1 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:14,140 talking about the theories that explain 2 00:00:14,140 --> 00:00:14,150 talking about the theories that explain 3 00:00:14,150 --> 00:00:17,620 talking about the theories that explain bonden chemical bundles and we said 4 00:00:17,620 --> 00:00:17,630 bonden chemical bundles and we said 5 00:00:17,630 --> 00:00:19,150 bonden chemical bundles and we said there are several different theories 6 00:00:19,150 --> 00:00:19,160 there are several different theories 7 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:25,080 there are several different theories which try to explain the bonding 8 00:00:25,080 --> 00:00:25,090 which try to explain the bonding 9 00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:27,580 which try to explain the bonding chemical bonding in molecules and also 10 00:00:27,580 --> 00:00:27,590 chemical bonding in molecules and also 11 00:00:27,590 --> 00:00:31,240 chemical bonding in molecules and also the structure and one of them which we 12 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:31,250 the structure and one of them which we 13 00:00:31,250 --> 00:00:35,640 the structure and one of them which we will simply cover in this chapter is the 14 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:35,650 15 00:00:35,650 --> 00:00:39,640 valence bond theory and the second one 16 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:39,650 valence bond theory and the second one 17 00:00:39,650 --> 00:00:42,009 valence bond theory and the second one we said is the molecular orbital theory 18 00:00:42,009 --> 00:00:42,019 we said is the molecular orbital theory 19 00:00:42,019 --> 00:00:44,139 we said is the molecular orbital theory so we talked about the valence bond 20 00:00:44,139 --> 00:00:44,149 so we talked about the valence bond 21 00:00:44,149 --> 00:00:46,510 so we talked about the valence bond theory and again the valence bond Theory 22 00:00:46,510 --> 00:00:46,520 theory and again the valence bond Theory 23 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:48,910 theory and again the valence bond Theory remember says that a chemical bond 24 00:00:48,910 --> 00:00:48,920 remember says that a chemical bond 25 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:53,200 remember says that a chemical bond between two atoms will form if the two 26 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:53,210 between two atoms will form if the two 27 00:00:53,210 --> 00:00:55,799 between two atoms will form if the two atomic orbitals from those two atom 28 00:00:55,799 --> 00:00:55,809 atomic orbitals from those two atom 29 00:00:55,809 --> 00:00:59,529 atomic orbitals from those two atom overlaps and also provided that those 30 00:00:59,529 --> 00:00:59,539 overlaps and also provided that those 31 00:00:59,539 --> 00:01:02,619 overlaps and also provided that those two atomic orbitals has one electron in 32 00:01:02,619 --> 00:01:02,629 two atomic orbitals has one electron in 33 00:01:02,629 --> 00:01:05,710 two atomic orbitals has one electron in each and so when you have an overlap of 34 00:01:05,710 --> 00:01:05,720 each and so when you have an overlap of 35 00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:09,999 each and so when you have an overlap of two atomic orbitals which has one 36 00:01:09,999 --> 00:01:10,009 two atomic orbitals which has one 37 00:01:10,009 --> 00:01:12,100 two atomic orbitals which has one electron each and those two electrons 38 00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:12,110 electron each and those two electrons 39 00:01:12,110 --> 00:01:16,749 electron each and those two electrons simply pair up between the bonds and a 40 00:01:16,749 --> 00:01:16,759 simply pair up between the bonds and a 41 00:01:16,759 --> 00:01:19,480 simply pair up between the bonds and a bond is formed this is what how the 42 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:19,490 bond is formed this is what how the 43 00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,210 bond is formed this is what how the valence bond Theory simply explains the 44 00:01:22,210 --> 00:01:22,220 valence bond Theory simply explains the 45 00:01:22,220 --> 00:01:24,999 valence bond Theory simply explains the abundant between two atoms as a matter 46 00:01:24,999 --> 00:01:25,009 abundant between two atoms as a matter 47 00:01:25,009 --> 00:01:28,240 abundant between two atoms as a matter of fact and here the example if you 48 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:28,250 of fact and here the example if you 49 00:01:28,250 --> 00:01:31,540 of fact and here the example if you consider the formation of the hydrogen 50 00:01:31,540 --> 00:01:31,550 consider the formation of the hydrogen 51 00:01:31,550 --> 00:01:34,059 consider the formation of the hydrogen molecule and the hydrogen hydrogen bond 52 00:01:34,059 --> 00:01:34,069 molecule and the hydrogen hydrogen bond 53 00:01:34,069 --> 00:01:37,300 molecule and the hydrogen hydrogen bond in the hydrogen molecule so 1s orbital 54 00:01:37,300 --> 00:01:37,310 in the hydrogen molecule so 1s orbital 55 00:01:37,310 --> 00:01:39,339 in the hydrogen molecule so 1s orbital from one hydrogen and 1s from the other 56 00:01:39,339 --> 00:01:39,349 from one hydrogen and 1s from the other 57 00:01:39,349 --> 00:01:41,559 from one hydrogen and 1s from the other hydrogen which contains one electron in 58 00:01:41,559 --> 00:01:41,569 hydrogen which contains one electron in 59 00:01:41,569 --> 00:01:45,100 hydrogen which contains one electron in each actually overlaps to form a bond 60 00:01:45,100 --> 00:01:45,110 each actually overlaps to form a bond 61 00:01:45,110 --> 00:01:48,190 each actually overlaps to form a bond between two hydrogen atoms and also form 62 00:01:48,190 --> 00:01:48,200 between two hydrogen atoms and also form 63 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:50,830 between two hydrogen atoms and also form the molecule or if we have for example 64 00:01:50,830 --> 00:01:50,840 the molecule or if we have for example 65 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:53,080 the molecule or if we have for example the bond between hydrogen and chlorine 66 00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:53,090 the bond between hydrogen and chlorine 67 00:01:53,090 --> 00:01:56,249 the bond between hydrogen and chlorine the valence bond theory says that the 68 00:01:56,249 --> 00:01:56,259 the valence bond theory says that the 69 00:01:56,259 --> 00:01:59,410 the valence bond theory says that the atomic orbital of hydrogen 1s orbital 70 00:01:59,410 --> 00:01:59,420 atomic orbital of hydrogen 1s orbital 71 00:01:59,420 --> 00:02:02,559 atomic orbital of hydrogen 1s orbital and the atomic orbital of chlorine 3 P 72 00:02:02,559 --> 00:02:02,569 and the atomic orbital of chlorine 3 P 73 00:02:02,569 --> 00:02:05,320 and the atomic orbital of chlorine 3 P orbitals each has one electron remember 74 00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:05,330 orbitals each has one electron remember 75 00:02:05,330 --> 00:02:08,619 orbitals each has one electron remember again those orbitals that overlap lead 76 00:02:08,619 --> 00:02:08,629 again those orbitals that overlap lead 77 00:02:08,629 --> 00:02:11,199 again those orbitals that overlap lead into the bond should have one electron 78 00:02:11,199 --> 00:02:11,209 into the bond should have one electron 79 00:02:11,209 --> 00:02:14,320 into the bond should have one electron in each as a matter of fact so we have a 80 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:14,330 in each as a matter of fact so we have a 81 00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:17,170 in each as a matter of fact so we have a bond between hydrogen and chlorine as we 82 00:02:17,170 --> 00:02:17,180 bond between hydrogen and chlorine as we 83 00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:20,140 bond between hydrogen and chlorine as we have seen here or in a chlorine molecule 84 00:02:20,140 --> 00:02:20,150 have seen here or in a chlorine molecule 85 00:02:20,150 --> 00:02:22,330 have seen here or in a chlorine molecule if we examine simply the bond between 86 00:02:22,330 --> 00:02:22,340 if we examine simply the bond between 87 00:02:22,340 --> 00:02:23,900 if we examine simply the bond between two chlorine atoms 88 00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:23,910 two chlorine atoms 89 00:02:23,910 --> 00:02:26,180 two chlorine atoms according to the valence bond Theory 3p 90 00:02:26,180 --> 00:02:26,190 according to the valence bond Theory 3p 91 00:02:26,190 --> 00:02:29,060 according to the valence bond Theory 3p orbitals from the chlorine atoms overlap 92 00:02:29,060 --> 00:02:29,070 orbitals from the chlorine atoms overlap 93 00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:30,650 orbitals from the chlorine atoms overlap which contains one electron in each 94 00:02:30,650 --> 00:02:30,660 which contains one electron in each 95 00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:35,270 which contains one electron in each again then for bond simply form this is 96 00:02:35,270 --> 00:02:35,280 again then for bond simply form this is 97 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:40,090 again then for bond simply form this is actually nice but the problem was again 98 00:02:40,090 --> 00:02:40,100 actually nice but the problem was again 99 00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:44,150 actually nice but the problem was again when it comes to explain the geometry of 100 00:02:44,150 --> 00:02:44,160 when it comes to explain the geometry of 101 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:46,040 when it comes to explain the geometry of the molecule and the bond angles 102 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:46,050 the molecule and the bond angles 103 00:02:46,050 --> 00:02:47,570 the molecule and the bond angles particularly which goes with the 104 00:02:47,570 --> 00:02:47,580 particularly which goes with the 105 00:02:47,580 --> 00:02:49,970 particularly which goes with the geometry the valence bond Theory has 106 00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:49,980 geometry the valence bond Theory has 107 00:02:49,980 --> 00:02:53,150 geometry the valence bond Theory has problems as try to as I try to explain 108 00:02:53,150 --> 00:02:53,160 problems as try to as I try to explain 109 00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:56,060 problems as try to as I try to explain you for example if you consider the 110 00:02:56,060 --> 00:02:56,070 you for example if you consider the 111 00:02:56,070 --> 00:02:59,950 you for example if you consider the beryllium difluoride molecule and 112 00:02:59,950 --> 00:02:59,960 beryllium difluoride molecule and 113 00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:03,260 beryllium difluoride molecule and beryllium actually doesn't have any war 114 00:03:03,260 --> 00:03:03,270 beryllium actually doesn't have any war 115 00:03:03,270 --> 00:03:05,690 beryllium actually doesn't have any war beetle which have one electron that 116 00:03:05,690 --> 00:03:05,700 beetle which have one electron that 117 00:03:05,700 --> 00:03:08,810 beetle which have one electron that overlap and form bond so can't really 118 00:03:08,810 --> 00:03:08,820 overlap and form bond so can't really 119 00:03:08,820 --> 00:03:11,750 overlap and form bond so can't really explain how the linear beryllium 120 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:11,760 explain how the linear beryllium 121 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:16,820 explain how the linear beryllium difluoride molecule forms simply a bond 122 00:03:16,820 --> 00:03:16,830 difluoride molecule forms simply a bond 123 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:19,520 difluoride molecule forms simply a bond between fluorine and beryllium atoms and 124 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:19,530 between fluorine and beryllium atoms and 125 00:03:19,530 --> 00:03:22,370 between fluorine and beryllium atoms and the same thing is also true when it 126 00:03:22,370 --> 00:03:22,380 the same thing is also true when it 127 00:03:22,380 --> 00:03:27,500 the same thing is also true when it comes to explain the angle between the 128 00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:27,510 comes to explain the angle between the 129 00:03:27,510 --> 00:03:30,560 comes to explain the angle between the hydrogen oxygen bond in water molecule 130 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:30,570 hydrogen oxygen bond in water molecule 131 00:03:30,570 --> 00:03:33,440 hydrogen oxygen bond in water molecule actually and the valence bond theory 132 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:33,450 actually and the valence bond theory 133 00:03:33,450 --> 00:03:36,620 actually and the valence bond theory predicts that if it is purely overlap of 134 00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:36,630 predicts that if it is purely overlap of 135 00:03:36,630 --> 00:03:38,780 predicts that if it is purely overlap of the atomic orbitals pure atomic orbitals 136 00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:38,790 the atomic orbitals pure atomic orbitals 137 00:03:38,790 --> 00:03:41,450 the atomic orbitals pure atomic orbitals then the bond angle in water should be 138 00:03:41,450 --> 00:03:41,460 then the bond angle in water should be 139 00:03:41,460 --> 00:03:43,520 then the bond angle in water should be ninety degrees and the same is also true 140 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:43,530 ninety degrees and the same is also true 141 00:03:43,530 --> 00:03:46,040 ninety degrees and the same is also true for ammonia as we have shown last time 142 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:46,050 for ammonia as we have shown last time 143 00:03:46,050 --> 00:03:48,830 for ammonia as we have shown last time and there also the angle has to be 90 144 00:03:48,830 --> 00:03:48,840 and there also the angle has to be 90 145 00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:51,770 and there also the angle has to be 90 degrees but in reality the angles are 146 00:03:51,770 --> 00:03:51,780 degrees but in reality the angles are 147 00:03:51,780 --> 00:03:53,360 degrees but in reality the angles are not 90 degrees right 148 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:53,370 not 90 degrees right 149 00:03:53,370 --> 00:03:55,699 not 90 degrees right in both cases actually larger than 90 150 00:03:55,699 --> 00:03:55,709 in both cases actually larger than 90 151 00:03:55,709 --> 00:03:58,250 in both cases actually larger than 90 degrees and particularly when you try to 152 00:03:58,250 --> 00:03:58,260 degrees and particularly when you try to 153 00:03:58,260 --> 00:04:00,949 degrees and particularly when you try to explain the reaction between hydrogen 154 00:04:00,949 --> 00:04:00,959 explain the reaction between hydrogen 155 00:04:00,959 --> 00:04:04,010 explain the reaction between hydrogen and carbon actually according to the 156 00:04:04,010 --> 00:04:04,020 and carbon actually according to the 157 00:04:04,020 --> 00:04:07,070 and carbon actually according to the valence bond Theory the molecule the 158 00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:07,080 valence bond Theory the molecule the 159 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:09,280 valence bond Theory the molecule the product that should form there should be 160 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:09,290 product that should form there should be 161 00:04:09,290 --> 00:04:12,260 product that should form there should be carbon one carbon atom two hydrogen 162 00:04:12,260 --> 00:04:12,270 carbon one carbon atom two hydrogen 163 00:04:12,270 --> 00:04:16,150 carbon one carbon atom two hydrogen atoms simply CH 2 molecule just 164 00:04:16,150 --> 00:04:16,160 atoms simply CH 2 molecule just 165 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:19,460 atoms simply CH 2 molecule just considered in the overlap but again we 166 00:04:19,460 --> 00:04:19,470 considered in the overlap but again we 167 00:04:19,470 --> 00:04:21,800 considered in the overlap but again we know that when you react hydrogen and 168 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:21,810 know that when you react hydrogen and 169 00:04:21,810 --> 00:04:25,070 know that when you react hydrogen and carbon the methane molecule form simply 170 00:04:25,070 --> 00:04:25,080 carbon the methane molecule form simply 171 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:27,320 carbon the methane molecule form simply ch4 molecule forms and it's a 172 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:27,330 ch4 molecule forms and it's a 173 00:04:27,330 --> 00:04:30,470 ch4 molecule forms and it's a tetrahedral so the only spawn Theory 174 00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:30,480 tetrahedral so the only spawn Theory 175 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,050 tetrahedral so the only spawn Theory cannot explain that right and we said 176 00:04:33,050 --> 00:04:33,060 cannot explain that right and we said 177 00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:36,650 cannot explain that right and we said the valence bond Theory proposed what we 178 00:04:36,650 --> 00:04:36,660 the valence bond Theory proposed what we 179 00:04:36,660 --> 00:04:37,620 the valence bond Theory proposed what we call hi 180 00:04:37,620 --> 00:04:37,630 call hi 181 00:04:37,630 --> 00:04:42,960 call hi predation of the atomic orbitals in a 182 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:42,970 predation of the atomic orbitals in a 183 00:04:42,970 --> 00:04:46,170 predation of the atomic orbitals in a molecule to explain the geometry and the 184 00:04:46,170 --> 00:04:46,180 molecule to explain the geometry and the 185 00:04:46,180 --> 00:04:50,970 molecule to explain the geometry and the angles actually and for example if we 186 00:04:50,970 --> 00:04:50,980 angles actually and for example if we 187 00:04:50,980 --> 00:04:54,000 angles actually and for example if we simply try to look at the beryllium 188 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:54,010 simply try to look at the beryllium 189 00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:56,640 simply try to look at the beryllium cases beryllium difluoride molecule 190 00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:56,650 cases beryllium difluoride molecule 191 00:04:56,650 --> 00:05:01,200 cases beryllium difluoride molecule they're simply you have one s two and 192 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:01,210 they're simply you have one s two and 193 00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:04,890 they're simply you have one s two and two s two electron configuration on a 194 00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:04,900 two s two electron configuration on a 195 00:05:04,900 --> 00:05:07,980 two s two electron configuration on a beryllium and the hybridization model 196 00:05:07,980 --> 00:05:07,990 beryllium and the hybridization model 197 00:05:07,990 --> 00:05:09,600 beryllium and the hybridization model which is proposed by the valence bond 198 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:09,610 which is proposed by the valence bond 199 00:05:09,610 --> 00:05:11,250 which is proposed by the valence bond Theory used by valence bond Theory 200 00:05:11,250 --> 00:05:11,260 Theory used by valence bond Theory 201 00:05:11,260 --> 00:05:13,770 Theory used by valence bond Theory simply says that one electron from the 202 00:05:13,770 --> 00:05:13,780 simply says that one electron from the 203 00:05:13,780 --> 00:05:16,110 simply says that one electron from the 2's orbital of the beryllium goes to the 204 00:05:16,110 --> 00:05:16,120 2's orbital of the beryllium goes to the 205 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,320 2's orbital of the beryllium goes to the 2p orbital and this way I have simply 206 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:19,330 2p orbital and this way I have simply 207 00:05:19,330 --> 00:05:21,180 2p orbital and this way I have simply one electron in two years of one 208 00:05:21,180 --> 00:05:21,190 one electron in two years of one 209 00:05:21,190 --> 00:05:24,480 one electron in two years of one electron and 2p orbitals so those two 210 00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:24,490 electron and 2p orbitals so those two 211 00:05:24,490 --> 00:05:27,840 electron and 2p orbitals so those two mixes together to form two hybrid 212 00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:27,850 mixes together to form two hybrid 213 00:05:27,850 --> 00:05:30,720 mixes together to form two hybrid orbitals and again it says these hybrid 214 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:30,730 orbitals and again it says these hybrid 215 00:05:30,730 --> 00:05:33,510 orbitals and again it says these hybrid orbitals simply poets toward the 216 00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:33,520 orbitals simply poets toward the 217 00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:37,380 orbitals simply poets toward the specific specific direction saw that the 218 00:05:37,380 --> 00:05:37,390 specific specific direction saw that the 219 00:05:37,390 --> 00:05:39,690 specific specific direction saw that the electron-electron repulsions between 220 00:05:39,690 --> 00:05:39,700 electron-electron repulsions between 221 00:05:39,700 --> 00:05:42,030 electron-electron repulsions between them will be minimal and when it simply 222 00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:42,040 them will be minimal and when it simply 223 00:05:42,040 --> 00:05:47,280 them will be minimal and when it simply comes that in picture we know that to 224 00:05:47,280 --> 00:05:47,290 comes that in picture we know that to 225 00:05:47,290 --> 00:05:49,580 comes that in picture we know that to get minimum repulsion between two 226 00:05:49,580 --> 00:05:49,590 get minimum repulsion between two 227 00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:53,040 get minimum repulsion between two electron pairs or electron domains they 228 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:53,050 electron pairs or electron domains they 229 00:05:53,050 --> 00:05:55,260 electron pairs or electron domains they have to be simply in a linear fashion 230 00:05:55,260 --> 00:05:55,270 have to be simply in a linear fashion 231 00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:58,770 have to be simply in a linear fashion right on the same line 180 degrees and 232 00:05:58,770 --> 00:05:58,780 right on the same line 180 degrees and 233 00:05:58,780 --> 00:06:02,960 right on the same line 180 degrees and so on again like if you have simply df3 234 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:02,970 so on again like if you have simply df3 235 00:06:02,970 --> 00:06:07,160 so on again like if you have simply df3 molecule in that case you have on boron 236 00:06:07,160 --> 00:06:07,170 molecule in that case you have on boron 237 00:06:07,170 --> 00:06:10,680 molecule in that case you have on boron sp2 hybridization that simply means you 238 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:10,690 sp2 hybridization that simply means you 239 00:06:10,690 --> 00:06:14,610 sp2 hybridization that simply means you mix 1 2's orbital on boron and 2 in this 240 00:06:14,610 --> 00:06:14,620 mix 1 2's orbital on boron and 2 in this 241 00:06:14,620 --> 00:06:17,700 mix 1 2's orbital on boron and 2 in this case P orbitals and by mixing those you 242 00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:17,710 case P orbitals and by mixing those you 243 00:06:17,710 --> 00:06:21,780 case P orbitals and by mixing those you end up with three hybrid orbitals three 244 00:06:21,780 --> 00:06:21,790 end up with three hybrid orbitals three 245 00:06:21,790 --> 00:06:24,390 end up with three hybrid orbitals three hybrid orbitals again you see what we 246 00:06:24,390 --> 00:06:24,400 hybrid orbitals again you see what we 247 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:26,520 hybrid orbitals again you see what we said last time the number of atomic 248 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:26,530 said last time the number of atomic 249 00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:28,770 said last time the number of atomic orbitals that you mix to form hybrid 250 00:06:28,770 --> 00:06:28,780 orbitals that you mix to form hybrid 251 00:06:28,780 --> 00:06:31,470 orbitals that you mix to form hybrid orbitals must always be equal to the 252 00:06:31,470 --> 00:06:31,480 orbitals must always be equal to the 253 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:33,240 orbitals must always be equal to the number of hybrid orbitals that you end 254 00:06:33,240 --> 00:06:33,250 number of hybrid orbitals that you end 255 00:06:33,250 --> 00:06:35,940 number of hybrid orbitals that you end up so if you mix two orbitals you end up 256 00:06:35,940 --> 00:06:35,950 up so if you mix two orbitals you end up 257 00:06:35,950 --> 00:06:37,770 up so if you mix two orbitals you end up with two orbitals if you mix three you 258 00:06:37,770 --> 00:06:37,780 with two orbitals if you mix three you 259 00:06:37,780 --> 00:06:39,720 with two orbitals if you mix three you end up with three so in the boron 260 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:39,730 end up with three so in the boron 261 00:06:39,730 --> 00:06:43,470 end up with three so in the boron trifluoride cases you have simply sp2 262 00:06:43,470 --> 00:06:43,480 trifluoride cases you have simply sp2 263 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,930 trifluoride cases you have simply sp2 hybridization that means 1 s and 2 P 264 00:06:45,930 --> 00:06:45,940 hybridization that means 1 s and 2 P 265 00:06:45,940 --> 00:06:50,189 hybridization that means 1 s and 2 P orbitals mixes to form 3 SP 266 00:06:50,189 --> 00:06:50,199 orbitals mixes to form 3 SP 267 00:06:50,199 --> 00:06:52,950 orbitals mixes to form 3 SP two hybrid orbitals and these hybrid 268 00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:52,960 two hybrid orbitals and these hybrid 269 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:55,950 two hybrid orbitals and these hybrid orbitals also points toward the corner 270 00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:55,960 orbitals also points toward the corner 271 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:59,489 orbitals also points toward the corner of an equilateral triangle why to get 272 00:06:59,489 --> 00:06:59,499 of an equilateral triangle why to get 273 00:06:59,499 --> 00:07:02,279 of an equilateral triangle why to get minimum reports minimal portions and now 274 00:07:02,279 --> 00:07:02,289 minimum reports minimal portions and now 275 00:07:02,289 --> 00:07:04,920 minimum reports minimal portions and now these hybrid orbitals valence bond 276 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:04,930 these hybrid orbitals valence bond 277 00:07:04,930 --> 00:07:09,089 these hybrid orbitals valence bond theory says that overlap they overlap to 278 00:07:09,089 --> 00:07:09,099 theory says that overlap they overlap to 279 00:07:09,099 --> 00:07:11,939 theory says that overlap they overlap to form a bond one hybrid orbital on a 280 00:07:11,939 --> 00:07:11,949 form a bond one hybrid orbital on a 281 00:07:11,949 --> 00:07:14,760 form a bond one hybrid orbital on a central atom and atomic orbital on a 282 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:14,770 central atom and atomic orbital on a 283 00:07:14,770 --> 00:07:17,519 central atom and atomic orbital on a terminal atom overlaps to form a bond 284 00:07:17,519 --> 00:07:17,529 terminal atom overlaps to form a bond 285 00:07:17,529 --> 00:07:21,300 terminal atom overlaps to form a bond and then you can also this way actually 286 00:07:21,300 --> 00:07:21,310 and then you can also this way actually 287 00:07:21,310 --> 00:07:24,149 and then you can also this way actually by hybridization model valence bond 288 00:07:24,149 --> 00:07:24,159 by hybridization model valence bond 289 00:07:24,159 --> 00:07:26,369 by hybridization model valence bond Theory explains the geometry of the 290 00:07:26,369 --> 00:07:26,379 Theory explains the geometry of the 291 00:07:26,379 --> 00:07:28,800 Theory explains the geometry of the molecule that means the angle it becomes 292 00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:28,810 molecule that means the angle it becomes 293 00:07:28,810 --> 00:07:31,589 molecule that means the angle it becomes exactly the same as the electron pair 294 00:07:31,589 --> 00:07:31,599 exactly the same as the electron pair 295 00:07:31,599 --> 00:07:33,540 exactly the same as the electron pair valence shell electron pair repulsion 296 00:07:33,540 --> 00:07:33,550 valence shell electron pair repulsion 297 00:07:33,550 --> 00:07:36,959 valence shell electron pair repulsion model right there also you try to find 298 00:07:36,959 --> 00:07:36,969 model right there also you try to find 299 00:07:36,969 --> 00:07:38,760 model right there also you try to find out the number of electron pairs or 300 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:38,770 out the number of electron pairs or 301 00:07:38,770 --> 00:07:40,740 out the number of electron pairs or electron domains around the central atom 302 00:07:40,740 --> 00:07:40,750 electron domains around the central atom 303 00:07:40,750 --> 00:07:43,339 electron domains around the central atom and then depending on the number of 304 00:07:43,339 --> 00:07:43,349 and then depending on the number of 305 00:07:43,349 --> 00:07:46,860 and then depending on the number of electron domains those electrons will 306 00:07:46,860 --> 00:07:46,870 electron domains those electrons will 307 00:07:46,870 --> 00:07:48,749 electron domains those electrons will simply point in three-dimensional space 308 00:07:48,749 --> 00:07:48,759 simply point in three-dimensional space 309 00:07:48,759 --> 00:07:50,820 simply point in three-dimensional space in a such a way to get minimum 310 00:07:50,820 --> 00:07:50,830 in a such a way to get minimum 311 00:07:50,830 --> 00:07:53,459 in a such a way to get minimum repulsions and those are if you have to 312 00:07:53,459 --> 00:07:53,469 repulsions and those are if you have to 313 00:07:53,469 --> 00:07:56,010 repulsions and those are if you have to it will be linear if we have three 314 00:07:56,010 --> 00:07:56,020 it will be linear if we have three 315 00:07:56,020 --> 00:07:57,959 it will be linear if we have three actually electron domains it will be 316 00:07:57,959 --> 00:07:57,969 actually electron domains it will be 317 00:07:57,969 --> 00:08:00,899 actually electron domains it will be equal eighths with triangle shown simply 318 00:08:00,899 --> 00:08:00,909 equal eighths with triangle shown simply 319 00:08:00,909 --> 00:08:03,600 equal eighths with triangle shown simply and if you have four tetrahedral 5/2 320 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:03,610 and if you have four tetrahedral 5/2 321 00:08:03,610 --> 00:08:05,639 and if you have four tetrahedral 5/2 you're gonna lie pyramidal 6 octahedral 322 00:08:05,639 --> 00:08:05,649 you're gonna lie pyramidal 6 octahedral 323 00:08:05,649 --> 00:08:08,820 you're gonna lie pyramidal 6 octahedral we have simply seen that as a matter of 324 00:08:08,820 --> 00:08:08,830 we have simply seen that as a matter of 325 00:08:08,830 --> 00:08:12,360 we have simply seen that as a matter of fact before so this is what how the 326 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:12,370 fact before so this is what how the 327 00:08:12,370 --> 00:08:15,629 fact before so this is what how the hybridization explains the angle and the 328 00:08:15,629 --> 00:08:15,639 hybridization explains the angle and the 329 00:08:15,639 --> 00:08:19,200 hybridization explains the angle and the geometry that is used by the valence 330 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:19,210 geometry that is used by the valence 331 00:08:19,210 --> 00:08:21,629 geometry that is used by the valence bond theory now let's see what we have 332 00:08:21,629 --> 00:08:21,639 bond theory now let's see what we have 333 00:08:21,639 --> 00:08:24,659 bond theory now let's see what we have here in slides so again it says hybrid 334 00:08:24,659 --> 00:08:24,669 here in slides so again it says hybrid 335 00:08:24,669 --> 00:08:27,600 here in slides so again it says hybrid orbitals from mixing of atomic orbitals 336 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:27,610 orbitals from mixing of atomic orbitals 337 00:08:27,610 --> 00:08:29,760 orbitals from mixing of atomic orbitals now we have to remember this this is 338 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:29,770 now we have to remember this this is 339 00:08:29,770 --> 00:08:33,600 now we have to remember this this is very important this mixing of atomic 340 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:33,610 very important this mixing of atomic 341 00:08:33,610 --> 00:08:35,459 very important this mixing of atomic orbitals these atomic orbitals should be 342 00:08:35,459 --> 00:08:35,469 orbitals these atomic orbitals should be 343 00:08:35,469 --> 00:08:41,040 orbitals these atomic orbitals should be all on the same atom not the orbitals 344 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:41,050 all on the same atom not the orbitals 345 00:08:41,050 --> 00:08:42,689 all on the same atom not the orbitals atomic orbitals from different atoms 346 00:08:42,689 --> 00:08:42,699 atomic orbitals from different atoms 347 00:08:42,699 --> 00:08:47,130 atomic orbitals from different atoms same atom right same atom and simply 348 00:08:47,130 --> 00:08:47,140 same atom right same atom and simply 349 00:08:47,140 --> 00:08:49,470 same atom right same atom and simply they create orbitals equal energy called 350 00:08:49,470 --> 00:08:49,480 they create orbitals equal energy called 351 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:51,389 they create orbitals equal energy called degenerate degenerate simply means the 352 00:08:51,389 --> 00:08:51,399 degenerate degenerate simply means the 353 00:08:51,399 --> 00:08:54,600 degenerate degenerate simply means the same energy these hybrid orbitals when 354 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:54,610 same energy these hybrid orbitals when 355 00:08:54,610 --> 00:08:57,210 same energy these hybrid orbitals when two orbitals mixes they create orbitals 356 00:08:57,210 --> 00:08:57,220 two orbitals mixes they create orbitals 357 00:08:57,220 --> 00:08:59,460 two orbitals mixes they create orbitals when three orbiters mixes they create 358 00:08:59,460 --> 00:08:59,470 when three orbiters mixes they create 359 00:08:59,470 --> 00:09:01,050 when three orbiters mixes they create three orbitals that means the number of 360 00:09:01,050 --> 00:09:01,060 three orbitals that means the number of 361 00:09:01,060 --> 00:09:03,420 three orbitals that means the number of orbitals that you mix will be equal to 362 00:09:03,420 --> 00:09:03,430 orbitals that you mix will be equal to 363 00:09:03,430 --> 00:09:07,070 orbitals that you mix will be equal to number of hybrid orbitals this is again 364 00:09:07,070 --> 00:09:07,080 number of hybrid orbitals this is again 365 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:10,230 number of hybrid orbitals this is again we talked about there's the SP 366 00:09:10,230 --> 00:09:10,240 we talked about there's the SP 367 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:12,450 we talked about there's the SP hybridisation on beryllium for example 368 00:09:12,450 --> 00:09:12,460 hybridisation on beryllium for example 369 00:09:12,460 --> 00:09:15,050 hybridisation on beryllium for example in beryllium difluoride molecule and 370 00:09:15,050 --> 00:09:15,060 in beryllium difluoride molecule and 371 00:09:15,060 --> 00:09:19,079 in beryllium difluoride molecule and here it shows how we simply get the s 372 00:09:19,079 --> 00:09:19,089 here it shows how we simply get the s 373 00:09:19,089 --> 00:09:24,150 here it shows how we simply get the s and P 1p actually and one s hybridizes 374 00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:24,160 and P 1p actually and one s hybridizes 375 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:27,750 and P 1p actually and one s hybridizes and it forms the SP hybrid orbitals 2 SP 376 00:09:27,750 --> 00:09:27,760 and it forms the SP hybrid orbitals 2 SP 377 00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,579 and it forms the SP hybrid orbitals 2 SP hybrid orbitals and this is again the 378 00:09:31,579 --> 00:09:31,589 hybrid orbitals and this is again the 379 00:09:31,589 --> 00:09:35,490 hybrid orbitals and this is again the shape or how you can visualize these 380 00:09:35,490 --> 00:09:35,500 shape or how you can visualize these 381 00:09:35,500 --> 00:09:37,590 shape or how you can visualize these hybrid orbitals the formation of hybrid 382 00:09:37,590 --> 00:09:37,600 hybrid orbitals the formation of hybrid 383 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:39,390 hybrid orbitals the formation of hybrid orbitals remember again this is again 384 00:09:39,390 --> 00:09:39,400 orbitals remember again this is again 385 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:41,460 orbitals remember again this is again 3-dimensional this is a loop over here 386 00:09:41,460 --> 00:09:41,470 3-dimensional this is a loop over here 387 00:09:41,470 --> 00:09:42,780 3-dimensional this is a loop over here loop over there too 388 00:09:42,780 --> 00:09:42,790 loop over there too 389 00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:45,720 loop over there too so you mix those two atomic orbitals and 390 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:45,730 so you mix those two atomic orbitals and 391 00:09:45,730 --> 00:09:48,090 so you mix those two atomic orbitals and beryllium and you form two hybrid 392 00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:48,100 beryllium and you form two hybrid 393 00:09:48,100 --> 00:09:49,829 beryllium and you form two hybrid orbitals one of them is this the other 394 00:09:49,829 --> 00:09:49,839 orbitals one of them is this the other 395 00:09:49,839 --> 00:09:51,990 orbitals one of them is this the other one is this this one simply shows in 396 00:09:51,990 --> 00:09:52,000 one is this this one simply shows in 397 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,460 one is this this one simply shows in this direction and that one in that 398 00:09:53,460 --> 00:09:53,470 this direction and that one in that 399 00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:55,740 this direction and that one in that direction that simply means these two 400 00:09:55,740 --> 00:09:55,750 direction that simply means these two 401 00:09:55,750 --> 00:09:57,630 direction that simply means these two hybrid orbitals are this one is that 402 00:09:57,630 --> 00:09:57,640 hybrid orbitals are this one is that 403 00:09:57,640 --> 00:10:00,090 hybrid orbitals are this one is that that one is this actually right so now 404 00:10:00,090 --> 00:10:00,100 that one is this actually right so now 405 00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:03,660 that one is this actually right so now they have one electron in each and now 406 00:10:03,660 --> 00:10:03,670 they have one electron in each and now 407 00:10:03,670 --> 00:10:05,910 they have one electron in each and now they can overlap with the terminal atoms 408 00:10:05,910 --> 00:10:05,920 they can overlap with the terminal atoms 409 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:08,460 they can overlap with the terminal atoms in this case which is the fluorine right 410 00:10:08,460 --> 00:10:08,470 in this case which is the fluorine right 411 00:10:08,470 --> 00:10:10,710 in this case which is the fluorine right fluorine P orbitals which contains one 412 00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:10,720 fluorine P orbitals which contains one 413 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:13,350 fluorine P orbitals which contains one electron to form the hybrid orbitals and 414 00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:13,360 electron to form the hybrid orbitals and 415 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,170 electron to form the hybrid orbitals and the geometry in that case will be linear 416 00:10:16,170 --> 00:10:16,180 the geometry in that case will be linear 417 00:10:16,180 --> 00:10:19,019 the geometry in that case will be linear just for the same reason like in the 418 00:10:19,019 --> 00:10:19,029 just for the same reason like in the 419 00:10:19,029 --> 00:10:21,060 just for the same reason like in the electron very shell electron pair 420 00:10:21,060 --> 00:10:21,070 electron very shell electron pair 421 00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:23,730 electron very shell electron pair repulsion theory to get the maximum 422 00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:23,740 repulsion theory to get the maximum 423 00:10:23,740 --> 00:10:27,660 repulsion theory to get the maximum overlap simply the direction of the 424 00:10:27,660 --> 00:10:27,670 overlap simply the direction of the 425 00:10:27,670 --> 00:10:29,610 overlap simply the direction of the terminal atoms that will approach to the 426 00:10:29,610 --> 00:10:29,620 terminal atoms that will approach to the 427 00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:31,620 terminal atoms that will approach to the central atom is determined by the 428 00:10:31,620 --> 00:10:31,630 central atom is determined by the 429 00:10:31,630 --> 00:10:33,210 central atom is determined by the positions off of the hybrid orbitals 430 00:10:33,210 --> 00:10:33,220 positions off of the hybrid orbitals 431 00:10:33,220 --> 00:10:37,230 positions off of the hybrid orbitals that they will overlap right so this is 432 00:10:37,230 --> 00:10:37,240 that they will overlap right so this is 433 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:39,449 that they will overlap right so this is simply explains how the formations of 434 00:10:39,449 --> 00:10:39,459 simply explains how the formations of 435 00:10:39,459 --> 00:10:41,070 simply explains how the formations of beryllium difluoride 436 00:10:41,070 --> 00:10:41,080 beryllium difluoride 437 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:43,620 beryllium difluoride by the overlaps and the hybridization 438 00:10:43,620 --> 00:10:43,630 by the overlaps and the hybridization 439 00:10:43,630 --> 00:10:47,850 by the overlaps and the hybridization now if you have simply bf3 molecule in 440 00:10:47,850 --> 00:10:47,860 now if you have simply bf3 molecule in 441 00:10:47,860 --> 00:10:51,960 now if you have simply bf3 molecule in that case 1 s and 2 P orbitals mixtures 442 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:51,970 that case 1 s and 2 P orbitals mixtures 443 00:10:51,970 --> 00:10:56,460 that case 1 s and 2 P orbitals mixtures to form three sp3 hybrid orbitals and 444 00:10:56,460 --> 00:10:56,470 to form three sp3 hybrid orbitals and 445 00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:59,100 to form three sp3 hybrid orbitals and where are they they are over here this 446 00:10:59,100 --> 00:10:59,110 where are they they are over here this 447 00:10:59,110 --> 00:11:01,860 where are they they are over here this is 1 this is 2 this is 3 how they 448 00:11:01,860 --> 00:11:01,870 is 1 this is 2 this is 3 how they 449 00:11:01,870 --> 00:11:03,870 is 1 this is 2 this is 3 how they arrange themselves around the central 450 00:11:03,870 --> 00:11:03,880 arrange themselves around the central 451 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:06,660 arrange themselves around the central atom to get minimum repulsions like this 452 00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:06,670 atom to get minimum repulsions like this 453 00:11:06,670 --> 00:11:08,940 atom to get minimum repulsions like this right again this is an equilateral 454 00:11:08,940 --> 00:11:08,950 right again this is an equilateral 455 00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:11,640 right again this is an equilateral triangle and then the fluorine will 456 00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:11,650 triangle and then the fluorine will 457 00:11:11,650 --> 00:11:14,310 triangle and then the fluorine will simply come from there and overlap then 458 00:11:14,310 --> 00:11:14,320 simply come from there and overlap then 459 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:16,180 simply come from there and overlap then bf3 will be 460 00:11:16,180 --> 00:11:16,190 bf3 will be 461 00:11:16,190 --> 00:11:19,780 bf3 will be the planar trigonal planar molecule 462 00:11:19,780 --> 00:11:19,790 the planar trigonal planar molecule 463 00:11:19,790 --> 00:11:22,480 the planar trigonal planar molecule geometry off the bf3 by the 464 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:22,490 geometry off the bf3 by the 465 00:11:22,490 --> 00:11:26,050 geometry off the bf3 by the hybridization now when you go to the 466 00:11:26,050 --> 00:11:26,060 hybridization now when you go to the 467 00:11:26,060 --> 00:11:28,480 hybridization now when you go to the methane molecule formation of methane 468 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:28,490 methane molecule formation of methane 469 00:11:28,490 --> 00:11:33,129 methane molecule formation of methane molecule in that case one s and 3p 470 00:11:33,129 --> 00:11:33,139 molecule in that case one s and 3p 471 00:11:33,139 --> 00:11:36,939 molecule in that case one s and 3p orbitals are hybridized right but and 472 00:11:36,939 --> 00:11:36,949 orbitals are hybridized right but and 473 00:11:36,949 --> 00:11:39,460 orbitals are hybridized right but and you end up with four hybrid orbitals 474 00:11:39,460 --> 00:11:39,470 you end up with four hybrid orbitals 475 00:11:39,470 --> 00:11:43,389 you end up with four hybrid orbitals these are simply called sp3 hybrids and 476 00:11:43,389 --> 00:11:43,399 these are simply called sp3 hybrids and 477 00:11:43,399 --> 00:11:46,540 these are simply called sp3 hybrids and these sp3 hybrids arrange themselves 478 00:11:46,540 --> 00:11:46,550 these sp3 hybrids arrange themselves 479 00:11:46,550 --> 00:11:49,929 these sp3 hybrids arrange themselves around the carbon in a such a way to get 480 00:11:49,929 --> 00:11:49,939 around the carbon in a such a way to get 481 00:11:49,939 --> 00:11:52,059 around the carbon in a such a way to get minimum repulsion that means it will be 482 00:11:52,059 --> 00:11:52,069 minimum repulsion that means it will be 483 00:11:52,069 --> 00:11:54,160 minimum repulsion that means it will be tetrahedral right tetrahedral geometry 484 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:54,170 tetrahedral right tetrahedral geometry 485 00:11:54,170 --> 00:11:59,530 tetrahedral right tetrahedral geometry and these are 109.5 actually and the 486 00:11:59,530 --> 00:11:59,540 and these are 109.5 actually and the 487 00:11:59,540 --> 00:12:01,689 and these are 109.5 actually and the hydrogen's will simply come from that 488 00:12:01,689 --> 00:12:01,699 hydrogen's will simply come from that 489 00:12:01,699 --> 00:12:04,869 hydrogen's will simply come from that directions to overlap with the hybrid 490 00:12:04,869 --> 00:12:04,879 directions to overlap with the hybrid 491 00:12:04,879 --> 00:12:07,990 directions to overlap with the hybrid orbitals to form the bond right the 492 00:12:07,990 --> 00:12:08,000 orbitals to form the bond right the 493 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,449 orbitals to form the bond right the chemical bond and the molecule will be 494 00:12:10,449 --> 00:12:10,459 chemical bond and the molecule will be 495 00:12:10,459 --> 00:12:13,540 chemical bond and the molecule will be simply tetrahedral molecule now in the 496 00:12:13,540 --> 00:12:13,550 simply tetrahedral molecule now in the 497 00:12:13,550 --> 00:12:18,090 simply tetrahedral molecule now in the case of water here again we have an 498 00:12:18,090 --> 00:12:18,100 case of water here again we have an 499 00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:24,249 case of water here again we have an oxygen sp3 hybridization right sp3 500 00:12:24,249 --> 00:12:24,259 oxygen sp3 hybridization right sp3 501 00:12:24,259 --> 00:12:26,470 oxygen sp3 hybridization right sp3 hybridization what but the oxygen has 502 00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:26,480 hybridization what but the oxygen has 503 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:30,009 hybridization what but the oxygen has simply a number of if we consider a 504 00:12:30,009 --> 00:12:30,019 simply a number of if we consider a 505 00:12:30,019 --> 00:12:32,920 simply a number of if we consider a number of six valence electrons right 506 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:32,930 number of six valence electrons right 507 00:12:32,930 --> 00:12:36,429 number of six valence electrons right and two of those in 2s and four of those 508 00:12:36,429 --> 00:12:36,439 and two of those in 2s and four of those 509 00:12:36,439 --> 00:12:39,490 and two of those in 2s and four of those are 2p orbitals so now we have to 510 00:12:39,490 --> 00:12:39,500 are 2p orbitals so now we have to 511 00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:42,249 are 2p orbitals so now we have to remember the number of electrons that 512 00:12:42,249 --> 00:12:42,259 remember the number of electrons that 513 00:12:42,259 --> 00:12:47,370 remember the number of electrons that comes come from the orbitals that we mix 514 00:12:47,370 --> 00:12:47,380 comes come from the orbitals that we mix 515 00:12:47,380 --> 00:12:50,170 comes come from the orbitals that we mix to get hybrid orbitals will be in this 516 00:12:50,170 --> 00:12:50,180 to get hybrid orbitals will be in this 517 00:12:50,180 --> 00:12:52,569 to get hybrid orbitals will be in this case six electrons so when we have 518 00:12:52,569 --> 00:12:52,579 case six electrons so when we have 519 00:12:52,579 --> 00:12:56,050 case six electrons so when we have simply four hybrid orbitals around the 520 00:12:56,050 --> 00:12:56,060 simply four hybrid orbitals around the 521 00:12:56,060 --> 00:12:59,410 simply four hybrid orbitals around the oxygen which simply points were the 522 00:12:59,410 --> 00:12:59,420 oxygen which simply points were the 523 00:12:59,420 --> 00:13:01,780 oxygen which simply points were the corner of a tetrahedron then we put the 524 00:13:01,780 --> 00:13:01,790 corner of a tetrahedron then we put the 525 00:13:01,790 --> 00:13:03,730 corner of a tetrahedron then we put the electrons in these hybrid orbitals how 526 00:13:03,730 --> 00:13:03,740 electrons in these hybrid orbitals how 527 00:13:03,740 --> 00:13:06,429 electrons in these hybrid orbitals how many electrons we have six so we put one 528 00:13:06,429 --> 00:13:06,439 many electrons we have six so we put one 529 00:13:06,439 --> 00:13:08,889 many electrons we have six so we put one electron in each hybrid orbital then we 530 00:13:08,889 --> 00:13:08,899 electron in each hybrid orbital then we 531 00:13:08,899 --> 00:13:10,900 electron in each hybrid orbital then we have two more and then we have to fill 532 00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:10,910 have two more and then we have to fill 533 00:13:10,910 --> 00:13:13,509 have two more and then we have to fill out the another hybrid orbital here two 534 00:13:13,509 --> 00:13:13,519 out the another hybrid orbital here two 535 00:13:13,519 --> 00:13:16,030 out the another hybrid orbital here two and another two there again remember 536 00:13:16,030 --> 00:13:16,040 and another two there again remember 537 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:18,100 and another two there again remember just like atomic orbitals you can only 538 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:18,110 just like atomic orbitals you can only 539 00:13:18,110 --> 00:13:21,610 just like atomic orbitals you can only put two electrons maximum in a hybrid 540 00:13:21,610 --> 00:13:21,620 put two electrons maximum in a hybrid 541 00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:23,710 put two electrons maximum in a hybrid orbitals two electrons and they are also 542 00:13:23,710 --> 00:13:23,720 orbitals two electrons and they are also 543 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:26,829 orbitals two electrons and they are also appeared so as a result actually if you 544 00:13:26,829 --> 00:13:26,839 appeared so as a result actually if you 545 00:13:26,839 --> 00:13:29,380 appeared so as a result actually if you try to visualize the water 546 00:13:29,380 --> 00:13:29,390 try to visualize the water 547 00:13:29,390 --> 00:13:32,380 try to visualize the water the molecule in the water then on the 548 00:13:32,380 --> 00:13:32,390 the molecule in the water then on the 549 00:13:32,390 --> 00:13:35,050 the molecule in the water then on the oxygen I have four SP three hybrid 550 00:13:35,050 --> 00:13:35,060 oxygen I have four SP three hybrid 551 00:13:35,060 --> 00:13:38,740 oxygen I have four SP three hybrid orbitals and two of those have two 552 00:13:38,740 --> 00:13:38,750 orbitals and two of those have two 553 00:13:38,750 --> 00:13:41,890 orbitals and two of those have two electrons each and two of those has one 554 00:13:41,890 --> 00:13:41,900 electrons each and two of those has one 555 00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:44,470 electrons each and two of those has one electron each now the orbitals hybrid 556 00:13:44,470 --> 00:13:44,480 electron each now the orbitals hybrid 557 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:46,240 electron each now the orbitals hybrid orbitals which have two electron each 558 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:46,250 orbitals which have two electron each 559 00:13:46,250 --> 00:13:49,420 orbitals which have two electron each cannot overlap with another atomic 560 00:13:49,420 --> 00:13:49,430 cannot overlap with another atomic 561 00:13:49,430 --> 00:13:52,120 cannot overlap with another atomic orbitals remember that will be simply 562 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:52,130 orbitals remember that will be simply 563 00:13:52,130 --> 00:13:54,430 orbitals remember that will be simply three electron in the same one orbital 564 00:13:54,430 --> 00:13:54,440 three electron in the same one orbital 565 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:55,390 three electron in the same one orbital that's not possible 566 00:13:55,390 --> 00:13:55,400 that's not possible 567 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,510 that's not possible therefore the hybrid orbitals that will 568 00:13:58,510 --> 00:13:58,520 therefore the hybrid orbitals that will 569 00:13:58,520 --> 00:14:01,510 therefore the hybrid orbitals that will make bond on the oxygen are the one 570 00:14:01,510 --> 00:14:01,520 make bond on the oxygen are the one 571 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:03,880 make bond on the oxygen are the one which contains one electron this one and 572 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:03,890 which contains one electron this one and 573 00:14:03,890 --> 00:14:06,250 which contains one electron this one and that one and when they have one electron 574 00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:06,260 that one and when they have one electron 575 00:14:06,260 --> 00:14:08,320 that one and when they have one electron and they overlap with the hydrogen one 576 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:08,330 and they overlap with the hydrogen one 577 00:14:08,330 --> 00:14:11,980 and they overlap with the hydrogen one as here and why hydrogen 1s here form 578 00:14:11,980 --> 00:14:11,990 as here and why hydrogen 1s here form 579 00:14:11,990 --> 00:14:15,670 as here and why hydrogen 1s here form the bonds right form the bond overlap 580 00:14:15,670 --> 00:14:15,680 the bonds right form the bond overlap 581 00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:18,970 the bonds right form the bond overlap and those simply electrons pair up here 582 00:14:18,970 --> 00:14:18,980 and those simply electrons pair up here 583 00:14:18,980 --> 00:14:23,350 and those simply electrons pair up here and since the orientations or the 584 00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:23,360 and since the orientations or the 585 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,500 and since the orientations or the geometry of the hybrid orbitals are 586 00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:26,510 geometry of the hybrid orbitals are 587 00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:29,470 geometry of the hybrid orbitals are tetrahedral then the angle here will 588 00:14:29,470 --> 00:14:29,480 tetrahedral then the angle here will 589 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:31,720 tetrahedral then the angle here will also be close to the tetrahedral angle 590 00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:31,730 also be close to the tetrahedral angle 591 00:14:31,730 --> 00:14:33,730 also be close to the tetrahedral angle in the case of water actually remember 592 00:14:33,730 --> 00:14:33,740 in the case of water actually remember 593 00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:38,230 in the case of water actually remember it's 105 degrees less than tetrahedral 594 00:14:38,230 --> 00:14:38,240 it's 105 degrees less than tetrahedral 595 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:40,450 it's 105 degrees less than tetrahedral exactly but we know those are the effect 596 00:14:40,450 --> 00:14:40,460 exactly but we know those are the effect 597 00:14:40,460 --> 00:14:42,120 exactly but we know those are the effect of those so this is how the 598 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:42,130 of those so this is how the 599 00:14:42,130 --> 00:14:44,290 of those so this is how the hybridization and the valence bond 600 00:14:44,290 --> 00:14:44,300 hybridization and the valence bond 601 00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:48,400 hybridization and the valence bond Theory explains the bundle let's go to 602 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:48,410 Theory explains the bundle let's go to 603 00:14:48,410 --> 00:14:53,460 Theory explains the bundle let's go to now what happens if you have more than 604 00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:53,470 now what happens if you have more than 605 00:14:53,470 --> 00:14:58,480 now what happens if you have more than four chemical bond around the central 606 00:14:58,480 --> 00:14:58,490 four chemical bond around the central 607 00:14:58,490 --> 00:15:01,600 four chemical bond around the central atom right more than four electron pairs 608 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:01,610 atom right more than four electron pairs 609 00:15:01,610 --> 00:15:03,970 atom right more than four electron pairs after you simply hybridized orbitals you 610 00:15:03,970 --> 00:15:03,980 after you simply hybridized orbitals you 611 00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:05,410 after you simply hybridized orbitals you put the electrons in the hybrid orbitals 612 00:15:05,410 --> 00:15:05,420 put the electrons in the hybrid orbitals 613 00:15:05,420 --> 00:15:09,100 put the electrons in the hybrid orbitals if you need more than four orbitals to 614 00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:09,110 if you need more than four orbitals to 615 00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:12,790 if you need more than four orbitals to overlap to form bond then you start 616 00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:12,800 overlap to form bond then you start 617 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:18,820 overlap to form bond then you start mixing now the D orbitals with s and P 618 00:15:18,820 --> 00:15:18,830 mixing now the D orbitals with s and P 619 00:15:18,830 --> 00:15:23,230 mixing now the D orbitals with s and P for example you have one s orbital three 620 00:15:23,230 --> 00:15:23,240 for example you have one s orbital three 621 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:25,480 for example you have one s orbital three P orbitals if you mix those you get only 622 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:25,490 P orbitals if you mix those you get only 623 00:15:25,490 --> 00:15:27,370 P orbitals if you mix those you get only maximum is what four hybrid orbitals 624 00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:27,380 maximum is what four hybrid orbitals 625 00:15:27,380 --> 00:15:30,000 maximum is what four hybrid orbitals that means if there is only for bond 626 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:30,010 that means if there is only for bond 627 00:15:30,010 --> 00:15:32,590 that means if there is only for bond around the central atom then it's fine 628 00:15:32,590 --> 00:15:32,600 around the central atom then it's fine 629 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,480 around the central atom then it's fine you can use those but if there's five 630 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:34,490 you can use those but if there's five 631 00:15:34,490 --> 00:15:36,610 you can use those but if there's five buns then you need another hybrid 632 00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:36,620 buns then you need another hybrid 633 00:15:36,620 --> 00:15:39,160 buns then you need another hybrid orbitals so in this case we simply mix 634 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:39,170 orbitals so in this case we simply mix 635 00:15:39,170 --> 00:15:42,580 orbitals so in this case we simply mix one s and 3p 636 00:15:42,580 --> 00:15:42,590 one s and 3p 637 00:15:42,590 --> 00:15:49,120 one s and 3p Wandy and it becomes SP d sp3d2 again 638 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:49,130 Wandy and it becomes SP d sp3d2 again 639 00:15:49,130 --> 00:15:52,030 Wandy and it becomes SP d sp3d2 again remember always the number here is 1 640 00:15:52,030 --> 00:15:52,040 remember always the number here is 1 641 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:55,570 remember always the number here is 1 this is 3 means 3 P orbitals that's what 642 00:15:55,570 --> 00:15:55,580 this is 3 means 3 P orbitals that's what 643 00:15:55,580 --> 00:15:56,110 this is 3 means 3 P orbitals that's what it means 644 00:15:56,110 --> 00:15:56,120 it means 645 00:15:56,120 --> 00:16:00,160 it means now one simply means one D orbitals how 646 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:00,170 now one simply means one D orbitals how 647 00:16:00,170 --> 00:16:04,320 now one simply means one D orbitals how many orbitals we mix here actually five 648 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:04,330 many orbitals we mix here actually five 649 00:16:04,330 --> 00:16:09,750 many orbitals we mix here actually five atomic orbitals as a result we form 5 SP 650 00:16:09,750 --> 00:16:09,760 atomic orbitals as a result we form 5 SP 651 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:16,000 atomic orbitals as a result we form 5 SP 3 D hybrid orbitals 5 of those now they 652 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:16,010 3 D hybrid orbitals 5 of those now they 653 00:16:16,010 --> 00:16:20,280 3 D hybrid orbitals 5 of those now they will simply point toward the corner of 654 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:20,290 will simply point toward the corner of 655 00:16:20,290 --> 00:16:23,320 will simply point toward the corner of trigonal bipyramidal geometry trigonal 656 00:16:23,320 --> 00:16:23,330 trigonal bipyramidal geometry trigonal 657 00:16:23,330 --> 00:16:25,510 trigonal bipyramidal geometry trigonal bi-pyramidal geometry why to get the 658 00:16:25,510 --> 00:16:25,520 bi-pyramidal geometry why to get the 659 00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:28,000 bi-pyramidal geometry why to get the minimum repulsion between the electron 660 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:28,010 minimum repulsion between the electron 661 00:16:28,010 --> 00:16:30,820 minimum repulsion between the electron pairs actually or electron domains you 662 00:16:30,820 --> 00:16:30,830 pairs actually or electron domains you 663 00:16:30,830 --> 00:16:34,800 pairs actually or electron domains you can look at that and this is simply how 664 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:34,810 can look at that and this is simply how 665 00:16:34,810 --> 00:16:38,320 can look at that and this is simply how hypervalent molecules the bonding and 666 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:38,330 hypervalent molecules the bonding and 667 00:16:38,330 --> 00:16:40,360 hypervalent molecules the bonding and hypervalent molecules are explained 668 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:40,370 hypervalent molecules are explained 669 00:16:40,370 --> 00:16:44,340 hypervalent molecules are explained actually now if you have this is like 670 00:16:44,340 --> 00:16:44,350 actually now if you have this is like 671 00:16:44,350 --> 00:16:49,330 actually now if you have this is like pcl5 right molecule now if I have an SF 672 00:16:49,330 --> 00:16:49,340 pcl5 right molecule now if I have an SF 673 00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:53,770 pcl5 right molecule now if I have an SF 6 molecule in this case I need 6 hybrid 674 00:16:53,770 --> 00:16:53,780 6 molecule in this case I need 6 hybrid 675 00:16:53,780 --> 00:16:59,650 6 molecule in this case I need 6 hybrid orbitals unli sulfur to form simply 6 676 00:16:59,650 --> 00:16:59,660 orbitals unli sulfur to form simply 6 677 00:16:59,660 --> 00:17:04,210 orbitals unli sulfur to form simply 6 bonds right with 6 fluorine now the 678 00:17:04,210 --> 00:17:04,220 bonds right with 6 fluorine now the 679 00:17:04,220 --> 00:17:08,920 bonds right with 6 fluorine now the hybridization in this case becomes sp3 680 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:08,930 hybridization in this case becomes sp3 681 00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:15,670 hybridization in this case becomes sp3 and D 2 right sp3 and D 2 what does that 682 00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:15,680 and D 2 right sp3 and D 2 what does that 683 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:20,110 and D 2 right sp3 and D 2 what does that means 1 s 3 P and 2 D orbitals total of 684 00:17:20,110 --> 00:17:20,120 means 1 s 3 P and 2 D orbitals total of 685 00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:24,220 means 1 s 3 P and 2 D orbitals total of 6 atomic orbitals simply mixed and we 686 00:17:24,220 --> 00:17:24,230 6 atomic orbitals simply mixed and we 687 00:17:24,230 --> 00:17:31,300 6 atomic orbitals simply mixed and we get 6 SP 3 D 2 hybrid orbitals now each 688 00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:31,310 get 6 SP 3 D 2 hybrid orbitals now each 689 00:17:31,310 --> 00:17:33,240 get 6 SP 3 D 2 hybrid orbitals now each of these hybrid orbitals there again 690 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:33,250 of these hybrid orbitals there again 691 00:17:33,250 --> 00:17:35,290 of these hybrid orbitals there again points toward the corner of an 692 00:17:35,290 --> 00:17:35,300 points toward the corner of an 693 00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:38,080 points toward the corner of an octahedron and the fluorines actually 694 00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:38,090 octahedron and the fluorines actually 695 00:17:38,090 --> 00:17:40,450 octahedron and the fluorines actually will come in that directions to overlap 696 00:17:40,450 --> 00:17:40,460 will come in that directions to overlap 697 00:17:40,460 --> 00:17:44,170 will come in that directions to overlap with these atomic or hybrid orbitals to 698 00:17:44,170 --> 00:17:44,180 with these atomic or hybrid orbitals to 699 00:17:44,180 --> 00:17:47,500 with these atomic or hybrid orbitals to form a bond and as a result geometry of 700 00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:47,510 form a bond and as a result geometry of 701 00:17:47,510 --> 00:17:50,350 form a bond and as a result geometry of the molecule becomes also octahedral 702 00:17:50,350 --> 00:17:50,360 the molecule becomes also octahedral 703 00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:52,890 the molecule becomes also octahedral right okay he drew so this is how the 704 00:17:52,890 --> 00:17:52,900 right okay he drew so this is how the 705 00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:56,980 right okay he drew so this is how the valence bond Theory simply explore 706 00:17:56,980 --> 00:17:56,990 valence bond Theory simply explore 707 00:17:56,990 --> 00:17:59,680 valence bond Theory simply explore the bonding by hybrid explains the 708 00:17:59,680 --> 00:17:59,690 the bonding by hybrid explains the 709 00:17:59,690 --> 00:18:02,710 the bonding by hybrid explains the geometry actually by hybridizations this 710 00:18:02,710 --> 00:18:02,720 geometry actually by hybridizations this 711 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:06,340 geometry actually by hybridizations this again shows the hybrid orbitals sort of 712 00:18:06,340 --> 00:18:06,350 again shows the hybrid orbitals sort of 713 00:18:06,350 --> 00:18:08,740 again shows the hybrid orbitals sort of a summary it says simply draw the Lewis 714 00:18:08,740 --> 00:18:08,750 a summary it says simply draw the Lewis 715 00:18:08,750 --> 00:18:10,869 a summary it says simply draw the Lewis structure use the valence shell electron 716 00:18:10,869 --> 00:18:10,879 structure use the valence shell electron 717 00:18:10,879 --> 00:18:12,519 structure use the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory to determine the 718 00:18:12,519 --> 00:18:12,529 pair repulsion theory to determine the 719 00:18:12,529 --> 00:18:15,539 pair repulsion theory to determine the electron domain geometry and then 720 00:18:15,539 --> 00:18:15,549 electron domain geometry and then 721 00:18:15,549 --> 00:18:18,369 electron domain geometry and then specify the hybrid orbitals needed to 722 00:18:18,369 --> 00:18:18,379 specify the hybrid orbitals needed to 723 00:18:18,379 --> 00:18:21,490 specify the hybrid orbitals needed to accommodate these electron pairs now 724 00:18:21,490 --> 00:18:21,500 accommodate these electron pairs now 725 00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:23,440 accommodate these electron pairs now let's say let me give you an example 726 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:23,450 let's say let me give you an example 727 00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:26,350 let's say let me give you an example let's work out an example and consider 728 00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:26,360 let's work out an example and consider 729 00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:30,580 let's work out an example and consider the phosgene molecule which is carbon 730 00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:30,590 the phosgene molecule which is carbon 731 00:18:30,590 --> 00:18:34,840 the phosgene molecule which is carbon oxygen and Cl 2 molecule right all right 732 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:34,850 oxygen and Cl 2 molecule right all right 733 00:18:34,850 --> 00:18:38,590 oxygen and Cl 2 molecule right all right now by using the valence shell electron 734 00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:38,600 now by using the valence shell electron 735 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:40,629 now by using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory we can easily 736 00:18:40,629 --> 00:18:40,639 pair repulsion theory we can easily 737 00:18:40,639 --> 00:18:43,019 pair repulsion theory we can easily predict the geometry of this molecule 738 00:18:43,019 --> 00:18:43,029 predict the geometry of this molecule 739 00:18:43,029 --> 00:18:45,490 predict the geometry of this molecule what we have to do first we have to 740 00:18:45,490 --> 00:18:45,500 what we have to do first we have to 741 00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:47,680 what we have to do first we have to write down the lewis structure of this 742 00:18:47,680 --> 00:18:47,690 write down the lewis structure of this 743 00:18:47,690 --> 00:18:51,450 write down the lewis structure of this and the lewis structure again as follow 744 00:18:51,450 --> 00:18:51,460 and the lewis structure again as follow 745 00:18:51,460 --> 00:18:56,830 and the lewis structure again as follow you have the oxygen bonded to the carbon 746 00:18:56,830 --> 00:18:56,840 you have the oxygen bonded to the carbon 747 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:58,749 you have the oxygen bonded to the carbon double bond and then we have the 748 00:18:58,749 --> 00:18:58,759 double bond and then we have the 749 00:18:58,759 --> 00:19:01,509 double bond and then we have the chlorine here and the chlorine here this 750 00:19:01,509 --> 00:19:01,519 chlorine here and the chlorine here this 751 00:19:01,519 --> 00:19:03,730 chlorine here and the chlorine here this is a phosphine remember it's a very very 752 00:19:03,730 --> 00:19:03,740 is a phosphine remember it's a very very 753 00:19:03,740 --> 00:19:05,970 is a phosphine remember it's a very very poisonous gas very poisonous actually 754 00:19:05,970 --> 00:19:05,980 poisonous gas very poisonous actually 755 00:19:05,980 --> 00:19:10,570 poisonous gas very poisonous actually this is the Lewis structure now from the 756 00:19:10,570 --> 00:19:10,580 this is the Lewis structure now from the 757 00:19:10,580 --> 00:19:13,299 this is the Lewis structure now from the Lewis structure I can simply predict 758 00:19:13,299 --> 00:19:13,309 Lewis structure I can simply predict 759 00:19:13,309 --> 00:19:15,730 Lewis structure I can simply predict what will be the geometry of this 760 00:19:15,730 --> 00:19:15,740 what will be the geometry of this 761 00:19:15,740 --> 00:19:20,110 what will be the geometry of this molecule what I should do I find out how 762 00:19:20,110 --> 00:19:20,120 molecule what I should do I find out how 763 00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:24,039 molecule what I should do I find out how many electron domains or how many 764 00:19:24,039 --> 00:19:24,049 many electron domains or how many 765 00:19:24,049 --> 00:19:25,779 many electron domains or how many electron pairs around the central atom 766 00:19:25,779 --> 00:19:25,789 electron pairs around the central atom 767 00:19:25,789 --> 00:19:29,070 electron pairs around the central atom and in this case one two and three 768 00:19:29,070 --> 00:19:29,080 and in this case one two and three 769 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:35,249 and in this case one two and three electron domains or electron pairs and 770 00:19:35,249 --> 00:19:35,259 electron domains or electron pairs and 771 00:19:35,259 --> 00:19:38,039 electron domains or electron pairs and what does that means that means that the 772 00:19:38,039 --> 00:19:38,049 what does that means that means that the 773 00:19:38,049 --> 00:19:41,049 what does that means that means that the electron pair geometry let's say 774 00:19:41,049 --> 00:19:41,059 electron pair geometry let's say 775 00:19:41,059 --> 00:19:47,320 electron pair geometry let's say electron pair geometry will be three 776 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:47,330 electron pair geometry will be three 777 00:19:47,330 --> 00:19:57,659 electron pair geometry will be three Kornel planar right trigonal planar 778 00:19:57,659 --> 00:19:57,669 779 00:19:57,669 --> 00:20:02,080 three guano planar now then the 780 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:02,090 three guano planar now then the 781 00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:06,340 three guano planar now then the molecular geometry will also be trigonal 782 00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:06,350 molecular geometry will also be trigonal 783 00:20:06,350 --> 00:20:08,440 molecular geometry will also be trigonal planar right because there's no lone 784 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:08,450 planar right because there's no lone 785 00:20:08,450 --> 00:20:09,760 planar right because there's no lone pair electrons 786 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:09,770 pair electrons 787 00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:12,690 pair electrons no lone pair electrons so molecular 788 00:20:12,690 --> 00:20:12,700 no lone pair electrons so molecular 789 00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:19,330 no lone pair electrons so molecular let's say molecular geometry will also 790 00:20:19,330 --> 00:20:19,340 let's say molecular geometry will also 791 00:20:19,340 --> 00:20:24,520 let's say molecular geometry will also be trigonal planar they say now again 792 00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:24,530 be trigonal planar they say now again 793 00:20:24,530 --> 00:20:28,299 be trigonal planar they say now again the angle here this angle is less than 794 00:20:28,299 --> 00:20:28,309 the angle here this angle is less than 795 00:20:28,309 --> 00:20:29,710 the angle here this angle is less than 120 796 00:20:29,710 --> 00:20:29,720 120 797 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:31,150 120 greater than hundred and twenty degrees 798 00:20:31,150 --> 00:20:31,160 greater than hundred and twenty degrees 799 00:20:31,160 --> 00:20:34,690 greater than hundred and twenty degrees I should say greater than 120 degrees 800 00:20:34,690 --> 00:20:34,700 I should say greater than 120 degrees 801 00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:38,260 I should say greater than 120 degrees and this angle is less than 120 degrees 802 00:20:38,260 --> 00:20:38,270 and this angle is less than 120 degrees 803 00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:43,240 and this angle is less than 120 degrees and we know that again because this two 804 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:43,250 and we know that again because this two 805 00:20:43,250 --> 00:20:45,910 and we know that again because this two electron pairs double bond actually 806 00:20:45,910 --> 00:20:45,920 electron pairs double bond actually 807 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:47,950 electron pairs double bond actually occupies more space and pushes the 808 00:20:47,950 --> 00:20:47,960 occupies more space and pushes the 809 00:20:47,960 --> 00:20:50,230 occupies more space and pushes the bonding pair between the carbon and 810 00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:50,240 bonding pair between the carbon and 811 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:52,180 bonding pair between the carbon and chlorine closer together making this 812 00:20:52,180 --> 00:20:52,190 chlorine closer together making this 813 00:20:52,190 --> 00:20:54,160 chlorine closer together making this angle less than hundred twenty degrees 814 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:54,170 angle less than hundred twenty degrees 815 00:20:54,170 --> 00:20:56,590 angle less than hundred twenty degrees this is a little bit greater than 816 00:20:56,590 --> 00:20:56,600 this is a little bit greater than 817 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:57,970 this is a little bit greater than hundred and twenty degrees this is what 818 00:20:57,970 --> 00:20:57,980 hundred and twenty degrees this is what 819 00:20:57,980 --> 00:21:01,600 hundred and twenty degrees this is what we analyzed by the electron pair valence 820 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:01,610 we analyzed by the electron pair valence 821 00:21:01,610 --> 00:21:06,010 we analyzed by the electron pair valence shell electron pair repulsion theory 822 00:21:06,010 --> 00:21:06,020 shell electron pair repulsion theory 823 00:21:06,020 --> 00:21:08,770 shell electron pair repulsion theory right we can get that informations now 824 00:21:08,770 --> 00:21:08,780 right we can get that informations now 825 00:21:08,780 --> 00:21:14,560 right we can get that informations now let's look at this in terms of valence 826 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:14,570 let's look at this in terms of valence 827 00:21:14,570 --> 00:21:17,560 let's look at this in terms of valence bond Theory how the valence bond Theory 828 00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:17,570 bond Theory how the valence bond Theory 829 00:21:17,570 --> 00:21:20,860 bond Theory how the valence bond Theory explains the bonding between the atoms 830 00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:20,870 explains the bonding between the atoms 831 00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:30,730 explains the bonding between the atoms and what how the job geometry is also 832 00:21:30,730 --> 00:21:30,740 and what how the job geometry is also 833 00:21:30,740 --> 00:21:33,240 and what how the job geometry is also predicted by the valence bond Theory 834 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:33,250 predicted by the valence bond Theory 835 00:21:33,250 --> 00:21:38,230 predicted by the valence bond Theory again what we will do is this around the 836 00:21:38,230 --> 00:21:38,240 again what we will do is this around the 837 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:44,230 again what we will do is this around the carbon right we have three electron 838 00:21:44,230 --> 00:21:44,240 carbon right we have three electron 839 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,530 carbon right we have three electron domains electron pairs now what does 840 00:21:47,530 --> 00:21:47,540 domains electron pairs now what does 841 00:21:47,540 --> 00:21:50,440 domains electron pairs now what does that means three electron pair and three 842 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:50,450 that means three electron pair and three 843 00:21:50,450 --> 00:21:52,030 that means three electron pair and three electron domains in terms of 844 00:21:52,030 --> 00:21:52,040 electron domains in terms of 845 00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:54,490 electron domains in terms of hybridization what kind of hybridization 846 00:21:54,490 --> 00:21:54,500 hybridization what kind of hybridization 847 00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:57,850 hybridization what kind of hybridization I need to accommodate those three 848 00:21:57,850 --> 00:21:57,860 I need to accommodate those three 849 00:21:57,860 --> 00:22:05,980 I need to accommodate those three electron pairs sp2 because I need three 850 00:22:05,980 --> 00:22:05,990 electron pairs sp2 because I need three 851 00:22:05,990 --> 00:22:08,200 electron pairs sp2 because I need three hybrid orbitals three hybrid orbitals 852 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:08,210 hybrid orbitals three hybrid orbitals 853 00:22:08,210 --> 00:22:10,960 hybrid orbitals three hybrid orbitals will be obtained by mixing 1 s and 2 P 854 00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:10,970 will be obtained by mixing 1 s and 2 P 855 00:22:10,970 --> 00:22:15,340 will be obtained by mixing 1 s and 2 P therefore the hybridization on carbon 856 00:22:15,340 --> 00:22:15,350 therefore the hybridization on carbon 857 00:22:15,350 --> 00:22:17,590 therefore the hybridization on carbon let's put over here 858 00:22:17,590 --> 00:22:17,600 let's put over here 859 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:23,180 let's put over here valence bond Theory right first is 860 00:22:23,180 --> 00:22:23,190 valence bond Theory right first is 861 00:22:23,190 --> 00:22:34,490 valence bond Theory right first is nation on carbon is sp2 type of 862 00:22:34,490 --> 00:22:34,500 nation on carbon is sp2 type of 863 00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:37,700 nation on carbon is sp2 type of hybridization now what does that means 864 00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:37,710 hybridization now what does that means 865 00:22:37,710 --> 00:22:42,230 hybridization now what does that means mixing one 2p orbital one yeah 2p 866 00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:42,240 mixing one 2p orbital one yeah 2p 867 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:44,870 mixing one 2p orbital one yeah 2p orbitals 1s orbitals remember there are 868 00:22:44,870 --> 00:22:44,880 orbitals 1s orbitals remember there are 869 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:47,390 orbitals 1s orbitals remember there are three P orbitals what does that means 870 00:22:47,390 --> 00:22:47,400 three P orbitals what does that means 871 00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,090 three P orbitals what does that means that means there is one p orbitals which 872 00:22:50,090 --> 00:22:50,100 that means there is one p orbitals which 873 00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:53,990 that means there is one p orbitals which is not involved in hybridizations right 874 00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:54,000 is not involved in hybridizations right 875 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,270 is not involved in hybridizations right not involved in itemization still there 876 00:22:56,270 --> 00:22:56,280 not involved in itemization still there 877 00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:59,000 not involved in itemization still there empty or may have a net one electron 878 00:22:59,000 --> 00:22:59,010 empty or may have a net one electron 879 00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:00,740 empty or may have a net one electron actually in this case it has a one 880 00:23:00,740 --> 00:23:00,750 actually in this case it has a one 881 00:23:00,750 --> 00:23:04,940 actually in this case it has a one electron and it's there now how about 882 00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:04,950 electron and it's there now how about 883 00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:16,390 electron and it's there now how about the hybridization around the oxygen hmm 884 00:23:16,390 --> 00:23:16,400 the hybridization around the oxygen hmm 885 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:22,610 the hybridization around the oxygen hmm SP no if you have sp3 then we actually 886 00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:22,620 SP no if you have sp3 then we actually 887 00:23:22,620 --> 00:23:25,520 SP no if you have sp3 then we actually we don't need that why because we need 888 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:25,530 we don't need that why because we need 889 00:23:25,530 --> 00:23:27,470 we don't need that why because we need again we have three electron domains 890 00:23:27,470 --> 00:23:27,480 again we have three electron domains 891 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,440 again we have three electron domains that's it for three electron domains I 892 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:30,450 that's it for three electron domains I 893 00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:32,960 that's it for three electron domains I need three hybrid orbitals three hybrid 894 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:32,970 need three hybrid orbitals three hybrid 895 00:23:32,970 --> 00:23:35,900 need three hybrid orbitals three hybrid orbitals will be obtained again by s 1 s 896 00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:35,910 orbitals will be obtained again by s 1 s 897 00:23:35,910 --> 00:23:39,500 orbitals will be obtained again by s 1 s and 2 P orbitals s P 2 so hybridization 898 00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:39,510 and 2 P orbitals s P 2 so hybridization 899 00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:46,910 and 2 P orbitals s P 2 so hybridization on oxygen is also sp2 like this right 900 00:23:46,910 --> 00:23:46,920 on oxygen is also sp2 like this right 901 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:50,690 on oxygen is also sp2 like this right now this way actually when you have this 902 00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:50,700 now this way actually when you have this 903 00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:56,360 now this way actually when you have this hybridization the electron pairs will be 904 00:23:56,360 --> 00:23:56,370 hybridization the electron pairs will be 905 00:23:56,370 --> 00:24:01,160 hybridization the electron pairs will be on the corner of a trigonal planar in an 906 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:01,170 on the corner of a trigonal planar in an 907 00:24:01,170 --> 00:24:03,110 on the corner of a trigonal planar in an equilateral triangle that means there's 908 00:24:03,110 --> 00:24:03,120 equilateral triangle that means there's 909 00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:04,610 equilateral triangle that means there's going to be minimum repulsion between 910 00:24:04,610 --> 00:24:04,620 going to be minimum repulsion between 911 00:24:04,620 --> 00:24:08,780 going to be minimum repulsion between them right now let's say consider how 912 00:24:08,780 --> 00:24:08,790 them right now let's say consider how 913 00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:11,660 them right now let's say consider how the bonding will take place now here the 914 00:24:11,660 --> 00:24:11,670 the bonding will take place now here the 915 00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:15,200 the bonding will take place now here the carbon alright put that over here carbon 916 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:15,210 carbon alright put that over here carbon 917 00:24:15,210 --> 00:24:19,220 carbon alright put that over here carbon on the carbon I have three hybrid 918 00:24:19,220 --> 00:24:19,230 on the carbon I have three hybrid 919 00:24:19,230 --> 00:24:21,920 on the carbon I have three hybrid orbitals SP two hybrid orbitals let's 920 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:21,930 orbitals SP two hybrid orbitals let's 921 00:24:21,930 --> 00:24:24,170 orbitals SP two hybrid orbitals let's put those where they will be one will be 922 00:24:24,170 --> 00:24:24,180 put those where they will be one will be 923 00:24:24,180 --> 00:24:27,200 put those where they will be one will be here and the other one will be here 924 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:27,210 here and the other one will be here 925 00:24:27,210 --> 00:24:30,080 here and the other one will be here and the other one will be here remember 926 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:30,090 and the other one will be here remember 927 00:24:30,090 --> 00:24:32,770 and the other one will be here remember there are also little side on the other 928 00:24:32,770 --> 00:24:32,780 there are also little side on the other 929 00:24:32,780 --> 00:24:35,090 there are also little side on the other here too for these not only 930 00:24:35,090 --> 00:24:35,100 here too for these not only 931 00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:38,930 here too for these not only one side so these are three sp2 hybrid 932 00:24:38,930 --> 00:24:38,940 one side so these are three sp2 hybrid 933 00:24:38,940 --> 00:24:43,400 one side so these are three sp2 hybrid sp2 sp3 sp2 angle 120 degrees right they 934 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:43,410 sp2 sp3 sp2 angle 120 degrees right they 935 00:24:43,410 --> 00:24:47,810 sp2 sp3 sp2 angle 120 degrees right they have to be simply form equilateral 936 00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:47,820 have to be simply form equilateral 937 00:24:47,820 --> 00:24:49,549 have to be simply form equilateral triangle or they should simply point 938 00:24:49,549 --> 00:24:49,559 triangle or they should simply point 939 00:24:49,559 --> 00:24:50,779 triangle or they should simply point toward the corners of an equilateral 940 00:24:50,779 --> 00:24:50,789 toward the corners of an equilateral 941 00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:55,190 toward the corners of an equilateral triangle now on the oxygen here I also 942 00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:55,200 triangle now on the oxygen here I also 943 00:24:55,200 --> 00:25:00,049 triangle now on the oxygen here I also have sp2 hybrid orbitals hybridization 944 00:25:00,049 --> 00:25:00,059 have sp2 hybrid orbitals hybridization 945 00:25:00,059 --> 00:25:03,650 have sp2 hybrid orbitals hybridization and now I have simply overlap that and 946 00:25:03,650 --> 00:25:03,660 and now I have simply overlap that and 947 00:25:03,660 --> 00:25:08,450 and now I have simply overlap that and then I have another sp2 hybrid orbital 948 00:25:08,450 --> 00:25:08,460 then I have another sp2 hybrid orbital 949 00:25:08,460 --> 00:25:11,510 then I have another sp2 hybrid orbital here another sp2 hybrid over here so I 950 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:11,520 here another sp2 hybrid over here so I 951 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,630 here another sp2 hybrid over here so I have simply one electron here from the 952 00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:14,640 have simply one electron here from the 953 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:16,610 have simply one electron here from the carbon one electron from the oxygen we 954 00:25:16,610 --> 00:25:16,620 carbon one electron from the oxygen we 955 00:25:16,620 --> 00:25:20,930 carbon one electron from the oxygen we have the bunt right overlap awfully this 956 00:25:20,930 --> 00:25:20,940 have the bunt right overlap awfully this 957 00:25:20,940 --> 00:25:25,610 have the bunt right overlap awfully this is let's say sp2 hybrid orbital this is 958 00:25:25,610 --> 00:25:25,620 is let's say sp2 hybrid orbital this is 959 00:25:25,620 --> 00:25:31,789 is let's say sp2 hybrid orbital this is also sp2 hybrid orbitals how about this 960 00:25:31,789 --> 00:25:31,799 also sp2 hybrid orbitals how about this 961 00:25:31,799 --> 00:25:34,010 also sp2 hybrid orbitals how about this this is also a speech ooh how about this 962 00:25:34,010 --> 00:25:34,020 this is also a speech ooh how about this 963 00:25:34,020 --> 00:25:36,560 this is also a speech ooh how about this this is also sp2 and now you put three 964 00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,570 this is also sp2 and now you put three 965 00:25:36,570 --> 00:25:41,360 this is also sp2 and now you put three electrons there right and two electrons 966 00:25:41,360 --> 00:25:41,370 electrons there right and two electrons 967 00:25:41,370 --> 00:25:45,919 electrons there right and two electrons there like this and now in the Quarian 968 00:25:45,919 --> 00:25:45,929 there like this and now in the Quarian 969 00:25:45,929 --> 00:25:48,070 there like this and now in the Quarian cases the chlorine will come from here 970 00:25:48,070 --> 00:25:48,080 cases the chlorine will come from here 971 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,200 cases the chlorine will come from here chlorine remember has one electron in 972 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:51,210 chlorine remember has one electron in 973 00:25:51,210 --> 00:25:53,990 chlorine remember has one electron in three P orbitals so it can simply use 974 00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:54,000 three P orbitals so it can simply use 975 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:58,010 three P orbitals so it can simply use that chlorine three P orbitals like this 976 00:25:58,010 --> 00:25:58,020 that chlorine three P orbitals like this 977 00:25:58,020 --> 00:26:00,909 that chlorine three P orbitals like this and overlap and form a bond and another 978 00:26:00,909 --> 00:26:00,919 and overlap and form a bond and another 979 00:26:00,919 --> 00:26:04,520 and overlap and form a bond and another chlorine here and uses the three P 980 00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:04,530 chlorine here and uses the three P 981 00:26:04,530 --> 00:26:06,980 chlorine here and uses the three P orbitals this is actually three P 982 00:26:06,980 --> 00:26:06,990 orbitals this is actually three P 983 00:26:06,990 --> 00:26:09,200 orbitals this is actually three P orbitals of chlorine and that's also 984 00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:09,210 orbitals of chlorine and that's also 985 00:26:09,210 --> 00:26:11,000 orbitals of chlorine and that's also three P orbitals of the chlorine I'm 986 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:11,010 three P orbitals of the chlorine I'm 987 00:26:11,010 --> 00:26:13,399 three P orbitals of the chlorine I'm just trying to show you how we can 988 00:26:13,399 --> 00:26:13,409 just trying to show you how we can 989 00:26:13,409 --> 00:26:16,159 just trying to show you how we can simply analyze the bundles and also 990 00:26:16,159 --> 00:26:16,169 simply analyze the bundles and also 991 00:26:16,169 --> 00:26:19,070 simply analyze the bundles and also count the electrons coming from each 992 00:26:19,070 --> 00:26:19,080 count the electrons coming from each 993 00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:22,580 count the electrons coming from each atoms so I have three electrons there 994 00:26:22,580 --> 00:26:22,590 atoms so I have three electrons there 995 00:26:22,590 --> 00:26:27,260 atoms so I have three electrons there that is another bunt here overlap of the 996 00:26:27,260 --> 00:26:27,270 that is another bunt here overlap of the 997 00:26:27,270 --> 00:26:30,770 that is another bunt here overlap of the hybrid orbital and pure 3 P orbitals 998 00:26:30,770 --> 00:26:30,780 hybrid orbital and pure 3 P orbitals 999 00:26:30,780 --> 00:26:33,770 hybrid orbital and pure 3 P orbitals hybrid orbital 3 P hybrid orbital hybrid 1000 00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:33,780 hybrid orbital 3 P hybrid orbital hybrid 1001 00:26:33,780 --> 00:26:35,419 hybrid orbital 3 P hybrid orbital hybrid orbital these are the hybrid orbitals 1002 00:26:35,419 --> 00:26:35,429 orbital these are the hybrid orbitals 1003 00:26:35,429 --> 00:26:39,320 orbital these are the hybrid orbitals now when we count the valence electrons 1004 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:39,330 now when we count the valence electrons 1005 00:26:39,330 --> 00:26:42,980 now when we count the valence electrons and the P and the atomic orbitals 1006 00:26:42,980 --> 00:26:42,990 and the P and the atomic orbitals 1007 00:26:42,990 --> 00:26:45,799 and the P and the atomic orbitals valence atomic orbitals here we have 1008 00:26:45,799 --> 00:26:45,809 valence atomic orbitals here we have 1009 00:26:45,809 --> 00:26:48,880 valence atomic orbitals here we have made sp2 hybridization 1010 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:48,890 made sp2 hybridization 1011 00:26:48,890 --> 00:26:51,610 made sp2 hybridization and carbon and what does that means we 1012 00:26:51,610 --> 00:26:51,620 and carbon and what does that means we 1013 00:26:51,620 --> 00:26:54,580 and carbon and what does that means we used 1 s and 2 P orbitals valence 1014 00:26:54,580 --> 00:26:54,590 used 1 s and 2 P orbitals valence 1015 00:26:54,590 --> 00:26:57,070 used 1 s and 2 P orbitals valence orbitals that means there's one p 1016 00:26:57,070 --> 00:26:57,080 orbitals that means there's one p 1017 00:26:57,080 --> 00:26:59,950 orbitals that means there's one p orbitals which is not involved in 1018 00:26:59,950 --> 00:26:59,960 orbitals which is not involved in 1019 00:26:59,960 --> 00:27:02,320 orbitals which is not involved in hybridization what does that means it is 1020 00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:02,330 hybridization what does that means it is 1021 00:27:02,330 --> 00:27:04,540 hybridization what does that means it is pure P orbitals perpendicular to this 1022 00:27:04,540 --> 00:27:04,550 pure P orbitals perpendicular to this 1023 00:27:04,550 --> 00:27:07,920 pure P orbitals perpendicular to this play over here and it has one electron 1024 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:07,930 play over here and it has one electron 1025 00:27:07,930 --> 00:27:11,320 play over here and it has one electron right p orbital here perpendicular like 1026 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:11,330 right p orbital here perpendicular like 1027 00:27:11,330 --> 00:27:13,330 right p orbital here perpendicular like this and one electron 1028 00:27:13,330 --> 00:27:13,340 this and one electron 1029 00:27:13,340 --> 00:27:15,100 this and one electron the same thing is also a true on the 1030 00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:15,110 the same thing is also a true on the 1031 00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:18,310 the same thing is also a true on the oxygen on oxygen we also have the sp2 1032 00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:18,320 oxygen on oxygen we also have the sp2 1033 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:20,980 oxygen on oxygen we also have the sp2 hybridization and there is one p orbital 1034 00:27:20,980 --> 00:27:20,990 hybridization and there is one p orbital 1035 00:27:20,990 --> 00:27:24,130 hybridization and there is one p orbital which is not involved in hybridizations 1036 00:27:24,130 --> 00:27:24,140 which is not involved in hybridizations 1037 00:27:24,140 --> 00:27:28,570 which is not involved in hybridizations as a result those two P orbitals P 1038 00:27:28,570 --> 00:27:28,580 as a result those two P orbitals P 1039 00:27:28,580 --> 00:27:31,180 as a result those two P orbitals P orbitals here P orbitals they're on this 1040 00:27:31,180 --> 00:27:31,190 orbitals here P orbitals they're on this 1041 00:27:31,190 --> 00:27:34,500 orbitals here P orbitals they're on this carbon and that oxygen they overlap 1042 00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:34,510 carbon and that oxygen they overlap 1043 00:27:34,510 --> 00:27:40,020 carbon and that oxygen they overlap sidewise let's try to show you here just 1044 00:27:40,020 --> 00:27:40,030 sidewise let's try to show you here just 1045 00:27:40,030 --> 00:27:43,570 sidewise let's try to show you here just to visualize how they will overlap this 1046 00:27:43,570 --> 00:27:43,580 to visualize how they will overlap this 1047 00:27:43,580 --> 00:27:46,150 to visualize how they will overlap this is the carbon this is the oxygen and I 1048 00:27:46,150 --> 00:27:46,160 is the carbon this is the oxygen and I 1049 00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:49,800 is the carbon this is the oxygen and I have simply ap orbital here 1050 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:49,810 have simply ap orbital here 1051 00:27:49,810 --> 00:27:52,630 have simply ap orbital here perpendicular to that plane and this p 1052 00:27:52,630 --> 00:27:52,640 perpendicular to that plane and this p 1053 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:54,700 perpendicular to that plane and this p orbital there perpendicular to that 1054 00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:54,710 orbital there perpendicular to that 1055 00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:59,530 orbital there perpendicular to that plane and they now overlap like this to 1056 00:27:59,530 --> 00:27:59,540 plane and they now overlap like this to 1057 00:27:59,540 --> 00:28:04,840 plane and they now overlap like this to form a bond by overlapping this is 3p 1058 00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:04,850 form a bond by overlapping this is 3p 1059 00:28:04,850 --> 00:28:08,440 form a bond by overlapping this is 3p orbital pure and this is also true P 1060 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:08,450 orbital pure and this is also true P 1061 00:28:08,450 --> 00:28:11,140 orbital pure and this is also true P orbitals no this is also 2p orbits as 1062 00:28:11,140 --> 00:28:11,150 orbitals no this is also 2p orbits as 1063 00:28:11,150 --> 00:28:14,290 orbitals no this is also 2p orbits as pure 2p orbitals and we have the overlap 1064 00:28:14,290 --> 00:28:14,300 pure 2p orbitals and we have the overlap 1065 00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:16,630 pure 2p orbitals and we have the overlap the picture more looks like this carbon 1066 00:28:16,630 --> 00:28:16,640 the picture more looks like this carbon 1067 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:21,040 the picture more looks like this carbon oxygen and we have simply an overlap a 1068 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:21,050 oxygen and we have simply an overlap a 1069 00:28:21,050 --> 00:28:24,490 oxygen and we have simply an overlap a region where the electron there actually 1070 00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:24,500 region where the electron there actually 1071 00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,790 region where the electron there actually and another region here and that is AB 1072 00:28:27,790 --> 00:28:27,800 and another region here and that is AB 1073 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:33,100 and another region here and that is AB bond and this bond is the second bond 1074 00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:33,110 bond and this bond is the second bond 1075 00:28:33,110 --> 00:28:36,550 bond and this bond is the second bond here the first one is this second one is 1076 00:28:36,550 --> 00:28:36,560 here the first one is this second one is 1077 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:40,120 here the first one is this second one is this one and it is simply obtained by 1078 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:40,130 this one and it is simply obtained by 1079 00:28:40,130 --> 00:28:43,540 this one and it is simply obtained by the overlap of P orbitals on this carbon 1080 00:28:43,540 --> 00:28:43,550 the overlap of P orbitals on this carbon 1081 00:28:43,550 --> 00:28:46,540 the overlap of P orbitals on this carbon and P orbitals on this oxygens which are 1082 00:28:46,540 --> 00:28:46,550 and P orbitals on this oxygens which are 1083 00:28:46,550 --> 00:28:49,390 and P orbitals on this oxygens which are not involved in hybridization sideways 1084 00:28:49,390 --> 00:28:49,400 not involved in hybridization sideways 1085 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:54,600 not involved in hybridization sideways to get the bond now we name these two 1086 00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:54,610 to get the bond now we name these two 1087 00:28:54,610 --> 00:28:57,310 to get the bond now we name these two kind of buns depending on their 1088 00:28:57,310 --> 00:28:57,320 kind of buns depending on their 1089 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,640 kind of buns depending on their symmetries and the symmetry of the this 1090 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:00,650 symmetries and the symmetry of the this 1091 00:29:00,650 --> 00:29:02,799 symmetries and the symmetry of the this bond here has a rotation 1092 00:29:02,799 --> 00:29:02,809 bond here has a rotation 1093 00:29:02,809 --> 00:29:04,779 bond here has a rotation symmetry that means if I simply rotate 1094 00:29:04,779 --> 00:29:04,789 symmetry that means if I simply rotate 1095 00:29:04,789 --> 00:29:06,700 symmetry that means if I simply rotate this around this axis nothing will 1096 00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:06,710 this around this axis nothing will 1097 00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:09,810 this around this axis nothing will change those kind of bonds are called 1098 00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:09,820 change those kind of bonds are called 1099 00:29:09,820 --> 00:29:14,759 change those kind of bonds are called Sigma bond right so this is simply a 1100 00:29:14,759 --> 00:29:14,769 Sigma bond right so this is simply a 1101 00:29:14,769 --> 00:29:19,629 Sigma bond right so this is simply a sigma bond now if you ask me weird comes 1102 00:29:19,629 --> 00:29:19,639 sigma bond now if you ask me weird comes 1103 00:29:19,639 --> 00:29:21,369 sigma bond now if you ask me weird comes from just name 1104 00:29:21,369 --> 00:29:21,379 from just name 1105 00:29:21,379 --> 00:29:23,739 from just name that's a sigma bond Sigma bond me say 1106 00:29:23,739 --> 00:29:23,749 that's a sigma bond Sigma bond me say 1107 00:29:23,749 --> 00:29:27,009 that's a sigma bond Sigma bond me say Sigma bond we know that it is it has a 1108 00:29:27,009 --> 00:29:27,019 Sigma bond we know that it is it has a 1109 00:29:27,019 --> 00:29:29,769 Sigma bond we know that it is it has a rotational symmetry around the bound 1110 00:29:29,769 --> 00:29:29,779 rotational symmetry around the bound 1111 00:29:29,779 --> 00:29:31,690 rotational symmetry around the bound axis that means if you rotate it around 1112 00:29:31,690 --> 00:29:31,700 axis that means if you rotate it around 1113 00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:33,940 axis that means if you rotate it around the bond X as nothing will change right 1114 00:29:33,940 --> 00:29:33,950 the bond X as nothing will change right 1115 00:29:33,950 --> 00:29:35,320 the bond X as nothing will change right has that symmetry or cylindrical 1116 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:35,330 has that symmetry or cylindrical 1117 00:29:35,330 --> 00:29:37,239 has that symmetry or cylindrical symmetry sometimes I said that's the 1118 00:29:37,239 --> 00:29:37,249 symmetry sometimes I said that's the 1119 00:29:37,249 --> 00:29:41,080 symmetry sometimes I said that's the symmetry now this one is pi bond this is 1120 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:41,090 symmetry now this one is pi bond this is 1121 00:29:41,090 --> 00:29:47,289 symmetry now this one is pi bond this is called pi bond and the pi bond again do 1122 00:29:47,289 --> 00:29:47,299 called pi bond and the pi bond again do 1123 00:29:47,299 --> 00:29:52,299 called pi bond and the pi bond again do not have rotational symmetry about the 1124 00:29:52,299 --> 00:29:52,309 not have rotational symmetry about the 1125 00:29:52,309 --> 00:29:55,810 not have rotational symmetry about the bond axis right that means I have a loop 1126 00:29:55,810 --> 00:29:55,820 bond axis right that means I have a loop 1127 00:29:55,820 --> 00:29:58,330 bond axis right that means I have a loop here another loop there you can call 1128 00:29:58,330 --> 00:29:58,340 here another loop there you can call 1129 00:29:58,340 --> 00:30:00,129 here another loop there you can call this like the sausage here or sausage 1130 00:30:00,129 --> 00:30:00,139 this like the sausage here or sausage 1131 00:30:00,139 --> 00:30:04,180 this like the sausage here or sausage there right and if you rotate it doesn't 1132 00:30:04,180 --> 00:30:04,190 there right and if you rotate it doesn't 1133 00:30:04,190 --> 00:30:05,830 there right and if you rotate it doesn't have a symmetry right you can tell that 1134 00:30:05,830 --> 00:30:05,840 have a symmetry right you can tell that 1135 00:30:05,840 --> 00:30:10,169 have a symmetry right you can tell that you rotate it so these kind of bond 1136 00:30:10,169 --> 00:30:10,179 you rotate it so these kind of bond 1137 00:30:10,179 --> 00:30:13,600 you rotate it so these kind of bond which do not have rotational symmetry 1138 00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:13,610 which do not have rotational symmetry 1139 00:30:13,610 --> 00:30:18,100 which do not have rotational symmetry about the bond axis is called pi bond 1140 00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:18,110 about the bond axis is called pi bond 1141 00:30:18,110 --> 00:30:21,669 about the bond axis is called pi bond right PI bonds so now we classify the 1142 00:30:21,669 --> 00:30:21,679 right PI bonds so now we classify the 1143 00:30:21,679 --> 00:30:24,789 right PI bonds so now we classify the bonds as Sigma bond and PI bond in 1144 00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:24,799 bonds as Sigma bond and PI bond in 1145 00:30:24,799 --> 00:30:27,999 bonds as Sigma bond and PI bond in valence bond Theory and we know which 1146 00:30:27,999 --> 00:30:28,009 valence bond Theory and we know which 1147 00:30:28,009 --> 00:30:30,310 valence bond Theory and we know which one is Sigma which one is pi now in 1148 00:30:30,310 --> 00:30:30,320 one is Sigma which one is pi now in 1149 00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:31,869 one is Sigma which one is pi now in other things that we should always 1150 00:30:31,869 --> 00:30:31,879 other things that we should always 1151 00:30:31,879 --> 00:30:36,369 other things that we should always remember the Sigma bond is always 1152 00:30:36,369 --> 00:30:36,379 remember the Sigma bond is always 1153 00:30:36,379 --> 00:30:40,749 remember the Sigma bond is always stronger than a PI bond because the 1154 00:30:40,749 --> 00:30:40,759 stronger than a PI bond because the 1155 00:30:40,759 --> 00:30:43,869 stronger than a PI bond because the Sigma overlap that means this fashion 1156 00:30:43,869 --> 00:30:43,879 Sigma overlap that means this fashion 1157 00:30:43,879 --> 00:30:47,710 Sigma overlap that means this fashion overlap is always greater than this 1158 00:30:47,710 --> 00:30:47,720 overlap is always greater than this 1159 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,049 overlap is always greater than this fashion overlap in fact in the molecule 1160 00:30:50,049 --> 00:30:50,059 fashion overlap in fact in the molecule 1161 00:30:50,059 --> 00:30:51,669 fashion overlap in fact in the molecule and other things we should always 1162 00:30:51,669 --> 00:30:51,679 and other things we should always 1163 00:30:51,679 --> 00:30:54,629 and other things we should always remember that if I have a double bond 1164 00:30:54,629 --> 00:30:54,639 remember that if I have a double bond 1165 00:30:54,639 --> 00:30:59,320 remember that if I have a double bond between two atoms the first one of those 1166 00:30:59,320 --> 00:30:59,330 between two atoms the first one of those 1167 00:30:59,330 --> 00:31:02,200 between two atoms the first one of those actually double bond is a sigma bond the 1168 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:02,210 actually double bond is a sigma bond the 1169 00:31:02,210 --> 00:31:06,549 actually double bond is a sigma bond the second one is always PI bond right now 1170 00:31:06,549 --> 00:31:06,559 second one is always PI bond right now 1171 00:31:06,559 --> 00:31:09,639 second one is always PI bond right now if I have three bonds between the two 1172 00:31:09,639 --> 00:31:09,649 if I have three bonds between the two 1173 00:31:09,649 --> 00:31:12,070 if I have three bonds between the two atoms one is Sigma 1174 00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:12,080 atoms one is Sigma 1175 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:15,369 atoms one is Sigma the other two are PI bond 1176 00:31:15,369 --> 00:31:15,379 the other two are PI bond 1177 00:31:15,379 --> 00:31:16,600 the other two are PI bond right now let's 1178 00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:16,610 right now let's 1179 00:31:16,610 --> 00:31:20,560 right now let's how we can simply see those bonds they 1180 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:20,570 how we can simply see those bonds they 1181 00:31:20,570 --> 00:31:23,380 how we can simply see those bonds they will be here types of bond again we have 1182 00:31:23,380 --> 00:31:23,390 will be here types of bond again we have 1183 00:31:23,390 --> 00:31:27,880 will be here types of bond again we have simply Sigma and PI type this is exactly 1184 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:27,890 simply Sigma and PI type this is exactly 1185 00:31:27,890 --> 00:31:32,740 simply Sigma and PI type this is exactly what I try to show you here and now the 1186 00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:32,750 what I try to show you here and now the 1187 00:31:32,750 --> 00:31:35,320 what I try to show you here and now the pictures are follow right and when you 1188 00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:35,330 pictures are follow right and when you 1189 00:31:35,330 --> 00:31:39,460 pictures are follow right and when you simply overlap these two orbitals like 1190 00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:39,470 simply overlap these two orbitals like 1191 00:31:39,470 --> 00:31:43,240 simply overlap these two orbitals like this and this fashion you get as Sigma 1192 00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:43,250 this and this fashion you get as Sigma 1193 00:31:43,250 --> 00:31:46,539 this and this fashion you get as Sigma bond why because this kind of overlap 1194 00:31:46,539 --> 00:31:46,549 bond why because this kind of overlap 1195 00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:49,150 bond why because this kind of overlap has rotational symmetry around those 1196 00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:49,160 has rotational symmetry around those 1197 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:51,520 has rotational symmetry around those axes if you just rotate this around this 1198 00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:51,530 axes if you just rotate this around this 1199 00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:53,110 axes if you just rotate this around this axis you wouldn't tell that it is 1200 00:31:53,110 --> 00:31:53,120 axis you wouldn't tell that it is 1201 00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:56,010 axis you wouldn't tell that it is rotated right that's what symmetry means 1202 00:31:56,010 --> 00:31:56,020 rotated right that's what symmetry means 1203 00:31:56,020 --> 00:31:58,900 rotated right that's what symmetry means symmetry axis means or symmetry 1204 00:31:58,900 --> 00:31:58,910 symmetry axis means or symmetry 1205 00:31:58,910 --> 00:32:03,430 symmetry axis means or symmetry operations I should say now here this is 1206 00:32:03,430 --> 00:32:03,440 operations I should say now here this is 1207 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:04,270 operations I should say now here this is a PI bond 1208 00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:04,280 a PI bond 1209 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:06,159 a PI bond now there is one p orbital another p 1210 00:32:06,159 --> 00:32:06,169 now there is one p orbital another p 1211 00:32:06,169 --> 00:32:09,760 now there is one p orbital another p orbital and they are sideway overlaps of 1212 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:09,770 orbital and they are sideway overlaps of 1213 00:32:09,770 --> 00:32:12,310 orbital and they are sideway overlaps of the 2p orbitals you call a sideway like 1214 00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:12,320 the 2p orbitals you call a sideway like 1215 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,789 the 2p orbitals you call a sideway like this and the result actually this is 1216 00:32:15,789 --> 00:32:15,799 this and the result actually this is 1217 00:32:15,799 --> 00:32:17,740 this and the result actually this is what I tried to show you here this is 1218 00:32:17,740 --> 00:32:17,750 what I tried to show you here this is 1219 00:32:17,750 --> 00:32:21,340 what I tried to show you here this is the PI bond and structure more looks up 1220 00:32:21,340 --> 00:32:21,350 the PI bond and structure more looks up 1221 00:32:21,350 --> 00:32:23,260 the PI bond and structure more looks up probably the shape more looks like this 1222 00:32:23,260 --> 00:32:23,270 probably the shape more looks like this 1223 00:32:23,270 --> 00:32:26,970 probably the shape more looks like this and it doesn't have rotational symmetry 1224 00:32:26,970 --> 00:32:26,980 and it doesn't have rotational symmetry 1225 00:32:26,980 --> 00:32:29,919 and it doesn't have rotational symmetry around the bottom axis doesn't have a 1226 00:32:29,919 --> 00:32:29,929 around the bottom axis doesn't have a 1227 00:32:29,929 --> 00:32:31,780 around the bottom axis doesn't have a rotation symmetry around the bond axis 1228 00:32:31,780 --> 00:32:31,790 rotation symmetry around the bond axis 1229 00:32:31,790 --> 00:32:35,039 rotation symmetry around the bond axis okay now these are in other examples 1230 00:32:35,039 --> 00:32:35,049 okay now these are in other examples 1231 00:32:35,049 --> 00:32:38,169 okay now these are in other examples this is the case where you have let's 1232 00:32:38,169 --> 00:32:38,179 this is the case where you have let's 1233 00:32:38,179 --> 00:32:44,230 this is the case where you have let's say ethylene molecule and ethylene 1234 00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:44,240 say ethylene molecule and ethylene 1235 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:51,340 say ethylene molecule and ethylene molecule has a double bond like this so 1236 00:32:51,340 --> 00:32:51,350 molecule has a double bond like this so 1237 00:32:51,350 --> 00:32:53,560 molecule has a double bond like this so if you try to analyze this double bond 1238 00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:53,570 if you try to analyze this double bond 1239 00:32:53,570 --> 00:32:57,490 if you try to analyze this double bond here as we have done here one is Sigma 1240 00:32:57,490 --> 00:32:57,500 here as we have done here one is Sigma 1241 00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:00,220 here as we have done here one is Sigma has to be the other one is PI now the 1242 00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:00,230 has to be the other one is PI now the 1243 00:33:00,230 --> 00:33:03,220 has to be the other one is PI now the Sigma bond is formed which hybrid 1244 00:33:03,220 --> 00:33:03,230 Sigma bond is formed which hybrid 1245 00:33:03,230 --> 00:33:09,370 Sigma bond is formed which hybrid orbital on this carbon tell me which 1246 00:33:09,370 --> 00:33:09,380 orbital on this carbon tell me which 1247 00:33:09,380 --> 00:33:11,860 orbital on this carbon tell me which hybrid orbital on the carbon is used to 1248 00:33:11,860 --> 00:33:11,870 hybrid orbital on the carbon is used to 1249 00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:17,560 hybrid orbital on the carbon is used to overlap sp2 right why because around the 1250 00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:17,570 overlap sp2 right why because around the 1251 00:33:17,570 --> 00:33:20,700 overlap sp2 right why because around the carbon I have three electron domains 1252 00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:20,710 carbon I have three electron domains 1253 00:33:20,710 --> 00:33:23,740 carbon I have three electron domains that I should have three hybrid orbitals 1254 00:33:23,740 --> 00:33:23,750 that I should have three hybrid orbitals 1255 00:33:23,750 --> 00:33:26,740 that I should have three hybrid orbitals to get three hybrid orbitals I have to 1256 00:33:26,740 --> 00:33:26,750 to get three hybrid orbitals I have to 1257 00:33:26,750 --> 00:33:29,890 to get three hybrid orbitals I have to have sp2 hybridization right 1258 00:33:29,890 --> 00:33:29,900 have sp2 hybridization right 1259 00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,770 have sp2 hybridization right sp2 hybrid orbital from this carbon SP 2 1260 00:33:32,770 --> 00:33:32,780 sp2 hybrid orbital from this carbon SP 2 1261 00:33:32,780 --> 00:33:34,450 sp2 hybrid orbital from this carbon SP 2 hybrid from that carbon overlaps to 1262 00:33:34,450 --> 00:33:34,460 hybrid from that carbon overlaps to 1263 00:33:34,460 --> 00:33:37,110 hybrid from that carbon overlaps to firma bomb just similar to this right 1264 00:33:37,110 --> 00:33:37,120 firma bomb just similar to this right 1265 00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:40,690 firma bomb just similar to this right similar to that actually and now how 1266 00:33:40,690 --> 00:33:40,700 similar to that actually and now how 1267 00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:42,730 similar to that actually and now how about the second one second one is the 1268 00:33:42,730 --> 00:33:42,740 about the second one second one is the 1269 00:33:42,740 --> 00:33:48,010 about the second one second one is the PI bond as shown there now what are the 1270 00:33:48,010 --> 00:33:48,020 PI bond as shown there now what are the 1271 00:33:48,020 --> 00:33:50,200 PI bond as shown there now what are the orbitals used to form this carbon 1272 00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:50,210 orbitals used to form this carbon 1273 00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,390 orbitals used to form this carbon hydrogen bond on the carbon it uses sp2 1274 00:33:58,390 --> 00:33:58,400 hydrogen bond on the carbon it uses sp2 1275 00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:02,200 hydrogen bond on the carbon it uses sp2 hybrid orbitals on the hydrogen 1s is it 1276 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:02,210 hybrid orbitals on the hydrogen 1s is it 1277 00:34:02,210 --> 00:34:07,270 hybrid orbitals on the hydrogen 1s is it Sigma or Pi Sigma yes 1278 00:34:07,270 --> 00:34:07,280 Sigma or Pi Sigma yes 1279 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:10,000 Sigma or Pi Sigma yes single bonds are always Sigma remember 1280 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:10,010 single bonds are always Sigma remember 1281 00:34:10,010 --> 00:34:13,840 single bonds are always Sigma remember that and you can also visualize that by 1282 00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:13,850 that and you can also visualize that by 1283 00:34:13,850 --> 00:34:16,889 that and you can also visualize that by considering the symmetry of the overlap 1284 00:34:16,889 --> 00:34:16,899 considering the symmetry of the overlap 1285 00:34:16,899 --> 00:34:20,110 considering the symmetry of the overlap orbital actually and so that you can 1286 00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:20,120 orbital actually and so that you can 1287 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:22,750 orbital actually and so that you can simply analyze it nicely now we need to 1288 00:34:22,750 --> 00:34:22,760 simply analyze it nicely now we need to 1289 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:29,320 simply analyze it nicely now we need to have c2h2 acetylene molecule and in that 1290 00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:29,330 have c2h2 acetylene molecule and in that 1291 00:34:29,330 --> 00:34:32,980 have c2h2 acetylene molecule and in that case the second bond here is PI bond the 1292 00:34:32,980 --> 00:34:32,990 case the second bond here is PI bond the 1293 00:34:32,990 --> 00:34:35,680 case the second bond here is PI bond the actually that PI bond is formed by the 1294 00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:35,690 actually that PI bond is formed by the 1295 00:34:35,690 --> 00:34:38,440 actually that PI bond is formed by the overlap of the P orbitals on this carbon 1296 00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:38,450 overlap of the P orbitals on this carbon 1297 00:34:38,450 --> 00:34:41,230 overlap of the P orbitals on this carbon and that carbon and those P orbitals are 1298 00:34:41,230 --> 00:34:41,240 and that carbon and those P orbitals are 1299 00:34:41,240 --> 00:34:43,720 and that carbon and those P orbitals are pure Peter McCord's they are not 1300 00:34:43,720 --> 00:34:43,730 pure Peter McCord's they are not 1301 00:34:43,730 --> 00:34:46,360 pure Peter McCord's they are not involved in hybridizations right they're 1302 00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:46,370 involved in hybridizations right they're 1303 00:34:46,370 --> 00:34:48,790 involved in hybridizations right they're not involved in hydrogen positions so in 1304 00:34:48,790 --> 00:34:48,800 not involved in hydrogen positions so in 1305 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:53,800 not involved in hydrogen positions so in the case of simply acetylene first of 1306 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:53,810 the case of simply acetylene first of 1307 00:34:53,810 --> 00:34:55,690 the case of simply acetylene first of all let me ask you this what kind of 1308 00:34:55,690 --> 00:34:55,700 all let me ask you this what kind of 1309 00:34:55,700 --> 00:35:04,090 all let me ask you this what kind of hybridization I should have on carbon SP 1310 00:35:04,090 --> 00:35:04,100 hybridization I should have on carbon SP 1311 00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:08,680 hybridization I should have on carbon SP just SP again two electron domains one 1312 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:08,690 just SP again two electron domains one 1313 00:35:08,690 --> 00:35:13,510 just SP again two electron domains one this and one here SP that's it so SP 1314 00:35:13,510 --> 00:35:13,520 this and one here SP that's it so SP 1315 00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:15,940 this and one here SP that's it so SP horrible orbital used here to form the 1316 00:35:15,940 --> 00:35:15,950 horrible orbital used here to form the 1317 00:35:15,950 --> 00:35:18,820 horrible orbital used here to form the bond sigma bond and used here one of 1318 00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:18,830 bond sigma bond and used here one of 1319 00:35:18,830 --> 00:35:21,640 bond sigma bond and used here one of them with the SP again on this carbon to 1320 00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:21,650 them with the SP again on this carbon to 1321 00:35:21,650 --> 00:35:24,730 them with the SP again on this carbon to form a sigma bond and the other two are 1322 00:35:24,730 --> 00:35:24,740 form a sigma bond and the other two are 1323 00:35:24,740 --> 00:35:29,610 form a sigma bond and the other two are PI bond but those P again they are 1324 00:35:29,610 --> 00:35:29,620 PI bond but those P again they are 1325 00:35:29,620 --> 00:35:32,530 PI bond but those P again they are obtained by the overlap of the pure 1326 00:35:32,530 --> 00:35:32,540 obtained by the overlap of the pure 1327 00:35:32,540 --> 00:35:34,510 obtained by the overlap of the pure atomic orbitals which are not involved 1328 00:35:34,510 --> 00:35:34,520 atomic orbitals which are not involved 1329 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:39,420 atomic orbitals which are not involved hybrid on the carbons right and they are 1330 00:35:39,420 --> 00:35:39,430 hybrid on the carbons right and they are 1331 00:35:39,430 --> 00:35:43,330 hybrid on the carbons right and they are those P orbitals are if two are in this 1332 00:35:43,330 --> 00:35:43,340 those P orbitals are if two are in this 1333 00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:45,490 those P orbitals are if two are in this perpendicular to the plane two will be 1334 00:35:45,490 --> 00:35:45,500 perpendicular to the plane two will be 1335 00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:47,530 perpendicular to the plane two will be in this direction again perpendicular 1336 00:35:47,530 --> 00:35:47,540 in this direction again perpendicular 1337 00:35:47,540 --> 00:35:48,880 in this direction again perpendicular remember the p-orbitals are always 1338 00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:48,890 remember the p-orbitals are always 1339 00:35:48,890 --> 00:35:50,260 remember the p-orbitals are always perpendicular to each other three of 1340 00:35:50,260 --> 00:35:50,270 perpendicular to each other three of 1341 00:35:50,270 --> 00:35:54,450 perpendicular to each other three of those so as a result we end up with two 1342 00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:54,460 those so as a result we end up with two 1343 00:35:54,460 --> 00:35:58,330 those so as a result we end up with two P orbitals and one Sigma orbitals and 1344 00:35:58,330 --> 00:35:58,340 P orbitals and one Sigma orbitals and 1345 00:35:58,340 --> 00:36:01,870 P orbitals and one Sigma orbitals and the shape of those simply as here this 1346 00:36:01,870 --> 00:36:01,880 the shape of those simply as here this 1347 00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:05,230 the shape of those simply as here this is one p orbital here and the other p 1348 00:36:05,230 --> 00:36:05,240 is one p orbital here and the other p 1349 00:36:05,240 --> 00:36:07,270 is one p orbital here and the other p orbital there that means one of the P 1350 00:36:07,270 --> 00:36:07,280 orbital there that means one of the P 1351 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,480 orbital there that means one of the P orbitals is on this plane the plane of 1352 00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:10,490 orbitals is on this plane the plane of 1353 00:36:10,490 --> 00:36:13,030 orbitals is on this plane the plane of the curtain here and the other P 1354 00:36:13,030 --> 00:36:13,040 the curtain here and the other P 1355 00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:14,680 the curtain here and the other P orbitals is on a plane which is 1356 00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:14,690 orbitals is on a plane which is 1357 00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:17,410 orbitals is on a plane which is perpendicular to the curtain here right 1358 00:36:17,410 --> 00:36:17,420 perpendicular to the curtain here right 1359 00:36:17,420 --> 00:36:20,770 perpendicular to the curtain here right so two P orbitals one like this the 1360 00:36:20,770 --> 00:36:20,780 so two P orbitals one like this the 1361 00:36:20,780 --> 00:36:22,960 so two P orbitals one like this the other one is perpendicular to that and 1362 00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:22,970 other one is perpendicular to that and 1363 00:36:22,970 --> 00:36:25,920 other one is perpendicular to that and that's the triple bond 1364 00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:25,930 that's the triple bond 1365 00:36:25,930 --> 00:36:31,740 that's the triple bond now sometimes the double bond 1366 00:36:31,740 --> 00:36:31,750 now sometimes the double bond 1367 00:36:31,750 --> 00:36:35,350 now sometimes the double bond particularly or the electrons which are 1368 00:36:35,350 --> 00:36:35,360 particularly or the electrons which are 1369 00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:40,180 particularly or the electrons which are in the PI bond I should say are not 1370 00:36:40,180 --> 00:36:40,190 in the PI bond I should say are not 1371 00:36:40,190 --> 00:36:43,450 in the PI bond I should say are not localized between two atoms but they can 1372 00:36:43,450 --> 00:36:43,460 localized between two atoms but they can 1373 00:36:43,460 --> 00:36:46,630 localized between two atoms but they can change simply positions in the molecule 1374 00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:46,640 change simply positions in the molecule 1375 00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:49,890 change simply positions in the molecule and these are simply called delocalized 1376 00:36:49,890 --> 00:36:49,900 and these are simply called delocalized 1377 00:36:49,900 --> 00:36:52,510 and these are simply called delocalized localized means they're always there 1378 00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:52,520 localized means they're always there 1379 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:54,880 localized means they're always there delocalized means they can change their 1380 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:54,890 delocalized means they can change their 1381 00:36:54,890 --> 00:36:59,500 delocalized means they can change their place right that's or space with a game 1382 00:36:59,500 --> 00:36:59,510 place right that's or space with a game 1383 00:36:59,510 --> 00:37:02,290 place right that's or space with a game now let's look at the examples examples 1384 00:37:02,290 --> 00:37:02,300 now let's look at the examples examples 1385 00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:06,700 now let's look at the examples examples are the benzene molecule in a benzene 1386 00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:06,710 are the benzene molecule in a benzene 1387 00:37:06,710 --> 00:37:09,760 are the benzene molecule in a benzene molecule this simply this picture shows 1388 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:09,770 molecule this simply this picture shows 1389 00:37:09,770 --> 00:37:16,030 molecule this simply this picture shows you the Sigma orbitals Sigma bonding I 1390 00:37:16,030 --> 00:37:16,040 you the Sigma orbitals Sigma bonding I 1391 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:17,710 you the Sigma orbitals Sigma bonding I should probably say let's put it this 1392 00:37:17,710 --> 00:37:17,720 should probably say let's put it this 1393 00:37:17,720 --> 00:37:22,660 should probably say let's put it this way Sigma type orbitals right in bonding 1394 00:37:22,660 --> 00:37:22,670 way Sigma type orbitals right in bonding 1395 00:37:22,670 --> 00:37:25,900 way Sigma type orbitals right in bonding between the atoms carbon and hydrogen 1396 00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:25,910 between the atoms carbon and hydrogen 1397 00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:28,000 between the atoms carbon and hydrogen and between the carbons like this okay 1398 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:28,010 and between the carbons like this okay 1399 00:37:28,010 --> 00:37:30,520 and between the carbons like this okay let me ask you this what will be the 1400 00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:30,530 let me ask you this what will be the 1401 00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:32,500 let me ask you this what will be the hybridization if I ask you what is the 1402 00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:32,510 hybridization if I ask you what is the 1403 00:37:32,510 --> 00:37:39,690 hybridization if I ask you what is the hybridization on each carbon in benzene 1404 00:37:39,690 --> 00:37:39,700 1405 00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:44,320 sp2 1 s and 2 P orbitals are mixed and I 1406 00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:44,330 sp2 1 s and 2 P orbitals are mixed and I 1407 00:37:44,330 --> 00:37:46,870 sp2 1 s and 2 P orbitals are mixed and I have three hybrid orbitals right and 1408 00:37:46,870 --> 00:37:46,880 have three hybrid orbitals right and 1409 00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:49,690 have three hybrid orbitals right and those are sp2 hybrid orbitals but and 1410 00:37:49,690 --> 00:37:49,700 those are sp2 hybrid orbitals but and 1411 00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:51,370 those are sp2 hybrid orbitals but and then remember there's one more P 1412 00:37:51,370 --> 00:37:51,380 then remember there's one more P 1413 00:37:51,380 --> 00:37:53,710 then remember there's one more P orbitals and that's not involved in 1414 00:37:53,710 --> 00:37:53,720 orbitals and that's not involved in 1415 00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:56,250 orbitals and that's not involved in hybridization and that orbital is 1416 00:37:56,250 --> 00:37:56,260 hybridization and that orbital is 1417 00:37:56,260 --> 00:37:58,590 hybridization and that orbital is radicular to the plane here on each 1418 00:37:58,590 --> 00:37:58,600 radicular to the plane here on each 1419 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:02,430 radicular to the plane here on each carbon and shown like this right these 1420 00:38:02,430 --> 00:38:02,440 carbon and shown like this right these 1421 00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:05,010 carbon and shown like this right these are the P orbitals on each carbon that 1422 00:38:05,010 --> 00:38:05,020 are the P orbitals on each carbon that 1423 00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:07,800 are the P orbitals on each carbon that not involved in hybridization right now 1424 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:07,810 not involved in hybridization right now 1425 00:38:07,810 --> 00:38:12,390 not involved in hybridization right now they can form pi bond by overlap in 1426 00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:12,400 they can form pi bond by overlap in 1427 00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,540 they can form pi bond by overlap in sideways like this two to three PI bonds 1428 00:38:15,540 --> 00:38:15,550 sideways like this two to three PI bonds 1429 00:38:15,550 --> 00:38:18,630 sideways like this two to three PI bonds but the PI bonds may be between those 1430 00:38:18,630 --> 00:38:18,640 but the PI bonds may be between those 1431 00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:21,300 but the PI bonds may be between those two those two and those two or maybe 1432 00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:21,310 two those two and those two or maybe 1433 00:38:21,310 --> 00:38:24,030 two those two and those two or maybe here and there and there and they can be 1434 00:38:24,030 --> 00:38:24,040 here and there and there and they can be 1435 00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:27,090 here and there and there and they can be simply in any place so I can simply show 1436 00:38:27,090 --> 00:38:27,100 simply in any place so I can simply show 1437 00:38:27,100 --> 00:38:31,620 simply in any place so I can simply show those PI bond 3 PI bonds actually in 1438 00:38:31,620 --> 00:38:31,630 those PI bond 3 PI bonds actually in 1439 00:38:31,630 --> 00:38:35,250 those PI bond 3 PI bonds actually in benzene molecule this fashion which says 1440 00:38:35,250 --> 00:38:35,260 benzene molecule this fashion which says 1441 00:38:35,260 --> 00:38:39,090 benzene molecule this fashion which says that it is delocalized pi bond right 1442 00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:39,100 that it is delocalized pi bond right 1443 00:38:39,100 --> 00:38:41,940 that it is delocalized pi bond right it is delocalized pi but not between two 1444 00:38:41,940 --> 00:38:41,950 it is delocalized pi but not between two 1445 00:38:41,950 --> 00:38:44,450 it is delocalized pi but not between two carbon atoms but goes over all the 1446 00:38:44,450 --> 00:38:44,460 carbon atoms but goes over all the 1447 00:38:44,460 --> 00:38:48,810 carbon atoms but goes over all the carbon atoms and we indicated as in this 1448 00:38:48,810 --> 00:38:48,820 carbon atoms and we indicated as in this 1449 00:38:48,820 --> 00:38:51,600 carbon atoms and we indicated as in this picture again that D localization PI 1450 00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:51,610 picture again that D localization PI 1451 00:38:51,610 --> 00:38:53,030 picture again that D localization PI bond D localization 1452 00:38:53,030 --> 00:38:53,040 bond D localization 1453 00:38:53,040 --> 00:39:01,320 bond D localization ok now the next Bond in theory that we 1454 00:39:01,320 --> 00:39:01,330 ok now the next Bond in theory that we 1455 00:39:01,330 --> 00:39:04,830 ok now the next Bond in theory that we will talk here is the molecular orbital 1456 00:39:04,830 --> 00:39:04,840 will talk here is the molecular orbital 1457 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:07,890 will talk here is the molecular orbital Theory molecular orbital Theory and it's 1458 00:39:07,890 --> 00:39:07,900 Theory molecular orbital Theory and it's 1459 00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:13,920 Theory molecular orbital Theory and it's all mo the abbreviations mo theory now 1460 00:39:13,920 --> 00:39:13,930 all mo the abbreviations mo theory now 1461 00:39:13,930 --> 00:39:17,070 all mo the abbreviations mo theory now what is an mo Theory mo mo theory is 1462 00:39:17,070 --> 00:39:17,080 what is an mo Theory mo mo theory is 1463 00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:19,950 what is an mo Theory mo mo theory is quite different than the valence bond 1464 00:39:19,950 --> 00:39:19,960 quite different than the valence bond 1465 00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:22,430 quite different than the valence bond Theory as I will try to explain you 1466 00:39:22,430 --> 00:39:22,440 Theory as I will try to explain you 1467 00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:25,590 Theory as I will try to explain you first of all we have to remember now the 1468 00:39:25,590 --> 00:39:25,600 first of all we have to remember now the 1469 00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:31,200 first of all we have to remember now the mo theory says that the electrons of the 1470 00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:31,210 mo theory says that the electrons of the 1471 00:39:31,210 --> 00:39:34,470 mo theory says that the electrons of the atoms in the molecule if atom is in a 1472 00:39:34,470 --> 00:39:34,480 atoms in the molecule if atom is in a 1473 00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:40,340 atoms in the molecule if atom is in a molecule are in molecular orbitals right 1474 00:39:40,340 --> 00:39:40,350 molecule are in molecular orbitals right 1475 00:39:40,350 --> 00:39:45,020 molecule are in molecular orbitals right if you if you think about the the atom 1476 00:39:45,020 --> 00:39:45,030 if you if you think about the the atom 1477 00:39:45,030 --> 00:39:47,850 if you if you think about the the atom electrons are in atomic orbitals right 1478 00:39:47,850 --> 00:39:47,860 electrons are in atomic orbitals right 1479 00:39:47,860 --> 00:39:50,970 electrons are in atomic orbitals right what kind of atomic orbitals s orbitals 1480 00:39:50,970 --> 00:39:50,980 what kind of atomic orbitals s orbitals 1481 00:39:50,980 --> 00:39:52,920 what kind of atomic orbitals s orbitals P orbitals D orbitals F orbitals 1482 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:52,930 P orbitals D orbitals F orbitals 1483 00:39:52,930 --> 00:39:54,900 P orbitals D orbitals F orbitals dependents what element how many 1484 00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:54,910 dependents what element how many 1485 00:39:54,910 --> 00:39:56,970 dependents what element how many electrons you have so those are the pure 1486 00:39:56,970 --> 00:39:56,980 electrons you have so those are the pure 1487 00:39:56,980 --> 00:39:59,490 electrons you have so those are the pure atomic orbitals the molecular orbital 1488 00:39:59,490 --> 00:39:59,500 atomic orbitals the molecular orbital 1489 00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:03,720 atomic orbitals the molecular orbital Theory says when you form a molecule now 1490 00:40:03,720 --> 00:40:03,730 Theory says when you form a molecule now 1491 00:40:03,730 --> 00:40:07,950 Theory says when you form a molecule now you have molecular orbitals and those 1492 00:40:07,950 --> 00:40:07,960 you have molecular orbitals and those 1493 00:40:07,960 --> 00:40:09,490 you have molecular orbitals and those electrons will 1494 00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:09,500 electrons will 1495 00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:13,420 electrons will into the molecular orbitals and again it 1496 00:40:13,420 --> 00:40:13,430 into the molecular orbitals and again it 1497 00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:15,670 into the molecular orbitals and again it says the molecular orbitals just the 1498 00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:15,680 says the molecular orbitals just the 1499 00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:18,609 says the molecular orbitals just the same as atomic orbitals can accommodate 1500 00:40:18,609 --> 00:40:18,619 same as atomic orbitals can accommodate 1501 00:40:18,619 --> 00:40:23,079 same as atomic orbitals can accommodate maximum of two electrons each so same as 1502 00:40:23,079 --> 00:40:23,089 maximum of two electrons each so same as 1503 00:40:23,089 --> 00:40:25,390 maximum of two electrons each so same as the atomic orbitals and also it says 1504 00:40:25,390 --> 00:40:25,400 the atomic orbitals and also it says 1505 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,280 the atomic orbitals and also it says when you put two electrons in a 1506 00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:27,290 when you put two electrons in a 1507 00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:30,609 when you put two electrons in a molecular orbital they have to pair up 1508 00:40:30,609 --> 00:40:30,619 molecular orbital they have to pair up 1509 00:40:30,619 --> 00:40:34,420 molecular orbital they have to pair up that means spin off one electron is plus 1510 00:40:34,420 --> 00:40:34,430 that means spin off one electron is plus 1511 00:40:34,430 --> 00:40:37,359 that means spin off one electron is plus 1/2 the other one should be minus 1/2 1512 00:40:37,359 --> 00:40:37,369 1/2 the other one should be minus 1/2 1513 00:40:37,369 --> 00:40:39,370 1/2 the other one should be minus 1/2 right now 1514 00:40:39,370 --> 00:40:39,380 right now 1515 00:40:39,380 --> 00:40:44,140 right now the question is how we can form these 1516 00:40:44,140 --> 00:40:44,150 the question is how we can form these 1517 00:40:44,150 --> 00:40:47,109 the question is how we can form these molecular orbitals what are they right 1518 00:40:47,109 --> 00:40:47,119 molecular orbitals what are they right 1519 00:40:47,119 --> 00:40:49,319 molecular orbitals what are they right what we mean by molecular orbitals now 1520 00:40:49,319 --> 00:40:49,329 what we mean by molecular orbitals now 1521 00:40:49,329 --> 00:40:52,089 what we mean by molecular orbitals now again the theory says the molecular 1522 00:40:52,089 --> 00:40:52,099 again the theory says the molecular 1523 00:40:52,099 --> 00:40:59,250 again the theory says the molecular orbitals in a molecule are obtained by 1524 00:40:59,250 --> 00:40:59,260 orbitals in a molecule are obtained by 1525 00:40:59,260 --> 00:41:04,540 orbitals in a molecule are obtained by linearly mixing off the pure atomic 1526 00:41:04,540 --> 00:41:04,550 linearly mixing off the pure atomic 1527 00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:07,690 linearly mixing off the pure atomic orbitals in the molecule now which I 1528 00:41:07,690 --> 00:41:07,700 orbitals in the molecule now which I 1529 00:41:07,700 --> 00:41:09,190 orbitals in the molecule now which I tell me Corbett says these are these are 1530 00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:09,200 tell me Corbett says these are these are 1531 00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:10,900 tell me Corbett says these are these are the atomic orbitals of the atoms which 1532 00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:10,910 the atomic orbitals of the atoms which 1533 00:41:10,910 --> 00:41:14,020 the atomic orbitals of the atoms which present in the molecule which present in 1534 00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:14,030 present in the molecule which present in 1535 00:41:14,030 --> 00:41:18,630 present in the molecule which present in a molecule right so so we we have simply 1536 00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:18,640 a molecule right so so we we have simply 1537 00:41:18,640 --> 00:41:21,970 a molecule right so so we we have simply molecule and then we have the electrons 1538 00:41:21,970 --> 00:41:21,980 molecule and then we have the electrons 1539 00:41:21,980 --> 00:41:24,760 molecule and then we have the electrons which simply forms the molecule for 1540 00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:24,770 which simply forms the molecule for 1541 00:41:24,770 --> 00:41:28,089 which simply forms the molecule for example think about the water case or 1542 00:41:28,089 --> 00:41:28,099 example think about the water case or 1543 00:41:28,099 --> 00:41:32,500 example think about the water case or just let's say the hydrogen molecule 1544 00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:32,510 just let's say the hydrogen molecule 1545 00:41:32,510 --> 00:41:34,930 just let's say the hydrogen molecule right in hydrogen molecule again 1546 00:41:34,930 --> 00:41:34,940 right in hydrogen molecule again 1547 00:41:34,940 --> 00:41:38,680 right in hydrogen molecule again molecular orbital theory says there two 1548 00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:38,690 molecular orbital theory says there two 1549 00:41:38,690 --> 00:41:40,059 molecular orbital theory says there two electrons right coming from each 1550 00:41:40,059 --> 00:41:40,069 electrons right coming from each 1551 00:41:40,069 --> 00:41:42,900 electrons right coming from each hydrogen these two electrons are in 1552 00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:42,910 hydrogen these two electrons are in 1553 00:41:42,910 --> 00:41:46,870 hydrogen these two electrons are in molecular orbitals so and this molecular 1554 00:41:46,870 --> 00:41:46,880 molecular orbitals so and this molecular 1555 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:50,520 molecular orbitals so and this molecular orbital is simply obtained by linear 1556 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:50,530 orbital is simply obtained by linear 1557 00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:54,700 orbital is simply obtained by linear combination of the atomic orbitals of 1s 1558 00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:54,710 combination of the atomic orbitals of 1s 1559 00:41:54,710 --> 00:41:58,180 combination of the atomic orbitals of 1s what from one hydrogen and 1s from the 1560 00:41:58,180 --> 00:41:58,190 what from one hydrogen and 1s from the 1561 00:41:58,190 --> 00:42:01,930 what from one hydrogen and 1s from the other hydrogen right so that's how the 1562 00:42:01,930 --> 00:42:01,940 other hydrogen right so that's how the 1563 00:42:01,940 --> 00:42:05,890 other hydrogen right so that's how the molecular orbital Theory approaches to a 1564 00:42:05,890 --> 00:42:05,900 molecular orbital Theory approaches to a 1565 00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:09,130 molecular orbital Theory approaches to a molecule and abundant as I will try to 1566 00:42:09,130 --> 00:42:09,140 molecule and abundant as I will try to 1567 00:42:09,140 --> 00:42:11,530 molecule and abundant as I will try to show you as a matter of fact so when we 1568 00:42:11,530 --> 00:42:11,540 show you as a matter of fact so when we 1569 00:42:11,540 --> 00:42:14,380 show you as a matter of fact so when we simply write down the electron 1570 00:42:14,380 --> 00:42:14,390 simply write down the electron 1571 00:42:14,390 --> 00:42:17,500 simply write down the electron configuration of an atom what we use we 1572 00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:17,510 configuration of an atom what we use we 1573 00:42:17,510 --> 00:42:20,260 configuration of an atom what we use we use the atomic orbitals s P D F right 1574 00:42:20,260 --> 00:42:20,270 use the atomic orbitals s P D F right 1575 00:42:20,270 --> 00:42:23,350 use the atomic orbitals s P D F right now according to the molecular orbital 1576 00:42:23,350 --> 00:42:23,360 now according to the molecular orbital 1577 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:25,750 now according to the molecular orbital if you have a molecule you can also 1578 00:42:25,750 --> 00:42:25,760 if you have a molecule you can also 1579 00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:27,850 if you have a molecule you can also write down the electron configurations 1580 00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:27,860 write down the electron configurations 1581 00:42:27,860 --> 00:42:30,940 write down the electron configurations of the molecule but the electrons now 1582 00:42:30,940 --> 00:42:30,950 of the molecule but the electrons now 1583 00:42:30,950 --> 00:42:34,810 of the molecule but the electrons now will go into the molecular orbitals 1584 00:42:34,810 --> 00:42:34,820 will go into the molecular orbitals 1585 00:42:34,820 --> 00:42:37,990 will go into the molecular orbitals molecular orbitals now let's let me just 1586 00:42:37,990 --> 00:42:38,000 molecular orbitals now let's let me just 1587 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:42,670 molecular orbitals now let's let me just say how we simply combine the I guess we 1588 00:42:42,670 --> 00:42:42,680 say how we simply combine the I guess we 1589 00:42:42,680 --> 00:42:49,540 say how we simply combine the I guess we can show over here yes this it says 1590 00:42:49,540 --> 00:42:49,550 can show over here yes this it says 1591 00:42:49,550 --> 00:42:50,980 can show over here yes this it says simply they different from atomic 1592 00:42:50,980 --> 00:42:50,990 simply they different from atomic 1593 00:42:50,990 --> 00:42:52,330 simply they different from atomic orbitals because they represent the 1594 00:42:52,330 --> 00:42:52,340 orbitals because they represent the 1595 00:42:52,340 --> 00:42:54,340 orbitals because they represent the entire molecule not a single atom 1596 00:42:54,340 --> 00:42:54,350 entire molecule not a single atom 1597 00:42:54,350 --> 00:42:56,770 entire molecule not a single atom whenever two atomic orbitals on one on 1598 00:42:56,770 --> 00:42:56,780 whenever two atomic orbitals on one on 1599 00:42:56,780 --> 00:42:59,920 whenever two atomic orbitals on one on one on each atom linearly combine 1600 00:42:59,920 --> 00:42:59,930 one on each atom linearly combine 1601 00:42:59,930 --> 00:43:03,850 one on each atom linearly combine linearly combine two molecular orbitals 1602 00:43:03,850 --> 00:43:03,860 linearly combine two molecular orbitals 1603 00:43:03,860 --> 00:43:06,180 linearly combine two molecular orbitals are formed one bond in one anti-bonding 1604 00:43:06,180 --> 00:43:06,190 are formed one bond in one anti-bonding 1605 00:43:06,190 --> 00:43:08,440 are formed one bond in one anti-bonding bonding orbitals are constructive 1606 00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:08,450 bonding orbitals are constructive 1607 00:43:08,450 --> 00:43:09,640 bonding orbitals are constructive combinations of atomic orbitals 1608 00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:09,650 combinations of atomic orbitals 1609 00:43:09,650 --> 00:43:11,770 combinations of atomic orbitals anti-bonding orbitals are destructive 1610 00:43:11,770 --> 00:43:11,780 anti-bonding orbitals are destructive 1611 00:43:11,780 --> 00:43:13,270 anti-bonding orbitals are destructive combinations of atomic orbitals 1612 00:43:13,270 --> 00:43:13,280 combinations of atomic orbitals 1613 00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:16,240 combinations of atomic orbitals remember again and they're also nodal 1614 00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:16,250 remember again and they're also nodal 1615 00:43:16,250 --> 00:43:18,310 remember again and they're also nodal plane means that the electron density is 1616 00:43:18,310 --> 00:43:18,320 plane means that the electron density is 1617 00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:23,100 plane means that the electron density is zero remember again we said that the 1618 00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:23,110 zero remember again we said that the 1619 00:43:23,110 --> 00:43:27,960 zero remember again we said that the orbitals are actually wave functions 1620 00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:27,970 orbitals are actually wave functions 1621 00:43:27,970 --> 00:43:31,150 orbitals are actually wave functions right and those are simply the wave 1622 00:43:31,150 --> 00:43:31,160 right and those are simply the wave 1623 00:43:31,160 --> 00:43:33,220 right and those are simply the wave functions that describes the electron 1624 00:43:33,220 --> 00:43:33,230 functions that describes the electron 1625 00:43:33,230 --> 00:43:37,360 functions that describes the electron now when you have the wave function that 1626 00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:37,370 now when you have the wave function that 1627 00:43:37,370 --> 00:43:39,970 now when you have the wave function that means you describe in a wave so you can 1628 00:43:39,970 --> 00:43:39,980 means you describe in a wave so you can 1629 00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:45,010 means you describe in a wave so you can simply combine two waves linearly to 1630 00:43:45,010 --> 00:43:45,020 simply combine two waves linearly to 1631 00:43:45,020 --> 00:43:48,460 simply combine two waves linearly to obtain simply a constructive type 1632 00:43:48,460 --> 00:43:48,470 obtain simply a constructive type 1633 00:43:48,470 --> 00:43:52,030 obtain simply a constructive type combination interference or destructive 1634 00:43:52,030 --> 00:43:52,040 combination interference or destructive 1635 00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:53,650 combination interference or destructive type interference right 1636 00:43:53,650 --> 00:43:53,660 type interference right 1637 00:43:53,660 --> 00:43:55,810 type interference right remember again combine in two waves if 1638 00:43:55,810 --> 00:43:55,820 remember again combine in two waves if 1639 00:43:55,820 --> 00:43:58,380 remember again combine in two waves if they are in phase then we have 1640 00:43:58,380 --> 00:43:58,390 they are in phase then we have 1641 00:43:58,390 --> 00:44:01,600 they are in phase then we have constructive interference intensity of 1642 00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:01,610 constructive interference intensity of 1643 00:44:01,610 --> 00:44:05,140 constructive interference intensity of the wave increases now if you have out 1644 00:44:05,140 --> 00:44:05,150 the wave increases now if you have out 1645 00:44:05,150 --> 00:44:08,280 the wave increases now if you have out of phase than in that case the 1646 00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:08,290 of phase than in that case the 1647 00:44:08,290 --> 00:44:10,720 of phase than in that case the destructive interference means that the 1648 00:44:10,720 --> 00:44:10,730 destructive interference means that the 1649 00:44:10,730 --> 00:44:13,570 destructive interference means that the waves cancel each other right we have to 1650 00:44:13,570 --> 00:44:13,580 waves cancel each other right we have to 1651 00:44:13,580 --> 00:44:16,720 waves cancel each other right we have to remember so this is more like that now 1652 00:44:16,720 --> 00:44:16,730 remember so this is more like that now 1653 00:44:16,730 --> 00:44:20,380 remember so this is more like that now in the case of hydrogen I have simply 1s 1654 00:44:20,380 --> 00:44:20,390 in the case of hydrogen I have simply 1s 1655 00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:23,650 in the case of hydrogen I have simply 1s let's call that hydrogen a and hydrogen 1656 00:44:23,650 --> 00:44:23,660 let's call that hydrogen a and hydrogen 1657 00:44:23,660 --> 00:44:26,650 let's call that hydrogen a and hydrogen B here we have a bond this is the 1658 00:44:26,650 --> 00:44:26,660 B here we have a bond this is the 1659 00:44:26,660 --> 00:44:29,110 B here we have a bond this is the molecule and in the hydrogen a what I 1660 00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:29,120 molecule and in the hydrogen a what I 1661 00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:32,080 molecule and in the hydrogen a what I haven't won is a orbital and the other 1662 00:44:32,080 --> 00:44:32,090 haven't won is a orbital and the other 1663 00:44:32,090 --> 00:44:34,960 haven't won is a orbital and the other one is let's call that one s B orbital 1664 00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:34,970 one is let's call that one s B orbital 1665 00:44:34,970 --> 00:44:36,570 one is let's call that one s B orbital now in the 1666 00:44:36,570 --> 00:44:36,580 now in the 1667 00:44:36,580 --> 00:44:39,090 now in the molecule molecular orbital theory says I 1668 00:44:39,090 --> 00:44:39,100 molecule molecular orbital theory says I 1669 00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,120 molecule molecular orbital theory says I have two molecular orbitals one of them 1670 00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:42,130 have two molecular orbitals one of them 1671 00:44:42,130 --> 00:44:46,350 have two molecular orbitals one of them is this mo which is equals to one s a 1672 00:44:46,350 --> 00:44:46,360 is this mo which is equals to one s a 1673 00:44:46,360 --> 00:44:50,910 is this mo which is equals to one s a plus 1sb now this is a linear 1674 00:44:50,910 --> 00:44:50,920 plus 1sb now this is a linear 1675 00:44:50,920 --> 00:44:54,780 plus 1sb now this is a linear combination that means I simply add up 1676 00:44:54,780 --> 00:44:54,790 combination that means I simply add up 1677 00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:58,320 combination that means I simply add up to atomic orbitals pure atomic ellipses 1678 00:44:58,320 --> 00:44:58,330 to atomic orbitals pure atomic ellipses 1679 00:44:58,330 --> 00:45:00,870 to atomic orbitals pure atomic ellipses two waves to get a molecular orbitals 1680 00:45:00,870 --> 00:45:00,880 two waves to get a molecular orbitals 1681 00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,840 two waves to get a molecular orbitals now the second one I can also combine 1682 00:45:03,840 --> 00:45:03,850 now the second one I can also combine 1683 00:45:03,850 --> 00:45:09,420 now the second one I can also combine those as follow 1s a minus 1s simply be 1684 00:45:09,420 --> 00:45:09,430 those as follow 1s a minus 1s simply be 1685 00:45:09,430 --> 00:45:12,060 those as follow 1s a minus 1s simply be right these are again atomic orbitals so 1686 00:45:12,060 --> 00:45:12,070 right these are again atomic orbitals so 1687 00:45:12,070 --> 00:45:15,990 right these are again atomic orbitals so this corresponds to constructive type 1688 00:45:15,990 --> 00:45:16,000 this corresponds to constructive type 1689 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:20,570 this corresponds to constructive type interference between two waves and this 1690 00:45:20,570 --> 00:45:20,580 interference between two waves and this 1691 00:45:20,580 --> 00:45:23,400 interference between two waves and this corresponds to destructive type 1692 00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:23,410 corresponds to destructive type 1693 00:45:23,410 --> 00:45:26,460 corresponds to destructive type interference between two waves now this 1694 00:45:26,460 --> 00:45:26,470 interference between two waves now this 1695 00:45:26,470 --> 00:45:29,280 interference between two waves now this orbital is called bonding molecular 1696 00:45:29,280 --> 00:45:29,290 orbital is called bonding molecular 1697 00:45:29,290 --> 00:45:35,790 orbital is called bonding molecular orbital bonding mo molecular orbital now 1698 00:45:35,790 --> 00:45:35,800 orbital bonding mo molecular orbital now 1699 00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,410 orbital bonding mo molecular orbital now this one is called anti-bonding mo 1700 00:45:39,410 --> 00:45:39,420 this one is called anti-bonding mo 1701 00:45:39,420 --> 00:45:44,670 this one is called anti-bonding mo anti-bonding mo anti band anymore and 1702 00:45:44,670 --> 00:45:44,680 anti-bonding mo anti band anymore and 1703 00:45:44,680 --> 00:45:46,940 anti-bonding mo anti band anymore and usually the anti-bonding molecular 1704 00:45:46,940 --> 00:45:46,950 usually the anti-bonding molecular 1705 00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:50,520 usually the anti-bonding molecular orbitals is indicated by a steric like 1706 00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:50,530 orbitals is indicated by a steric like 1707 00:45:50,530 --> 00:45:53,070 orbitals is indicated by a steric like this on the top just to indicate that 1708 00:45:53,070 --> 00:45:53,080 this on the top just to indicate that 1709 00:45:53,080 --> 00:45:57,000 this on the top just to indicate that said anti-bonding now what really 1710 00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:57,010 said anti-bonding now what really 1711 00:45:57,010 --> 00:46:00,330 said anti-bonding now what really happens again as follow we have two 1712 00:46:00,330 --> 00:46:00,340 happens again as follow we have two 1713 00:46:00,340 --> 00:46:03,330 happens again as follow we have two electrons in hydrogen molecule each 1714 00:46:03,330 --> 00:46:03,340 electrons in hydrogen molecule each 1715 00:46:03,340 --> 00:46:05,970 electrons in hydrogen molecule each coming from each atom now the electron 1716 00:46:05,970 --> 00:46:05,980 coming from each atom now the electron 1717 00:46:05,980 --> 00:46:11,600 coming from each atom now the electron goes into the molecular orbitals and 1718 00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:11,610 goes into the molecular orbitals and 1719 00:46:11,610 --> 00:46:14,280 goes into the molecular orbitals and three electron in one molecular orbital 1720 00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:14,290 three electron in one molecular orbital 1721 00:46:14,290 --> 00:46:17,220 three electron in one molecular orbital here and two electron there now since 1722 00:46:17,220 --> 00:46:17,230 here and two electron there now since 1723 00:46:17,230 --> 00:46:19,820 here and two electron there now since this is a constructive interference 1724 00:46:19,820 --> 00:46:19,830 this is a constructive interference 1725 00:46:19,830 --> 00:46:21,900 this is a constructive interference combinations and linear combinations of 1726 00:46:21,900 --> 00:46:21,910 combinations and linear combinations of 1727 00:46:21,910 --> 00:46:24,330 combinations and linear combinations of the atomic orbitals any electron that 1728 00:46:24,330 --> 00:46:24,340 the atomic orbitals any electron that 1729 00:46:24,340 --> 00:46:28,130 the atomic orbitals any electron that goes into this orbital stabilizes the 1730 00:46:28,130 --> 00:46:28,140 goes into this orbital stabilizes the 1731 00:46:28,140 --> 00:46:31,290 goes into this orbital stabilizes the hydrogen molecule that's why it's called 1732 00:46:31,290 --> 00:46:31,300 hydrogen molecule that's why it's called 1733 00:46:31,300 --> 00:46:33,960 hydrogen molecule that's why it's called bonding that means it keeps the two 1734 00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:33,970 bonding that means it keeps the two 1735 00:46:33,970 --> 00:46:36,450 bonding that means it keeps the two hydrogen atom together any electron 1736 00:46:36,450 --> 00:46:36,460 hydrogen atom together any electron 1737 00:46:36,460 --> 00:46:39,980 hydrogen atom together any electron which goes into anti-bonding try to 1738 00:46:39,980 --> 00:46:39,990 which goes into anti-bonding try to 1739 00:46:39,990 --> 00:46:43,350 which goes into anti-bonding try to separate actually the two hydrogen atoms 1740 00:46:43,350 --> 00:46:43,360 separate actually the two hydrogen atoms 1741 00:46:43,360 --> 00:46:45,870 separate actually the two hydrogen atoms that's why it's called anti-bonding so 1742 00:46:45,870 --> 00:46:45,880 that's why it's called anti-bonding so 1743 00:46:45,880 --> 00:46:48,680 that's why it's called anti-bonding so electron in bonding molecular orbitals 1744 00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:48,690 electron in bonding molecular orbitals 1745 00:46:48,690 --> 00:46:50,430 electron in bonding molecular orbitals will have high 1746 00:46:50,430 --> 00:46:50,440 will have high 1747 00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:54,150 will have high probability of being between the two 1748 00:46:54,150 --> 00:46:54,160 probability of being between the two 1749 00:46:54,160 --> 00:46:57,059 probability of being between the two atoms that are bundled in the molecule 1750 00:46:57,059 --> 00:46:57,069 atoms that are bundled in the molecule 1751 00:46:57,069 --> 00:47:00,030 atoms that are bundled in the molecule the electron which is anti-bonding have 1752 00:47:00,030 --> 00:47:00,040 the electron which is anti-bonding have 1753 00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:02,690 the electron which is anti-bonding have greater probability being more out of 1754 00:47:02,690 --> 00:47:02,700 greater probability being more out of 1755 00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:08,730 greater probability being more out of the simply the inter nuclear distance 1756 00:47:08,730 --> 00:47:08,740 the simply the inter nuclear distance 1757 00:47:08,740 --> 00:47:12,480 the simply the inter nuclear distance out again and between the two atoms we 1758 00:47:12,480 --> 00:47:12,490 out again and between the two atoms we 1759 00:47:12,490 --> 00:47:14,970 out again and between the two atoms we have what we call the nodal plane this 1760 00:47:14,970 --> 00:47:14,980 have what we call the nodal plane this 1761 00:47:14,980 --> 00:47:16,950 have what we call the nodal plane this is the nodal plane where where the 1762 00:47:16,950 --> 00:47:16,960 is the nodal plane where where the 1763 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:19,710 is the nodal plane where where the electrons density or probability of 1764 00:47:19,710 --> 00:47:19,720 electrons density or probability of 1765 00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:22,170 electrons density or probability of finding electron is zero now let's see 1766 00:47:22,170 --> 00:47:22,180 finding electron is zero now let's see 1767 00:47:22,180 --> 00:47:25,020 finding electron is zero now let's see all are here this is all what we said 1768 00:47:25,020 --> 00:47:25,030 all are here this is all what we said 1769 00:47:25,030 --> 00:47:29,880 all are here this is all what we said again two 1s orbital combines this 1770 00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:29,890 again two 1s orbital combines this 1771 00:47:29,890 --> 00:47:33,059 again two 1s orbital combines this fashion this one here linear combination 1772 00:47:33,059 --> 00:47:33,069 fashion this one here linear combination 1773 00:47:33,069 --> 00:47:35,910 fashion this one here linear combination constructive combination and the bonding 1774 00:47:35,910 --> 00:47:35,920 constructive combination and the bonding 1775 00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:39,050 constructive combination and the bonding molecular orbitals now remember again 1776 00:47:39,050 --> 00:47:39,060 molecular orbitals now remember again 1777 00:47:39,060 --> 00:47:43,520 molecular orbitals now remember again the molecular orbitals comprises or 1778 00:47:43,520 --> 00:47:43,530 the molecular orbitals comprises or 1779 00:47:43,530 --> 00:47:47,640 the molecular orbitals comprises or expand overall molecule it is not only 1780 00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:47,650 expand overall molecule it is not only 1781 00:47:47,650 --> 00:47:51,270 expand overall molecule it is not only around an atom but it is all the atoms 1782 00:47:51,270 --> 00:47:51,280 around an atom but it is all the atoms 1783 00:47:51,280 --> 00:47:54,000 around an atom but it is all the atoms in the molecule right so in this case 1784 00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:54,010 in the molecule right so in this case 1785 00:47:54,010 --> 00:47:57,200 in the molecule right so in this case this molecular orbital simply expands 1786 00:47:57,200 --> 00:47:57,210 this molecular orbital simply expands 1787 00:47:57,210 --> 00:48:00,180 this molecular orbital simply expands overall overall molecule and includes 1788 00:48:00,180 --> 00:48:00,190 overall overall molecule and includes 1789 00:48:00,190 --> 00:48:02,280 overall overall molecule and includes both of the nuclei here two hydrogen 1790 00:48:02,280 --> 00:48:02,290 both of the nuclei here two hydrogen 1791 00:48:02,290 --> 00:48:04,050 both of the nuclei here two hydrogen atoms like this and this is a 1792 00:48:04,050 --> 00:48:04,060 atoms like this and this is a 1793 00:48:04,060 --> 00:48:07,410 atoms like this and this is a constructive interference now if you 1794 00:48:07,410 --> 00:48:07,420 constructive interference now if you 1795 00:48:07,420 --> 00:48:10,470 constructive interference now if you look at the electron density in the 1796 00:48:10,470 --> 00:48:10,480 look at the electron density in the 1797 00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:12,059 look at the electron density in the bonding molecular orbital which 1798 00:48:12,059 --> 00:48:12,069 bonding molecular orbital which 1799 00:48:12,069 --> 00:48:13,680 bonding molecular orbital which corresponds to the bonding greater 1800 00:48:13,680 --> 00:48:13,690 corresponds to the bonding greater 1801 00:48:13,690 --> 00:48:15,839 corresponds to the bonding greater electron density is between the two 1802 00:48:15,839 --> 00:48:15,849 electron density is between the two 1803 00:48:15,849 --> 00:48:20,130 electron density is between the two nuclei right now this one is n-type 1804 00:48:20,130 --> 00:48:20,140 nuclei right now this one is n-type 1805 00:48:20,140 --> 00:48:23,490 nuclei right now this one is n-type bonding that's a destructive type 1806 00:48:23,490 --> 00:48:23,500 bonding that's a destructive type 1807 00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:26,069 bonding that's a destructive type interference of two waves you can think 1808 00:48:26,069 --> 00:48:26,079 interference of two waves you can think 1809 00:48:26,079 --> 00:48:29,430 interference of two waves you can think about that way and now it it is this 1810 00:48:29,430 --> 00:48:29,440 about that way and now it it is this 1811 00:48:29,440 --> 00:48:31,589 about that way and now it it is this this is the linear combinations one si 1812 00:48:31,589 --> 00:48:31,599 this is the linear combinations one si 1813 00:48:31,599 --> 00:48:34,829 this is the linear combinations one si minus 1 SB now here the electron density 1814 00:48:34,829 --> 00:48:34,839 minus 1 SB now here the electron density 1815 00:48:34,839 --> 00:48:37,050 minus 1 SB now here the electron density is more out of the inter nuclear 1816 00:48:37,050 --> 00:48:37,060 is more out of the inter nuclear 1817 00:48:37,060 --> 00:48:40,319 is more out of the inter nuclear distance over here and there now I have 1818 00:48:40,319 --> 00:48:40,329 distance over here and there now I have 1819 00:48:40,329 --> 00:48:42,660 distance over here and there now I have a nodal plane that means if I simply 1820 00:48:42,660 --> 00:48:42,670 a nodal plane that means if I simply 1821 00:48:42,670 --> 00:48:44,670 a nodal plane that means if I simply pass a plane they are perpendicular that 1822 00:48:44,670 --> 00:48:44,680 pass a plane they are perpendicular that 1823 00:48:44,680 --> 00:48:48,059 pass a plane they are perpendicular that will have zero electron probability 1824 00:48:48,059 --> 00:48:48,069 will have zero electron probability 1825 00:48:48,069 --> 00:48:50,609 will have zero electron probability actually no electron density there now 1826 00:48:50,609 --> 00:48:50,619 actually no electron density there now 1827 00:48:50,619 --> 00:48:54,150 actually no electron density there now let's look at the energy aspect of these 1828 00:48:54,150 --> 00:48:54,160 let's look at the energy aspect of these 1829 00:48:54,160 --> 00:48:57,390 let's look at the energy aspect of these molecular orbitals this is the energy 1830 00:48:57,390 --> 00:48:57,400 molecular orbitals this is the energy 1831 00:48:57,400 --> 00:49:00,720 molecular orbitals this is the energy aspects if I try to show you how the 1832 00:49:00,720 --> 00:49:00,730 aspects if I try to show you how the 1833 00:49:00,730 --> 00:49:03,000 aspects if I try to show you how the energies of the molecular orbitals with 1834 00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:03,010 energies of the molecular orbitals with 1835 00:49:03,010 --> 00:49:04,230 energies of the molecular orbitals with respect to the 1836 00:49:04,230 --> 00:49:04,240 respect to the 1837 00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:08,040 respect to the pure atomic orbitals and show them on a 1838 00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:08,050 pure atomic orbitals and show them on a 1839 00:49:08,050 --> 00:49:10,250 pure atomic orbitals and show them on a diagram like this it's called the 1840 00:49:10,250 --> 00:49:10,260 diagram like this it's called the 1841 00:49:10,260 --> 00:49:13,200 diagram like this it's called the molecular orbital energy level diagram 1842 00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:13,210 molecular orbital energy level diagram 1843 00:49:13,210 --> 00:49:15,210 molecular orbital energy level diagram actually shows the relative energies of 1844 00:49:15,210 --> 00:49:15,220 actually shows the relative energies of 1845 00:49:15,220 --> 00:49:18,180 actually shows the relative energies of the atomic orbitals and the molecular 1846 00:49:18,180 --> 00:49:18,190 the atomic orbitals and the molecular 1847 00:49:18,190 --> 00:49:21,140 the atomic orbitals and the molecular orbitals so what we see here is this 1848 00:49:21,140 --> 00:49:21,150 orbitals so what we see here is this 1849 00:49:21,150 --> 00:49:24,810 orbitals so what we see here is this this is the 1s a I call that one si for 1850 00:49:24,810 --> 00:49:24,820 this is the 1s a I call that one si for 1851 00:49:24,820 --> 00:49:28,170 this is the 1s a I call that one si for example suppose that hydrogen atomic 1852 00:49:28,170 --> 00:49:28,180 example suppose that hydrogen atomic 1853 00:49:28,180 --> 00:49:30,300 example suppose that hydrogen atomic orbital periodic orbital this is the 1854 00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:30,310 orbital periodic orbital this is the 1855 00:49:30,310 --> 00:49:31,590 orbital periodic orbital this is the other one they have the same energy 1856 00:49:31,590 --> 00:49:31,600 other one they have the same energy 1857 00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:32,340 other one they have the same energy right 1858 00:49:32,340 --> 00:49:32,350 right 1859 00:49:32,350 --> 00:49:35,070 right they're both hydrogen atoms in fact so 1860 00:49:35,070 --> 00:49:35,080 they're both hydrogen atoms in fact so 1861 00:49:35,080 --> 00:49:37,140 they're both hydrogen atoms in fact so have the same energy now when they 1862 00:49:37,140 --> 00:49:37,150 have the same energy now when they 1863 00:49:37,150 --> 00:49:39,810 have the same energy now when they combine they can form a molecular 1864 00:49:39,810 --> 00:49:39,820 combine they can form a molecular 1865 00:49:39,820 --> 00:49:42,810 combine they can form a molecular orbital bonding molecular orbital which 1866 00:49:42,810 --> 00:49:42,820 orbital bonding molecular orbital which 1867 00:49:42,820 --> 00:49:45,720 orbital bonding molecular orbital which is lower energy than this over here 1868 00:49:45,720 --> 00:49:45,730 is lower energy than this over here 1869 00:49:45,730 --> 00:49:50,340 is lower energy than this over here right and this is a linear constructive 1870 00:49:50,340 --> 00:49:50,350 right and this is a linear constructive 1871 00:49:50,350 --> 00:49:52,650 right and this is a linear constructive type combinations which corresponds to 1872 00:49:52,650 --> 00:49:52,660 type combinations which corresponds to 1873 00:49:52,660 --> 00:49:54,990 type combinations which corresponds to the bonding molecular orbital that is 1874 00:49:54,990 --> 00:49:55,000 the bonding molecular orbital that is 1875 00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:56,970 the bonding molecular orbital that is the bonding molecular orbitals and it 1876 00:49:56,970 --> 00:49:56,980 the bonding molecular orbitals and it 1877 00:49:56,980 --> 00:50:00,840 the bonding molecular orbitals and it has a sigma 1s it is called Sigma 1s why 1878 00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:00,850 has a sigma 1s it is called Sigma 1s why 1879 00:50:00,850 --> 00:50:04,080 has a sigma 1s it is called Sigma 1s why first of all it's called Sigma because 1880 00:50:04,080 --> 00:50:04,090 first of all it's called Sigma because 1881 00:50:04,090 --> 00:50:08,940 first of all it's called Sigma because it has rotational symmetry around the 1882 00:50:08,940 --> 00:50:08,950 it has rotational symmetry around the 1883 00:50:08,950 --> 00:50:11,970 it has rotational symmetry around the bond axis right just like the Sigma 1884 00:50:11,970 --> 00:50:11,980 bond axis right just like the Sigma 1885 00:50:11,980 --> 00:50:14,190 bond axis right just like the Sigma orbital in the valence bond Theory by 1886 00:50:14,190 --> 00:50:14,200 orbital in the valence bond Theory by 1887 00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:15,930 orbital in the valence bond Theory by the overlap and that's why it's called 1888 00:50:15,930 --> 00:50:15,940 the overlap and that's why it's called 1889 00:50:15,940 --> 00:50:18,510 the overlap and that's why it's called Sigma and this one is called Sigma 1890 00:50:18,510 --> 00:50:18,520 Sigma and this one is called Sigma 1891 00:50:18,520 --> 00:50:20,610 Sigma and this one is called Sigma bonding and this one is Sigma 1892 00:50:20,610 --> 00:50:20,620 bonding and this one is Sigma 1893 00:50:20,620 --> 00:50:23,430 bonding and this one is Sigma anti-bonding that means it is this and 1894 00:50:23,430 --> 00:50:23,440 anti-bonding that means it is this and 1895 00:50:23,440 --> 00:50:26,400 anti-bonding that means it is this and that and you see again it's called 1 1896 00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:26,410 that and you see again it's called 1 1897 00:50:26,410 --> 00:50:30,180 that and you see again it's called 1 Sigma 1s here that simply means that 1898 00:50:30,180 --> 00:50:30,190 Sigma 1s here that simply means that 1899 00:50:30,190 --> 00:50:32,370 Sigma 1s here that simply means that molecular orbital is obtained by the 1900 00:50:32,370 --> 00:50:32,380 molecular orbital is obtained by the 1901 00:50:32,380 --> 00:50:36,300 molecular orbital is obtained by the linear combinations of pure atomic 1s 1902 00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:36,310 linear combinations of pure atomic 1s 1903 00:50:36,310 --> 00:50:38,540 linear combinations of pure atomic 1s orbital that's what it means 1904 00:50:38,540 --> 00:50:38,550 orbital that's what it means 1905 00:50:38,550 --> 00:50:42,830 orbital that's what it means ok now as a result when you form the 1906 00:50:42,830 --> 00:50:42,840 ok now as a result when you form the 1907 00:50:42,840 --> 00:50:45,780 ok now as a result when you form the bonding molecular orbital here molecular 1908 00:50:45,780 --> 00:50:45,790 bonding molecular orbital here molecular 1909 00:50:45,790 --> 00:50:48,420 bonding molecular orbital here molecular orbital anti-bonding here then you put 1910 00:50:48,420 --> 00:50:48,430 orbital anti-bonding here then you put 1911 00:50:48,430 --> 00:50:51,390 orbital anti-bonding here then you put the electrons now in molecular orbital 1912 00:50:51,390 --> 00:50:51,400 the electrons now in molecular orbital 1913 00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:52,200 the electrons now in molecular orbital they're not anymore 1914 00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:52,210 they're not anymore 1915 00:50:52,210 --> 00:50:54,120 they're not anymore in atomic orbitals molecular orbitals 1916 00:50:54,120 --> 00:50:54,130 in atomic orbitals molecular orbitals 1917 00:50:54,130 --> 00:50:58,140 in atomic orbitals molecular orbitals now how you can place the electrons into 1918 00:50:58,140 --> 00:50:58,150 now how you can place the electrons into 1919 00:50:58,150 --> 00:50:59,700 now how you can place the electrons into the molecular orbitals just the same as 1920 00:50:59,700 --> 00:50:59,710 the molecular orbitals just the same as 1921 00:50:59,710 --> 00:51:01,440 the molecular orbitals just the same as we place the electrons in the atomic 1922 00:51:01,440 --> 00:51:01,450 we place the electrons in the atomic 1923 00:51:01,450 --> 00:51:03,420 we place the electrons in the atomic orbital each molecular orbital will have 1924 00:51:03,420 --> 00:51:03,430 orbital each molecular orbital will have 1925 00:51:03,430 --> 00:51:05,460 orbital each molecular orbital will have two electrons and then we start with 1926 00:51:05,460 --> 00:51:05,470 two electrons and then we start with 1927 00:51:05,470 --> 00:51:07,770 two electrons and then we start with from the lowest and we fill it out right 1928 00:51:07,770 --> 00:51:07,780 from the lowest and we fill it out right 1929 00:51:07,780 --> 00:51:10,410 from the lowest and we fill it out right in this case we only have two electrons 1930 00:51:10,410 --> 00:51:10,420 in this case we only have two electrons 1931 00:51:10,420 --> 00:51:13,380 in this case we only have two electrons to put and we can put it over here Sigma 1932 00:51:13,380 --> 00:51:13,390 to put and we can put it over here Sigma 1933 00:51:13,390 --> 00:51:16,950 to put and we can put it over here Sigma bonding Sigma 1s bonding orbital 1934 00:51:16,950 --> 00:51:16,960 bonding Sigma 1s bonding orbital 1935 00:51:16,960 --> 00:51:20,930 bonding Sigma 1s bonding orbital this and this becomes empty right now 1936 00:51:20,930 --> 00:51:20,940 this and this becomes empty right now 1937 00:51:20,940 --> 00:51:24,210 this and this becomes empty right now what really happens as a result of this 1938 00:51:24,210 --> 00:51:24,220 what really happens as a result of this 1939 00:51:24,220 --> 00:51:27,089 what really happens as a result of this again molecular orbital Theory says and 1940 00:51:27,089 --> 00:51:27,099 again molecular orbital Theory says and 1941 00:51:27,099 --> 00:51:30,270 again molecular orbital Theory says and we can also see here that the hydrogen 1942 00:51:30,270 --> 00:51:30,280 we can also see here that the hydrogen 1943 00:51:30,280 --> 00:51:34,890 we can also see here that the hydrogen molecule is more stable than the two 1944 00:51:34,890 --> 00:51:34,900 molecule is more stable than the two 1945 00:51:34,900 --> 00:51:38,490 molecule is more stable than the two hydrogen's infinitely apart right that 1946 00:51:38,490 --> 00:51:38,500 hydrogen's infinitely apart right that 1947 00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:39,839 hydrogen's infinitely apart right that means when you have no pondan no 1948 00:51:39,839 --> 00:51:39,849 means when you have no pondan no 1949 00:51:39,849 --> 00:51:41,910 means when you have no pondan no interactions between them how much more 1950 00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:41,920 interactions between them how much more 1951 00:51:41,920 --> 00:51:46,680 interactions between them how much more stable twice as this energy what that 1952 00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:46,690 stable twice as this energy what that 1953 00:51:46,690 --> 00:51:48,720 stable twice as this energy what that energy corresponds to because when you 1954 00:51:48,720 --> 00:51:48,730 energy corresponds to because when you 1955 00:51:48,730 --> 00:51:50,730 energy corresponds to because when you have one electron and you take that 1956 00:51:50,730 --> 00:51:50,740 have one electron and you take that 1957 00:51:50,740 --> 00:51:52,020 have one electron and you take that electron from there and put it there 1958 00:51:52,020 --> 00:51:52,030 electron from there and put it there 1959 00:51:52,030 --> 00:51:54,000 electron from there and put it there what does that means that much energy is 1960 00:51:54,000 --> 00:51:54,010 what does that means that much energy is 1961 00:51:54,010 --> 00:51:56,309 what does that means that much energy is released the system get that much more 1962 00:51:56,309 --> 00:51:56,319 released the system get that much more 1963 00:51:56,319 --> 00:51:58,890 released the system get that much more stable and now another electron moving 1964 00:51:58,890 --> 00:51:58,900 stable and now another electron moving 1965 00:51:58,900 --> 00:52:01,140 stable and now another electron moving in fact from there to there that much 1966 00:52:01,140 --> 00:52:01,150 in fact from there to there that much 1967 00:52:01,150 --> 00:52:03,329 in fact from there to there that much energy is also released so that means 1968 00:52:03,329 --> 00:52:03,339 energy is also released so that means 1969 00:52:03,339 --> 00:52:07,309 energy is also released so that means that the hydrogen molecule here is more 1970 00:52:07,309 --> 00:52:07,319 that the hydrogen molecule here is more 1971 00:52:07,319 --> 00:52:11,540 that the hydrogen molecule here is more stable than the two hydrogen's 1972 00:52:11,540 --> 00:52:11,550 stable than the two hydrogen's 1973 00:52:11,550 --> 00:52:13,920 stable than the two hydrogen's infinitely apart and not interacting 1974 00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:13,930 infinitely apart and not interacting 1975 00:52:13,930 --> 00:52:16,200 infinitely apart and not interacting with each other now the question here is 1976 00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:16,210 with each other now the question here is 1977 00:52:16,210 --> 00:52:18,059 with each other now the question here is how about the bond 1978 00:52:18,059 --> 00:52:18,069 how about the bond 1979 00:52:18,069 --> 00:52:20,099 how about the bond can we talk about the number of bonds 1980 00:52:20,099 --> 00:52:20,109 can we talk about the number of bonds 1981 00:52:20,109 --> 00:52:22,710 can we talk about the number of bonds right like in the valence bond Theory 1982 00:52:22,710 --> 00:52:22,720 right like in the valence bond Theory 1983 00:52:22,720 --> 00:52:24,510 right like in the valence bond Theory single bond double bond triple bond and 1984 00:52:24,510 --> 00:52:24,520 single bond double bond triple bond and 1985 00:52:24,520 --> 00:52:27,450 single bond double bond triple bond and so on know in molecular orbital theory 1986 00:52:27,450 --> 00:52:27,460 so on know in molecular orbital theory 1987 00:52:27,460 --> 00:52:30,480 so on know in molecular orbital theory we never talk about the bonding or 1988 00:52:30,480 --> 00:52:30,490 we never talk about the bonding or 1989 00:52:30,490 --> 00:52:33,599 we never talk about the bonding or number of bonds between the atoms at all 1990 00:52:33,599 --> 00:52:33,609 number of bonds between the atoms at all 1991 00:52:33,609 --> 00:52:38,220 number of bonds between the atoms at all but what we simply have just to indicate 1992 00:52:38,220 --> 00:52:38,230 but what we simply have just to indicate 1993 00:52:38,230 --> 00:52:41,990 but what we simply have just to indicate the overall stability of the molecule 1994 00:52:41,990 --> 00:52:42,000 the overall stability of the molecule 1995 00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:45,839 the overall stability of the molecule the bond order and the bond order is 1996 00:52:45,839 --> 00:52:45,849 the bond order and the bond order is 1997 00:52:45,849 --> 00:52:49,670 the bond order and the bond order is defined as the number of electrons in 1998 00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:49,680 defined as the number of electrons in 1999 00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:53,789 defined as the number of electrons in bonding atomic orbitals minus the number 2000 00:52:53,789 --> 00:52:53,799 bonding atomic orbitals minus the number 2001 00:52:53,799 --> 00:52:56,190 bonding atomic orbitals minus the number of electrons in anti-bonding atomic 2002 00:52:56,190 --> 00:52:56,200 of electrons in anti-bonding atomic 2003 00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:58,890 of electrons in anti-bonding atomic orbits is divided by two and that gives 2004 00:52:58,890 --> 00:52:58,900 orbits is divided by two and that gives 2005 00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:02,579 orbits is divided by two and that gives you what we call it bond order and if I 2006 00:53:02,579 --> 00:53:02,589 you what we call it bond order and if I 2007 00:53:02,589 --> 00:53:04,799 you what we call it bond order and if I apply it here for the hydrogen molecule 2008 00:53:04,799 --> 00:53:04,809 apply it here for the hydrogen molecule 2009 00:53:04,809 --> 00:53:07,530 apply it here for the hydrogen molecule number of electrons in bonding is two 2010 00:53:07,530 --> 00:53:07,540 number of electrons in bonding is two 2011 00:53:07,540 --> 00:53:09,270 number of electrons in bonding is two number of electrons in an anti-bonding 2012 00:53:09,270 --> 00:53:09,280 number of electrons in an anti-bonding 2013 00:53:09,280 --> 00:53:11,849 number of electrons in an anti-bonding zero divided by two is one so we say 2014 00:53:11,849 --> 00:53:11,859 zero divided by two is one so we say 2015 00:53:11,859 --> 00:53:14,160 zero divided by two is one so we say that the bond order in a hydrogen 2016 00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:14,170 that the bond order in a hydrogen 2017 00:53:14,170 --> 00:53:15,539 that the bond order in a hydrogen molecule is one that's what the 2018 00:53:15,539 --> 00:53:15,549 molecule is one that's what the 2019 00:53:15,549 --> 00:53:17,609 molecule is one that's what the molecular orbital Theory says does that 2020 00:53:17,609 --> 00:53:17,619 molecular orbital Theory says does that 2021 00:53:17,619 --> 00:53:20,430 molecular orbital Theory says does that corresponds to a single bond not 2022 00:53:20,430 --> 00:53:20,440 corresponds to a single bond not 2023 00:53:20,440 --> 00:53:23,400 corresponds to a single bond not necessarily as we will see and we will 2024 00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:23,410 necessarily as we will see and we will 2025 00:53:23,410 --> 00:53:25,130 necessarily as we will see and we will see that the bond order may be 2026 00:53:25,130 --> 00:53:25,140 see that the bond order may be 2027 00:53:25,140 --> 00:53:28,200 see that the bond order may be fractional numbers it may be like 1.5 it 2028 00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:28,210 fractional numbers it may be like 1.5 it 2029 00:53:28,210 --> 00:53:30,720 fractional numbers it may be like 1.5 it may be 3.5 right 2030 00:53:30,720 --> 00:53:30,730 may be 3.5 right 2031 00:53:30,730 --> 00:53:35,609 may be 3.5 right so but what we can say that the higher 2032 00:53:35,609 --> 00:53:35,619 so but what we can say that the higher 2033 00:53:35,619 --> 00:53:39,270 so but what we can say that the higher the bond order in a molecule the more 2034 00:53:39,270 --> 00:53:39,280 the bond order in a molecule the more 2035 00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:41,730 the bond order in a molecule the more stable the molecule is what does that 2036 00:53:41,730 --> 00:53:41,740 stable the molecule is what does that 2037 00:53:41,740 --> 00:53:43,890 stable the molecule is what does that means that means the stronger the 2038 00:53:43,890 --> 00:53:43,900 means that means the stronger the 2039 00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:45,990 means that means the stronger the chemical bonds between the atoms in a 2040 00:53:45,990 --> 00:53:46,000 chemical bonds between the atoms in a 2041 00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:49,050 chemical bonds between the atoms in a molecule you see how the bond strength 2042 00:53:49,050 --> 00:53:49,060 molecule you see how the bond strength 2043 00:53:49,060 --> 00:53:51,599 molecule you see how the bond strength and the overall stability of the 2044 00:53:51,599 --> 00:53:51,609 and the overall stability of the 2045 00:53:51,609 --> 00:53:55,830 and the overall stability of the molecule is expressed by the bond order 2046 00:53:55,830 --> 00:53:55,840 molecule is expressed by the bond order 2047 00:53:55,840 --> 00:53:58,800 molecule is expressed by the bond order or related to the bond order the higher 2048 00:53:58,800 --> 00:53:58,810 or related to the bond order the higher 2049 00:53:58,810 --> 00:54:01,470 or related to the bond order the higher the bond order means more stable the 2050 00:54:01,470 --> 00:54:01,480 the bond order means more stable the 2051 00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:03,000 the bond order means more stable the molecule the higher the bond order 2052 00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:03,010 molecule the higher the bond order 2053 00:54:03,010 --> 00:54:05,070 molecule the higher the bond order simply means the more electrons you have 2054 00:54:05,070 --> 00:54:05,080 simply means the more electrons you have 2055 00:54:05,080 --> 00:54:07,500 simply means the more electrons you have in bonding orbitals and less electrons 2056 00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:07,510 in bonding orbitals and less electrons 2057 00:54:07,510 --> 00:54:09,720 in bonding orbitals and less electrons in anti abundant because anti bond and 2058 00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:09,730 in anti abundant because anti bond and 2059 00:54:09,730 --> 00:54:11,220 in anti abundant because anti bond and if you put one electron from there to 2060 00:54:11,220 --> 00:54:11,230 if you put one electron from there to 2061 00:54:11,230 --> 00:54:13,140 if you put one electron from there to there you have to put that much energy 2062 00:54:13,140 --> 00:54:13,150 there you have to put that much energy 2063 00:54:13,150 --> 00:54:16,140 there you have to put that much energy to the system and that's destabilizes it 2064 00:54:16,140 --> 00:54:16,150 to the system and that's destabilizes it 2065 00:54:16,150 --> 00:54:19,200 to the system and that's destabilizes it as a matter of fact right so this is how 2066 00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:19,210 as a matter of fact right so this is how 2067 00:54:19,210 --> 00:54:23,430 as a matter of fact right so this is how the molecular orbital Theory explains 2068 00:54:23,430 --> 00:54:23,440 the molecular orbital Theory explains 2069 00:54:23,440 --> 00:54:26,340 the molecular orbital Theory explains the bonding between the atoms by using 2070 00:54:26,340 --> 00:54:26,350 the bonding between the atoms by using 2071 00:54:26,350 --> 00:54:29,340 the bonding between the atoms by using the molecular orbitals again and the 2072 00:54:29,340 --> 00:54:29,350 the molecular orbitals again and the 2073 00:54:29,350 --> 00:54:32,099 the molecular orbitals again and the bond order yes any questions 2074 00:54:32,099 --> 00:54:32,109 bond order yes any questions 2075 00:54:32,109 --> 00:54:40,170 bond order yes any questions I guess the question is dismissed Thanks