
plane polarized light to the left

48
00:01:41,550 --> 00:01:41,560
plane polarized light to the left

49
00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:44,010
plane polarized light to the left
certain angle the other one rotates a

50
00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:44,020
certain angle the other one rotates a

51
00:01:44,020 --> 00:01:45,690
certain angle the other one rotates a
plane polarized right to the right

52
00:01:45,690 --> 00:01:45,700
plane polarized right to the right

53
00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,440
plane polarized right to the right
certain angle and so the one which

54
00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:49,450
certain angle and so the one which

55
00:01:49,450 --> 00:01:52,620
certain angle and so the one which
rotates to the right is termed by simply

56
00:01:52,620 --> 00:01:52,630
rotates to the right is termed by simply

57
00:01:52,630 --> 00:01:55,980
rotates to the right is termed by simply
D the one which rotates to the left is

58
00:01:55,980 --> 00:01:55,990
D the one which rotates to the left is

59
00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:59,219
D the one which rotates to the left is
called L so the optically active or

60
00:01:59,219 --> 00:01:59,229
called L so the optically active or

61
00:01:59,229 --> 00:02:02,580
called L so the optically active or
chiral molecule enantiomers one of the

62
00:02:02,580 --> 00:02:02,590
chiral molecule enantiomers one of the

63
00:02:02,590 --> 00:02:03,890
chiral molecule enantiomers one of the
energy members is called

64
00:02:03,890 --> 00:02:03,900
energy members is called

65
00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:09,059
energy members is called
deform the capital D actually I should

66
00:02:09,059 --> 00:02:09,069
deform the capital D actually I should

67
00:02:09,069 --> 00:02:16,140
deform the capital D actually I should
say deform or al form and L is the one

68
00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:16,150
say deform or al form and L is the one

69
00:02:16,150 --> 00:02:18,240
say deform or al form and L is the one
rotates the plane polarized light to the

70
00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:18,250
rotates the plane polarized light to the

71
00:02:18,250 --> 00:02:20,369
rotates the plane polarized light to the
left D is the one rotates plane

72
00:02:20,369 --> 00:02:20,379
left D is the one rotates plane

73
00:02:20,379 --> 00:02:23,339
left D is the one rotates plane
polarized right to the right right we

74
00:02:23,339 --> 00:02:23,349
polarized right to the right right we

75
00:02:23,349 --> 00:02:24,430
polarized right to the right right we
have two

76
00:02:24,430 --> 00:02:24,440
have two

77
00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:28,540
have two
that again so that means that amino

78
00:02:28,540 --> 00:02:28,550
that again so that means that amino

79
00:02:28,550 --> 00:02:32,710
that again so that means that amino
acids will have a D and al for now the

80
00:02:32,710 --> 00:02:32,720
acids will have a D and al for now the

81
00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:36,940
acids will have a D and al for now the
interesting things again all amino acids

82
00:02:36,940 --> 00:02:36,950
interesting things again all amino acids

83
00:02:36,950 --> 00:02:43,330
interesting things again all amino acids
in living organisms are al for only

84
00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:43,340
in living organisms are al for only

85
00:02:43,340 --> 00:02:47,800
in living organisms are al for only
there are few but bacteria have the D

86
00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:47,810
there are few but bacteria have the D

87
00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:51,400
there are few but bacteria have the D
form of the amino acids very few

88
00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:51,410
form of the amino acids very few

89
00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:53,650
form of the amino acids very few
actually but all of them are al form not

90
00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:53,660
actually but all of them are al form not

91
00:02:53,660 --> 00:02:56,920
actually but all of them are al form not
the D form how for one enantiomer is a

92
00:02:56,920 --> 00:02:56,930
the D form how for one enantiomer is a

93
00:02:56,930 --> 00:02:58,330
the D form how for one enantiomer is a
matter of fact okay

94
00:02:58,330 --> 00:02:58,340
matter of fact okay

95
00:02:58,340 --> 00:03:01,480
matter of fact okay
now let's look at this again this is the

96
00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:01,490
now let's look at this again this is the

97
00:03:01,490 --> 00:03:03,430
now let's look at this again this is the
this is the let me write it down

98
00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:03,440
this is the let me write it down

99
00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:13,230
this is the let me write it down
carboxylic acid carboxylic acid part and

100
00:03:13,230 --> 00:03:13,240
carboxylic acid carboxylic acid part and

101
00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:24,700
carboxylic acid carboxylic acid part and
this is the amine group and this is

102
00:03:24,700 --> 00:03:24,710
this is the amine group and this is

103
00:03:24,710 --> 00:03:27,610
this is the amine group and this is
simply the alkyl group

104
00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:27,620
simply the alkyl group

105
00:03:27,620 --> 00:03:30,960
simply the alkyl group
it could be alkyl or other group in fact

106
00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:30,970
it could be alkyl or other group in fact

107
00:03:30,970 --> 00:03:37,900
it could be alkyl or other group in fact
alkyl or other groups again and this

108
00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:37,910
alkyl or other groups again and this

109
00:03:37,910 --> 00:03:41,530
alkyl or other groups again and this
carbon which is next to the carboxylic

110
00:03:41,530 --> 00:03:41,540
carbon which is next to the carboxylic

111
00:03:41,540 --> 00:03:44,820
carbon which is next to the carboxylic
acid carbonyl carbon is called alpha

112
00:03:44,820 --> 00:03:44,830
acid carbonyl carbon is called alpha

113
00:03:44,830 --> 00:03:48,330
acid carbonyl carbon is called alpha
carbon this is called simply alpha

114
00:03:48,330 --> 00:03:48,340
carbon this is called simply alpha

115
00:03:48,340 --> 00:03:54,790
carbon this is called simply alpha
carbon carbon and this amino acids which

116
00:03:54,790 --> 00:03:54,800
carbon carbon and this amino acids which

117
00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:56,920
carbon carbon and this amino acids which
has the amine group attached to the

118
00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:56,930
has the amine group attached to the

119
00:03:56,930 --> 00:03:58,740
has the amine group attached to the
Alpha carbon are called

120
00:03:58,740 --> 00:03:58,750
Alpha carbon are called

121
00:03:58,750 --> 00:04:07,360
Alpha carbon are called
alpha amino acids alpha amino acids all

122
00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:07,370
alpha amino acids alpha amino acids all

123
00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:13,530
alpha amino acids alpha amino acids all
four amino acids now when we simply

124
00:04:13,530 --> 00:04:13,540
four amino acids now when we simply

125
00:04:13,540 --> 00:04:18,250
four amino acids now when we simply
polymerize this amino acids by peptide

126
00:04:18,250 --> 00:04:18,260
polymerize this amino acids by peptide

127
00:04:18,260 --> 00:04:20,710
polymerize this amino acids by peptide
link it's actually condensation

128
00:04:20,710 --> 00:04:20,720
link it's actually condensation

129
00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:22,390
link it's actually condensation
polymerization by giving one water

130
00:04:22,390 --> 00:04:22,400
polymerization by giving one water

131
00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,840
polymerization by giving one water
molecule out and forming another carbon

132
00:04:25,840 --> 00:04:25,850
molecule out and forming another carbon

133
00:04:25,850 --> 00:04:28,690
molecule out and forming another carbon
simply nitrogen bond which we call that

134
00:04:28,690 --> 00:04:28,700
simply nitrogen bond which we call that

135
00:04:28,700 --> 00:04:32,650
simply nitrogen bond which we call that
peptide bond we end up with proteins

136
00:04:32,650 --> 00:04:32,660
peptide bond we end up with proteins

137
00:04:32,660 --> 00:04:36,279
peptide bond we end up with proteins
proteins now again how big these

138
00:04:36,279 --> 00:04:36,289
proteins now again how big these

139
00:04:36,289 --> 00:04:37,370
proteins now again how big these
proteins there

140
00:04:37,370 --> 00:04:37,380
proteins there

141
00:04:37,380 --> 00:04:40,340
proteins there
Fareway very large very big molecules

142
00:04:40,340 --> 00:04:40,350
Fareway very large very big molecules

143
00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:45,230
Fareway very large very big molecules
the average again I can't say exactly

144
00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:45,240
the average again I can't say exactly

145
00:04:45,240 --> 00:04:47,720
the average again I can't say exactly
but the molecular weights like five

146
00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:47,730
but the molecular weights like five

147
00:04:47,730 --> 00:04:50,930
but the molecular weights like five
hundred thousand atomic mass units

148
00:04:50,930 --> 00:04:50,940
hundred thousand atomic mass units

149
00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:53,510
hundred thousand atomic mass units
sometimes million atomic mass units and

150
00:04:53,510 --> 00:04:53,520
sometimes million atomic mass units and

151
00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:59,900
sometimes million atomic mass units and
so on very large big molecules now there

152
00:04:59,900 --> 00:04:59,910
so on very large big molecules now there

153
00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:06,380
so on very large big molecules now there
are again twenty-two amino acids I guess

154
00:05:06,380 --> 00:05:06,390
are again twenty-two amino acids I guess

155
00:05:06,390 --> 00:05:09,860
are again twenty-two amino acids I guess
has to be twenty-two over here one two

156
00:05:09,860 --> 00:05:09,870
has to be twenty-two over here one two

157
00:05:09,870 --> 00:05:12,530
has to be twenty-two over here one two
three four five six seven eight nine 10

158
00:05:12,530 --> 00:05:12,540
three four five six seven eight nine 10

159
00:05:12,540 --> 00:05:17,510
three four five six seven eight nine 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 here we have

160
00:05:17,510 --> 00:05:17,520
11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 here we have

161
00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:23,410
11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 here we have
20 only 20 of those are found in human

162
00:05:23,410 --> 00:05:23,420
20 only 20 of those are found in human

163
00:05:23,420 --> 00:05:27,860
20 only 20 of those are found in human
bodies again 20 of those but we have to

164
00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:27,870
bodies again 20 of those but we have to

165
00:05:27,870 --> 00:05:30,560
bodies again 20 of those but we have to
remember that out of those 20 amino

166
00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:30,570
remember that out of those 20 amino

167
00:05:30,570 --> 00:05:34,760
remember that out of those 20 amino
acids we can only synthesize our body

168
00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:34,770
acids we can only synthesize our body

169
00:05:34,770 --> 00:05:39,260
acids we can only synthesize our body
can only synthesize 11 of those so that

170
00:05:39,260 --> 00:05:39,270
can only synthesize 11 of those so that

171
00:05:39,270 --> 00:05:42,920
can only synthesize 11 of those so that
means that nine of the amino acids which

172
00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:42,930
means that nine of the amino acids which

173
00:05:42,930 --> 00:05:47,840
means that nine of the amino acids which
we need have to be taken by food eaten

174
00:05:47,840 --> 00:05:47,850
we need have to be taken by food eaten

175
00:05:47,850 --> 00:05:49,370
we need have to be taken by food eaten
the food that means they have to be

176
00:05:49,370 --> 00:05:49,380
the food that means they have to be

177
00:05:49,380 --> 00:05:53,240
the food that means they have to be
ingested right ingested that's another I

178
00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:53,250
ingested right ingested that's another I

179
00:05:53,250 --> 00:05:56,990
ingested right ingested that's another I
guess important things interesting too

180
00:05:56,990 --> 00:05:57,000
guess important things interesting too

181
00:05:57,000 --> 00:06:05,030
guess important things interesting too
now the amino acids are simply combined

182
00:06:05,030 --> 00:06:05,040
now the amino acids are simply combined

183
00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:08,390
now the amino acids are simply combined
by peptide links as we say here and form

184
00:06:08,390 --> 00:06:08,400
by peptide links as we say here and form

185
00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,750
by peptide links as we say here and form
the polymers and the proteins let's read

186
00:06:11,750 --> 00:06:11,760
the polymers and the proteins let's read

187
00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:14,120
the polymers and the proteins let's read
this slide here again amino acids have

188
00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:14,130
this slide here again amino acids have

189
00:06:14,130 --> 00:06:16,640
this slide here again amino acids have
amino and carboxylic acid functional

190
00:06:16,640 --> 00:06:16,650
amino and carboxylic acid functional

191
00:06:16,650 --> 00:06:19,790
amino and carboxylic acid functional
groups as we see here amino and the

192
00:06:19,790 --> 00:06:19,800
groups as we see here amino and the

193
00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:21,640
groups as we see here amino and the
carboxylic acid functional groups

194
00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:21,650
carboxylic acid functional groups

195
00:06:21,650 --> 00:06:25,310
carboxylic acid functional groups
proteins are polymers of alpha amino

196
00:06:25,310 --> 00:06:25,320
proteins are polymers of alpha amino

197
00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,790
proteins are polymers of alpha amino
acids again alpha means the amine is

198
00:06:28,790 --> 00:06:28,800
acids again alpha means the amine is

199
00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:30,800
acids again alpha means the amine is
bonded to the second carbon from this

200
00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:30,810
bonded to the second carbon from this

201
00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:34,310
bonded to the second carbon from this
side here a condensation reaction

202
00:06:34,310 --> 00:06:34,320
side here a condensation reaction

203
00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,580
side here a condensation reaction
between the amine end of one amino acid

204
00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:37,590
between the amine end of one amino acid

205
00:06:37,590 --> 00:06:41,510
between the amine end of one amino acid
and the acid end of another produces the

206
00:06:41,510 --> 00:06:41,520
and the acid end of another produces the

207
00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:45,050
and the acid end of another produces the
peptide bond and this is called peptide

208
00:06:45,050 --> 00:06:45,060
peptide bond and this is called peptide

209
00:06:45,060 --> 00:06:47,710
peptide bond and this is called peptide
link or peptide bond which is an amide

210
00:06:47,710 --> 00:06:47,720
link or peptide bond which is an amide

211
00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:50,210
link or peptide bond which is an amide
linkage okay let's

212
00:06:50,210 --> 00:06:50,220
linkage okay let's

213
00:06:50,220 --> 00:06:54,200
linkage okay let's
to simply look at this and see how we

214
00:06:54,200 --> 00:06:54,210
to simply look at this and see how we

215
00:06:54,210 --> 00:06:58,250
to simply look at this and see how we
can get the peptide lane now

216
00:06:58,250 --> 00:06:58,260
can get the peptide lane now

217
00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:01,790
can get the peptide lane now
the amino acid this amino acids is also

218
00:07:01,790 --> 00:07:01,800
the amino acid this amino acids is also

219
00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,470
the amino acid this amino acids is also
found in this form to this part is

220
00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:05,480
found in this form to this part is

221
00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:08,750
found in this form to this part is
acidic part right this is the acid and

222
00:07:08,750 --> 00:07:08,760
acidic part right this is the acid and

223
00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:12,620
acidic part right this is the acid and
remember a mean is the basic part it has

224
00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:12,630
remember a mean is the basic part it has

225
00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:14,560
remember a mean is the basic part it has
that electron pair which makes it loose

226
00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:14,570
that electron pair which makes it loose

227
00:07:14,570 --> 00:07:18,860
that electron pair which makes it loose
base and can accept the protons and the

228
00:07:18,860 --> 00:07:18,870
base and can accept the protons and the

229
00:07:18,870 --> 00:07:21,650
base and can accept the protons and the
amino acids can be found in this form to

230
00:07:21,650 --> 00:07:21,660
amino acids can be found in this form to

231
00:07:21,660 --> 00:07:26,290
amino acids can be found in this form to
this amino acids are and here is co all

232
00:07:26,290 --> 00:07:26,300
this amino acids are and here is co all

233
00:07:26,300 --> 00:07:34,060
this amino acids are and here is co all
- and hydrogen and here we have nh3 plus

234
00:07:34,060 --> 00:07:34,070
- and hydrogen and here we have nh3 plus

235
00:07:34,070 --> 00:07:38,150
- and hydrogen and here we have nh3 plus
the ionic form of the amino acids this

236
00:07:38,150 --> 00:07:38,160
the ionic form of the amino acids this

237
00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:43,280
the ionic form of the amino acids this
is simply called sua turian iron again

238
00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:43,290
is simply called sua turian iron again

239
00:07:43,290 --> 00:07:46,940
is simply called sua turian iron again
right so that hydrogen can be here or

240
00:07:46,940 --> 00:07:46,950
right so that hydrogen can be here or

241
00:07:46,950 --> 00:07:49,520
right so that hydrogen can be here or
can be there as a matter of fact so this

242
00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:49,530
can be there as a matter of fact so this

243
00:07:49,530 --> 00:07:52,550
can be there as a matter of fact so this
is the ionic form of the amino acids

244
00:07:52,550 --> 00:07:52,560
is the ionic form of the amino acids

245
00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:55,490
is the ionic form of the amino acids
amino acids let's look at again how we

246
00:07:55,490 --> 00:07:55,500
amino acids let's look at again how we

247
00:07:55,500 --> 00:08:15,709
amino acids let's look at again how we
form the peptide linkage peptide bond

248
00:08:15,709 --> 00:08:15,719

249
00:08:15,719 --> 00:08:31,009
okay let's take this amino acids the

250
00:08:31,009 --> 00:08:31,019
okay let's take this amino acids the

251
00:08:31,019 --> 00:08:41,170
okay let's take this amino acids the
ionic form and this is actually glycine

252
00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:41,180
ionic form and this is actually glycine

253
00:08:41,180 --> 00:08:46,400
ionic form and this is actually glycine
simplest amino acid glycine this is the

254
00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:46,410
simplest amino acid glycine this is the

255
00:08:46,410 --> 00:08:48,740
simplest amino acid glycine this is the
hydrogen you see again the R group in

256
00:08:48,740 --> 00:08:48,750
hydrogen you see again the R group in

257
00:08:48,750 --> 00:08:51,129
hydrogen you see again the R group in
this case is hydrogen simplest one and

258
00:08:51,129 --> 00:08:51,139
this case is hydrogen simplest one and

259
00:08:51,139 --> 00:09:03,139
this case is hydrogen simplest one and
let's combine that with this another

260
00:09:03,139 --> 00:09:03,149
let's combine that with this another

261
00:09:03,149 --> 00:09:19,249
let's combine that with this another
amino acids and this is alanine and this

262
00:09:19,249 --> 00:09:19,259
amino acids and this is alanine and this

263
00:09:19,259 --> 00:09:22,129
amino acids and this is alanine and this
is abbreviated by G for example only

264
00:09:22,129 --> 00:09:22,139
is abbreviated by G for example only

265
00:09:22,139 --> 00:09:26,059
is abbreviated by G for example only
this is abbreviated as a like this now

266
00:09:26,059 --> 00:09:26,069
this is abbreviated as a like this now

267
00:09:26,069 --> 00:09:28,429
this is abbreviated as a like this now
the condensation reaction polymerization

268
00:09:28,429 --> 00:09:28,439
the condensation reaction polymerization

269
00:09:28,439 --> 00:09:32,679
the condensation reaction polymerization
reactions again as followed we get this

270
00:09:32,679 --> 00:09:32,689
reactions again as followed we get this

271
00:09:32,689 --> 00:09:37,460
reactions again as followed we get this
oxygen and two of the hydrogen here like

272
00:09:37,460 --> 00:09:37,470
oxygen and two of the hydrogen here like

273
00:09:37,470 --> 00:09:43,059
oxygen and two of the hydrogen here like
this to get the water molecule out and

274
00:09:43,059 --> 00:09:43,069
this to get the water molecule out and

275
00:09:43,069 --> 00:09:56,970
this to get the water molecule out and
the peptide simply linkage

276
00:09:56,970 --> 00:09:56,980

277
00:09:56,980 --> 00:10:10,750
and we have one hydrogen there like this

278
00:10:10,750 --> 00:10:10,760
and we have one hydrogen there like this

279
00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:15,880
and we have one hydrogen there like this
so this is the peptide bond is this one

280
00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:15,890
so this is the peptide bond is this one

281
00:10:15,890 --> 00:10:25,810
so this is the peptide bond is this one
here should probably okay this bond we

282
00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:25,820
here should probably okay this bond we

283
00:10:25,820 --> 00:10:27,820
here should probably okay this bond we
bond between this carbon and that

284
00:10:27,820 --> 00:10:27,830
bond between this carbon and that

285
00:10:27,830 --> 00:10:31,230
bond between this carbon and that
nitrogen is called the peptide bond

286
00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:31,240
nitrogen is called the peptide bond

287
00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:42,280
nitrogen is called the peptide bond
peptide bond or peptide linkage or

288
00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:42,290
peptide bond or peptide linkage or

289
00:10:42,290 --> 00:10:46,240
peptide bond or peptide linkage or
peptide bond okay so and this is

290
00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:46,250
peptide bond okay so and this is

291
00:10:46,250 --> 00:10:49,360
peptide bond okay so and this is
actually called dipeptides because we

292
00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:49,370
actually called dipeptides because we

293
00:10:49,370 --> 00:10:52,480
actually called dipeptides because we
have two amino acids now with the same

294
00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:52,490
have two amino acids now with the same

295
00:10:52,490 --> 00:10:55,630
have two amino acids now with the same
way we can add here in other amino acids

296
00:10:55,630 --> 00:10:55,640
way we can add here in other amino acids

297
00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:57,250
way we can add here in other amino acids
and other amino acids and other amino

298
00:10:57,250 --> 00:10:57,260
and other amino acids and other amino

299
00:10:57,260 --> 00:11:01,030
and other amino acids and other amino
acids we get a long-chain polymer right

300
00:11:01,030 --> 00:11:01,040
acids we get a long-chain polymer right

301
00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:03,040
acids we get a long-chain polymer right
and that becomes the protein that

302
00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:03,050
and that becomes the protein that

303
00:11:03,050 --> 00:11:07,300
and that becomes the protein that
becomes a protein now as you can simply

304
00:11:07,300 --> 00:11:07,310
becomes a protein now as you can simply

305
00:11:07,310 --> 00:11:17,650
becomes a protein now as you can simply
imagine the property of the protein will

306
00:11:17,650 --> 00:11:17,660
imagine the property of the protein will

307
00:11:17,660 --> 00:11:22,270
imagine the property of the protein will
be determined which amino acids we

308
00:11:22,270 --> 00:11:22,280
be determined which amino acids we

309
00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,540
be determined which amino acids we
condense to form the polymers and there

310
00:11:25,540 --> 00:11:25,550
condense to form the polymers and there

311
00:11:25,550 --> 00:11:28,260
condense to form the polymers and there
are in fact if you consider that we have

312
00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:28,270
are in fact if you consider that we have

313
00:11:28,270 --> 00:11:33,190
are in fact if you consider that we have
22 amino acids in nature and think about

314
00:11:33,190 --> 00:11:33,200
22 amino acids in nature and think about

315
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:38,320
22 amino acids in nature and think about
that we can get up to 27 50,000 amino

316
00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:38,330
that we can get up to 27 50,000 amino

317
00:11:38,330 --> 00:11:42,100
that we can get up to 27 50,000 amino
acids add them to form the peptide link

318
00:11:42,100 --> 00:11:42,110
acids add them to form the peptide link

319
00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:47,560
acids add them to form the peptide link
so the sequence of those amino acids in

320
00:11:47,560 --> 00:11:47,570
so the sequence of those amino acids in

321
00:11:47,570 --> 00:11:50,680
so the sequence of those amino acids in
one protein will always be limitless you

322
00:11:50,680 --> 00:11:50,690
one protein will always be limitless you

323
00:11:50,690 --> 00:11:53,680
one protein will always be limitless you
can have different you can combine the

324
00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:53,690
can have different you can combine the

325
00:11:53,690 --> 00:11:56,530
can have different you can combine the
same amino acids but you can have

326
00:11:56,530 --> 00:11:56,540
same amino acids but you can have

327
00:11:56,540 --> 00:11:59,350
same amino acids but you can have
different proteins because the sequence

328
00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:59,360
different proteins because the sequence

329
00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:01,990
different proteins because the sequence
of those amino acids will be different

330
00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:02,000
of those amino acids will be different

331
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:04,720
of those amino acids will be different
and that sequence is very very important

332
00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:04,730
and that sequence is very very important

333
00:12:04,730 --> 00:12:07,160
and that sequence is very very important
in determining what function the amine

334
00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:07,170
in determining what function the amine

335
00:12:07,170 --> 00:12:10,960
in determining what function the amine
the protein that is the obtain protein

336
00:12:10,960 --> 00:12:10,970
the protein that is the obtain protein

337
00:12:10,970 --> 00:12:14,000
the protein that is the obtain protein
will carry out in the living organisms

338
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:14,010
will carry out in the living organisms

339
00:12:14,010 --> 00:12:20,030
will carry out in the living organisms
in the living organisms now this is

340
00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:20,040
in the living organisms now this is

341
00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,430
in the living organisms now this is
again I just just to show you this

342
00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:22,440
again I just just to show you this

343
00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:25,639
again I just just to show you this
peptide link it's the same things here

344
00:12:25,639 --> 00:12:25,649
peptide link it's the same things here

345
00:12:25,649 --> 00:12:28,449
peptide link it's the same things here
right you see that peptide link between

346
00:12:28,449 --> 00:12:28,459
right you see that peptide link between

347
00:12:28,459 --> 00:12:32,420
right you see that peptide link between
this carbon and that nitrogen over here

348
00:12:32,420 --> 00:12:32,430
this carbon and that nitrogen over here

349
00:12:32,430 --> 00:12:34,460
this carbon and that nitrogen over here
and now we have another peptide link

350
00:12:34,460 --> 00:12:34,470
and now we have another peptide link

351
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:37,040
and now we have another peptide link
that carbon there this is a tripeptide

352
00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:37,050
that carbon there this is a tripeptide

353
00:12:37,050 --> 00:12:40,759
that carbon there this is a tripeptide
we have three amino acids remember we

354
00:12:40,759 --> 00:12:40,769
we have three amino acids remember we

355
00:12:40,769 --> 00:12:45,769
we have three amino acids remember we
can have 30 to 50 amino acids or more in

356
00:12:45,769 --> 00:12:45,779
can have 30 to 50 amino acids or more in

357
00:12:45,779 --> 00:12:49,250
can have 30 to 50 amino acids or more in
one chain protein that gives you the big

358
00:12:49,250 --> 00:12:49,260
one chain protein that gives you the big

359
00:12:49,260 --> 00:12:52,819
one chain protein that gives you the big
big molecular weight of proteins let's

360
00:12:52,819 --> 00:12:52,829
big molecular weight of proteins let's

361
00:12:52,829 --> 00:12:56,360
big molecular weight of proteins let's
continue now the protein structures are

362
00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:56,370
continue now the protein structures are

363
00:12:56,370 --> 00:12:59,350
continue now the protein structures are
also classified as primary structure of

364
00:12:59,350 --> 00:12:59,360
also classified as primary structure of

365
00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:02,269
also classified as primary structure of
proteins it is called the sequence of

366
00:13:02,269 --> 00:13:02,279
proteins it is called the sequence of

367
00:13:02,279 --> 00:13:05,210
proteins it is called the sequence of
amino acids in the polypeptide protein

368
00:13:05,210 --> 00:13:05,220
amino acids in the polypeptide protein

369
00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:07,519
amino acids in the polypeptide protein
chain what does that means that means

370
00:13:07,519 --> 00:13:07,529
chain what does that means that means

371
00:13:07,529 --> 00:13:10,579
chain what does that means that means
which amino acids that we will simply

372
00:13:10,579 --> 00:13:10,589
which amino acids that we will simply

373
00:13:10,589 --> 00:13:12,410
which amino acids that we will simply
bring together this is like glycine

374
00:13:12,410 --> 00:13:12,420
bring together this is like glycine

375
00:13:12,420 --> 00:13:15,530
bring together this is like glycine
alanine and other amino acids that

376
00:13:15,530 --> 00:13:15,540
alanine and other amino acids that

377
00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:18,650
alanine and other amino acids that
sequence it determines the primary

378
00:13:18,650 --> 00:13:18,660
sequence it determines the primary

379
00:13:18,660 --> 00:13:21,170
sequence it determines the primary
structure of the amino acids now the

380
00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:21,180
structure of the amino acids now the

381
00:13:21,180 --> 00:13:23,720
structure of the amino acids now the
secretary structure is the interactions

382
00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:23,730
secretary structure is the interactions

383
00:13:23,730 --> 00:13:26,630
secretary structure is the interactions
between the chain atoms in fact carbon

384
00:13:26,630 --> 00:13:26,640
between the chain atoms in fact carbon

385
00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,329
between the chain atoms in fact carbon
double bond oxygen this carbonyl and NH

386
00:13:29,329 --> 00:13:29,339
double bond oxygen this carbonyl and NH

387
00:13:29,339 --> 00:13:31,939
double bond oxygen this carbonyl and NH
atoms remember we will have a hydrogen

388
00:13:31,939 --> 00:13:31,949
atoms remember we will have a hydrogen

389
00:13:31,949 --> 00:13:34,250
atoms remember we will have a hydrogen
bond between that hydrogen and that

390
00:13:34,250 --> 00:13:34,260
bond between that hydrogen and that

391
00:13:34,260 --> 00:13:36,350
bond between that hydrogen and that
oxygen electron pairs on that oxygen

392
00:13:36,350 --> 00:13:36,360
oxygen electron pairs on that oxygen

393
00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:39,230
oxygen electron pairs on that oxygen
right lone pair electrons so that gives

394
00:13:39,230 --> 00:13:39,240
right lone pair electrons so that gives

395
00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,410
right lone pair electrons so that gives
this structure two proteins that

396
00:13:41,410 --> 00:13:41,420
this structure two proteins that

397
00:13:41,420 --> 00:13:43,280
this structure two proteins that
interaction is the hydrogen bond

398
00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:43,290
interaction is the hydrogen bond

399
00:13:43,290 --> 00:13:46,189
interaction is the hydrogen bond
interactions is a very very important

400
00:13:46,189 --> 00:13:46,199
interactions is a very very important

401
00:13:46,199 --> 00:13:48,920
interactions is a very very important
factor in determining the structure of

402
00:13:48,920 --> 00:13:48,930
factor in determining the structure of

403
00:13:48,930 --> 00:13:50,870
factor in determining the structure of
the particularly at secondary structure

404
00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:50,880
the particularly at secondary structure

405
00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,030
the particularly at secondary structure
of the proteins as we will see now

406
00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:53,040
of the proteins as we will see now

407
00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:55,400
of the proteins as we will see now
tertiary structures are intermolecular

408
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:55,410
tertiary structures are intermolecular

409
00:13:55,410 --> 00:13:58,009
tertiary structures are intermolecular
forces between the sidechain atoms that

410
00:13:58,009 --> 00:13:58,019
forces between the sidechain atoms that

411
00:13:58,019 --> 00:14:00,560
forces between the sidechain atoms that
gives structure to proteins this is

412
00:14:00,560 --> 00:14:00,570
gives structure to proteins this is

413
00:14:00,570 --> 00:14:03,199
gives structure to proteins this is
simply the folding actually you know

414
00:14:03,199 --> 00:14:03,209
simply the folding actually you know

415
00:14:03,209 --> 00:14:06,430
simply the folding actually you know
when you have a long long chain of

416
00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:06,440
when you have a long long chain of

417
00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:10,790
when you have a long long chain of
protein molecule now it simply folds up

418
00:14:10,790 --> 00:14:10,800
protein molecule now it simply folds up

419
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:14,689
protein molecule now it simply folds up
and the folding of the assembling of

420
00:14:14,689 --> 00:14:14,699
and the folding of the assembling of

421
00:14:14,699 --> 00:14:17,449
and the folding of the assembling of
that long chain folding is very very

422
00:14:17,449 --> 00:14:17,459
that long chain folding is very very

423
00:14:17,459 --> 00:14:19,370
that long chain folding is very very
important because the folding of the

424
00:14:19,370 --> 00:14:19,380
important because the folding of the

425
00:14:19,380 --> 00:14:20,990
important because the folding of the
amino acids

426
00:14:20,990 --> 00:14:21,000
amino acids

427
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:23,480
amino acids
the shape of the amino acid determines

428
00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:23,490
the shape of the amino acid determines

429
00:14:23,490 --> 00:14:25,340
the shape of the amino acid determines
the protein the folding of the amino

430
00:14:25,340 --> 00:14:25,350
the protein the folding of the amino

431
00:14:25,350 --> 00:14:27,530
the protein the folding of the amino
acids in the protein determines the

432
00:14:27,530 --> 00:14:27,540
acids in the protein determines the

433
00:14:27,540 --> 00:14:29,960
acids in the protein determines the
shape of the protein and the shape of

434
00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:29,970
shape of the protein and the shape of

435
00:14:29,970 --> 00:14:33,410
shape of the protein and the shape of
the protein also determines the function

436
00:14:33,410 --> 00:14:33,420
the protein also determines the function

437
00:14:33,420 --> 00:14:36,290
the protein also determines the function
of the chemical functions of the protein

438
00:14:36,290 --> 00:14:36,300
of the chemical functions of the protein

439
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:38,480
of the chemical functions of the protein
that will carry will carry out in the

440
00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:38,490
that will carry will carry out in the

441
00:14:38,490 --> 00:14:41,030
that will carry will carry out in the
living organisms we will see this now

442
00:14:41,030 --> 00:14:41,040
living organisms we will see this now

443
00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:44,990
living organisms we will see this now
the quaternary structures is another in

444
00:14:44,990 --> 00:14:45,000
the quaternary structures is another in

445
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,860
the quaternary structures is another in
one protein we may have units subunits

446
00:14:48,860 --> 00:14:48,870
one protein we may have units subunits

447
00:14:48,870 --> 00:14:50,720
one protein we may have units subunits
and again the assembling of those

448
00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:50,730
and again the assembling of those

449
00:14:50,730 --> 00:14:52,760
and again the assembling of those
subunits arrangement of those multiple

450
00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:52,770
subunits arrangement of those multiple

451
00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:55,610
subunits arrangement of those multiple
units incorporated in non amino acid

452
00:14:55,610 --> 00:14:55,620
units incorporated in non amino acid

453
00:14:55,620 --> 00:15:00,500
units incorporated in non amino acid
proteins of proteins it gives you the

454
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:00,510
proteins of proteins it gives you the

455
00:15:00,510 --> 00:15:03,410
proteins of proteins it gives you the
quaternary structures again let's see

456
00:15:03,410 --> 00:15:03,420
quaternary structures again let's see

457
00:15:03,420 --> 00:15:06,800
quaternary structures again let's see
what we mean by this this is again the

458
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:06,810
what we mean by this this is again the

459
00:15:06,810 --> 00:15:09,470
what we mean by this this is again the
the structures of the protein this is

460
00:15:09,470 --> 00:15:09,480
the structures of the protein this is

461
00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:12,920
the structures of the protein this is
the primary structure right that means

462
00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:12,930
the primary structure right that means

463
00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:16,040
the primary structure right that means
the sequence of the amino acids which

464
00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:16,050
the sequence of the amino acids which

465
00:15:16,050 --> 00:15:18,230
the sequence of the amino acids which
amino acids are linked together by

466
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:18,240
amino acids are linked together by

467
00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,900
amino acids are linked together by
peptide link and in this chain that's

468
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:20,910
peptide link and in this chain that's

469
00:15:20,910 --> 00:15:24,590
peptide link and in this chain that's
the primary structure now the secondary

470
00:15:24,590 --> 00:15:24,600
the primary structure now the secondary

471
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:27,470
the primary structure now the secondary
structure we may simply have the helix

472
00:15:27,470 --> 00:15:27,480
structure we may simply have the helix

473
00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:30,770
structure we may simply have the helix
type structure like this or we may have

474
00:15:30,770 --> 00:15:30,780
type structure like this or we may have

475
00:15:30,780 --> 00:15:33,050
type structure like this or we may have
a planar structure like this again

476
00:15:33,050 --> 00:15:33,060
a planar structure like this again

477
00:15:33,060 --> 00:15:36,650
a planar structure like this again
remember all of these structures we have

478
00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:36,660
remember all of these structures we have

479
00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,690
remember all of these structures we have
a very strong interactions between the

480
00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:40,700
a very strong interactions between the

481
00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:43,760
a very strong interactions between the
nitrogen and the oxygen groups again and

482
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:43,770
nitrogen and the oxygen groups again and

483
00:15:43,770 --> 00:15:46,760
nitrogen and the oxygen groups again and
particularly the form in the helix

484
00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:46,770
particularly the form in the helix

485
00:15:46,770 --> 00:15:49,970
particularly the form in the helix
structure that allows the interactions

486
00:15:49,970 --> 00:15:49,980
structure that allows the interactions

487
00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:52,490
structure that allows the interactions
the hydrogen bonding between the strain

488
00:15:52,490 --> 00:15:52,500
the hydrogen bonding between the strain

489
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:56,260
the hydrogen bonding between the strain
of the protein strain of the protein and

490
00:15:56,260 --> 00:15:56,270
of the protein strain of the protein and

491
00:15:56,270 --> 00:15:59,329
of the protein strain of the protein and
this is called the beta sheet it's sort

492
00:15:59,329 --> 00:15:59,339
this is called the beta sheet it's sort

493
00:15:59,339 --> 00:16:02,390
this is called the beta sheet it's sort
of a planar structures like this now

494
00:16:02,390 --> 00:16:02,400
of a planar structures like this now

495
00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,030
of a planar structures like this now
when you have those and fold them up

496
00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:05,040
when you have those and fold them up

497
00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:06,440
when you have those and fold them up
here like this

498
00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:06,450
here like this

499
00:16:06,450 --> 00:16:08,780
here like this
that becomes the tertiary structures now

500
00:16:08,780 --> 00:16:08,790
that becomes the tertiary structures now

501
00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:12,079
that becomes the tertiary structures now
if you have a bigger protein which have

502
00:16:12,079 --> 00:16:12,089
if you have a bigger protein which have

503
00:16:12,089 --> 00:16:14,750
if you have a bigger protein which have
subunits and have this kind of structure

504
00:16:14,750 --> 00:16:14,760
subunits and have this kind of structure

505
00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,090
subunits and have this kind of structure
again every subunit has different

506
00:16:17,090 --> 00:16:17,100
again every subunit has different

507
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:19,930
again every subunit has different
structure this different assembling

508
00:16:19,930 --> 00:16:19,940
structure this different assembling

509
00:16:19,940 --> 00:16:23,530
structure this different assembling
structures and that gives you the

510
00:16:23,530 --> 00:16:23,540
structures and that gives you the

511
00:16:23,540 --> 00:16:29,240
structures and that gives you the
quaternary structures of the protein now

512
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:29,250
quaternary structures of the protein now

513
00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:31,760
quaternary structures of the protein now
the primary structure formations of the

514
00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:31,770
the primary structure formations of the

515
00:16:31,770 --> 00:16:34,360
the primary structure formations of the
mi band between amino acid

516
00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:34,370
mi band between amino acid

517
00:16:34,370 --> 00:16:37,449
mi band between amino acid
repeats many times for polypeptide

518
00:16:37,449 --> 00:16:37,459
repeats many times for polypeptide

519
00:16:37,459 --> 00:16:40,269
repeats many times for polypeptide
protein again to get that million

520
00:16:40,269 --> 00:16:40,279
protein again to get that million

521
00:16:40,279 --> 00:16:43,840
protein again to get that million
molecular mass atomic mass unit for the

522
00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:43,850
molecular mass atomic mass unit for the

523
00:16:43,850 --> 00:16:45,939
molecular mass atomic mass unit for the
proteins it's a very very large long

524
00:16:45,939 --> 00:16:45,949
proteins it's a very very large long

525
00:16:45,949 --> 00:16:48,730
proteins it's a very very large long
chain here is the glycine and alanine

526
00:16:48,730 --> 00:16:48,740
chain here is the glycine and alanine

527
00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:54,309
chain here is the glycine and alanine
and we get the glycine alanine protein

528
00:16:54,309 --> 00:16:54,319
and we get the glycine alanine protein

529
00:16:54,319 --> 00:16:56,920
and we get the glycine alanine protein
and that we will add more and more of

530
00:16:56,920 --> 00:16:56,930
and that we will add more and more of

531
00:16:56,930 --> 00:17:00,400
and that we will add more and more of
that now the secondary structure as we

532
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:00,410
that now the secondary structure as we

533
00:17:00,410 --> 00:17:02,319
that now the secondary structure as we
talked about that two common times it

534
00:17:02,319 --> 00:17:02,329
talked about that two common times it

535
00:17:02,329 --> 00:17:04,960
talked about that two common times it
says alpha helix as I showed you looks

536
00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:04,970
says alpha helix as I showed you looks

537
00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:08,980
says alpha helix as I showed you looks
like a corkscrew or spiral staircases

538
00:17:08,980 --> 00:17:08,990
like a corkscrew or spiral staircases

539
00:17:08,990 --> 00:17:12,490
like a corkscrew or spiral staircases
the carbon oxygen forms hydrogen bonds

540
00:17:12,490 --> 00:17:12,500
the carbon oxygen forms hydrogen bonds

541
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,210
the carbon oxygen forms hydrogen bonds
with the nitrogen hydrogen from the

542
00:17:15,210 --> 00:17:15,220
with the nitrogen hydrogen from the

543
00:17:15,220 --> 00:17:19,419
with the nitrogen hydrogen from the
another amino acid in the chain right so

544
00:17:19,419 --> 00:17:19,429
another amino acid in the chain right so

545
00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:23,350
another amino acid in the chain right so
another strain of the amino acids now

546
00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:23,360
another strain of the amino acids now

547
00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:26,350
another strain of the amino acids now
better sheet two or more pleated regions

548
00:17:26,350 --> 00:17:26,360
better sheet two or more pleated regions

549
00:17:26,360 --> 00:17:28,539
better sheet two or more pleated regions
looking like a shape of the pleated

550
00:17:28,539 --> 00:17:28,549
looking like a shape of the pleated

551
00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:31,960
looking like a shape of the pleated
skirt or corrugated cardboard are held

552
00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:31,970
skirt or corrugated cardboard are held

553
00:17:31,970 --> 00:17:34,360
skirt or corrugated cardboard are held
together by the same hydrogen bonds as

554
00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:34,370
together by the same hydrogen bonds as

555
00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:37,630
together by the same hydrogen bonds as
an alpha helix one major difference is

556
00:17:37,630 --> 00:17:37,640
an alpha helix one major difference is

557
00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:40,000
an alpha helix one major difference is
how far apart from each other the amino

558
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:40,010
how far apart from each other the amino

559
00:17:40,010 --> 00:17:43,029
how far apart from each other the amino
acids are in the amino acid sequence of

560
00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:43,039
acids are in the amino acid sequence of

561
00:17:43,039 --> 00:17:45,250
acids are in the amino acid sequence of
alpha helix atoms are much closer

562
00:17:45,250 --> 00:17:45,260
alpha helix atoms are much closer

563
00:17:45,260 --> 00:17:48,100
alpha helix atoms are much closer
together in alpha helix the hydrogen

564
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:48,110
together in alpha helix the hydrogen

565
00:17:48,110 --> 00:17:49,870
together in alpha helix the hydrogen
bundles are taking place in much closer

566
00:17:49,870 --> 00:17:49,880
bundles are taking place in much closer

567
00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:52,720
bundles are taking place in much closer
distances in beta the beta sheet

568
00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:52,730
distances in beta the beta sheet

569
00:17:52,730 --> 00:17:57,750
distances in beta the beta sheet
structure again it is longer distance

570
00:17:57,750 --> 00:17:57,760
structure again it is longer distance

571
00:17:57,760 --> 00:18:01,000
structure again it is longer distance
hydrogen bonded now tertiary structures

572
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:01,010
hydrogen bonded now tertiary structures

573
00:18:01,010 --> 00:18:03,669
hydrogen bonded now tertiary structures
side chains interact with each other and

574
00:18:03,669 --> 00:18:03,679
side chains interact with each other and

575
00:18:03,679 --> 00:18:05,639
side chains interact with each other and
the surrounding environment usually

576
00:18:05,639 --> 00:18:05,649
the surrounding environment usually

577
00:18:05,649 --> 00:18:09,100
the surrounding environment usually
aqueous environment the forces we called

578
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:09,110
aqueous environment the forces we called

579
00:18:09,110 --> 00:18:11,799
aqueous environment the forces we called
intermolecular are mostly what drives

580
00:18:11,799 --> 00:18:11,809
intermolecular are mostly what drives

581
00:18:11,809 --> 00:18:13,750
intermolecular are mostly what drives
the tertiary structures we have the

582
00:18:13,750 --> 00:18:13,760
the tertiary structures we have the

583
00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,240
the tertiary structures we have the
intermolecular forces and the side

584
00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:16,250
intermolecular forces and the side

585
00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:18,789
intermolecular forces and the side
chains have polar nonpolar and charged

586
00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:18,799
chains have polar nonpolar and charged

587
00:18:18,799 --> 00:18:21,760
chains have polar nonpolar and charged
groups these give rise to ion ion ion

588
00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:21,770
groups these give rise to ion ion ion

589
00:18:21,770 --> 00:18:24,580
groups these give rise to ion ion ion
dipole dipole dipole and dispersion

590
00:18:24,580 --> 00:18:24,590
dipole dipole dipole and dispersion

591
00:18:24,590 --> 00:18:26,980
dipole dipole dipole and dispersion
force interactions and definitely

592
00:18:26,980 --> 00:18:26,990
force interactions and definitely

593
00:18:26,990 --> 00:18:28,750
force interactions and definitely
hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bonds is

594
00:18:28,750 --> 00:18:28,760
hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bonds is

595
00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:33,430
hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bonds is
definitely there too now the quaternary

596
00:18:33,430 --> 00:18:33,440
definitely there too now the quaternary

597
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,430
definitely there too now the quaternary
structures some proteins are made up of

598
00:18:36,430 --> 00:18:36,440
structures some proteins are made up of

599
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,460
structures some proteins are made up of
more than one polypeptide chain more

600
00:18:39,460 --> 00:18:39,470
more than one polypeptide chain more

601
00:18:39,470 --> 00:18:42,250
more than one polypeptide chain more
than one that means subunits some

602
00:18:42,250 --> 00:18:42,260
than one that means subunits some

603
00:18:42,260 --> 00:18:45,010
than one that means subunits some
proteins contain portions that are not

604
00:18:45,010 --> 00:18:45,020
proteins contain portions that are not

605
00:18:45,020 --> 00:18:47,680
proteins contain portions that are not
amino acids in the nature and the

606
00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:47,690
amino acids in the nature and the

607
00:18:47,690 --> 00:18:49,509
amino acids in the nature and the
combinations of subunits all these

608
00:18:49,509 --> 00:18:49,519
combinations of subunits all these

609
00:18:49,519 --> 00:18:52,810
combinations of subunits all these
subunits is quaternary structures when

610
00:18:52,810 --> 00:18:52,820
subunits is quaternary structures when

611
00:18:52,820 --> 00:18:55,060
subunits is quaternary structures when
they get together form a shape that's

612
00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:55,070
they get together form a shape that's

613
00:18:55,070 --> 00:18:58,499
they get together form a shape that's
the this fourth structure of the

614
00:18:58,499 --> 00:18:58,509
the this fourth structure of the

615
00:18:58,509 --> 00:19:03,519
the this fourth structure of the
proteins now this gives you another

616
00:19:03,519 --> 00:19:03,529
proteins now this gives you another

617
00:19:03,529 --> 00:19:06,549
proteins now this gives you another
classifications of proteins says one

618
00:19:06,549 --> 00:19:06,559
classifications of proteins says one

619
00:19:06,559 --> 00:19:09,090
classifications of proteins says one
method to classify proteins is based on

620
00:19:09,090 --> 00:19:09,100
method to classify proteins is based on

621
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,490
method to classify proteins is based on
solubility global proteins are roughly

622
00:19:12,490 --> 00:19:12,500
solubility global proteins are roughly

623
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:15,009
solubility global proteins are roughly
spherical and dissolve in aqueous

624
00:19:15,009 --> 00:19:15,019
spherical and dissolve in aqueous

625
00:19:15,019 --> 00:19:17,350
spherical and dissolve in aqueous
environment this is the globular that

626
00:19:17,350 --> 00:19:17,360
environment this is the globular that

627
00:19:17,360 --> 00:19:20,409
environment this is the globular that
means spherical type and fibrous

628
00:19:20,409 --> 00:19:20,419
means spherical type and fibrous

629
00:19:20,419 --> 00:19:24,879
means spherical type and fibrous
proteins long-chain are usually long

630
00:19:24,879 --> 00:19:24,889
proteins long-chain are usually long

631
00:19:24,889 --> 00:19:27,310
proteins long-chain are usually long
fibers that are insoluble in water and

632
00:19:27,310 --> 00:19:27,320
fibers that are insoluble in water and

633
00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:30,669
fibers that are insoluble in water and
are used as structural materials as

634
00:19:30,669 --> 00:19:30,679
are used as structural materials as

635
00:19:30,679 --> 00:19:33,279
are used as structural materials as
structural materials that means in the

636
00:19:33,279 --> 00:19:33,289
structural materials that means in the

637
00:19:33,289 --> 00:19:35,740
structural materials that means in the
living organisms like skins and muscles

638
00:19:35,740 --> 00:19:35,750
living organisms like skins and muscles

639
00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:39,299
living organisms like skins and muscles
and things like that as a matter of fact

640
00:19:39,299 --> 00:19:39,309
and things like that as a matter of fact

641
00:19:39,309 --> 00:19:44,580
and things like that as a matter of fact
now the second biopolymers is

642
00:19:44,580 --> 00:19:44,590
now the second biopolymers is

643
00:19:44,590 --> 00:19:48,369
now the second biopolymers is
carbohydrates now the name comes from

644
00:19:48,369 --> 00:19:48,379
carbohydrates now the name comes from

645
00:19:48,379 --> 00:19:52,210
carbohydrates now the name comes from
the empirical formula for sugars which

646
00:19:52,210 --> 00:19:52,220
the empirical formula for sugars which

647
00:19:52,220 --> 00:19:54,970
the empirical formula for sugars which
has this empirical formula for the

648
00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:54,980
has this empirical formula for the

649
00:19:54,980 --> 00:19:57,310
has this empirical formula for the
simplest sugars X is equal to Y which is

650
00:19:57,310 --> 00:19:57,320
simplest sugars X is equal to Y which is

651
00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:00,279
simplest sugars X is equal to Y which is
the glucose as we will see it now what

652
00:20:00,279 --> 00:20:00,289
the glucose as we will see it now what

653
00:20:00,289 --> 00:20:02,560
the glucose as we will see it now what
does this mean this means like we have X

654
00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:02,570
does this mean this means like we have X

655
00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:04,960
does this mean this means like we have X
carbon atoms and like we have this

656
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:04,970
carbon atoms and like we have this

657
00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:06,999
carbon atoms and like we have this
carbon atom is hydrated with water

658
00:20:06,999 --> 00:20:07,009
carbon atom is hydrated with water

659
00:20:07,009 --> 00:20:10,450
carbon atom is hydrated with water
molecules hydration is simply means the

660
00:20:10,450 --> 00:20:10,460
molecules hydration is simply means the

661
00:20:10,460 --> 00:20:14,710
molecules hydration is simply means the
surround the atoms or the molecule with

662
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:14,720
surround the atoms or the molecule with

663
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:20,129
surround the atoms or the molecule with
water molecules but in reality the

664
00:20:20,129 --> 00:20:20,139
water molecules but in reality the

665
00:20:20,139 --> 00:20:22,570
water molecules but in reality the
carbohydrates they are not actually

666
00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:22,580
carbohydrates they are not actually

667
00:20:22,580 --> 00:20:25,389
carbohydrates they are not actually
carbohydrates they are simply compounds

668
00:20:25,389 --> 00:20:25,399
carbohydrates they are simply compounds

669
00:20:25,399 --> 00:20:27,669
carbohydrates they are simply compounds
of carbon hydrogen or oxygen that's it

670
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:27,679
of carbon hydrogen or oxygen that's it

671
00:20:27,679 --> 00:20:28,570
of carbon hydrogen or oxygen that's it
right

672
00:20:28,570 --> 00:20:28,580
right

673
00:20:28,580 --> 00:20:32,230
right
but the ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen

674
00:20:32,230 --> 00:20:32,240
but the ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen

675
00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:35,409
but the ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen
always wanted to so that means we can

676
00:20:35,409 --> 00:20:35,419
always wanted to so that means we can

677
00:20:35,419 --> 00:20:39,369
always wanted to so that means we can
always write the formula as this certain

678
00:20:39,369 --> 00:20:39,379
always write the formula as this certain

679
00:20:39,379 --> 00:20:41,019
always write the formula as this certain
number of carbon atoms and certain

680
00:20:41,019 --> 00:20:41,029
number of carbon atoms and certain

681
00:20:41,029 --> 00:20:42,789
number of carbon atoms and certain
number of water molecules that's what we

682
00:20:42,789 --> 00:20:42,799
number of water molecules that's what we

683
00:20:42,799 --> 00:20:45,789
number of water molecules that's what we
call it high grade carbohydrates like

684
00:20:45,789 --> 00:20:45,799
call it high grade carbohydrates like

685
00:20:45,799 --> 00:20:49,330
call it high grade carbohydrates like
hydrated carbon hydrated carbon but in

686
00:20:49,330 --> 00:20:49,340
hydrated carbon hydrated carbon but in

687
00:20:49,340 --> 00:20:51,399
hydrated carbon hydrated carbon but in
reality it is not actually we have to

688
00:20:51,399 --> 00:20:51,409
reality it is not actually we have to

689
00:20:51,409 --> 00:20:54,850
reality it is not actually we have to
remember that now simple sugar which is

690
00:20:54,850 --> 00:20:54,860
remember that now simple sugar which is

691
00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:57,999
remember that now simple sugar which is
the monosaccharides are poly hydroxy

692
00:20:57,999 --> 00:20:58,009
the monosaccharides are poly hydroxy

693
00:20:58,009 --> 00:21:01,330
the monosaccharides are poly hydroxy
aldehyde or ketone

694
00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:01,340

695
00:21:01,340 --> 00:21:04,960
again this is what the plant synthesizes

696
00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:04,970
again this is what the plant synthesizes

697
00:21:04,970 --> 00:21:07,720
again this is what the plant synthesizes
in photosynthesis right in

698
00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:07,730
in photosynthesis right in

699
00:21:07,730 --> 00:21:10,539
in photosynthesis right in
photosynthesis they are often drawn as

700
00:21:10,539 --> 00:21:10,549
photosynthesis they are often drawn as

701
00:21:10,549 --> 00:21:13,269
photosynthesis they are often drawn as
chains but most frequently exists as

702
00:21:13,269 --> 00:21:13,279
chains but most frequently exists as

703
00:21:13,279 --> 00:21:17,110
chains but most frequently exists as
rings in solutions so for example

704
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:17,120
rings in solutions so for example

705
00:21:17,120 --> 00:21:19,659
rings in solutions so for example
glucose this is the alpha glucose beta

706
00:21:19,659 --> 00:21:19,669
glucose this is the alpha glucose beta

707
00:21:19,669 --> 00:21:21,310
glucose this is the alpha glucose beta
glucose what is the difference the

708
00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:21,320
glucose what is the difference the

709
00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:23,529
glucose what is the difference the
difference actually is the positions of

710
00:21:23,529 --> 00:21:23,539
difference actually is the positions of

711
00:21:23,539 --> 00:21:25,600
difference actually is the positions of
this Oh H with respect to this group

712
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:25,610
this Oh H with respect to this group

713
00:21:25,610 --> 00:21:28,210
this Oh H with respect to this group
over here these are in the same side and

714
00:21:28,210 --> 00:21:28,220
over here these are in the same side and

715
00:21:28,220 --> 00:21:30,519
over here these are in the same side and
over here this on this side that on that

716
00:21:30,519 --> 00:21:30,529
over here this on this side that on that

717
00:21:30,529 --> 00:21:32,289
over here this on this side that on that
side that's the alpha this is the beta

718
00:21:32,289 --> 00:21:32,299
side that's the alpha this is the beta

719
00:21:32,299 --> 00:21:35,919
side that's the alpha this is the beta
glucose actually six carbon and then we

720
00:21:35,919 --> 00:21:35,929
glucose actually six carbon and then we

721
00:21:35,929 --> 00:21:39,159
glucose actually six carbon and then we
have six oxygen and 12 hydrogen right

722
00:21:39,159 --> 00:21:39,169
have six oxygen and 12 hydrogen right

723
00:21:39,169 --> 00:21:42,549
have six oxygen and 12 hydrogen right
and it is an aldehyde it is an aldehyde

724
00:21:42,549 --> 00:21:42,559
and it is an aldehyde it is an aldehyde

725
00:21:42,559 --> 00:21:46,840
and it is an aldehyde it is an aldehyde
and also ketones as we say now here you

726
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:46,850
and also ketones as we say now here you

727
00:21:46,850 --> 00:21:50,230
and also ketones as we say now here you
will see those this is the glucose six

728
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:50,240
will see those this is the glucose six

729
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,499
will see those this is the glucose six
carbon and it is an aldehyde you see

730
00:21:53,499 --> 00:21:53,509
carbon and it is an aldehyde you see

731
00:21:53,509 --> 00:21:55,029
carbon and it is an aldehyde you see
again we have a double bond and the

732
00:21:55,029 --> 00:21:55,039
again we have a double bond and the

733
00:21:55,039 --> 00:21:57,100
again we have a double bond and the
hydrogen at the end this is the aldehyde

734
00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:57,110
hydrogen at the end this is the aldehyde

735
00:21:57,110 --> 00:22:00,730
hydrogen at the end this is the aldehyde
and it also has a H group that means it

736
00:22:00,730 --> 00:22:00,740
and it also has a H group that means it

737
00:22:00,740 --> 00:22:03,940
and it also has a H group that means it
is actually a alcohol it is a poly

738
00:22:03,940 --> 00:22:03,950
is actually a alcohol it is a poly

739
00:22:03,950 --> 00:22:09,100
is actually a alcohol it is a poly
hydroxyl aldehyde poly hydroxyl aldehyde

740
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:09,110
hydroxyl aldehyde poly hydroxyl aldehyde

741
00:22:09,110 --> 00:22:13,330
hydroxyl aldehyde poly hydroxyl aldehyde
now this is the fructose which is

742
00:22:13,330 --> 00:22:13,340
now this is the fructose which is

743
00:22:13,340 --> 00:22:16,180
now this is the fructose which is
present in fruits particularly and it is

744
00:22:16,180 --> 00:22:16,190
present in fruits particularly and it is

745
00:22:16,190 --> 00:22:19,240
present in fruits particularly and it is
also six carbon and the close formula is

746
00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:19,250
also six carbon and the close formula is

747
00:22:19,250 --> 00:22:21,879
also six carbon and the close formula is
exactly the same but this is a ketone

748
00:22:21,879 --> 00:22:21,889
exactly the same but this is a ketone

749
00:22:21,889 --> 00:22:24,369
exactly the same but this is a ketone
you see again the ketone there and again

750
00:22:24,369 --> 00:22:24,379
you see again the ketone there and again

751
00:22:24,379 --> 00:22:27,220
you see again the ketone there and again
we have the hydroxide group now remember

752
00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:27,230
we have the hydroxide group now remember

753
00:22:27,230 --> 00:22:29,970
we have the hydroxide group now remember
these are the monomers of

754
00:22:29,970 --> 00:22:29,980
these are the monomers of

755
00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:33,060
these are the monomers of
polysaccharides right polysaccharides

756
00:22:33,060 --> 00:22:33,070
polysaccharides right polysaccharides

757
00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:37,710
polysaccharides right polysaccharides
again carbohydrates or both yay now

758
00:22:37,710 --> 00:22:37,720
again carbohydrates or both yay now

759
00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:41,049
again carbohydrates or both yay now
disaccharide is simply obtained by

760
00:22:41,049 --> 00:22:41,059
disaccharide is simply obtained by

761
00:22:41,059 --> 00:22:44,019
disaccharide is simply obtained by
combining two of these glucose or

762
00:22:44,019 --> 00:22:44,029
combining two of these glucose or

763
00:22:44,029 --> 00:22:47,440
combining two of these glucose or
fructose units together and when you

764
00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:47,450
fructose units together and when you

765
00:22:47,450 --> 00:22:50,649
fructose units together and when you
combine these two units like glucose and

766
00:22:50,649 --> 00:22:50,659
combine these two units like glucose and

767
00:22:50,659 --> 00:22:53,610
combine these two units like glucose and
fructose and take out one water molecule

768
00:22:53,610 --> 00:22:53,620
fructose and take out one water molecule

769
00:22:53,620 --> 00:22:56,950
fructose and take out one water molecule
this is a gain of condensation right you

770
00:22:56,950 --> 00:22:56,960
this is a gain of condensation right you

771
00:22:56,960 --> 00:22:59,320
this is a gain of condensation right you
take H from one side hydrogen from one

772
00:22:59,320 --> 00:22:59,330
take H from one side hydrogen from one

773
00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:01,299
take H from one side hydrogen from one
side and one water molecule comes out

774
00:23:01,299 --> 00:23:01,309
side and one water molecule comes out

775
00:23:01,309 --> 00:23:06,190
side and one water molecule comes out
and we get actually a disaccharide that

776
00:23:06,190 --> 00:23:06,200
and we get actually a disaccharide that

777
00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:08,950
and we get actually a disaccharide that
means two monomers and this is sucrose

778
00:23:08,950 --> 00:23:08,960
means two monomers and this is sucrose

779
00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:11,740
means two monomers and this is sucrose
this is the table sugar actually we have

780
00:23:11,740 --> 00:23:11,750
this is the table sugar actually we have

781
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:13,710
this is the table sugar actually we have
the glucose and fructose

782
00:23:13,710 --> 00:23:13,720
the glucose and fructose

783
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:16,740
the glucose and fructose
combined together now if we combine two

784
00:23:16,740 --> 00:23:16,750
combined together now if we combine two

785
00:23:16,750 --> 00:23:19,950
combined together now if we combine two
glucose units together like this and it

786
00:23:19,950 --> 00:23:19,960
glucose units together like this and it

787
00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:22,440
glucose units together like this and it
becomes a lactose it is also sugar but

788
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:22,450
becomes a lactose it is also sugar but

789
00:23:22,450 --> 00:23:25,410
becomes a lactose it is also sugar but
that is milk sugar right that is the

790
00:23:25,410 --> 00:23:25,420
that is milk sugar right that is the

791
00:23:25,420 --> 00:23:29,400
that is milk sugar right that is the
milk sugar again now then we can add

792
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:29,410
milk sugar again now then we can add

793
00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:32,310
milk sugar again now then we can add
here more and more and make that chain

794
00:23:32,310 --> 00:23:32,320
here more and more and make that chain

795
00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:35,790
here more and more and make that chain
more and more longer and longer actually

796
00:23:35,790 --> 00:23:35,800
more and more longer and longer actually

797
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,520
more and more longer and longer actually
and bigger and bigger molecule and then

798
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:38,530
and bigger and bigger molecule and then

799
00:23:38,530 --> 00:23:41,390
and bigger and bigger molecule and then
we simply have the polymers now

800
00:23:41,390 --> 00:23:41,400
we simply have the polymers now

801
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,730
we simply have the polymers now
polysaccharides as you can imagine means

802
00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:44,740
polysaccharides as you can imagine means

803
00:23:44,740 --> 00:23:46,440
polysaccharides as you can imagine means
containing more than one of those

804
00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:46,450
containing more than one of those

805
00:23:46,450 --> 00:23:49,290
containing more than one of those
glucose and fructose units as again

806
00:23:49,290 --> 00:23:49,300
glucose and fructose units as again

807
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:52,230
glucose and fructose units as again
linked together by condensation

808
00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:52,240
linked together by condensation

809
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:55,200
linked together by condensation
reactions and dehydration can create

810
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:55,210
reactions and dehydration can create

811
00:23:55,210 --> 00:23:58,260
reactions and dehydration can create
long-chain polysaccharides dehydration

812
00:23:58,260 --> 00:23:58,270
long-chain polysaccharides dehydration

813
00:23:58,270 --> 00:23:59,730
long-chain polysaccharides dehydration
that's what the condensation reaction

814
00:23:59,730 --> 00:23:59,740
that's what the condensation reaction

815
00:23:59,740 --> 00:24:01,050
that's what the condensation reaction
means take out the water

816
00:24:01,050 --> 00:24:01,060
means take out the water

817
00:24:01,060 --> 00:24:04,020
means take out the water
dehydration means the three most common

818
00:24:04,020 --> 00:24:04,030
dehydration means the three most common

819
00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:08,090
dehydration means the three most common
are the these polysaccharides starch

820
00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:08,100
are the these polysaccharides starch

821
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:13,050
are the these polysaccharides starch
glycogen and cellulose right and we know

822
00:24:13,050 --> 00:24:13,060
glycogen and cellulose right and we know

823
00:24:13,060 --> 00:24:18,600
glycogen and cellulose right and we know
the starch we know the cellulose cotton

824
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:18,610
the starch we know the cellulose cotton

825
00:24:18,610 --> 00:24:20,940
the starch we know the cellulose cotton
and things like that right and glycogen

826
00:24:20,940 --> 00:24:20,950
and things like that right and glycogen

827
00:24:20,950 --> 00:24:24,000
and things like that right and glycogen
czar in the animals these energy storage

828
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:24,010
czar in the animals these energy storage

829
00:24:24,010 --> 00:24:27,900
czar in the animals these energy storage
materials in the animals but even though

830
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:27,910
materials in the animals but even though

831
00:24:27,910 --> 00:24:29,520
materials in the animals but even though
they look like you have very different

832
00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:29,530
they look like you have very different

833
00:24:29,530 --> 00:24:31,890
they look like you have very different
properties there are different functions

834
00:24:31,890 --> 00:24:31,900
properties there are different functions

835
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:36,570
properties there are different functions
also but chemically they are all made up

836
00:24:36,570 --> 00:24:36,580
also but chemically they are all made up

837
00:24:36,580 --> 00:24:39,720
also but chemically they are all made up
from the same units that is the glucose

838
00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:39,730
from the same units that is the glucose

839
00:24:39,730 --> 00:24:43,920
from the same units that is the glucose
or fructose or the other six membered

840
00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:43,930
or fructose or the other six membered

841
00:24:43,930 --> 00:24:47,130
or fructose or the other six membered
sugar again right poly hydroxide

842
00:24:47,130 --> 00:24:47,140
sugar again right poly hydroxide

843
00:24:47,140 --> 00:24:49,440
sugar again right poly hydroxide
now Sarge consists of many different

844
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:49,450
now Sarge consists of many different

845
00:24:49,450 --> 00:24:53,040
now Sarge consists of many different
size and various branch and chains of

846
00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:53,050
size and various branch and chains of

847
00:24:53,050 --> 00:24:55,800
size and various branch and chains of
glucose prepared by plans to store

848
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:55,810
glucose prepared by plans to store

849
00:24:55,810 --> 00:24:59,220
glucose prepared by plans to store
energy so again the starch is used for

850
00:24:59,220 --> 00:24:59,230
energy so again the starch is used for

851
00:24:59,230 --> 00:25:01,830
energy so again the starch is used for
the plant to store the energy and it's

852
00:25:01,830 --> 00:25:01,840
the plant to store the energy and it's

853
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:03,990
the plant to store the energy and it's
we also get our energy from the starch

854
00:25:03,990 --> 00:25:04,000
we also get our energy from the starch

855
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,110
we also get our energy from the starch
to from what we eat potatoes we eat rice

856
00:25:07,110 --> 00:25:07,120
to from what we eat potatoes we eat rice

857
00:25:07,120 --> 00:25:10,650
to from what we eat potatoes we eat rice
we eat wheat and all of those contain a

858
00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:10,660
we eat wheat and all of those contain a

859
00:25:10,660 --> 00:25:14,900
we eat wheat and all of those contain a
lot of starch and our body simply

860
00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:14,910
lot of starch and our body simply

861
00:25:14,910 --> 00:25:17,580
lot of starch and our body simply
hydrolyzes that starch because the

862
00:25:17,580 --> 00:25:17,590
hydrolyzes that starch because the

863
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:19,760
hydrolyzes that starch because the
enzymes that we have in our body

864
00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:19,770
enzymes that we have in our body

865
00:25:19,770 --> 00:25:22,610
enzymes that we have in our body
hydrolyzes that starts converts that

866
00:25:22,610 --> 00:25:22,620
hydrolyzes that starts converts that

867
00:25:22,620 --> 00:25:25,440
hydrolyzes that starts converts that
polysaccharide into the glucose and

868
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:25,450
polysaccharide into the glucose and

869
00:25:25,450 --> 00:25:27,150
polysaccharide into the glucose and
fructose right

870
00:25:27,150 --> 00:25:27,160
fructose right

871
00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:29,880
fructose right
all units and those smaller units are

872
00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:29,890
all units and those smaller units are

873
00:25:29,890 --> 00:25:33,450
all units and those smaller units are
simply carried out and combusted in our

874
00:25:33,450 --> 00:25:33,460
simply carried out and combusted in our

875
00:25:33,460 --> 00:25:38,760
simply carried out and combusted in our
body to create to to release the energy

876
00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:38,770
body to create to to release the energy

877
00:25:38,770 --> 00:25:43,020
body to create to to release the energy
that we need for the survival right we

878
00:25:43,020 --> 00:25:43,030
that we need for the survival right we

879
00:25:43,030 --> 00:25:46,620
that we need for the survival right we
need for the survival so glycogen is

880
00:25:46,620 --> 00:25:46,630
need for the survival so glycogen is

881
00:25:46,630 --> 00:25:48,900
need for the survival so glycogen is
often called animal starch so it is

882
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:48,910
often called animal starch so it is

883
00:25:48,910 --> 00:25:52,590
often called animal starch so it is
similar to that again but animals have

884
00:25:52,590 --> 00:25:52,600
similar to that again but animals have

885
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:54,540
similar to that again but animals have
that glycogen or synthesizer collection

886
00:25:54,540 --> 00:25:54,550
that glycogen or synthesizer collection

887
00:25:54,550 --> 00:25:56,850
that glycogen or synthesizer collection
it is far temporary energy storage in

888
00:25:56,850 --> 00:25:56,860
it is far temporary energy storage in

889
00:25:56,860 --> 00:25:58,670
it is far temporary energy storage in
the animals it is called actually the

890
00:25:58,670 --> 00:25:58,680
the animals it is called actually the

891
00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,580
the animals it is called actually the
energy bank of the animals

892
00:26:01,580 --> 00:26:01,590
energy bank of the animals

893
00:26:01,590 --> 00:26:04,680
energy bank of the animals
fast for long-term energy storage again

894
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:04,690
fast for long-term energy storage again

895
00:26:04,690 --> 00:26:07,500
fast for long-term energy storage again
now cellulose is a structural

896
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:07,510
now cellulose is a structural

897
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:11,280
now cellulose is a structural
polysaccharide in plants making up cell

898
00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:11,290
polysaccharide in plants making up cell

899
00:26:11,290 --> 00:26:12,210
polysaccharide in plants making up cell
walls

900
00:26:12,210 --> 00:26:12,220
walls

901
00:26:12,220 --> 00:26:15,180
walls
it is unbranched and particularly in

902
00:26:15,180 --> 00:26:15,190
it is unbranched and particularly in

903
00:26:15,190 --> 00:26:17,910
it is unbranched and particularly in
plants it is making up cell walls and so

904
00:26:17,910 --> 00:26:17,920
plants it is making up cell walls and so

905
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,880
plants it is making up cell walls and so
on and it's unbranched now cellulose and

906
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:20,890
on and it's unbranched now cellulose and

907
00:26:20,890 --> 00:26:24,320
on and it's unbranched now cellulose and
starch are both made from glucose

908
00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:24,330
starch are both made from glucose

909
00:26:24,330 --> 00:26:28,770
starch are both made from glucose
monosaccharide the same glucose but in

910
00:26:28,770 --> 00:26:28,780
monosaccharide the same glucose but in

911
00:26:28,780 --> 00:26:32,100
monosaccharide the same glucose but in
one case we have alpha glucose in the

912
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:32,110
one case we have alpha glucose in the

913
00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:34,680
one case we have alpha glucose in the
other case we have beta glucose right

914
00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:34,690
other case we have beta glucose right

915
00:26:34,690 --> 00:26:38,240
other case we have beta glucose right
that difference makes the starch and

916
00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:38,250
that difference makes the starch and

917
00:26:38,250 --> 00:26:41,670
that difference makes the starch and
cellulose so different very very

918
00:26:41,670 --> 00:26:41,680
cellulose so different very very

919
00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:44,850
cellulose so different very very
different actually now if we eat

920
00:26:44,850 --> 00:26:44,860
different actually now if we eat

921
00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:48,840
different actually now if we eat
cellulose that will come out without

922
00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:48,850
cellulose that will come out without

923
00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:51,030
cellulose that will come out without
digestion x' actually without any change

924
00:26:51,030 --> 00:26:51,040
digestion x' actually without any change

925
00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:53,730
digestion x' actually without any change
you can just we can't do because we

926
00:26:53,730 --> 00:26:53,740
you can just we can't do because we

927
00:26:53,740 --> 00:26:57,600
you can just we can't do because we
don't have enzymes to convert the

928
00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:57,610
don't have enzymes to convert the

929
00:26:57,610 --> 00:27:01,290
don't have enzymes to convert the
cellulose into simple sugars those

930
00:27:01,290 --> 00:27:01,300
cellulose into simple sugars those

931
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:04,740
cellulose into simple sugars those
monomers but we have our enzymes convert

932
00:27:04,740 --> 00:27:04,750
monomers but we have our enzymes convert

933
00:27:04,750 --> 00:27:08,640
monomers but we have our enzymes convert
the starch which is the same things to

934
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:08,650
the starch which is the same things to

935
00:27:08,650 --> 00:27:10,710
the starch which is the same things to
the sugar the difference is one is the

936
00:27:10,710 --> 00:27:10,720
the sugar the difference is one is the

937
00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:12,960
the sugar the difference is one is the
alpha glucose the other one is beta

938
00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:12,970
alpha glucose the other one is beta

939
00:27:12,970 --> 00:27:15,330
alpha glucose the other one is beta
glucose you see again the enzyme is so

940
00:27:15,330 --> 00:27:15,340
glucose you see again the enzyme is so

941
00:27:15,340 --> 00:27:19,560
glucose you see again the enzyme is so
specific even that small difference make

942
00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:19,570
specific even that small difference make

943
00:27:19,570 --> 00:27:22,790
specific even that small difference make
the enzyme non active it's not simply

944
00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:22,800
the enzyme non active it's not simply

945
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,820
the enzyme non active it's not simply
active at all in converting the human

946
00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:26,830
active at all in converting the human

947
00:27:26,830 --> 00:27:29,220
active at all in converting the human
enzymes actually convert into cellulose

948
00:27:29,220 --> 00:27:29,230
enzymes actually convert into cellulose

949
00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:34,470
enzymes actually convert into cellulose
to the sugar but the animals enzymes

950
00:27:34,470 --> 00:27:34,480
to the sugar but the animals enzymes

951
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:37,680
to the sugar but the animals enzymes
because they eat grass and that contains

952
00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:37,690
because they eat grass and that contains

953
00:27:37,690 --> 00:27:41,049
because they eat grass and that contains
cellulose a lot of green things and can

954
00:27:41,049 --> 00:27:41,059
cellulose a lot of green things and can

955
00:27:41,059 --> 00:27:44,320
cellulose a lot of green things and can
just that because their enzymes break

956
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:44,330
just that because their enzymes break

957
00:27:44,330 --> 00:27:47,560
just that because their enzymes break
the cellulose into monosaccharides and

958
00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:47,570
the cellulose into monosaccharides and

959
00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:49,690
the cellulose into monosaccharides and
they can use up those in their bodies

960
00:27:49,690 --> 00:27:49,700
they can use up those in their bodies

961
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:56,200
they can use up those in their bodies
for the energy they needed okay these

962
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:56,210
for the energy they needed okay these

963
00:27:56,210 --> 00:27:58,080
for the energy they needed okay these
are the structures you see again

964
00:27:58,080 --> 00:27:58,090
are the structures you see again

965
00:27:58,090 --> 00:28:04,269
are the structures you see again
polysaccharides here and I guess you can

966
00:28:04,269 --> 00:28:04,279
polysaccharides here and I guess you can

967
00:28:04,279 --> 00:28:07,090
polysaccharides here and I guess you can
have single units like this or double

968
00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:07,100
have single units like this or double

969
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:11,110
have single units like this or double
like that and it is a polymer long-chain

970
00:28:11,110 --> 00:28:11,120
like that and it is a polymer long-chain

971
00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:15,269
like that and it is a polymer long-chain
polymer you know very very big molecules

972
00:28:15,269 --> 00:28:15,279
polymer you know very very big molecules

973
00:28:15,279 --> 00:28:20,590
polymer you know very very big molecules
now the others is the lipids the game

974
00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:20,600
now the others is the lipids the game

975
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:24,879
now the others is the lipids the game
now lipids are not polymers actually are

976
00:28:24,879 --> 00:28:24,889
now lipids are not polymers actually are

977
00:28:24,889 --> 00:28:28,749
now lipids are not polymers actually are
not polymers lipids are broad class of

978
00:28:28,749 --> 00:28:28,759
not polymers lipids are broad class of

979
00:28:28,759 --> 00:28:31,180
not polymers lipids are broad class of
nonpolar bio organic molecules they are

980
00:28:31,180 --> 00:28:31,190
nonpolar bio organic molecules they are

981
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:33,369
nonpolar bio organic molecules they are
grouped because they are insoluble in

982
00:28:33,369 --> 00:28:33,379
grouped because they are insoluble in

983
00:28:33,379 --> 00:28:37,600
grouped because they are insoluble in
water now they are used biologically to

984
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:37,610
water now they are used biologically to

985
00:28:37,610 --> 00:28:41,440
water now they are used biologically to
store energy like fats and oils and for

986
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:41,450
store energy like fats and oils and for

987
00:28:41,450 --> 00:28:45,100
store energy like fats and oils and for
biological structures phospholipids in

988
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:45,110
biological structures phospholipids in

989
00:28:45,110 --> 00:28:49,629
biological structures phospholipids in
cell membranes now let's look at what is

990
00:28:49,629 --> 00:28:49,639
cell membranes now let's look at what is

991
00:28:49,639 --> 00:29:10,840
cell membranes now let's look at what is
a fats and oil

992
00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:10,850

993
00:29:10,850 --> 00:29:21,110
now when we combine glycerol this is an

994
00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:21,120
now when we combine glycerol this is an

995
00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:32,150
now when we combine glycerol this is an
alcohol plus three fatty acids and then

996
00:29:32,150 --> 00:29:32,160
alcohol plus three fatty acids and then

997
00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:39,380
alcohol plus three fatty acids and then
we get the fat now what is a glycerol

998
00:29:39,380 --> 00:29:39,390
we get the fat now what is a glycerol

999
00:29:39,390 --> 00:29:42,310
we get the fat now what is a glycerol
glycerol is is the structure actually

1000
00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:42,320
glycerol is is the structure actually

1001
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:50,030
glycerol is is the structure actually
three carbons and I have an IH o H and O

1002
00:29:50,030 --> 00:29:50,040
three carbons and I have an IH o H and O

1003
00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:54,110
three carbons and I have an IH o H and O
H here and then two hydrogen's one

1004
00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:54,120
H here and then two hydrogen's one

1005
00:29:54,120 --> 00:29:57,560
H here and then two hydrogen's one
hydrogen and two hydrogen there now when

1006
00:29:57,560 --> 00:29:57,570
hydrogen and two hydrogen there now when

1007
00:29:57,570 --> 00:29:59,480
hydrogen and two hydrogen there now when
we combine it with fatty acids what is

1008
00:29:59,480 --> 00:29:59,490
we combine it with fatty acids what is

1009
00:29:59,490 --> 00:30:01,520
we combine it with fatty acids what is
the fatty acids fatty acids is actually

1010
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:01,530
the fatty acids fatty acids is actually

1011
00:30:01,530 --> 00:30:04,610
the fatty acids fatty acids is actually
carboxylic acids long chain number of

1012
00:30:04,610 --> 00:30:04,620
carboxylic acids long chain number of

1013
00:30:04,620 --> 00:30:08,750
carboxylic acids long chain number of
carbon is between 16 and 19 right so we

1014
00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:08,760
carbon is between 16 and 19 right so we

1015
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,799
carbon is between 16 and 19 right so we
simply have let's say CH 3 and then

1016
00:30:12,799 --> 00:30:12,809
simply have let's say CH 3 and then

1017
00:30:12,809 --> 00:30:17,060
simply have let's say CH 3 and then
let's call here CH 2 and make that one

1018
00:30:17,060 --> 00:30:17,070
let's call here CH 2 and make that one

1019
00:30:17,070 --> 00:30:25,330
let's call here CH 2 and make that one
let's make that 16 plus C oh oh and co h

1020
00:30:25,330 --> 00:30:25,340
let's make that 16 plus C oh oh and co h

1021
00:30:25,340 --> 00:30:28,549
let's make that 16 plus C oh oh and co h
this is the fatty acids again how many

1022
00:30:28,549 --> 00:30:28,559
this is the fatty acids again how many

1023
00:30:28,559 --> 00:30:32,870
this is the fatty acids again how many
carbons this says 16 17 18 carbons may

1024
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:32,880
carbons this says 16 17 18 carbons may

1025
00:30:32,880 --> 00:30:36,200
carbons this says 16 17 18 carbons may
be up to 8 19 carbons now if you get

1026
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:36,210
be up to 8 19 carbons now if you get

1027
00:30:36,210 --> 00:30:40,570
be up to 8 19 carbons now if you get
three of those and we get the

1028
00:30:40,570 --> 00:30:40,580
three of those and we get the

1029
00:30:40,580 --> 00:30:43,159
three of those and we get the
esterification x' actually we get the

1030
00:30:43,159 --> 00:30:43,169
esterification x' actually we get the

1031
00:30:43,169 --> 00:30:48,200
esterification x' actually we get the
esters and this simply Oh H takes out

1032
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:48,210
esters and this simply Oh H takes out

1033
00:30:48,210 --> 00:30:50,450
esters and this simply Oh H takes out
one of that hydrogen's and then we end

1034
00:30:50,450 --> 00:30:50,460
one of that hydrogen's and then we end

1035
00:30:50,460 --> 00:31:35,930
one of that hydrogen's and then we end
up with this

1036
00:31:35,930 --> 00:31:35,940

1037
00:31:35,940 --> 00:31:39,800
all right this is the fat and plus we

1038
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:39,810
all right this is the fat and plus we

1039
00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:42,140
all right this is the fat and plus we
have two three water molecules right

1040
00:31:42,140 --> 00:31:42,150
have two three water molecules right

1041
00:31:42,150 --> 00:31:45,860
have two three water molecules right
coming out there this is what we call a

1042
00:31:45,860 --> 00:31:45,870
coming out there this is what we call a

1043
00:31:45,870 --> 00:31:55,430
coming out there this is what we call a
fat now depending on the fatty acids

1044
00:31:55,430 --> 00:31:55,440
fat now depending on the fatty acids

1045
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:59,870
fat now depending on the fatty acids
actually carboxylic acid these are long

1046
00:31:59,870 --> 00:31:59,880
actually carboxylic acid these are long

1047
00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:02,180
actually carboxylic acid these are long
carboxylic acid if it contains a double

1048
00:32:02,180 --> 00:32:02,190
carboxylic acid if it contains a double

1049
00:32:02,190 --> 00:32:06,770
carboxylic acid if it contains a double
bond then we have the unsaturated fat

1050
00:32:06,770 --> 00:32:06,780
bond then we have the unsaturated fat

1051
00:32:06,780 --> 00:32:09,440
bond then we have the unsaturated fat
and if it's all saturated then we have a

1052
00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:09,450
and if it's all saturated then we have a

1053
00:32:09,450 --> 00:32:11,330
and if it's all saturated then we have a
saturated fat but this is what the fat

1054
00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:11,340
saturated fat but this is what the fat

1055
00:32:11,340 --> 00:32:14,810
saturated fat but this is what the fat
is all about a glycerol and those fatty

1056
00:32:14,810 --> 00:32:14,820
is all about a glycerol and those fatty

1057
00:32:14,820 --> 00:32:18,490
is all about a glycerol and those fatty
acids that's all it is

1058
00:32:18,490 --> 00:32:18,500

1059
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:22,070
let's look at here is what says fats and

1060
00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:22,080
let's look at here is what says fats and

1061
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:25,310
let's look at here is what says fats and
oils are made from long-chain carboxylic

1062
00:32:25,310 --> 00:32:25,320
oils are made from long-chain carboxylic

1063
00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:28,040
oils are made from long-chain carboxylic
acids and glycerol actually when we say

1064
00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:28,050
acids and glycerol actually when we say

1065
00:32:28,050 --> 00:32:31,030
acids and glycerol actually when we say
oil that means it contains unsaturated

1066
00:32:31,030 --> 00:32:31,040
oil that means it contains unsaturated

1067
00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:34,070
oil that means it contains unsaturated
carbonyl unsaturated carbons if it all

1068
00:32:34,070 --> 00:32:34,080
carbonyl unsaturated carbons if it all

1069
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,280
carbonyl unsaturated carbons if it all
saturated we call it fat like this are

1070
00:32:37,280 --> 00:32:37,290
saturated we call it fat like this are

1071
00:32:37,290 --> 00:32:39,800
saturated we call it fat like this are
made from long-chain carboxylic acid and

1072
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:39,810
made from long-chain carboxylic acid and

1073
00:32:39,810 --> 00:32:41,900
made from long-chain carboxylic acid and
glycerol this is the long-chain

1074
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:41,910
glycerol this is the long-chain

1075
00:32:41,910 --> 00:32:44,840
glycerol this is the long-chain
carboxylic acid and this is the glycerol

1076
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:44,850
carboxylic acid and this is the glycerol

1077
00:32:44,850 --> 00:32:45,740
carboxylic acid and this is the glycerol
right

1078
00:32:45,740 --> 00:32:45,750
right

1079
00:32:45,750 --> 00:32:49,550
right
glycerol now fats have only saturated

1080
00:32:49,550 --> 00:32:49,560
glycerol now fats have only saturated

1081
00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:52,550
glycerol now fats have only saturated
carboxylic acids and they are solids

1082
00:32:52,550 --> 00:32:52,560
carboxylic acids and they are solids

1083
00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:55,970
carboxylic acids and they are solids
these are often called the bad fats in

1084
00:32:55,970 --> 00:32:55,980
these are often called the bad fats in

1085
00:32:55,980 --> 00:32:58,310
these are often called the bad fats in
your diet you know you don't want the

1086
00:32:58,310 --> 00:32:58,320
your diet you know you don't want the

1087
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:01,150
your diet you know you don't want the
saturated one but we want these

1088
00:33:01,150 --> 00:33:01,160
saturated one but we want these

1089
00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:05,420
saturated one but we want these
unsaturated ones oils have at least one

1090
00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:05,430
unsaturated ones oils have at least one

1091
00:33:05,430 --> 00:33:08,300
unsaturated ones oils have at least one
unsaturated carboxylic acids they are

1092
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:08,310
unsaturated carboxylic acids they are

1093
00:33:08,310 --> 00:33:11,330
unsaturated carboxylic acids they are
liquids the more unsaturated the better

1094
00:33:11,330 --> 00:33:11,340
liquids the more unsaturated the better

1095
00:33:11,340 --> 00:33:14,870
liquids the more unsaturated the better
for poly for you that means

1096
00:33:14,870 --> 00:33:14,880
for poly for you that means

1097
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:16,700
for poly for you that means
polyunsaturated versus monounsaturated

1098
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:16,710
polyunsaturated versus monounsaturated

1099
00:33:16,710 --> 00:33:20,450
polyunsaturated versus monounsaturated
fats we also have that now essentially

1100
00:33:20,450 --> 00:33:20,460
fats we also have that now essentially

1101
00:33:20,460 --> 00:33:23,330
fats we also have that now essentially
fatty acids with double bonds must be

1102
00:33:23,330 --> 00:33:23,340
fatty acids with double bonds must be

1103
00:33:23,340 --> 00:33:26,450
fatty acids with double bonds must be
included in our diet our bodies cannot

1104
00:33:26,450 --> 00:33:26,460
included in our diet our bodies cannot

1105
00:33:26,460 --> 00:33:30,790
included in our diet our bodies cannot
produce them they are often called

1106
00:33:30,790 --> 00:33:30,800
produce them they are often called

1107
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,940
produce them they are often called
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids okay

1108
00:33:34,940 --> 00:33:34,950
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids okay

1109
00:33:34,950 --> 00:33:38,900
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids okay
here is the things now remember the we

1110
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:38,910
here is the things now remember the we

1111
00:33:38,910 --> 00:33:42,290
here is the things now remember the we
say the omega-3 which the fish oil

1112
00:33:42,290 --> 00:33:42,300
say the omega-3 which the fish oil

1113
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:45,140
say the omega-3 which the fish oil
contains a lot of omega-3 and very very

1114
00:33:45,140 --> 00:33:45,150
contains a lot of omega-3 and very very

1115
00:33:45,150 --> 00:33:47,960
contains a lot of omega-3 and very very
useful for health in fact right good

1116
00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:47,970
useful for health in fact right good

1117
00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:49,700
useful for health in fact right good
food the

1118
00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:49,710
food the

1119
00:33:49,710 --> 00:33:52,940
food the
omega-3 are the oils which have

1120
00:33:52,940 --> 00:33:52,950
omega-3 are the oils which have

1121
00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,840
omega-3 are the oils which have
unsaturated hydrocarbons from this end

1122
00:33:56,840 --> 00:33:56,850
unsaturated hydrocarbons from this end

1123
00:33:56,850 --> 00:33:59,840
unsaturated hydrocarbons from this end
in the third hydrocarbon that's the

1124
00:33:59,840 --> 00:33:59,850
in the third hydrocarbon that's the

1125
00:33:59,850 --> 00:34:02,570
in the third hydrocarbon that's the
Omega third carbon this is the first

1126
00:34:02,570 --> 00:34:02,580
Omega third carbon this is the first

1127
00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:05,779
Omega third carbon this is the first
carbon second third if you have a double

1128
00:34:05,779 --> 00:34:05,789
carbon second third if you have a double

1129
00:34:05,789 --> 00:34:07,130
carbon second third if you have a double
bond between third and fourth carbon

1130
00:34:07,130 --> 00:34:07,140
bond between third and fourth carbon

1131
00:34:07,140 --> 00:34:09,710
bond between third and fourth carbon
here in this chain and here and here

1132
00:34:09,710 --> 00:34:09,720
here in this chain and here and here

1133
00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:13,339
here in this chain and here and here
that's called the omega-3 oil right

1134
00:34:13,339 --> 00:34:13,349
that's called the omega-3 oil right

1135
00:34:13,349 --> 00:34:16,579
that's called the omega-3 oil right
omega-3 oil now if I have the double

1136
00:34:16,579 --> 00:34:16,589
omega-3 oil now if I have the double

1137
00:34:16,589 --> 00:34:19,639
omega-3 oil now if I have the double
bond on six carbon from this end it is

1138
00:34:19,639 --> 00:34:19,649
bond on six carbon from this end it is

1139
00:34:19,649 --> 00:34:23,060
bond on six carbon from this end it is
called omega-6 and these omega-3 on over

1140
00:34:23,060 --> 00:34:23,070
called omega-6 and these omega-3 on over

1141
00:34:23,070 --> 00:34:28,190
called omega-6 and these omega-3 on over
six are the oils that we meet and they

1142
00:34:28,190 --> 00:34:28,200
six are the oils that we meet and they

1143
00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:30,970
six are the oils that we meet and they
have to be taken outside they have to be

1144
00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:30,980
have to be taken outside they have to be

1145
00:34:30,980 --> 00:34:34,550
have to be taken outside they have to be
ingested that means we have to eat food

1146
00:34:34,550 --> 00:34:34,560
ingested that means we have to eat food

1147
00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:41,320
ingested that means we have to eat food
containing these omega-3 and omega-6 and

1148
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:41,330
containing these omega-3 and omega-6 and

1149
00:34:41,330 --> 00:34:47,300
containing these omega-3 and omega-6 and
now our phospholipids are similar type

1150
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:47,310
now our phospholipids are similar type

1151
00:34:47,310 --> 00:34:49,300
now our phospholipids are similar type
structure let's see how they are

1152
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:49,310
structure let's see how they are

1153
00:34:49,310 --> 00:34:52,070
structure let's see how they are
arranged again you see how their

1154
00:34:52,070 --> 00:34:52,080
arranged again you see how their

1155
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,440
arranged again you see how their
structures is similar to the facts we

1156
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:54,450
structures is similar to the facts we

1157
00:34:54,450 --> 00:34:57,050
structures is similar to the facts we
have the glycerol with ester linkage to

1158
00:34:57,050 --> 00:34:57,060
have the glycerol with ester linkage to

1159
00:34:57,060 --> 00:35:00,349
have the glycerol with ester linkage to
two fatty acids instead of three okay

1160
00:35:00,349 --> 00:35:00,359
two fatty acids instead of three okay

1161
00:35:00,359 --> 00:35:05,839
two fatty acids instead of three okay
now for the lipids actually like here in

1162
00:35:05,839 --> 00:35:05,849
now for the lipids actually like here in

1163
00:35:05,849 --> 00:35:10,849
now for the lipids actually like here in
this formula we have three acids fatty

1164
00:35:10,849 --> 00:35:10,859
this formula we have three acids fatty

1165
00:35:10,859 --> 00:35:14,450
this formula we have three acids fatty
acids here but in the lipids we have 250

1166
00:35:14,450 --> 00:35:14,460
acids here but in the lipids we have 250

1167
00:35:14,460 --> 00:35:16,329
acids here but in the lipids we have 250
edges but here we have the phosphate

1168
00:35:16,329 --> 00:35:16,339
edges but here we have the phosphate

1169
00:35:16,339 --> 00:35:19,490
edges but here we have the phosphate
group here to fatty edges and one

1170
00:35:19,490 --> 00:35:19,500
group here to fatty edges and one

1171
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:21,859
group here to fatty edges and one
phosphate group and that makes the lipid

1172
00:35:21,859 --> 00:35:21,869
phosphate group and that makes the lipid

1173
00:35:21,869 --> 00:35:27,170
phosphate group and that makes the lipid
actually how it differs the third side

1174
00:35:27,170 --> 00:35:27,180
actually how it differs the third side

1175
00:35:27,180 --> 00:35:30,890
actually how it differs the third side
has a phosphate ester linkage connected

1176
00:35:30,890 --> 00:35:30,900
has a phosphate ester linkage connected

1177
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:33,339
has a phosphate ester linkage connected
to the charge or polar group such as

1178
00:35:33,339 --> 00:35:33,349
to the charge or polar group such as

1179
00:35:33,349 --> 00:35:38,930
to the charge or polar group such as
choline and that end actually which

1180
00:35:38,930 --> 00:35:38,940
choline and that end actually which

1181
00:35:38,940 --> 00:35:41,060
choline and that end actually which
contains a phosphate is a charge and

1182
00:35:41,060 --> 00:35:41,070
contains a phosphate is a charge and

1183
00:35:41,070 --> 00:35:45,109
contains a phosphate is a charge and
polar type side of the lipid molecule

1184
00:35:45,109 --> 00:35:45,119
polar type side of the lipid molecule

1185
00:35:45,119 --> 00:35:47,960
polar type side of the lipid molecule
the clustered together in water polar

1186
00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:47,970
the clustered together in water polar

1187
00:35:47,970 --> 00:35:50,349
the clustered together in water polar
regions they cluster together in water

1188
00:35:50,349 --> 00:35:50,359
regions they cluster together in water

1189
00:35:50,359 --> 00:35:53,720
regions they cluster together in water
such as polar regions pointing toward

1190
00:35:53,720 --> 00:35:53,730
such as polar regions pointing toward

1191
00:35:53,730 --> 00:35:56,060
such as polar regions pointing toward
the water and nonpolar fatty acids

1192
00:35:56,060 --> 00:35:56,070
the water and nonpolar fatty acids

1193
00:35:56,070 --> 00:35:57,980
the water and nonpolar fatty acids
regions pointing toward each other

1194
00:35:57,980 --> 00:35:57,990
regions pointing toward each other

1195
00:35:57,990 --> 00:36:02,660
regions pointing toward each other
forming a lipid by layer and the start

1196
00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:02,670
forming a lipid by layer and the start

1197
00:36:02,670 --> 00:36:03,320
forming a lipid by layer and the start
of

1198
00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:03,330
of

1199
00:36:03,330 --> 00:36:05,480
of
cell membrane the cell membrane is made

1200
00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:05,490
cell membrane the cell membrane is made

1201
00:36:05,490 --> 00:36:09,110
cell membrane the cell membrane is made
of like this again in this case we have

1202
00:36:09,110 --> 00:36:09,120
of like this again in this case we have

1203
00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:12,410
of like this again in this case we have
the water polar side and ionic side in

1204
00:36:12,410 --> 00:36:12,420
the water polar side and ionic side in

1205
00:36:12,420 --> 00:36:14,480
the water polar side and ionic side in
the water side and this is the ionic

1206
00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:14,490
the water side and this is the ionic

1207
00:36:14,490 --> 00:36:17,180
the water side and this is the ionic
side here and the nonpolar side and

1208
00:36:17,180 --> 00:36:17,190
side here and the nonpolar side and

1209
00:36:17,190 --> 00:36:19,280
side here and the nonpolar side and
organic part hydrocarbon parts is inside

1210
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:19,290
organic part hydrocarbon parts is inside

1211
00:36:19,290 --> 00:36:22,250
organic part hydrocarbon parts is inside
so we have sort of a layer and which is

1212
00:36:22,250 --> 00:36:22,260
so we have sort of a layer and which is

1213
00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:27,980
so we have sort of a layer and which is
the structure of the membrane of the

1214
00:36:27,980 --> 00:36:27,990
the structure of the membrane of the

1215
00:36:27,990 --> 00:36:30,800
the structure of the membrane of the
cells is similar to that and we have

1216
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:30,810
cells is similar to that and we have

1217
00:36:30,810 --> 00:36:32,960
cells is similar to that and we have
water and water here inside and outside

1218
00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:32,970
water and water here inside and outside

1219
00:36:32,970 --> 00:36:35,870
water and water here inside and outside
of the cell and that is the lipid very

1220
00:36:35,870 --> 00:36:35,880
of the cell and that is the lipid very

1221
00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:38,270
of the cell and that is the lipid very
very important structure part of the

1222
00:36:38,270 --> 00:36:38,280
very important structure part of the

1223
00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:46,190
very important structure part of the
cell living cells yes here is the

1224
00:36:46,190 --> 00:36:46,200
cell living cells yes here is the

1225
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,980
cell living cells yes here is the
example again this is the fatty acids

1226
00:36:50,980 --> 00:36:50,990
example again this is the fatty acids

1227
00:36:50,990 --> 00:36:53,390
example again this is the fatty acids
fat actually I should say there are

1228
00:36:53,390 --> 00:36:53,400
fat actually I should say there are

1229
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:55,580
fat actually I should say there are
fatty acids and that is the same as this

1230
00:36:55,580 --> 00:36:55,590
fatty acids and that is the same as this

1231
00:36:55,590 --> 00:36:57,950
fatty acids and that is the same as this
right over here just the open formula

1232
00:36:57,950 --> 00:36:57,960
right over here just the open formula

1233
00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:01,100
right over here just the open formula
and how many carbons I don't know but it

1234
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:01,110
and how many carbons I don't know but it

1235
00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,410
and how many carbons I don't know but it
right down the carbons like this and

1236
00:37:03,410 --> 00:37:03,420
right down the carbons like this and

1237
00:37:03,420 --> 00:37:07,070
right down the carbons like this and
there is no unsaturated here so that

1238
00:37:07,070 --> 00:37:07,080
there is no unsaturated here so that

1239
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:09,260
there is no unsaturated here so that
means this is going to be a fat from

1240
00:37:09,260 --> 00:37:09,270
means this is going to be a fat from

1241
00:37:09,270 --> 00:37:11,180
means this is going to be a fat from
fatty acids palmitic acid this is a

1242
00:37:11,180 --> 00:37:11,190
fatty acids palmitic acid this is a

1243
00:37:11,190 --> 00:37:13,880
fatty acids palmitic acid this is a
polymeric acid now when we have a lipid

1244
00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:13,890
polymeric acid now when we have a lipid

1245
00:37:13,890 --> 00:37:17,960
polymeric acid now when we have a lipid
and we have two acids just like here two

1246
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:17,970
and we have two acids just like here two

1247
00:37:17,970 --> 00:37:21,340
and we have two acids just like here two
of those the third one is the phosphate

1248
00:37:21,340 --> 00:37:21,350
of those the third one is the phosphate

1249
00:37:21,350 --> 00:37:25,370
of those the third one is the phosphate
bond it over here like this and this is

1250
00:37:25,370 --> 00:37:25,380
bond it over here like this and this is

1251
00:37:25,380 --> 00:37:27,770
bond it over here like this and this is
the polar part there's some something

1252
00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:27,780
the polar part there's some something

1253
00:37:27,780 --> 00:37:29,990
the polar part there's some something
wrong here this is going to be CH 3

1254
00:37:29,990 --> 00:37:30,000
wrong here this is going to be CH 3

1255
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,860
wrong here this is going to be CH 3
times 3 not ch2 but that is a positive

1256
00:37:33,860 --> 00:37:33,870
times 3 not ch2 but that is a positive

1257
00:37:33,870 --> 00:37:35,450
times 3 not ch2 but that is a positive
side there is a negative side here this

1258
00:37:35,450 --> 00:37:35,460
side there is a negative side here this

1259
00:37:35,460 --> 00:37:37,970
side there is a negative side here this
is a polar part that part is the one

1260
00:37:37,970 --> 00:37:37,980
is a polar part that part is the one

1261
00:37:37,980 --> 00:37:41,480
is a polar part that part is the one
which is in the water side and this part

1262
00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:41,490
which is in the water side and this part

1263
00:37:41,490 --> 00:37:46,220
which is in the water side and this part
is in inside of that lipid structure

1264
00:37:46,220 --> 00:37:46,230
is in inside of that lipid structure

1265
00:37:46,230 --> 00:37:49,910
is in inside of that lipid structure
that we have seen yes this one over here

1266
00:37:49,910 --> 00:37:49,920
that we have seen yes this one over here

1267
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,730
that we have seen yes this one over here
this is the polar part and this is the

1268
00:37:52,730 --> 00:37:52,740
this is the polar part and this is the

1269
00:37:52,740 --> 00:37:59,900
this is the polar part and this is the
nonpolar part of the lipid and that's

1270
00:37:59,900 --> 00:37:59,910
nonpolar part of the lipid and that's

1271
00:37:59,910 --> 00:38:04,760
nonpolar part of the lipid and that's
called the phospholipids this is the fat

1272
00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:04,770
called the phospholipids this is the fat

1273
00:38:04,770 --> 00:38:07,550
called the phospholipids this is the fat
and this is the lipid and if I have a

1274
00:38:07,550 --> 00:38:07,560
and this is the lipid and if I have a

1275
00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:09,470
and this is the lipid and if I have a
double bond here then it becomes oil

1276
00:38:09,470 --> 00:38:09,480
double bond here then it becomes oil

1277
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:15,470
double bond here then it becomes oil
right becomes oil

1278
00:38:15,470 --> 00:38:15,480

1279
00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:20,210
nucleic acids are another type of

1280
00:38:20,210 --> 00:38:20,220
nucleic acids are another type of

1281
00:38:20,220 --> 00:38:25,380
nucleic acids are another type of
biopolymers very very important class of

1282
00:38:25,380 --> 00:38:25,390
biopolymers very very important class of

1283
00:38:25,390 --> 00:38:28,170
biopolymers very very important class of
biopolymers that are chemically carriers

1284
00:38:28,170 --> 00:38:28,180
biopolymers that are chemically carriers

1285
00:38:28,180 --> 00:38:31,200
biopolymers that are chemically carriers
of genetic information this is very very

1286
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:31,210
of genetic information this is very very

1287
00:38:31,210 --> 00:38:33,809
of genetic information this is very very
important as a matter of fact they carry

1288
00:38:33,809 --> 00:38:33,819
important as a matter of fact they carry

1289
00:38:33,819 --> 00:38:35,910
important as a matter of fact they carry
out the genetic information and there

1290
00:38:35,910 --> 00:38:35,920
out the genetic information and there

1291
00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:39,470
out the genetic information and there
are two types one is deoxy carbo

1292
00:38:39,470 --> 00:38:39,480
are two types one is deoxy carbo

1293
00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:42,390
are two types one is deoxy carbo
ribonucleic acid which is abbreviation

1294
00:38:42,390 --> 00:38:42,400
ribonucleic acid which is abbreviation

1295
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,970
ribonucleic acid which is abbreviation
for this is DNA and this is ribonucleic

1296
00:38:44,970 --> 00:38:44,980
for this is DNA and this is ribonucleic

1297
00:38:44,980 --> 00:38:48,120
for this is DNA and this is ribonucleic
acid the abbreviations is RNA very close

1298
00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:48,130
acid the abbreviations is RNA very close

1299
00:38:48,130 --> 00:38:50,339
acid the abbreviations is RNA very close
structures I will show you how they

1300
00:38:50,339 --> 00:38:50,349
structures I will show you how they

1301
00:38:50,349 --> 00:38:53,849
structures I will show you how they
differ actually okay let's look at the

1302
00:38:53,849 --> 00:38:53,859
differ actually okay let's look at the

1303
00:38:53,859 --> 00:39:00,000
differ actually okay let's look at the
RNA and DNA nucleic acid types in a DNA

1304
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:00,010
RNA and DNA nucleic acid types in a DNA

1305
00:39:00,010 --> 00:39:03,960
RNA and DNA nucleic acid types in a DNA
we have huge molecules six to 16 million

1306
00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:03,970
we have huge molecules six to 16 million

1307
00:39:03,970 --> 00:39:08,460
we have huge molecules six to 16 million
atomic mass unit really long chain long

1308
00:39:08,460 --> 00:39:08,470
atomic mass unit really long chain long

1309
00:39:08,470 --> 00:39:11,790
atomic mass unit really long chain long
chains and then here we have smaller

1310
00:39:11,790 --> 00:39:11,800
chains and then here we have smaller

1311
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:13,890
chains and then here we have smaller
molecules RNA are smaller but when we

1312
00:39:13,890 --> 00:39:13,900
molecules RNA are smaller but when we

1313
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:16,309
molecules RNA are smaller but when we
say smaller the atomic mass unit is from

1314
00:39:16,309 --> 00:39:16,319
say smaller the atomic mass unit is from

1315
00:39:16,319 --> 00:39:19,530
say smaller the atomic mass unit is from
20,000 to 40,000 years can you imagine

1316
00:39:19,530 --> 00:39:19,540
20,000 to 40,000 years can you imagine

1317
00:39:19,540 --> 00:39:23,730
20,000 to 40,000 years can you imagine
and now one mole of this substance will

1318
00:39:23,730 --> 00:39:23,740
and now one mole of this substance will

1319
00:39:23,740 --> 00:39:26,160
and now one mole of this substance will
be how many grams can you tell me one

1320
00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:26,170
be how many grams can you tell me one

1321
00:39:26,170 --> 00:39:28,890
be how many grams can you tell me one
mole of RNA if the atomic mass is 40,000

1322
00:39:28,890 --> 00:39:28,900
mole of RNA if the atomic mass is 40,000

1323
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:35,970
mole of RNA if the atomic mass is 40,000
how many what is the mass one mole 40

1324
00:39:35,970 --> 00:39:35,980
how many what is the mass one mole 40

1325
00:39:35,980 --> 00:39:38,760
how many what is the mass one mole 40
kilograms right one mole is 40 kilograms

1326
00:39:38,760 --> 00:39:38,770
kilograms right one mole is 40 kilograms

1327
00:39:38,770 --> 00:39:43,339
kilograms right one mole is 40 kilograms
now if you come over here I guess Oh

1328
00:39:43,339 --> 00:39:43,349
now if you come over here I guess Oh

1329
00:39:43,349 --> 00:39:49,980
now if you come over here I guess Oh
sixteen million one mole will be 16

1330
00:39:49,980 --> 00:39:49,990
sixteen million one mole will be 16

1331
00:39:49,990 --> 00:39:51,329
sixteen million one mole will be 16
tonnes or something like that

1332
00:39:51,329 --> 00:39:51,339
tonnes or something like that

1333
00:39:51,339 --> 00:39:53,970
tonnes or something like that
16 tonnes can you imagine how big the

1334
00:39:53,970 --> 00:39:53,980
16 tonnes can you imagine how big the

1335
00:39:53,980 --> 00:39:56,760
16 tonnes can you imagine how big the
molecule one mole of water molecule one

1336
00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:56,770
molecule one mole of water molecule one

1337
00:39:56,770 --> 00:39:59,220
molecule one mole of water molecule one
more one more water is 18 grams right

1338
00:39:59,220 --> 00:39:59,230
more one more water is 18 grams right

1339
00:39:59,230 --> 00:40:01,680
more one more water is 18 grams right
just 18 grams one mole hydrogen is 2

1340
00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:01,690
just 18 grams one mole hydrogen is 2

1341
00:40:01,690 --> 00:40:04,620
just 18 grams one mole hydrogen is 2
grams so huge molecules as a matter of

1342
00:40:04,620 --> 00:40:04,630
grams so huge molecules as a matter of

1343
00:40:04,630 --> 00:40:07,079
grams so huge molecules as a matter of
fact primarily in nucleus of the cell

1344
00:40:07,079 --> 00:40:07,089
fact primarily in nucleus of the cell

1345
00:40:07,089 --> 00:40:11,280
fact primarily in nucleus of the cell
these are DNA DNA are found in nucleus

1346
00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:11,290
these are DNA DNA are found in nucleus

1347
00:40:11,290 --> 00:40:14,940
these are DNA DNA are found in nucleus
of the cell remember in a cell there is

1348
00:40:14,940 --> 00:40:14,950
of the cell remember in a cell there is

1349
00:40:14,950 --> 00:40:17,910
of the cell remember in a cell there is
a nucleus in the center so the DNA is

1350
00:40:17,910 --> 00:40:17,920
a nucleus in the center so the DNA is

1351
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:20,579
a nucleus in the center so the DNA is
found in the center now mostly outside

1352
00:40:20,579 --> 00:40:20,589
found in the center now mostly outside

1353
00:40:20,589 --> 00:40:23,040
found in the center now mostly outside
of the nucleus in cytoplasm actually the

1354
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:23,050
of the nucleus in cytoplasm actually the

1355
00:40:23,050 --> 00:40:25,020
of the nucleus in cytoplasm actually the
outside of the nucleus of the cell is

1356
00:40:25,020 --> 00:40:25,030
outside of the nucleus of the cell is

1357
00:40:25,030 --> 00:40:27,450
outside of the nucleus of the cell is
called cytoplasm now

1358
00:40:27,450 --> 00:40:27,460
called cytoplasm now

1359
00:40:27,460 --> 00:40:30,000
called cytoplasm now
Storrs genetic information so the

1360
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:30,010
Storrs genetic information so the

1361
00:40:30,010 --> 00:40:32,400
Storrs genetic information so the
genetic information is stored in a DNA

1362
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:32,410
genetic information is stored in a DNA

1363
00:40:32,410 --> 00:40:37,020
genetic information is stored in a DNA
structure and the this information is

1364
00:40:37,020 --> 00:40:37,030
structure and the this information is

1365
00:40:37,030 --> 00:40:38,820
structure and the this information is
carried from the nucleus of the cell

1366
00:40:38,820 --> 00:40:38,830
carried from the nucleus of the cell

1367
00:40:38,830 --> 00:40:42,930
carried from the nucleus of the cell
into the cytoplasm by the RNA actually

1368
00:40:42,930 --> 00:40:42,940
into the cytoplasm by the RNA actually

1369
00:40:42,940 --> 00:40:48,510
into the cytoplasm by the RNA actually
and the synthesis of the proteins

1370
00:40:48,510 --> 00:40:48,520
and the synthesis of the proteins

1371
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,590
and the synthesis of the proteins
particular proteins are become possible

1372
00:40:52,590 --> 00:40:52,600
particular proteins are become possible

1373
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:54,390
particular proteins are become possible
in the cytoplasm in in the cells

1374
00:40:54,390 --> 00:40:54,400
in the cytoplasm in in the cells

1375
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:56,820
in the cytoplasm in in the cells
specifies which proteins the cell can

1376
00:40:56,820 --> 00:40:56,830
specifies which proteins the cell can

1377
00:40:56,830 --> 00:40:58,920
specifies which proteins the cell can
synthesize information is used in the

1378
00:40:58,920 --> 00:40:58,930
synthesize information is used in the

1379
00:40:58,930 --> 00:41:01,350
synthesize information is used in the
protein synthesis outside of nucleus so

1380
00:41:01,350 --> 00:41:01,360
protein synthesis outside of nucleus so

1381
00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:03,510
protein synthesis outside of nucleus so
this information actually carried out

1382
00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:03,520
this information actually carried out

1383
00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:06,360
this information actually carried out
from the nucleus of the cell to the site

1384
00:41:06,360 --> 00:41:06,370
from the nucleus of the cell to the site

1385
00:41:06,370 --> 00:41:11,310
from the nucleus of the cell to the site
applause by RNA let's see what else we

1386
00:41:11,310 --> 00:41:11,320
applause by RNA let's see what else we

1387
00:41:11,320 --> 00:41:13,470
applause by RNA let's see what else we
have this is the structure of the

1388
00:41:13,470 --> 00:41:13,480
have this is the structure of the

1389
00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:16,730
have this is the structure of the
nucleic acids in a nucleic acids we have

1390
00:41:16,730 --> 00:41:16,740
nucleic acids in a nucleic acids we have

1391
00:41:16,740 --> 00:41:19,500
nucleic acids in a nucleic acids we have
nucleotides and these nucleotides are

1392
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:19,510
nucleotides and these nucleotides are

1393
00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:24,090
nucleotides and these nucleotides are
just like monomers like sugar in the

1394
00:41:24,090 --> 00:41:24,100
just like monomers like sugar in the

1395
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:26,700
just like monomers like sugar in the
carbohydrates polysaccharides and so on

1396
00:41:26,700 --> 00:41:26,710
carbohydrates polysaccharides and so on

1397
00:41:26,710 --> 00:41:29,250
carbohydrates polysaccharides and so on
now what is this monomer or nucleotide

1398
00:41:29,250 --> 00:41:29,260
now what is this monomer or nucleotide

1399
00:41:29,260 --> 00:41:32,580
now what is this monomer or nucleotide
let's look at that we have a phosphate

1400
00:41:32,580 --> 00:41:32,590
let's look at that we have a phosphate

1401
00:41:32,590 --> 00:41:36,000
let's look at that we have a phosphate
group over here and we have a ribose

1402
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:36,010
group over here and we have a ribose

1403
00:41:36,010 --> 00:41:41,550
group over here and we have a ribose
sugar again here and then five carbon

1404
00:41:41,550 --> 00:41:41,560
sugar again here and then five carbon

1405
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:44,370
sugar again here and then five carbon
sugar and then we have what we call here

1406
00:41:44,370 --> 00:41:44,380
sugar and then we have what we call here

1407
00:41:44,380 --> 00:41:50,610
sugar and then we have what we call here
a base unit any Nick nuclear base equal

1408
00:41:50,610 --> 00:41:50,620
a base unit any Nick nuclear base equal

1409
00:41:50,620 --> 00:41:52,200
a base unit any Nick nuclear base equal
basis there are five different of those

1410
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:52,210
basis there are five different of those

1411
00:41:52,210 --> 00:41:55,200
basis there are five different of those
this one is a base unit I guess this is

1412
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:55,210
this one is a base unit I guess this is

1413
00:41:55,210 --> 00:41:58,140
this one is a base unit I guess this is
the other nine like this so now when we

1414
00:41:58,140 --> 00:41:58,150
the other nine like this so now when we

1415
00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:01,830
the other nine like this so now when we
combine these this is monomer put them

1416
00:42:01,830 --> 00:42:01,840
combine these this is monomer put them

1417
00:42:01,840 --> 00:42:03,660
combine these this is monomer put them
together from here from there and you

1418
00:42:03,660 --> 00:42:03,670
together from here from there and you

1419
00:42:03,670 --> 00:42:07,050
together from here from there and you
see again that is the polymer and this

1420
00:42:07,050 --> 00:42:07,060
see again that is the polymer and this

1421
00:42:07,060 --> 00:42:10,050
see again that is the polymer and this
part here the phosphate and here we have

1422
00:42:10,050 --> 00:42:10,060
part here the phosphate and here we have

1423
00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:13,710
part here the phosphate and here we have
the sugar part ribose here we have the

1424
00:42:13,710 --> 00:42:13,720
the sugar part ribose here we have the

1425
00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:16,560
the sugar part ribose here we have the
base and this is called the nuclear

1426
00:42:16,560 --> 00:42:16,570
base and this is called the nuclear

1427
00:42:16,570 --> 00:42:20,160
base and this is called the nuclear
bases actually and there are six

1428
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:20,170
bases actually and there are six

1429
00:42:20,170 --> 00:42:23,670
bases actually and there are six
different bases as you will show you and

1430
00:42:23,670 --> 00:42:23,680
different bases as you will show you and

1431
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:27,720
different bases as you will show you and
this is the polymer so I see we simply

1432
00:42:27,720 --> 00:42:27,730
this is the polymer so I see we simply

1433
00:42:27,730 --> 00:42:30,960
this is the polymer so I see we simply
have the nucleic acids polymer here now

1434
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:30,970
have the nucleic acids polymer here now

1435
00:42:30,970 --> 00:42:32,610
have the nucleic acids polymer here now
which one what what is the difference

1436
00:42:32,610 --> 00:42:32,620
which one what what is the difference

1437
00:42:32,620 --> 00:42:36,140
which one what what is the difference
again is structure-wise between the

1438
00:42:36,140 --> 00:42:36,150
again is structure-wise between the

1439
00:42:36,150 --> 00:42:39,540
again is structure-wise between the
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and RNA this

1440
00:42:39,540 --> 00:42:39,550
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and RNA this

1441
00:42:39,550 --> 00:42:41,150
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and RNA this
one is actually DNA

1442
00:42:41,150 --> 00:42:41,160
one is actually DNA

1443
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:46,110
one is actually DNA
this unit monomer DNA in RNA we have

1444
00:42:46,110 --> 00:42:46,120
this unit monomer DNA in RNA we have

1445
00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:47,580
this unit monomer DNA in RNA we have
hydroxide here too

1446
00:42:47,580 --> 00:42:47,590
hydroxide here too

1447
00:42:47,590 --> 00:42:51,330
hydroxide here too
so when we simply change the hydroxide

1448
00:42:51,330 --> 00:42:51,340
so when we simply change the hydroxide

1449
00:42:51,340 --> 00:42:53,930
so when we simply change the hydroxide
to hydrogen it is called

1450
00:42:53,930 --> 00:42:53,940
to hydrogen it is called

1451
00:42:53,940 --> 00:42:56,490
to hydrogen it is called
deoxyribonucleic acid which is the

1452
00:42:56,490 --> 00:42:56,500
deoxyribonucleic acid which is the

1453
00:42:56,500 --> 00:43:00,360
deoxyribonucleic acid which is the
abbreviation DNA comes from now if I

1454
00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:00,370
abbreviation DNA comes from now if I

1455
00:43:00,370 --> 00:43:02,400
abbreviation DNA comes from now if I
have an hydroxide here two hydroxide

1456
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:02,410
have an hydroxide here two hydroxide

1457
00:43:02,410 --> 00:43:04,800
have an hydroxide here two hydroxide
that becomes a right board nucleic acid

1458
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:04,810
that becomes a right board nucleic acid

1459
00:43:04,810 --> 00:43:07,080
that becomes a right board nucleic acid
which is the RNA that's the only

1460
00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:07,090
which is the RNA that's the only

1461
00:43:07,090 --> 00:43:10,350
which is the RNA that's the only
difference between the ribose DNA and

1462
00:43:10,350 --> 00:43:10,360
difference between the ribose DNA and

1463
00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:13,470
difference between the ribose DNA and
RNA very clearly here in this part right

1464
00:43:13,470 --> 00:43:13,480
RNA very clearly here in this part right

1465
00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:18,540
RNA very clearly here in this part right
there and this is the polymer now the

1466
00:43:18,540 --> 00:43:18,550
there and this is the polymer now the

1467
00:43:18,550 --> 00:43:22,230
there and this is the polymer now the
double helix that formed by the DNA by

1468
00:43:22,230 --> 00:43:22,240
double helix that formed by the DNA by

1469
00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:24,210
double helix that formed by the DNA by
hydrogen bonding particularly hydrogen

1470
00:43:24,210 --> 00:43:24,220
hydrogen bonding particularly hydrogen

1471
00:43:24,220 --> 00:43:26,430
hydrogen bonding particularly hydrogen
bonding between those bases nuclear

1472
00:43:26,430 --> 00:43:26,440
bonding between those bases nuclear

1473
00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:28,760
bonding between those bases nuclear
bases nucleotides combine to form

1474
00:43:28,760 --> 00:43:28,770
bases nucleotides combine to form

1475
00:43:28,770 --> 00:43:31,770
bases nucleotides combine to form
familiar double helix form of the

1476
00:43:31,770 --> 00:43:31,780
familiar double helix form of the

1477
00:43:31,780 --> 00:43:34,940
familiar double helix form of the
nucleic acids this structure over here

1478
00:43:34,940 --> 00:43:34,950
nucleic acids this structure over here

1479
00:43:34,950 --> 00:43:38,450
nucleic acids this structure over here
now hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole

1480
00:43:38,450 --> 00:43:38,460
now hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole

1481
00:43:38,460 --> 00:43:41,310
now hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole
interactions and dispersion forces hold

1482
00:43:41,310 --> 00:43:41,320
interactions and dispersion forces hold

1483
00:43:41,320 --> 00:43:43,590
interactions and dispersion forces hold
the double helix together but mainly

1484
00:43:43,590 --> 00:43:43,600
the double helix together but mainly

1485
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:45,990
the double helix together but mainly
hydrogen bonding here mainly hydrogen

1486
00:43:45,990 --> 00:43:46,000
hydrogen bonding here mainly hydrogen

1487
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:50,220
hydrogen bonding here mainly hydrogen
bonded these are adenine and thymine and

1488
00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:50,230
bonded these are adenine and thymine and

1489
00:43:50,230 --> 00:43:53,460
bonded these are adenine and thymine and
so on like guanine guanine and adenine

1490
00:43:53,460 --> 00:43:53,470
so on like guanine guanine and adenine

1491
00:43:53,470 --> 00:43:55,470
so on like guanine guanine and adenine
thymine hydrogen bonding between the

1492
00:43:55,470 --> 00:43:55,480
thymine hydrogen bonding between the

1493
00:43:55,480 --> 00:43:56,220
thymine hydrogen bonding between the
nucleobases

1494
00:43:56,220 --> 00:43:56,230
nucleobases

1495
00:43:56,230 --> 00:43:58,500
nucleobases
and the nuclear bases as this part here

1496
00:43:58,500 --> 00:43:58,510
and the nuclear bases as this part here

1497
00:43:58,510 --> 00:44:01,410
and the nuclear bases as this part here
you see that part and that part there

1498
00:44:01,410 --> 00:44:01,420
you see that part and that part there

1499
00:44:01,420 --> 00:44:04,440
you see that part and that part there
are five different nuclear bases I guess

1500
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:04,450
are five different nuclear bases I guess

1501
00:44:04,450 --> 00:44:06,390
are five different nuclear bases I guess
five different nuclear bases yes

1502
00:44:06,390 --> 00:44:06,400
five different nuclear bases yes

1503
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:10,920
five different nuclear bases yes
now complementary bases pairs form ideal

1504
00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:10,930
now complementary bases pairs form ideal

1505
00:44:10,930 --> 00:44:13,890
now complementary bases pairs form ideal
hydrogen partners hydrogen bonding

1506
00:44:13,890 --> 00:44:13,900
hydrogen partners hydrogen bonding

1507
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:16,790
hydrogen partners hydrogen bonding
partners for example alanine and thymine

1508
00:44:16,790 --> 00:44:16,800
partners for example alanine and thymine

1509
00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:19,770
partners for example alanine and thymine
Ryan makes a hydrogen bonding and this

1510
00:44:19,770 --> 00:44:19,780
Ryan makes a hydrogen bonding and this

1511
00:44:19,780 --> 00:44:22,470
Ryan makes a hydrogen bonding and this
is cytosine and guanine makes it ideal

1512
00:44:22,470 --> 00:44:22,480
is cytosine and guanine makes it ideal

1513
00:44:22,480 --> 00:44:24,990
is cytosine and guanine makes it ideal
hydrogen bonding and these hydrogen bond

1514
00:44:24,990 --> 00:44:25,000
hydrogen bonding and these hydrogen bond

1515
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:28,290
hydrogen bonding and these hydrogen bond
ends makes this helix structure possible

1516
00:44:28,290 --> 00:44:28,300
ends makes this helix structure possible

1517
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:30,960
ends makes this helix structure possible
helix structure