1 00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:14,400 we try to cover all possible geometries 2 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:14,410 we try to cover all possible geometries 3 00:00:14,410 --> 00:00:18,130 we try to cover all possible geometries actually and the angles by these 4 00:00:18,130 --> 00:00:18,140 actually and the angles by these 5 00:00:18,140 --> 00:00:21,700 actually and the angles by these examples the next example I will work 6 00:00:21,700 --> 00:00:21,710 examples the next example I will work 7 00:00:21,710 --> 00:00:28,330 examples the next example I will work out sulfur hexafluoride sulfur 8 00:00:28,330 --> 00:00:28,340 out sulfur hexafluoride sulfur 9 00:00:28,340 --> 00:00:31,150 out sulfur hexafluoride sulfur hexafluoride if I write down the lewis 10 00:00:31,150 --> 00:00:31,160 hexafluoride if I write down the lewis 11 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:35,590 hexafluoride if I write down the lewis structure of sulfur hexafluoride it 12 00:00:35,590 --> 00:00:35,600 structure of sulfur hexafluoride it 13 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:56,229 structure of sulfur hexafluoride it would be again I follow and six electron 14 00:00:56,229 --> 00:00:56,239 would be again I follow and six electron 15 00:00:56,239 --> 00:01:00,580 would be again I follow and six electron pairs around the central atom and six of 16 00:01:00,580 --> 00:01:00,590 pairs around the central atom and six of 17 00:01:00,590 --> 00:01:03,999 pairs around the central atom and six of those are shared by the fluorines now 18 00:01:03,999 --> 00:01:04,009 those are shared by the fluorines now 19 00:01:04,009 --> 00:01:07,600 those are shared by the fluorines now the number of electron pairs around the 20 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:07,610 the number of electron pairs around the 21 00:01:07,610 --> 00:01:09,880 the number of electron pairs around the central atom six electron pair geometry 22 00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:09,890 central atom six electron pair geometry 23 00:01:09,890 --> 00:01:18,699 central atom six electron pair geometry is ophtho he drew octahedral and the 24 00:01:18,699 --> 00:01:18,709 is ophtho he drew octahedral and the 25 00:01:18,709 --> 00:01:21,790 is ophtho he drew octahedral and the molecular geometry is also octahedral 26 00:01:21,790 --> 00:01:21,800 molecular geometry is also octahedral 27 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:24,219 molecular geometry is also octahedral remember again when you have no lone 28 00:01:24,219 --> 00:01:24,229 remember again when you have no lone 29 00:01:24,229 --> 00:01:26,740 remember again when you have no lone pair electrons molecular geometry and 30 00:01:26,740 --> 00:01:26,750 pair electrons molecular geometry and 31 00:01:26,750 --> 00:01:29,290 pair electrons molecular geometry and electron pair geometry or electron 32 00:01:29,290 --> 00:01:29,300 electron pair geometry or electron 33 00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:32,730 electron pair geometry or electron domain geometry will be the same so 34 00:01:32,730 --> 00:01:32,740 domain geometry will be the same so 35 00:01:32,740 --> 00:01:39,219 domain geometry will be the same so octahedral now how we draw that sulfur 36 00:01:39,219 --> 00:01:39,229 octahedral now how we draw that sulfur 37 00:01:39,229 --> 00:01:52,609 octahedral now how we draw that sulfur here 38 00:01:52,609 --> 00:01:52,619 39 00:01:52,619 --> 00:01:56,160 now again remember if you should be able 40 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:56,170 now again remember if you should be able 41 00:01:56,170 --> 00:01:59,100 now again remember if you should be able to visualize I will advise you to 42 00:01:59,100 --> 00:01:59,110 to visualize I will advise you to 43 00:01:59,110 --> 00:02:02,639 to visualize I will advise you to visualize these geometries tetrahedral 44 00:02:02,639 --> 00:02:02,649 visualize these geometries tetrahedral 45 00:02:02,649 --> 00:02:04,529 visualize these geometries tetrahedral octahedral in your mind you should be 46 00:02:04,529 --> 00:02:04,539 octahedral in your mind you should be 47 00:02:04,539 --> 00:02:06,210 octahedral in your mind you should be able to visualize that in this case 48 00:02:06,210 --> 00:02:06,220 able to visualize that in this case 49 00:02:06,220 --> 00:02:12,330 able to visualize that in this case again this four of the fluorines are on 50 00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:12,340 again this four of the fluorines are on 51 00:02:12,340 --> 00:02:16,800 again this four of the fluorines are on the corner of a square and this axis is 52 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:16,810 the corner of a square and this axis is 53 00:02:16,810 --> 00:02:18,600 the corner of a square and this axis is perpendicular to that you can actually 54 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:18,610 perpendicular to that you can actually 55 00:02:18,610 --> 00:02:22,229 perpendicular to that you can actually pick up any four they will make a square 56 00:02:22,229 --> 00:02:22,239 pick up any four they will make a square 57 00:02:22,239 --> 00:02:23,400 pick up any four they will make a square there will be on the corner of the 58 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:23,410 there will be on the corner of the 59 00:02:23,410 --> 00:02:25,229 there will be on the corner of the square in the nocta he drew geometry so 60 00:02:25,229 --> 00:02:25,239 square in the nocta he drew geometry so 61 00:02:25,239 --> 00:02:27,089 square in the nocta he drew geometry so you should be able to visualize all 62 00:02:27,089 --> 00:02:27,099 you should be able to visualize all 63 00:02:27,099 --> 00:02:31,410 you should be able to visualize all angles are 90 degrees all angles are 90 64 00:02:31,410 --> 00:02:31,420 angles are 90 degrees all angles are 90 65 00:02:31,420 --> 00:02:35,009 angles are 90 degrees all angles are 90 degrees 90 degrees and they're all the 66 00:02:35,009 --> 00:02:35,019 degrees 90 degrees and they're all the 67 00:02:35,019 --> 00:02:41,120 degrees 90 degrees and they're all the same the next example is boron 68 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:41,130 same the next example is boron 69 00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:46,319 same the next example is boron pentafluoride but no it's a bromium 70 00:02:46,319 --> 00:02:46,329 pentafluoride but no it's a bromium 71 00:02:46,329 --> 00:02:49,620 pentafluoride but no it's a bromium pentafluoride sorry bromine 72 00:02:49,620 --> 00:02:49,630 pentafluoride sorry bromine 73 00:02:49,630 --> 00:02:51,809 pentafluoride sorry bromine pentafluoride now in this case the lewis 74 00:02:51,809 --> 00:02:51,819 pentafluoride now in this case the lewis 75 00:02:51,819 --> 00:02:53,759 pentafluoride now in this case the lewis structure again you count the number of 76 00:02:53,759 --> 00:02:53,769 structure again you count the number of 77 00:02:53,769 --> 00:02:56,009 structure again you count the number of electrons valence electrons and the 78 00:02:56,009 --> 00:02:56,019 electrons valence electrons and the 79 00:02:56,019 --> 00:02:57,330 electrons valence electrons and the Lewis structure write down the Lewis 80 00:02:57,330 --> 00:02:57,340 Lewis structure write down the Lewis 81 00:02:57,340 --> 00:03:04,020 Lewis structure write down the Lewis structure and we have six electron pairs 82 00:03:04,020 --> 00:03:04,030 structure and we have six electron pairs 83 00:03:04,030 --> 00:03:09,780 structure and we have six electron pairs around the central atom and five of 84 00:03:09,780 --> 00:03:09,790 around the central atom and five of 85 00:03:09,790 --> 00:03:14,910 around the central atom and five of those are shared by five fluorines 86 00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:14,920 those are shared by five fluorines 87 00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,590 those are shared by five fluorines terminal atoms like this this is bromine 88 00:03:19,590 --> 00:03:19,600 terminal atoms like this this is bromine 89 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:22,979 terminal atoms like this this is bromine and number of electron pairs around the 90 00:03:22,979 --> 00:03:22,989 and number of electron pairs around the 91 00:03:22,989 --> 00:03:26,849 and number of electron pairs around the central atom six the electron pair 92 00:03:26,849 --> 00:03:26,859 central atom six the electron pair 93 00:03:26,859 --> 00:03:32,759 central atom six the electron pair geometry is octahedral now the molecular 94 00:03:32,759 --> 00:03:32,769 geometry is octahedral now the molecular 95 00:03:32,769 --> 00:03:37,949 geometry is octahedral now the molecular geometry again I take out one of the 96 00:03:37,949 --> 00:03:37,959 geometry again I take out one of the 97 00:03:37,959 --> 00:03:42,030 geometry again I take out one of the terminal atoms from sf6 for example if I 98 00:03:42,030 --> 00:03:42,040 terminal atoms from sf6 for example if I 99 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,800 terminal atoms from sf6 for example if I take this right and the rest will be 100 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:45,810 take this right and the rest will be 101 00:03:45,810 --> 00:03:50,129 take this right and the rest will be square pyramid right the square 102 00:03:50,129 --> 00:03:50,139 square pyramid right the square 103 00:03:50,139 --> 00:03:53,390 square pyramid right the square pyramidal geometry square pyramidal 104 00:03:53,390 --> 00:03:53,400 pyramidal geometry square pyramidal 105 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,590 pyramidal geometry square pyramidal Square 106 00:03:56,590 --> 00:03:56,600 107 00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:04,190 Pyrrha model pyramid Elle geometry now 108 00:04:04,190 --> 00:04:04,200 Pyrrha model pyramid Elle geometry now 109 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:09,290 Pyrrha model pyramid Elle geometry now the question here is let me just draw 110 00:04:09,290 --> 00:04:09,300 the question here is let me just draw 111 00:04:09,300 --> 00:04:12,170 the question here is let me just draw the structure it would be again as 112 00:04:12,170 --> 00:04:12,180 the structure it would be again as 113 00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:21,650 the structure it would be again as follow bromine fluoride fluoride 114 00:04:21,650 --> 00:04:21,660 follow bromine fluoride fluoride 115 00:04:21,660 --> 00:04:27,920 follow bromine fluoride fluoride fluoride fluoride this is a square and I 116 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:27,930 fluoride fluoride this is a square and I 117 00:04:27,930 --> 00:04:30,860 fluoride fluoride this is a square and I have another fluorine here and this is 118 00:04:30,860 --> 00:04:30,870 have another fluorine here and this is 119 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:34,010 have another fluorine here and this is the pyramid how about the angles the 120 00:04:34,010 --> 00:04:34,020 the pyramid how about the angles the 121 00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:37,940 the pyramid how about the angles the angles this angle here will be 90 122 00:04:37,940 --> 00:04:37,950 angles this angle here will be 90 123 00:04:37,950 --> 00:04:40,490 angles this angle here will be 90 degrees that angle all 90 degrees this 124 00:04:40,490 --> 00:04:40,500 degrees that angle all 90 degrees this 125 00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:42,710 degrees that angle all 90 degrees this angle how about this angle would you 126 00:04:42,710 --> 00:04:42,720 angle how about this angle would you 127 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,410 angle how about this angle would you expect that this angle be less than 90 128 00:04:45,410 --> 00:04:45,420 expect that this angle be less than 90 129 00:04:45,420 --> 00:04:48,710 expect that this angle be less than 90 degrees or greater than 90 degrees that 130 00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:48,720 degrees or greater than 90 degrees that 131 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:51,410 degrees or greater than 90 degrees that means the angle between the actual 132 00:04:51,410 --> 00:04:51,420 means the angle between the actual 133 00:04:51,420 --> 00:04:59,060 means the angle between the actual fluorine and the squared fluorine will 134 00:04:59,060 --> 00:04:59,070 fluorine and the squared fluorine will 135 00:04:59,070 --> 00:05:03,200 fluorine and the squared fluorine will be less or less right why less because I 136 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:03,210 be less or less right why less because I 137 00:05:03,210 --> 00:05:06,110 be less or less right why less because I have a lone pair electron at the bottom 138 00:05:06,110 --> 00:05:06,120 have a lone pair electron at the bottom 139 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:08,510 have a lone pair electron at the bottom here right on this side here and that 140 00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:08,520 here right on this side here and that 141 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:12,250 here right on this side here and that lone pair electron will shift those for 142 00:05:12,250 --> 00:05:12,260 lone pair electron will shift those for 143 00:05:12,260 --> 00:05:15,470 lone pair electron will shift those for fluorine bonding electron pairs closer 144 00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:15,480 fluorine bonding electron pairs closer 145 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:17,840 fluorine bonding electron pairs closer and it will be little less probably not 146 00:05:17,840 --> 00:05:17,850 and it will be little less probably not 147 00:05:17,850 --> 00:05:20,240 and it will be little less probably not much but little less I should say less 148 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:20,250 much but little less I should say less 149 00:05:20,250 --> 00:05:23,630 much but little less I should say less than 90 degrees but not probably much so 150 00:05:23,630 --> 00:05:23,640 than 90 degrees but not probably much so 151 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:26,990 than 90 degrees but not probably much so again geometry is square pyramidal 152 00:05:26,990 --> 00:05:27,000 again geometry is square pyramidal 153 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:32,240 again geometry is square pyramidal geometry right now the next example 154 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:32,250 geometry right now the next example 155 00:05:32,250 --> 00:05:36,590 geometry right now the next example again xenon tetrafluoride and this is 156 00:05:36,590 --> 00:05:36,600 again xenon tetrafluoride and this is 157 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,790 again xenon tetrafluoride and this is xenon in the center again six electron 158 00:05:40,790 --> 00:05:40,800 xenon in the center again six electron 159 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:42,980 xenon in the center again six electron pairs if I make the Lewis structure 160 00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:42,990 pairs if I make the Lewis structure 161 00:05:42,990 --> 00:05:47,360 pairs if I make the Lewis structure around the xenon central atom one two 162 00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:47,370 around the xenon central atom one two 163 00:05:47,370 --> 00:05:50,270 around the xenon central atom one two three four five six and only four of 164 00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:50,280 three four five six and only four of 165 00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:57,970 three four five six and only four of those are shared by four fluorine atoms 166 00:05:57,970 --> 00:05:57,980 those are shared by four fluorine atoms 167 00:05:57,980 --> 00:06:01,400 those are shared by four fluorine atoms like this and how many electron pairs 168 00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:01,410 like this and how many electron pairs 169 00:06:01,410 --> 00:06:03,290 like this and how many electron pairs around the central atom 170 00:06:03,290 --> 00:06:03,300 around the central atom 171 00:06:03,300 --> 00:06:06,130 around the central atom six so the electron pair geometry 172 00:06:06,130 --> 00:06:06,140 six so the electron pair geometry 173 00:06:06,140 --> 00:06:11,020 six so the electron pair geometry becomes octahedral 174 00:06:11,020 --> 00:06:11,030 175 00:06:11,030 --> 00:06:13,820 octahedral now how about the molecular 176 00:06:13,820 --> 00:06:13,830 octahedral now how about the molecular 177 00:06:13,830 --> 00:06:17,379 octahedral now how about the molecular geometry now in this case consider that 178 00:06:17,379 --> 00:06:17,389 geometry now in this case consider that 179 00:06:17,389 --> 00:06:20,629 geometry now in this case consider that octahedron so I will take out two of 180 00:06:20,629 --> 00:06:20,639 octahedron so I will take out two of 181 00:06:20,639 --> 00:06:23,360 octahedron so I will take out two of those terminal atoms where do I take 182 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:23,370 those terminal atoms where do I take 183 00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:25,040 those terminal atoms where do I take them instead of them there's electron 184 00:06:25,040 --> 00:06:25,050 them instead of them there's electron 185 00:06:25,050 --> 00:06:27,260 them instead of them there's electron pairs two electron pairs lone pair 186 00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:27,270 pairs two electron pairs lone pair 187 00:06:27,270 --> 00:06:32,510 pairs two electron pairs lone pair electrons here for example let's see one 188 00:06:32,510 --> 00:06:32,520 electrons here for example let's see one 189 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:34,790 electrons here for example let's see one two three four or five no I have to take 190 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:34,800 two three four or five no I have to take 191 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,879 two three four or five no I have to take one of those take that one for like this 192 00:06:37,879 --> 00:06:37,889 one of those take that one for like this 193 00:06:37,889 --> 00:06:40,339 one of those take that one for like this so when you simply take two of those 194 00:06:40,339 --> 00:06:40,349 so when you simply take two of those 195 00:06:40,349 --> 00:06:44,990 so when you simply take two of those then the geometry becomes square planar 196 00:06:44,990 --> 00:06:45,000 then the geometry becomes square planar 197 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:50,740 then the geometry becomes square planar just this square right Square planar 198 00:06:50,740 --> 00:06:50,750 199 00:06:50,750 --> 00:06:55,909 square planar geometry now what is the 200 00:06:55,909 --> 00:06:55,919 square planar geometry now what is the 201 00:06:55,919 --> 00:06:58,400 square planar geometry now what is the molecular geometry again the xenon is in 202 00:06:58,400 --> 00:06:58,410 molecular geometry again the xenon is in 203 00:06:58,410 --> 00:07:02,320 molecular geometry again the xenon is in the center and here I have perfect 204 00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:02,330 the center and here I have perfect 205 00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:08,749 the center and here I have perfect square now all angle will be 90 degrees 206 00:07:08,749 --> 00:07:08,759 square now all angle will be 90 degrees 207 00:07:08,759 --> 00:07:10,670 square now all angle will be 90 degrees now in this case remember there's one 208 00:07:10,670 --> 00:07:10,680 now in this case remember there's one 209 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:13,610 now in this case remember there's one electron pair here a bow this square 210 00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:13,620 electron pair here a bow this square 211 00:07:13,620 --> 00:07:15,860 electron pair here a bow this square plane and one on the other side 212 00:07:15,860 --> 00:07:15,870 plane and one on the other side 213 00:07:15,870 --> 00:07:21,290 plane and one on the other side so therefore this here is square planar 214 00:07:21,290 --> 00:07:21,300 so therefore this here is square planar 215 00:07:21,300 --> 00:07:23,779 so therefore this here is square planar geometry that simply means all of those 216 00:07:23,779 --> 00:07:23,789 geometry that simply means all of those 217 00:07:23,789 --> 00:07:26,719 geometry that simply means all of those five atoms one xenon four fluorines are 218 00:07:26,719 --> 00:07:26,729 five atoms one xenon four fluorines are 219 00:07:26,729 --> 00:07:29,029 five atoms one xenon four fluorines are on the same plane and the fluorines are 220 00:07:29,029 --> 00:07:29,039 on the same plane and the fluorines are 221 00:07:29,039 --> 00:07:38,300 on the same plane and the fluorines are corner of a square yes no in in this 222 00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:38,310 corner of a square yes no in in this 223 00:07:38,310 --> 00:07:41,120 corner of a square yes no in in this case no we don't really because the 224 00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:41,130 case no we don't really because the 225 00:07:41,130 --> 00:07:44,779 case no we don't really because the question is are these fluorines 226 00:07:44,779 --> 00:07:44,789 question is are these fluorines 227 00:07:44,789 --> 00:07:48,350 question is are these fluorines considers as equatorial positions in 228 00:07:48,350 --> 00:07:48,360 considers as equatorial positions in 229 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:51,680 considers as equatorial positions in Oakland no in an optic adran since all 230 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:51,690 Oakland no in an optic adran since all 231 00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:54,439 Oakland no in an optic adran since all of the simply perfect octahedron since 232 00:07:54,439 --> 00:07:54,449 of the simply perfect octahedron since 233 00:07:54,449 --> 00:07:56,899 of the simply perfect octahedron since all of the atoms if they are the same 234 00:07:56,899 --> 00:07:56,909 all of the atoms if they are the same 235 00:07:56,909 --> 00:07:58,760 all of the atoms if they are the same atoms on the corner of an octahedron are 236 00:07:58,760 --> 00:07:58,770 atoms on the corner of an octahedron are 237 00:07:58,770 --> 00:08:01,189 atoms on the corner of an octahedron are equivalent we don't really classify 238 00:08:01,189 --> 00:08:01,199 equivalent we don't really classify 239 00:08:01,199 --> 00:08:06,409 equivalent we don't really classify those vertices as equatorial or axial no 240 00:08:06,409 --> 00:08:06,419 those vertices as equatorial or axial no 241 00:08:06,419 --> 00:08:11,089 those vertices as equatorial or axial no in this case but if I go if I have two 242 00:08:11,089 --> 00:08:11,099 in this case but if I go if I have two 243 00:08:11,099 --> 00:08:13,459 in this case but if I go if I have two lone pair electrons they will be one 244 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:13,469 lone pair electrons they will be one 245 00:08:13,469 --> 00:08:17,719 lone pair electrons they will be one above one below and the result is square 246 00:08:17,719 --> 00:08:17,729 above one below and the result is square 247 00:08:17,729 --> 00:08:26,240 above one below and the result is square planar geometry okay I guess this is 248 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:26,250 249 00:08:26,250 --> 00:08:31,110 all about I would say I must almost 250 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:31,120 all about I would say I must almost 251 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,510 all about I would say I must almost consider covered all the possible 252 00:08:33,510 --> 00:08:33,520 consider covered all the possible 253 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:35,339 consider covered all the possible geometries from now on you should be 254 00:08:35,339 --> 00:08:35,349 geometries from now on you should be 255 00:08:35,349 --> 00:08:38,640 geometries from now on you should be able to predict the geometry of a given 256 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:38,650 able to predict the geometry of a given 257 00:08:38,650 --> 00:08:44,670 able to predict the geometry of a given molecule or iron but provided that you 258 00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:44,680 molecule or iron but provided that you 259 00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:46,769 molecule or iron but provided that you know how to write down the correct Lewis 260 00:08:46,769 --> 00:08:46,779 know how to write down the correct Lewis 261 00:08:46,779 --> 00:08:49,350 know how to write down the correct Lewis structure start from there and go step 262 00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:49,360 structure start from there and go step 263 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:49,860 structure start from there and go step by step 264 00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:49,870 by step 265 00:08:49,870 --> 00:08:52,500 by step and finally find out what is the 266 00:08:52,500 --> 00:08:52,510 and finally find out what is the 267 00:08:52,510 --> 00:08:54,630 and finally find out what is the molecular geometry let's look at the 268 00:08:54,630 --> 00:08:54,640 molecular geometry let's look at the 269 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:56,850 molecular geometry let's look at the slides the slides have a similar type of 270 00:08:56,850 --> 00:08:56,860 slides the slides have a similar type of 271 00:08:56,860 --> 00:09:00,329 slides the slides have a similar type of things I will just go those quickly this 272 00:09:00,329 --> 00:09:00,339 things I will just go those quickly this 273 00:09:00,339 --> 00:09:02,010 things I will just go those quickly this is again molecular geometry remember 274 00:09:02,010 --> 00:09:02,020 is again molecular geometry remember 275 00:09:02,020 --> 00:09:08,430 is again molecular geometry remember ammonia we have shown that and linear 276 00:09:08,430 --> 00:09:08,440 ammonia we have shown that and linear 277 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,130 ammonia we have shown that and linear electron domains these are the examples 278 00:09:11,130 --> 00:09:11,140 electron domains these are the examples 279 00:09:11,140 --> 00:09:14,030 electron domains these are the examples that we worked actually all of those 280 00:09:14,030 --> 00:09:14,040 that we worked actually all of those 281 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:17,790 that we worked actually all of those like this now here is the case to show 282 00:09:17,790 --> 00:09:17,800 like this now here is the case to show 283 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:20,519 like this now here is the case to show you how the lone pair electron affects 284 00:09:20,519 --> 00:09:20,529 you how the lone pair electron affects 285 00:09:20,529 --> 00:09:24,600 you how the lone pair electron affects the bond angle and remember we discussed 286 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:24,610 the bond angle and remember we discussed 287 00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:28,579 the bond angle and remember we discussed this again when you have a perfect 288 00:09:28,579 --> 00:09:28,589 this again when you have a perfect 289 00:09:28,589 --> 00:09:32,220 this again when you have a perfect tetrahedron like in methane case all 290 00:09:32,220 --> 00:09:32,230 tetrahedron like in methane case all 291 00:09:32,230 --> 00:09:36,150 tetrahedron like in methane case all angles are 109.5 exactly in the case of 292 00:09:36,150 --> 00:09:36,160 angles are 109.5 exactly in the case of 293 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:39,480 angles are 109.5 exactly in the case of ammonia less and that is simply pushing 294 00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:39,490 ammonia less and that is simply pushing 295 00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:42,600 ammonia less and that is simply pushing down water is less I guess I call this 296 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:42,610 down water is less I guess I call this 297 00:09:42,610 --> 00:09:45,930 down water is less I guess I call this 105 but it's one of 4.5 but very close 298 00:09:45,930 --> 00:09:45,940 105 but it's one of 4.5 but very close 299 00:09:45,940 --> 00:09:49,440 105 but it's one of 4.5 but very close to that now here is another example 300 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:49,450 to that now here is another example 301 00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:53,820 to that now here is another example which shows how the double bond that 302 00:09:53,820 --> 00:09:53,830 which shows how the double bond that 303 00:09:53,830 --> 00:09:56,280 which shows how the double bond that means two electron pairs shared between 304 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:56,290 means two electron pairs shared between 305 00:09:56,290 --> 00:09:58,020 means two electron pairs shared between the atoms which even though it's 306 00:09:58,020 --> 00:09:58,030 the atoms which even though it's 307 00:09:58,030 --> 00:09:59,880 the atoms which even though it's considered as one electron pair in terms 308 00:09:59,880 --> 00:09:59,890 considered as one electron pair in terms 309 00:09:59,890 --> 00:10:02,250 considered as one electron pair in terms of electrostatic considerations to find 310 00:10:02,250 --> 00:10:02,260 of electrostatic considerations to find 311 00:10:02,260 --> 00:10:05,400 of electrostatic considerations to find the electron pair geometry but the angle 312 00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:05,410 the electron pair geometry but the angle 313 00:10:05,410 --> 00:10:08,699 the electron pair geometry but the angle here you see again around the carbon 314 00:10:08,699 --> 00:10:08,709 here you see again around the carbon 315 00:10:08,709 --> 00:10:11,520 here you see again around the carbon here I have three electron pairs or 316 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:11,530 here I have three electron pairs or 317 00:10:11,530 --> 00:10:14,070 here I have three electron pairs or three electron domains I should say now 318 00:10:14,070 --> 00:10:14,080 three electron domains I should say now 319 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:17,010 three electron domains I should say now the geometry is trigonal planar all 320 00:10:17,010 --> 00:10:17,020 the geometry is trigonal planar all 321 00:10:17,020 --> 00:10:20,579 the geometry is trigonal planar all angle has to be 120 degrees but this 322 00:10:20,579 --> 00:10:20,589 angle has to be 120 degrees but this 323 00:10:20,589 --> 00:10:23,070 angle has to be 120 degrees but this angle and that angle equal which is 324 00:10:23,070 --> 00:10:23,080 angle and that angle equal which is 325 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:25,230 angle and that angle equal which is greater than hundred and twenty this is 326 00:10:25,230 --> 00:10:25,240 greater than hundred and twenty this is 327 00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:29,610 greater than hundred and twenty this is less why because now this two electron 328 00:10:29,610 --> 00:10:29,620 less why because now this two electron 329 00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:32,970 less why because now this two electron pairs for the double bond occupy more 330 00:10:32,970 --> 00:10:32,980 pairs for the double bond occupy more 331 00:10:32,980 --> 00:10:36,060 pairs for the double bond occupy more space andropause these bonding pairs and 332 00:10:36,060 --> 00:10:36,070 space andropause these bonding pairs and 333 00:10:36,070 --> 00:10:39,300 space andropause these bonding pairs and makes the angle less than 120 right make 334 00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:39,310 makes the angle less than 120 right make 335 00:10:39,310 --> 00:10:43,440 makes the angle less than 120 right make angle less than hundred 20 the octet 336 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:43,450 angle less than hundred 20 the octet 337 00:10:43,450 --> 00:10:47,400 angle less than hundred 20 the octet rule again 5 electron pairs we talked 338 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:47,410 rule again 5 electron pairs we talked 339 00:10:47,410 --> 00:10:50,910 rule again 5 electron pairs we talked about this now here is again the two 340 00:10:50,910 --> 00:10:50,920 about this now here is again the two 341 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:52,890 about this now here is again the two positions in trigonal bi-pyramidal 342 00:10:52,890 --> 00:10:52,900 positions in trigonal bi-pyramidal 343 00:10:52,900 --> 00:10:57,900 positions in trigonal bi-pyramidal geometry now these two are axial 344 00:10:57,900 --> 00:10:57,910 geometry now these two are axial 345 00:10:57,910 --> 00:11:01,230 geometry now these two are axial positions and these are equatorial 346 00:11:01,230 --> 00:11:01,240 positions and these are equatorial 347 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,480 positions and these are equatorial positions remember if we are going to 348 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:03,490 positions remember if we are going to 349 00:11:03,490 --> 00:11:06,750 positions remember if we are going to leave electron pair nonbonding electron 350 00:11:06,750 --> 00:11:06,760 leave electron pair nonbonding electron 351 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:08,820 leave electron pair nonbonding electron pairs around the central atom that it 352 00:11:08,820 --> 00:11:08,830 pairs around the central atom that it 353 00:11:08,830 --> 00:11:11,790 pairs around the central atom that it has to be simply on equatorial positions 354 00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:11,800 has to be simply on equatorial positions 355 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:13,650 has to be simply on equatorial positions on these positions over here we talked 356 00:11:13,650 --> 00:11:13,660 on these positions over here we talked 357 00:11:13,660 --> 00:11:17,970 on these positions over here we talked about that remember okay all of those we 358 00:11:17,970 --> 00:11:17,980 about that remember okay all of those we 359 00:11:17,980 --> 00:11:21,060 about that remember okay all of those we worked out Orpah he drew all right here 360 00:11:21,060 --> 00:11:21,070 worked out Orpah he drew all right here 361 00:11:21,070 --> 00:11:25,680 worked out Orpah he drew all right here is the question the question is what 362 00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:25,690 is the question the question is what 363 00:11:25,690 --> 00:11:29,910 is the question the question is what happens if I have larger molecules can I 364 00:11:29,910 --> 00:11:29,920 happens if I have larger molecules can I 365 00:11:29,920 --> 00:11:34,950 happens if I have larger molecules can I simply describe the geometry of larger 366 00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:34,960 simply describe the geometry of larger 367 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:38,330 simply describe the geometry of larger molecules similarly like I have done for 368 00:11:38,330 --> 00:11:38,340 molecules similarly like I have done for 369 00:11:38,340 --> 00:11:41,670 molecules similarly like I have done for the molecules where where I have one 370 00:11:41,670 --> 00:11:41,680 the molecules where where I have one 371 00:11:41,680 --> 00:11:43,860 the molecules where where I have one central atom and then we have all 372 00:11:43,860 --> 00:11:43,870 central atom and then we have all 373 00:11:43,870 --> 00:11:46,230 central atom and then we have all terminal atoms to that right that was 374 00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:46,240 terminal atoms to that right that was 375 00:11:46,240 --> 00:11:48,630 terminal atoms to that right that was the case I had one central atom and all 376 00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:48,640 the case I had one central atom and all 377 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:51,090 the case I had one central atom and all the other atoms are bonded to that those 378 00:11:51,090 --> 00:11:51,100 the other atoms are bonded to that those 379 00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:53,520 the other atoms are bonded to that those are called terminal atoms simply but in 380 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:53,530 are called terminal atoms simply but in 381 00:11:53,530 --> 00:11:56,820 are called terminal atoms simply but in this case I don't have one central atom 382 00:11:56,820 --> 00:11:56,830 this case I don't have one central atom 383 00:11:56,830 --> 00:12:00,510 this case I don't have one central atom or I can't really find out which one is 384 00:12:00,510 --> 00:12:00,520 or I can't really find out which one is 385 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:02,940 or I can't really find out which one is central this is acetic acid molecule 386 00:12:02,940 --> 00:12:02,950 central this is acetic acid molecule 387 00:12:02,950 --> 00:12:05,700 central this is acetic acid molecule acetic acid molecule now these are 388 00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:05,710 acetic acid molecule now these are 389 00:12:05,710 --> 00:12:09,720 acetic acid molecule now these are carbon here like this and then we have 390 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:09,730 carbon here like this and then we have 391 00:12:09,730 --> 00:12:12,660 carbon here like this and then we have the oxygens those are the oxygens and we 392 00:12:12,660 --> 00:12:12,670 the oxygens those are the oxygens and we 393 00:12:12,670 --> 00:12:15,600 the oxygens those are the oxygens and we have the hydrogen's like this now we can 394 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:15,610 have the hydrogen's like this now we can 395 00:12:15,610 --> 00:12:19,470 have the hydrogen's like this now we can also predict or at least have an idea 396 00:12:19,470 --> 00:12:19,480 also predict or at least have an idea 397 00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:21,930 also predict or at least have an idea about the shape of these larger 398 00:12:21,930 --> 00:12:21,940 about the shape of these larger 399 00:12:21,940 --> 00:12:26,160 about the shape of these larger molecules by what we have to simply pick 400 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:26,170 molecules by what we have to simply pick 401 00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:29,910 molecules by what we have to simply pick out the central atoms a different part 402 00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:29,920 out the central atoms a different part 403 00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:32,370 out the central atoms a different part of the molecule for example I can simply 404 00:12:32,370 --> 00:12:32,380 of the molecule for example I can simply 405 00:12:32,380 --> 00:12:35,910 of the molecule for example I can simply pick this carbon as the central atom 406 00:12:35,910 --> 00:12:35,920 pick this carbon as the central atom 407 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:39,750 pick this carbon as the central atom here right in the first case now then I 408 00:12:39,750 --> 00:12:39,760 here right in the first case now then I 409 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:42,200 here right in the first case now then I will consider this part of the molecule 410 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:42,210 will consider this part of the molecule 411 00:12:42,210 --> 00:12:46,110 will consider this part of the molecule carbon and there are four atoms bonded 412 00:12:46,110 --> 00:12:46,120 carbon and there are four atoms bonded 413 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:48,720 carbon and there are four atoms bonded to carbon one of them is this carbon 414 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:48,730 to carbon one of them is this carbon 415 00:12:48,730 --> 00:12:49,680 to carbon one of them is this carbon here and 416 00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:49,690 here and 417 00:12:49,690 --> 00:12:52,740 here and we have the hydrogen's now what is the 418 00:12:52,740 --> 00:12:52,750 we have the hydrogen's now what is the 419 00:12:52,750 --> 00:12:54,330 we have the hydrogen's now what is the number of electron pairs around the 420 00:12:54,330 --> 00:12:54,340 number of electron pairs around the 421 00:12:54,340 --> 00:12:56,970 number of electron pairs around the carbon four what is the electron pair 422 00:12:56,970 --> 00:12:56,980 carbon four what is the electron pair 423 00:12:56,980 --> 00:12:59,910 carbon four what is the electron pair geometry tetrahedral what will be the 424 00:12:59,910 --> 00:12:59,920 geometry tetrahedral what will be the 425 00:12:59,920 --> 00:13:02,820 geometry tetrahedral what will be the molecular geometry tetrahedral right now 426 00:13:02,820 --> 00:13:02,830 molecular geometry tetrahedral right now 427 00:13:02,830 --> 00:13:05,880 molecular geometry tetrahedral right now this part here will be a tetrahedral the 428 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:05,890 this part here will be a tetrahedral the 429 00:13:05,890 --> 00:13:08,280 this part here will be a tetrahedral the angles will be one or nine point five 430 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:08,290 angles will be one or nine point five 431 00:13:08,290 --> 00:13:10,680 angles will be one or nine point five ideally but will it be one or nine point 432 00:13:10,680 --> 00:13:10,690 ideally but will it be one or nine point 433 00:13:10,690 --> 00:13:13,080 ideally but will it be one or nine point five in this case for example this angle 434 00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:13,090 five in this case for example this angle 435 00:13:13,090 --> 00:13:16,080 five in this case for example this angle here and this angle here no why because 436 00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:16,090 here and this angle here no why because 437 00:13:16,090 --> 00:13:19,380 here and this angle here no why because I have three hydrogen's and one carbon 438 00:13:19,380 --> 00:13:19,390 I have three hydrogen's and one carbon 439 00:13:19,390 --> 00:13:22,620 I have three hydrogen's and one carbon bonded to that central carbon atom right 440 00:13:22,620 --> 00:13:22,630 bonded to that central carbon atom right 441 00:13:22,630 --> 00:13:25,080 bonded to that central carbon atom right it will be a little bit different angles 442 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:25,090 it will be a little bit different angles 443 00:13:25,090 --> 00:13:28,710 it will be a little bit different angles are not exactly 109.5 but the geometry 444 00:13:28,710 --> 00:13:28,720 are not exactly 109.5 but the geometry 445 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:30,990 are not exactly 109.5 but the geometry here around this carbon will be 446 00:13:30,990 --> 00:13:31,000 here around this carbon will be 447 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,730 here around this carbon will be tetrahedral I can easily call that 448 00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:32,740 tetrahedral I can easily call that 449 00:13:32,740 --> 00:13:35,100 tetrahedral I can easily call that tetrahedral now how about this carbon 450 00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:35,110 tetrahedral now how about this carbon 451 00:13:35,110 --> 00:13:37,890 tetrahedral now how about this carbon now right now in this case this carbon 452 00:13:37,890 --> 00:13:37,900 now right now in this case this carbon 453 00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:41,280 now right now in this case this carbon how many electron pairs three electron 454 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:41,290 how many electron pairs three electron 455 00:13:41,290 --> 00:13:43,560 how many electron pairs three electron domains I should probably say right 456 00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:43,570 domains I should probably say right 457 00:13:43,570 --> 00:13:45,630 domains I should probably say right three electron domains three electron 458 00:13:45,630 --> 00:13:45,640 three electron domains three electron 459 00:13:45,640 --> 00:13:47,220 three electron domains three electron domains simply will give you electron 460 00:13:47,220 --> 00:13:47,230 domains simply will give you electron 461 00:13:47,230 --> 00:13:49,830 domains simply will give you electron pair geometry trigonal planar and the 462 00:13:49,830 --> 00:13:49,840 pair geometry trigonal planar and the 463 00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:51,420 pair geometry trigonal planar and the molecular geometry is also trigonal 464 00:13:51,420 --> 00:13:51,430 molecular geometry is also trigonal 465 00:13:51,430 --> 00:13:53,400 molecular geometry is also trigonal planar but which atoms when I say 466 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:53,410 planar but which atoms when I say 467 00:13:53,410 --> 00:13:56,910 planar but which atoms when I say molecular geometry here this one this 468 00:13:56,910 --> 00:13:56,920 molecular geometry here this one this 469 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,640 molecular geometry here this one this one and this carbon and that carbon you 470 00:13:59,640 --> 00:13:59,650 one and this carbon and that carbon you 471 00:13:59,650 --> 00:14:02,370 one and this carbon and that carbon you see now the angles here will be close 472 00:14:02,370 --> 00:14:02,380 see now the angles here will be close 473 00:14:02,380 --> 00:14:04,920 see now the angles here will be close 220 degrees not exactly twenty but we 474 00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:04,930 220 degrees not exactly twenty but we 475 00:14:04,930 --> 00:14:06,990 220 degrees not exactly twenty but we have a double bond here right and the 476 00:14:06,990 --> 00:14:07,000 have a double bond here right and the 477 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:09,420 have a double bond here right and the others but again the geometry around 478 00:14:09,420 --> 00:14:09,430 others but again the geometry around 479 00:14:09,430 --> 00:14:12,600 others but again the geometry around this carbon is trigonal planar geometry 480 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:12,610 this carbon is trigonal planar geometry 481 00:14:12,610 --> 00:14:14,520 this carbon is trigonal planar geometry right through you're no cleaner then 482 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:14,530 right through you're no cleaner then 483 00:14:14,530 --> 00:14:17,640 right through you're no cleaner then comes to the oxygen now if I write down 484 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:17,650 comes to the oxygen now if I write down 485 00:14:17,650 --> 00:14:19,260 comes to the oxygen now if I write down the Lewis structure you will find out 486 00:14:19,260 --> 00:14:19,270 the Lewis structure you will find out 487 00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:21,180 the Lewis structure you will find out that the oxygen also has four electron 488 00:14:21,180 --> 00:14:21,190 that the oxygen also has four electron 489 00:14:21,190 --> 00:14:23,130 that the oxygen also has four electron pairs around it but there are two lone 490 00:14:23,130 --> 00:14:23,140 pairs around it but there are two lone 491 00:14:23,140 --> 00:14:25,950 pairs around it but there are two lone pair electrons so now I can simply guess 492 00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:25,960 pair electrons so now I can simply guess 493 00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:29,730 pair electrons so now I can simply guess the geometry of this carbon this oxygen 494 00:14:29,730 --> 00:14:29,740 the geometry of this carbon this oxygen 495 00:14:29,740 --> 00:14:32,460 the geometry of this carbon this oxygen and this hydrogen here and that will be 496 00:14:32,460 --> 00:14:32,470 and this hydrogen here and that will be 497 00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:36,690 and this hydrogen here and that will be v-shape right so that angle will be less 498 00:14:36,690 --> 00:14:36,700 v-shape right so that angle will be less 499 00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:41,910 v-shape right so that angle will be less than simply 109.5 less than perfect 500 00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:41,920 than simply 109.5 less than perfect 501 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:43,800 than simply 109.5 less than perfect tetrahedral so again you see by 502 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:43,810 tetrahedral so again you see by 503 00:14:43,810 --> 00:14:46,829 tetrahedral so again you see by combining these geometries around 504 00:14:46,829 --> 00:14:46,839 combining these geometries around 505 00:14:46,839 --> 00:14:49,980 combining these geometries around different central atoms that I get up 506 00:14:49,980 --> 00:14:49,990 different central atoms that I get up 507 00:14:49,990 --> 00:14:53,190 different central atoms that I get up right I can have an idea what would be 508 00:14:53,190 --> 00:14:53,200 right I can have an idea what would be 509 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,490 right I can have an idea what would be the geometry of this larger molecules I 510 00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:56,500 the geometry of this larger molecules I 511 00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:58,770 the geometry of this larger molecules I can simply at least 512 00:14:58,770 --> 00:14:58,780 can simply at least 513 00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:01,860 can simply at least get a notions about the relative 514 00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:01,870 get a notions about the relative 515 00:15:01,870 --> 00:15:03,750 get a notions about the relative positions of all the atoms in this large 516 00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:03,760 positions of all the atoms in this large 517 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:13,910 positions of all the atoms in this large molecule right okay now here is the 518 00:15:13,910 --> 00:15:13,920 molecule right okay now here is the 519 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:19,410 molecule right okay now here is the polarity of the molecule how can we find 520 00:15:19,410 --> 00:15:19,420 polarity of the molecule how can we find 521 00:15:19,420 --> 00:15:21,660 polarity of the molecule how can we find out whether the molecule will be a polar 522 00:15:21,660 --> 00:15:21,670 out whether the molecule will be a polar 523 00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:25,680 out whether the molecule will be a polar molecule or a non-polar molecule right 524 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:25,690 molecule or a non-polar molecule right 525 00:15:25,690 --> 00:15:28,080 molecule or a non-polar molecule right and we have talked about the polarity 526 00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:28,090 and we have talked about the polarity 527 00:15:28,090 --> 00:15:30,450 and we have talked about the polarity right remember polar molecule simply 528 00:15:30,450 --> 00:15:30,460 right remember polar molecule simply 529 00:15:30,460 --> 00:15:33,390 right remember polar molecule simply have a dipole one side positive what's 530 00:15:33,390 --> 00:15:33,400 have a dipole one side positive what's 531 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:37,910 have a dipole one side positive what's aw I'm sorry negative but if I have only 532 00:15:37,910 --> 00:15:37,920 aw I'm sorry negative but if I have only 533 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,100 aw I'm sorry negative but if I have only diatomic molecules only diatomic 534 00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:41,110 diatomic molecules only diatomic 535 00:15:41,110 --> 00:15:45,540 diatomic molecules only diatomic molecules there are two possibilities if 536 00:15:45,540 --> 00:15:45,550 molecules there are two possibilities if 537 00:15:45,550 --> 00:15:49,350 molecules there are two possibilities if those are homo diatomic means the same 538 00:15:49,350 --> 00:15:49,360 those are homo diatomic means the same 539 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:52,590 those are homo diatomic means the same atoms the molecule will be nonpolar if 540 00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:52,600 atoms the molecule will be nonpolar if 541 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,830 atoms the molecule will be nonpolar if they are hetero diatomic the molecules 542 00:15:55,830 --> 00:15:55,840 they are hetero diatomic the molecules 543 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:58,980 they are hetero diatomic the molecules will be polar but what happens if you 544 00:15:58,980 --> 00:15:58,990 will be polar but what happens if you 545 00:15:58,990 --> 00:16:04,190 will be polar but what happens if you have a molecule made of three atoms or 546 00:16:04,190 --> 00:16:04,200 have a molecule made of three atoms or 547 00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:07,530 have a molecule made of three atoms or more than three four five six can we 548 00:16:07,530 --> 00:16:07,540 more than three four five six can we 549 00:16:07,540 --> 00:16:10,440 more than three four five six can we find the polarity or predict the 550 00:16:10,440 --> 00:16:10,450 find the polarity or predict the 551 00:16:10,450 --> 00:16:12,570 find the polarity or predict the polarity of the molecule and the answer 552 00:16:12,570 --> 00:16:12,580 polarity of the molecule and the answer 553 00:16:12,580 --> 00:16:16,230 polarity of the molecule and the answer is yes how by using the molecular 554 00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:16,240 is yes how by using the molecular 555 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:19,890 is yes how by using the molecular geometry of that molecule if I know the 556 00:16:19,890 --> 00:16:19,900 geometry of that molecule if I know the 557 00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:21,930 geometry of that molecule if I know the molecular geometry of the molecule and 558 00:16:21,930 --> 00:16:21,940 molecular geometry of the molecule and 559 00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:26,760 molecular geometry of the molecule and if I know the bonds polarities each bond 560 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:26,770 if I know the bonds polarities each bond 561 00:16:26,770 --> 00:16:29,420 if I know the bonds polarities each bond polarity in the molecule I can find out 562 00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:29,430 polarity in the molecule I can find out 563 00:16:29,430 --> 00:16:31,950 polarity in the molecule I can find out whether the overall molecule will be a 564 00:16:31,950 --> 00:16:31,960 whether the overall molecule will be a 565 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:34,440 whether the overall molecule will be a polar molecule or non polar molecule but 566 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:34,450 polar molecule or non polar molecule but 567 00:16:34,450 --> 00:16:37,970 polar molecule or non polar molecule but to find out the polarity of the molecule 568 00:16:37,970 --> 00:16:37,980 to find out the polarity of the molecule 569 00:16:37,980 --> 00:16:40,530 to find out the polarity of the molecule polarity of a bond between two atoms 570 00:16:40,530 --> 00:16:40,540 polarity of a bond between two atoms 571 00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:46,440 polarity of a bond between two atoms what do I need to know again to find the 572 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:46,450 what do I need to know again to find the 573 00:16:46,450 --> 00:16:48,390 what do I need to know again to find the polarity means which side positive which 574 00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:48,400 polarity means which side positive which 575 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:50,930 polarity means which side positive which side negative what do I have to know 576 00:16:50,930 --> 00:16:50,940 side negative what do I have to know 577 00:16:50,940 --> 00:16:53,190 side negative what do I have to know electronegativity right 578 00:16:53,190 --> 00:16:53,200 electronegativity right 579 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:54,990 electronegativity right electronegativity if I know the 580 00:16:54,990 --> 00:16:55,000 electronegativity if I know the 581 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,360 electronegativity if I know the electronegativity of the two atoms 582 00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:57,370 electronegativity of the two atoms 583 00:16:57,370 --> 00:16:59,550 electronegativity of the two atoms making a bond I can find out the 584 00:16:59,550 --> 00:16:59,560 making a bond I can find out the 585 00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:01,830 making a bond I can find out the polarity of that bond the more 586 00:17:01,830 --> 00:17:01,840 polarity of that bond the more 587 00:17:01,840 --> 00:17:03,450 polarity of that bond the more electronegative side will be the 588 00:17:03,450 --> 00:17:03,460 electronegative side will be the 589 00:17:03,460 --> 00:17:06,330 electronegative side will be the negative Pole and the less 590 00:17:06,330 --> 00:17:06,340 negative Pole and the less 591 00:17:06,340 --> 00:17:07,980 negative Pole and the less electronegative atom side will be 592 00:17:07,980 --> 00:17:07,990 electronegative atom side will be 593 00:17:07,990 --> 00:17:10,710 electronegative atom side will be positive Pole and that way I can find 594 00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:10,720 positive Pole and that way I can find 595 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:12,480 positive Pole and that way I can find out the polarity of E 596 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:12,490 out the polarity of E 597 00:17:12,490 --> 00:17:15,750 out the polarity of E bunt now if I know the geometry by 598 00:17:15,750 --> 00:17:15,760 bunt now if I know the geometry by 599 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:20,210 bunt now if I know the geometry by adding these vectorial quantities of 600 00:17:20,210 --> 00:17:20,220 adding these vectorial quantities of 601 00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:23,970 adding these vectorial quantities of dipole moments for each bunt I can get 602 00:17:23,970 --> 00:17:23,980 dipole moments for each bunt I can get 603 00:17:23,980 --> 00:17:26,870 dipole moments for each bunt I can get the overall dipole moment vector 604 00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:26,880 the overall dipole moment vector 605 00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:29,850 the overall dipole moment vector sometimes the dipole moment vector when 606 00:17:29,850 --> 00:17:29,860 sometimes the dipole moment vector when 607 00:17:29,860 --> 00:17:32,700 sometimes the dipole moment vector when you add up all the vectorial properties 608 00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:32,710 you add up all the vectorial properties 609 00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:34,380 you add up all the vectorial properties bump corresponding to the bond 610 00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:34,390 bump corresponding to the bond 611 00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:36,870 bump corresponding to the bond polarities bond moments I should say you 612 00:17:36,870 --> 00:17:36,880 polarities bond moments I should say you 613 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:41,880 polarities bond moments I should say you may end up with zero overall factor in 614 00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:41,890 may end up with zero overall factor in 615 00:17:41,890 --> 00:17:44,810 may end up with zero overall factor in that case the molecule becomes nonpolar 616 00:17:44,810 --> 00:17:44,820 that case the molecule becomes nonpolar 617 00:17:44,820 --> 00:17:48,630 that case the molecule becomes nonpolar but if it is not zero the molecule will 618 00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:48,640 but if it is not zero the molecule will 619 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:51,240 but if it is not zero the molecule will be polar molecule polar molecule 620 00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:51,250 be polar molecule polar molecule 621 00:17:51,250 --> 00:17:58,580 be polar molecule polar molecule now the actually let's let's take 622 00:17:58,580 --> 00:17:58,590 now the actually let's let's take 623 00:17:58,590 --> 00:18:01,710 now the actually let's let's take examples like over here here is the one 624 00:18:01,710 --> 00:18:01,720 examples like over here here is the one 625 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:04,169 examples like over here here is the one case I guess these are okay fine 626 00:18:04,169 --> 00:18:04,179 case I guess these are okay fine 627 00:18:04,179 --> 00:18:06,990 case I guess these are okay fine carbon dioxide right carbon dioxide so I 628 00:18:06,990 --> 00:18:07,000 carbon dioxide right carbon dioxide so I 629 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:08,970 carbon dioxide right carbon dioxide so I know that the carbon dioxide is a linear 630 00:18:08,970 --> 00:18:08,980 know that the carbon dioxide is a linear 631 00:18:08,980 --> 00:18:13,140 know that the carbon dioxide is a linear molecule again two electron domains 632 00:18:13,140 --> 00:18:13,150 molecule again two electron domains 633 00:18:13,150 --> 00:18:15,900 molecule again two electron domains right it's a linear molecule and I know 634 00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:15,910 right it's a linear molecule and I know 635 00:18:15,910 --> 00:18:19,290 right it's a linear molecule and I know that each bond is polar bond and the 636 00:18:19,290 --> 00:18:19,300 that each bond is polar bond and the 637 00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:21,000 that each bond is polar bond and the oxygen is more electronegative than the 638 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:21,010 oxygen is more electronegative than the 639 00:18:21,010 --> 00:18:23,940 oxygen is more electronegative than the carbon therefore the this side of the 640 00:18:23,940 --> 00:18:23,950 carbon therefore the this side of the 641 00:18:23,950 --> 00:18:26,160 carbon therefore the this side of the bond will be little negative this side 642 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:26,170 bond will be little negative this side 643 00:18:26,170 --> 00:18:28,320 bond will be little negative this side will be little positive due to that I 644 00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:28,330 will be little positive due to that I 645 00:18:28,330 --> 00:18:31,010 will be little positive due to that I will have a dipole moment vector 646 00:18:31,010 --> 00:18:31,020 will have a dipole moment vector 647 00:18:31,020 --> 00:18:33,330 will have a dipole moment vector correspondent to this bond polarity 648 00:18:33,330 --> 00:18:33,340 correspondent to this bond polarity 649 00:18:33,340 --> 00:18:36,540 correspondent to this bond polarity there right bond polarity now I have 650 00:18:36,540 --> 00:18:36,550 there right bond polarity now I have 651 00:18:36,550 --> 00:18:38,760 there right bond polarity now I have another oxygen here and this bond is 652 00:18:38,760 --> 00:18:38,770 another oxygen here and this bond is 653 00:18:38,770 --> 00:18:41,370 another oxygen here and this bond is also polar and I have also dipole moment 654 00:18:41,370 --> 00:18:41,380 also polar and I have also dipole moment 655 00:18:41,380 --> 00:18:43,980 also polar and I have also dipole moment in this directions so when I add these 656 00:18:43,980 --> 00:18:43,990 in this directions so when I add these 657 00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:47,160 in this directions so when I add these two vectors that means vectorial 658 00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:47,170 two vectors that means vectorial 659 00:18:47,170 --> 00:18:51,060 two vectors that means vectorial addition will give me zero right so they 660 00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:51,070 addition will give me zero right so they 661 00:18:51,070 --> 00:18:52,799 addition will give me zero right so they will cancel out so what does that means 662 00:18:52,799 --> 00:18:52,809 will cancel out so what does that means 663 00:18:52,809 --> 00:18:55,160 will cancel out so what does that means in that case the molecule will be 664 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:55,170 in that case the molecule will be 665 00:18:55,170 --> 00:18:59,820 in that case the molecule will be nonpolar molecule or I can approach 666 00:18:59,820 --> 00:18:59,830 nonpolar molecule or I can approach 667 00:18:59,830 --> 00:19:01,650 nonpolar molecule or I can approach differently again to predict the 668 00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:01,660 differently again to predict the 669 00:19:01,660 --> 00:19:05,880 differently again to predict the polarity I can simply assign the partial 670 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:05,890 polarity I can simply assign the partial 671 00:19:05,890 --> 00:19:08,610 polarity I can simply assign the partial negative and partial positive charges 672 00:19:08,610 --> 00:19:08,620 negative and partial positive charges 673 00:19:08,620 --> 00:19:12,990 negative and partial positive charges for each bond and this bond here partial 674 00:19:12,990 --> 00:19:13,000 for each bond and this bond here partial 675 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,000 for each bond and this bond here partial negative charge will be here Delta 676 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:15,010 negative charge will be here Delta 677 00:19:15,010 --> 00:19:18,060 negative charge will be here Delta negative right now this is Delta 678 00:19:18,060 --> 00:19:18,070 negative right now this is Delta 679 00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:20,490 negative right now this is Delta negative and this is Delta positive 680 00:19:20,490 --> 00:19:20,500 negative and this is Delta positive 681 00:19:20,500 --> 00:19:31,050 negative and this is Delta positive let's simply show that 682 00:19:31,050 --> 00:19:31,060 683 00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:38,950 now if the center of all negative 684 00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:38,960 now if the center of all negative 685 00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:43,300 now if the center of all negative charges and the center of all positive 686 00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:43,310 charges and the center of all positive 687 00:19:43,310 --> 00:19:48,430 charges and the center of all positive charges in a molecule coincide the 688 00:19:48,430 --> 00:19:48,440 charges in a molecule coincide the 689 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:51,520 charges in a molecule coincide the molecule becomes nonpolar even though 690 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:51,530 molecule becomes nonpolar even though 691 00:19:51,530 --> 00:19:55,150 molecule becomes nonpolar even though each bond is polar but if the center of 692 00:19:55,150 --> 00:19:55,160 each bond is polar but if the center of 693 00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:57,460 each bond is polar but if the center of positive charges and the center of 694 00:19:57,460 --> 00:19:57,470 positive charges and the center of 695 00:19:57,470 --> 00:20:00,310 positive charges and the center of negative charges do not coincide then 696 00:20:00,310 --> 00:20:00,320 negative charges do not coincide then 697 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:03,280 negative charges do not coincide then the molecule becomes polar molecule okay 698 00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:03,290 the molecule becomes polar molecule okay 699 00:20:03,290 --> 00:20:06,820 the molecule becomes polar molecule okay now let's consider carbon dioxide I have 700 00:20:06,820 --> 00:20:06,830 now let's consider carbon dioxide I have 701 00:20:06,830 --> 00:20:09,340 now let's consider carbon dioxide I have the oxygen and oxygen this is linear 702 00:20:09,340 --> 00:20:09,350 the oxygen and oxygen this is linear 703 00:20:09,350 --> 00:20:12,880 the oxygen and oxygen this is linear again the geometry is important right if 704 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:12,890 again the geometry is important right if 705 00:20:12,890 --> 00:20:14,560 again the geometry is important right if it is not linear it's not going to be 706 00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:14,570 it is not linear it's not going to be 707 00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,390 it is not linear it's not going to be nonpolar it will be a polar molecule 708 00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:16,400 nonpolar it will be a polar molecule 709 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,350 nonpolar it will be a polar molecule actually now so this bond is this is 710 00:20:20,350 --> 00:20:20,360 actually now so this bond is this is 711 00:20:20,360 --> 00:20:24,460 actually now so this bond is this is Delta minus and Delta minus the same and 712 00:20:24,460 --> 00:20:24,470 Delta minus and Delta minus the same and 713 00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:26,860 Delta minus and Delta minus the same and this is going to be Delta Plus over here 714 00:20:26,860 --> 00:20:26,870 this is going to be Delta Plus over here 715 00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:27,970 this is going to be Delta Plus over here right actually 716 00:20:27,970 --> 00:20:27,980 right actually 717 00:20:27,980 --> 00:20:30,040 right actually this Delta plus will be twice as much of 718 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:30,050 this Delta plus will be twice as much of 719 00:20:30,050 --> 00:20:34,120 this Delta plus will be twice as much of those anyhow so now let's find out the 720 00:20:34,120 --> 00:20:34,130 those anyhow so now let's find out the 721 00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,900 those anyhow so now let's find out the center of negative charges the center of 722 00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:37,910 center of negative charges the center of 723 00:20:37,910 --> 00:20:39,490 center of negative charges the center of this is negative this is negative the 724 00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:39,500 this is negative this is negative the 725 00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:40,990 this is negative this is negative the center of negative charge will be right 726 00:20:40,990 --> 00:20:41,000 center of negative charge will be right 727 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:43,330 center of negative charge will be right here on the carbon right right in the 728 00:20:43,330 --> 00:20:43,340 here on the carbon right right in the 729 00:20:43,340 --> 00:20:45,430 here on the carbon right right in the middle point here now how about the 730 00:20:45,430 --> 00:20:45,440 middle point here now how about the 731 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:47,140 middle point here now how about the center of the positive charge it's also 732 00:20:47,140 --> 00:20:47,150 center of the positive charge it's also 733 00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:49,930 center of the positive charge it's also there on the carbon so what happened the 734 00:20:49,930 --> 00:20:49,940 there on the carbon so what happened the 735 00:20:49,940 --> 00:20:52,120 there on the carbon so what happened the center of negative charges and the 736 00:20:52,120 --> 00:20:52,130 center of negative charges and the 737 00:20:52,130 --> 00:20:54,880 center of negative charges and the center of positive charges coincided on 738 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:54,890 center of positive charges coincided on 739 00:20:54,890 --> 00:20:57,880 center of positive charges coincided on the same point they coincide so the 740 00:20:57,880 --> 00:20:57,890 the same point they coincide so the 741 00:20:57,890 --> 00:21:01,300 the same point they coincide so the molecule becomes nonpolar right so this 742 00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:01,310 molecule becomes nonpolar right so this 743 00:21:01,310 --> 00:21:05,140 molecule becomes nonpolar right so this is the rule that we will use nonpolar 744 00:21:05,140 --> 00:21:05,150 is the rule that we will use nonpolar 745 00:21:05,150 --> 00:21:10,420 is the rule that we will use nonpolar but in order to be able to follow this 746 00:21:10,420 --> 00:21:10,430 but in order to be able to follow this 747 00:21:10,430 --> 00:21:12,280 but in order to be able to follow this center of positive and negative charges 748 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:12,290 center of positive and negative charges 749 00:21:12,290 --> 00:21:14,050 center of positive and negative charges I have to know first I have to know the 750 00:21:14,050 --> 00:21:14,060 I have to know first I have to know the 751 00:21:14,060 --> 00:21:17,290 I have to know first I have to know the geometry of the molecule second I have 752 00:21:17,290 --> 00:21:17,300 geometry of the molecule second I have 753 00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:20,020 geometry of the molecule second I have to know the polarity of each bond show 754 00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:20,030 to know the polarity of each bond show 755 00:21:20,030 --> 00:21:23,200 to know the polarity of each bond show those polarities and find out the center 756 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:23,210 those polarities and find out the center 757 00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:25,870 those polarities and find out the center of those positive and negative charges 758 00:21:25,870 --> 00:21:25,880 of those positive and negative charges 759 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:30,280 of those positive and negative charges now in the second case for water for 760 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:30,290 now in the second case for water for 761 00:21:30,290 --> 00:21:34,090 now in the second case for water for example 762 00:21:34,090 --> 00:21:34,100 763 00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:37,760 okay now in terms of vectorial quantity 764 00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:37,770 okay now in terms of vectorial quantity 765 00:21:37,770 --> 00:21:43,240 okay now in terms of vectorial quantity as you see over here right this is a 766 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:43,250 as you see over here right this is a 767 00:21:43,250 --> 00:21:46,160 as you see over here right this is a polar bond and this side is negative 768 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:46,170 polar bond and this side is negative 769 00:21:46,170 --> 00:21:48,680 polar bond and this side is negative this side is positive so dipole moment 770 00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:48,690 this side is positive so dipole moment 771 00:21:48,690 --> 00:21:51,740 this side is positive so dipole moment for this bond is this a vector in this 772 00:21:51,740 --> 00:21:51,750 for this bond is this a vector in this 773 00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:54,230 for this bond is this a vector in this direction and now here also I have a 774 00:21:54,230 --> 00:21:54,240 direction and now here also I have a 775 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,260 direction and now here also I have a dipole moment for this polar bond and 776 00:21:57,260 --> 00:21:57,270 dipole moment for this polar bond and 777 00:21:57,270 --> 00:21:59,150 dipole moment for this polar bond and this direction is a vector when you add 778 00:21:59,150 --> 00:21:59,160 this direction is a vector when you add 779 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:01,840 this direction is a vector when you add up those two vectors I will have this 780 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:01,850 up those two vectors I will have this 781 00:22:01,850 --> 00:22:04,850 up those two vectors I will have this resultant vector which is nonzero again 782 00:22:04,850 --> 00:22:04,860 resultant vector which is nonzero again 783 00:22:04,860 --> 00:22:07,130 resultant vector which is nonzero again and it will just bisect this angle over 784 00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:07,140 and it will just bisect this angle over 785 00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:09,830 and it will just bisect this angle over here therefore the molecule will be a 786 00:22:09,830 --> 00:22:09,840 here therefore the molecule will be a 787 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,490 here therefore the molecule will be a polar molecule so I can use those 788 00:22:12,490 --> 00:22:12,500 polar molecule so I can use those 789 00:22:12,500 --> 00:22:16,310 polar molecule so I can use those vectorial additions actually to find out 790 00:22:16,310 --> 00:22:16,320 vectorial additions actually to find out 791 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,610 vectorial additions actually to find out the overall polarity or I can simply 792 00:22:19,610 --> 00:22:19,620 the overall polarity or I can simply 793 00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:21,980 the overall polarity or I can simply find out the center of positive and 794 00:22:21,980 --> 00:22:21,990 find out the center of positive and 795 00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:24,260 find out the center of positive and center at negative charges this is Delta 796 00:22:24,260 --> 00:22:24,270 center at negative charges this is Delta 797 00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:27,920 center at negative charges this is Delta positive right and this part here is 798 00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:27,930 positive right and this part here is 799 00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,700 positive right and this part here is Delta negative and this part here is 800 00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:31,710 Delta negative and this part here is 801 00:22:31,710 --> 00:22:35,150 Delta negative and this part here is Delta positive and this part is now a 802 00:22:35,150 --> 00:22:35,160 Delta positive and this part is now a 803 00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:37,250 Delta positive and this part is now a negative now let's find out the center 804 00:22:37,250 --> 00:22:37,260 negative now let's find out the center 805 00:22:37,260 --> 00:22:39,890 negative now let's find out the center of positive charges center of positive 806 00:22:39,890 --> 00:22:39,900 of positive charges center of positive 807 00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:42,460 of positive charges center of positive charge will be right in the midpoint of 808 00:22:42,460 --> 00:22:42,470 charge will be right in the midpoint of 809 00:22:42,470 --> 00:22:45,680 charge will be right in the midpoint of these two hydrogen's there right now 810 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:45,690 these two hydrogen's there right now 811 00:22:45,690 --> 00:22:49,070 these two hydrogen's there right now center of negative charge son oxygen 812 00:22:49,070 --> 00:22:49,080 center of negative charge son oxygen 813 00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:51,980 center of negative charge son oxygen what happened the center of positive and 814 00:22:51,980 --> 00:22:51,990 what happened the center of positive and 815 00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:53,510 what happened the center of positive and negative charges now do not coincide 816 00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:53,520 negative charges now do not coincide 817 00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:55,760 negative charges now do not coincide they are separated so what does that 818 00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:55,770 they are separated so what does that 819 00:22:55,770 --> 00:22:57,830 they are separated so what does that means that means the molecule will be 820 00:22:57,830 --> 00:22:57,840 means that means the molecule will be 821 00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:01,160 means that means the molecule will be polar molecule again if I show the 822 00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:01,170 polar molecule again if I show the 823 00:23:01,170 --> 00:23:06,770 polar molecule again if I show the bacterial form of the dipole moment of 824 00:23:06,770 --> 00:23:06,780 bacterial form of the dipole moment of 825 00:23:06,780 --> 00:23:08,300 bacterial form of the dipole moment of this molecule which is a polar molecule 826 00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:08,310 this molecule which is a polar molecule 827 00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:10,490 this molecule which is a polar molecule and it will be in this direction here 828 00:23:10,490 --> 00:23:10,500 and it will be in this direction here 829 00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:12,860 and it will be in this direction here bisecting the angle passing through the 830 00:23:12,860 --> 00:23:12,870 bisecting the angle passing through the 831 00:23:12,870 --> 00:23:17,420 bisecting the angle passing through the oxygens right so that is the remember 832 00:23:17,420 --> 00:23:17,430 oxygens right so that is the remember 833 00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:20,920 oxygens right so that is the remember again only polar molecules will have 834 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:20,930 again only polar molecules will have 835 00:23:20,930 --> 00:23:24,110 again only polar molecules will have dipole moments dipole moments but the 836 00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:24,120 dipole moments dipole moments but the 837 00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:28,490 dipole moments dipole moments but the net overall simply molecule should be a 838 00:23:28,490 --> 00:23:28,500 net overall simply molecule should be a 839 00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:31,010 net overall simply molecule should be a polar molecule the bonds may be polar 840 00:23:31,010 --> 00:23:31,020 polar molecule the bonds may be polar 841 00:23:31,020 --> 00:23:34,010 polar molecule the bonds may be polar but the overall molecule may not be 842 00:23:34,010 --> 00:23:34,020 but the overall molecule may not be 843 00:23:34,020 --> 00:23:38,090 but the overall molecule may not be polar as I showed you over here okay our 844 00:23:38,090 --> 00:23:38,100 polar as I showed you over here okay our 845 00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,610 polar as I showed you over here okay our guess now let me just give you another 846 00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:42,620 guess now let me just give you another 847 00:23:42,620 --> 00:23:46,400 guess now let me just give you another example let's consider carbon 848 00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:46,410 example let's consider carbon 849 00:23:46,410 --> 00:23:49,209 example let's consider carbon tetrachloride 850 00:23:49,209 --> 00:23:49,219 851 00:23:49,219 --> 00:23:52,639 like this now the geometry of carbon 852 00:23:52,639 --> 00:23:52,649 like this now the geometry of carbon 853 00:23:52,649 --> 00:23:56,109 like this now the geometry of carbon tetrachloride is perfect tetrahedral 854 00:23:56,109 --> 00:23:56,119 tetrachloride is perfect tetrahedral 855 00:23:56,119 --> 00:24:05,079 tetrachloride is perfect tetrahedral carbon here all angles are again 109.5 856 00:24:05,079 --> 00:24:05,089 carbon here all angles are again 109.5 857 00:24:05,089 --> 00:24:08,329 carbon here all angles are again 109.5 exactly and this is the tetrahedral 858 00:24:08,329 --> 00:24:08,339 exactly and this is the tetrahedral 859 00:24:08,339 --> 00:24:11,209 exactly and this is the tetrahedral shape and in the center of this 860 00:24:11,209 --> 00:24:11,219 shape and in the center of this 861 00:24:11,219 --> 00:24:14,209 shape and in the center of this tetrahedron not have the Corbyn right 862 00:24:14,209 --> 00:24:14,219 tetrahedron not have the Corbyn right 863 00:24:14,219 --> 00:24:18,379 tetrahedron not have the Corbyn right now are the bonds polar yes 864 00:24:18,379 --> 00:24:18,389 now are the bonds polar yes 865 00:24:18,389 --> 00:24:26,319 now are the bonds polar yes now chlorine atom side will be negative 866 00:24:26,319 --> 00:24:26,329 867 00:24:26,329 --> 00:24:32,749 and the carbon part is positive so each 868 00:24:32,749 --> 00:24:32,759 and the carbon part is positive so each 869 00:24:32,759 --> 00:24:36,349 and the carbon part is positive so each bond actually has a dipole moment vector 870 00:24:36,349 --> 00:24:36,359 bond actually has a dipole moment vector 871 00:24:36,359 --> 00:24:41,719 bond actually has a dipole moment vector and this fat no out going from carbon to 872 00:24:41,719 --> 00:24:41,729 and this fat no out going from carbon to 873 00:24:41,729 --> 00:24:44,839 and this fat no out going from carbon to this side negative and that's also out 874 00:24:44,839 --> 00:24:44,849 this side negative and that's also out 875 00:24:44,849 --> 00:24:48,589 this side negative and that's also out there now when you add up those four 876 00:24:48,589 --> 00:24:48,599 there now when you add up those four 877 00:24:48,599 --> 00:24:52,489 there now when you add up those four vectors you end up with zero resultant 878 00:24:52,489 --> 00:24:52,499 vectors you end up with zero resultant 879 00:24:52,499 --> 00:24:55,249 vectors you end up with zero resultant vector right and the molecule is 880 00:24:55,249 --> 00:24:55,259 vector right and the molecule is 881 00:24:55,259 --> 00:24:58,059 vector right and the molecule is nonpolar or you can see it as follow to 882 00:24:58,059 --> 00:24:58,069 nonpolar or you can see it as follow to 883 00:24:58,069 --> 00:25:00,859 nonpolar or you can see it as follow to what is the center of the negative 884 00:25:00,859 --> 00:25:00,869 what is the center of the negative 885 00:25:00,869 --> 00:25:02,719 what is the center of the negative charges in this molecule it will be 886 00:25:02,719 --> 00:25:02,729 charges in this molecule it will be 887 00:25:02,729 --> 00:25:05,839 charges in this molecule it will be right in the middle of the tetrahedron 888 00:25:05,839 --> 00:25:05,849 right in the middle of the tetrahedron 889 00:25:05,849 --> 00:25:08,479 right in the middle of the tetrahedron means where I have the carbon where is 890 00:25:08,479 --> 00:25:08,489 means where I have the carbon where is 891 00:25:08,489 --> 00:25:10,489 means where I have the carbon where is the center of the positive charge it's 892 00:25:10,489 --> 00:25:10,499 the center of the positive charge it's 893 00:25:10,499 --> 00:25:13,249 the center of the positive charge it's only on carbon so you see again centre 894 00:25:13,249 --> 00:25:13,259 only on carbon so you see again centre 895 00:25:13,259 --> 00:25:14,599 only on carbon so you see again centre of positive and centre of negative 896 00:25:14,599 --> 00:25:14,609 of positive and centre of negative 897 00:25:14,609 --> 00:25:16,519 of positive and centre of negative charges coincide 898 00:25:16,519 --> 00:25:16,529 charges coincide 899 00:25:16,529 --> 00:25:19,069 charges coincide that means the molecule will be nonpolar 900 00:25:19,069 --> 00:25:19,079 that means the molecule will be nonpolar 901 00:25:19,079 --> 00:25:23,469 that means the molecule will be nonpolar right so this is a non-polar molecule 902 00:25:23,469 --> 00:25:23,479 right so this is a non-polar molecule 903 00:25:23,479 --> 00:25:27,859 right so this is a non-polar molecule non-polar molecule now let's consider 904 00:25:27,859 --> 00:25:27,869 non-polar molecule now let's consider 905 00:25:27,869 --> 00:25:32,119 non-polar molecule now let's consider the chloroform I have three chlorine and 906 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:32,129 the chloroform I have three chlorine and 907 00:25:32,129 --> 00:25:35,389 the chloroform I have three chlorine and one hydrogen right now what is the shape 908 00:25:35,389 --> 00:25:35,399 one hydrogen right now what is the shape 909 00:25:35,399 --> 00:25:37,849 one hydrogen right now what is the shape the shape would be again as follow I 910 00:25:37,849 --> 00:25:37,859 the shape would be again as follow I 911 00:25:37,859 --> 00:25:42,879 the shape would be again as follow I have let's say chlorines here and 912 00:25:42,879 --> 00:25:42,889 have let's say chlorines here and 913 00:25:42,889 --> 00:25:46,459 have let's say chlorines here and hydrogen's is here like this now each of 914 00:25:46,459 --> 00:25:46,469 hydrogen's is here like this now each of 915 00:25:46,469 --> 00:25:49,939 hydrogen's is here like this now each of these bonds will be polar bond and Delta 916 00:25:49,939 --> 00:25:49,949 these bonds will be polar bond and Delta 917 00:25:49,949 --> 00:25:53,229 these bonds will be polar bond and Delta negative here and Delta positive here 918 00:25:53,229 --> 00:25:53,239 negative here and Delta positive here 919 00:25:53,239 --> 00:25:57,649 negative here and Delta positive here Delta negative Delta negative and now 920 00:25:57,649 --> 00:25:57,659 Delta negative Delta negative and now 921 00:25:57,659 --> 00:26:01,560 Delta negative Delta negative and now when you consider this this bond here 922 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:01,570 when you consider this this bond here 923 00:26:01,570 --> 00:26:03,450 when you consider this this bond here the electronegativity of carbon is 924 00:26:03,450 --> 00:26:03,460 the electronegativity of carbon is 925 00:26:03,460 --> 00:26:04,740 the electronegativity of carbon is little bit more than the 926 00:26:04,740 --> 00:26:04,750 little bit more than the 927 00:26:04,750 --> 00:26:07,500 little bit more than the electronegativity of the hydrogen so 928 00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:07,510 electronegativity of the hydrogen so 929 00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:10,710 electronegativity of the hydrogen so that means that this part would probably 930 00:26:10,710 --> 00:26:10,720 that means that this part would probably 931 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,440 that means that this part would probably be Delta I have to say here Delta Prime 932 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:13,450 be Delta I have to say here Delta Prime 933 00:26:13,450 --> 00:26:15,450 be Delta I have to say here Delta Prime because these deltas are all the same 934 00:26:15,450 --> 00:26:15,460 because these deltas are all the same 935 00:26:15,460 --> 00:26:17,250 because these deltas are all the same amounts but this will be different 936 00:26:17,250 --> 00:26:17,260 amounts but this will be different 937 00:26:17,260 --> 00:26:19,590 amounts but this will be different whatever it will be a little bit Delta 938 00:26:19,590 --> 00:26:19,600 whatever it will be a little bit Delta 939 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:23,100 whatever it will be a little bit Delta minus no Delta plus here and Delta minus 940 00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:23,110 minus no Delta plus here and Delta minus 941 00:26:23,110 --> 00:26:26,850 minus no Delta plus here and Delta minus here Delta prime minus here now if I add 942 00:26:26,850 --> 00:26:26,860 here Delta prime minus here now if I add 943 00:26:26,860 --> 00:26:31,110 here Delta prime minus here now if I add all of these vectors it is very similar 944 00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:31,120 all of these vectors it is very similar 945 00:26:31,120 --> 00:26:35,670 all of these vectors it is very similar to this actually but in this case all of 946 00:26:35,670 --> 00:26:35,680 to this actually but in this case all of 947 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:39,540 to this actually but in this case all of the vectors that means dipole moments 948 00:26:39,540 --> 00:26:39,550 the vectors that means dipole moments 949 00:26:39,550 --> 00:26:41,840 the vectors that means dipole moments correspondent to the bonds are equal 950 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:41,850 correspondent to the bonds are equal 951 00:26:41,850 --> 00:26:44,130 correspondent to the bonds are equal therefore they cancel out each other 952 00:26:44,130 --> 00:26:44,140 therefore they cancel out each other 953 00:26:44,140 --> 00:26:46,200 therefore they cancel out each other when you add them up but in this case 954 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:46,210 when you add them up but in this case 955 00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:48,900 when you add them up but in this case they are different right three are the 956 00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:48,910 they are different right three are the 957 00:26:48,910 --> 00:26:51,600 they are different right three are the same one is different when you add up 958 00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:51,610 same one is different when you add up 959 00:26:51,610 --> 00:26:54,390 same one is different when you add up all these vectors due to that difference 960 00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:54,400 all these vectors due to that difference 961 00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:56,760 all these vectors due to that difference the net resultant vector will not be 962 00:26:56,760 --> 00:26:56,770 the net resultant vector will not be 963 00:26:56,770 --> 00:26:59,610 the net resultant vector will not be zero right what does that means that 964 00:26:59,610 --> 00:26:59,620 zero right what does that means that 965 00:26:59,620 --> 00:27:02,160 zero right what does that means that means the molecule will be polar 966 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:02,170 means the molecule will be polar 967 00:27:02,170 --> 00:27:05,640 means the molecule will be polar molecule right polar molecule so we have 968 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:05,650 molecule right polar molecule so we have 969 00:27:05,650 --> 00:27:08,090 molecule right polar molecule so we have to consider actually the geometry and 970 00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:08,100 to consider actually the geometry and 971 00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:12,090 to consider actually the geometry and also the bond polarities to predict 972 00:27:12,090 --> 00:27:12,100 also the bond polarities to predict 973 00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:14,070 also the bond polarities to predict correctly whether the molecule will be 974 00:27:14,070 --> 00:27:14,080 correctly whether the molecule will be 975 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:34,420 correctly whether the molecule will be polar or nonpolar molecules 976 00:27:34,420 --> 00:27:34,430 977 00:27:34,430 --> 00:27:39,910 okay now the next topic again in this 978 00:27:39,910 --> 00:27:39,920 okay now the next topic again in this 979 00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:46,510 okay now the next topic again in this chapter is valence bond Theory now in 980 00:27:46,510 --> 00:27:46,520 chapter is valence bond Theory now in 981 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:50,640 chapter is valence bond Theory now in chemistry there are several different 982 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:50,650 chemistry there are several different 983 00:27:50,650 --> 00:27:55,420 chemistry there are several different theories which explains the bonding in 984 00:27:55,420 --> 00:27:55,430 theories which explains the bonding in 985 00:27:55,430 --> 00:27:58,030 theories which explains the bonding in molecules between atoms and also the 986 00:27:58,030 --> 00:27:58,040 molecules between atoms and also the 987 00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:02,020 molecules between atoms and also the structure of the molecule right and in 988 00:28:02,020 --> 00:28:02,030 structure of the molecule right and in 989 00:28:02,030 --> 00:28:03,700 structure of the molecule right and in this case in this chapter we will just 990 00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:03,710 this case in this chapter we will just 991 00:28:03,710 --> 00:28:06,550 this case in this chapter we will just talk about two of those and the first 992 00:28:06,550 --> 00:28:06,560 talk about two of those and the first 993 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:14,070 talk about two of those and the first one is valence bond Theory Islands bunt 994 00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:14,080 one is valence bond Theory Islands bunt 995 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:20,620 one is valence bond Theory Islands bunt theory and the second one is called 996 00:28:20,620 --> 00:28:20,630 theory and the second one is called 997 00:28:20,630 --> 00:28:25,230 theory and the second one is called molecular orbital theory molecular 998 00:28:25,230 --> 00:28:25,240 molecular orbital theory molecular 999 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:32,520 molecular orbital theory molecular orbital theory this is simply 1000 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:32,530 orbital theory this is simply 1001 00:28:32,530 --> 00:28:40,060 orbital theory this is simply abbreviated as mo theory and this is 1002 00:28:40,060 --> 00:28:40,070 abbreviated as mo theory and this is 1003 00:28:40,070 --> 00:28:43,890 abbreviated as mo theory and this is everywhere this valence bond Theory 1004 00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:43,900 everywhere this valence bond Theory 1005 00:28:43,900 --> 00:28:46,510 everywhere this valence bond Theory as follow okay 1006 00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:46,520 as follow okay 1007 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:49,180 as follow okay now what are these theories how they 1008 00:28:49,180 --> 00:28:49,190 now what are these theories how they 1009 00:28:49,190 --> 00:28:51,670 now what are these theories how they explain the abundant between the atoms 1010 00:28:51,670 --> 00:28:51,680 explain the abundant between the atoms 1011 00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:52,570 explain the abundant between the atoms in a molecule 1012 00:28:52,570 --> 00:28:52,580 in a molecule 1013 00:28:52,580 --> 00:28:55,840 in a molecule now the valence bond Theory simply says 1014 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:55,850 now the valence bond Theory simply says 1015 00:28:55,850 --> 00:29:01,810 now the valence bond Theory simply says that the bond between two atoms will 1016 00:29:01,810 --> 00:29:01,820 that the bond between two atoms will 1017 00:29:01,820 --> 00:29:05,320 that the bond between two atoms will result from the overlap of the two 1018 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:05,330 result from the overlap of the two 1019 00:29:05,330 --> 00:29:08,200 result from the overlap of the two atomic orbitals from these two atoms 1020 00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:08,210 atomic orbitals from these two atoms 1021 00:29:08,210 --> 00:29:12,690 atomic orbitals from these two atoms which contains one electron each and 1022 00:29:12,690 --> 00:29:12,700 which contains one electron each and 1023 00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:16,120 which contains one electron each and this way when the atomic orbitals 1024 00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:16,130 this way when the atomic orbitals 1025 00:29:16,130 --> 00:29:21,910 this way when the atomic orbitals overlap then the electron comes out from 1026 00:29:21,910 --> 00:29:21,920 overlap then the electron comes out from 1027 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:25,810 overlap then the electron comes out from each orbital pair up and shared between 1028 00:29:25,810 --> 00:29:25,820 each orbital pair up and shared between 1029 00:29:25,820 --> 00:29:29,560 each orbital pair up and shared between the atoms and we end up with a bond a 1030 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:29,570 the atoms and we end up with a bond a 1031 00:29:29,570 --> 00:29:31,930 the atoms and we end up with a bond a chemical bond this is what how the 1032 00:29:31,930 --> 00:29:31,940 chemical bond this is what how the 1033 00:29:31,940 --> 00:29:36,370 chemical bond this is what how the valence bond Theory defines or explains 1034 00:29:36,370 --> 00:29:36,380 valence bond Theory defines or explains 1035 00:29:36,380 --> 00:29:39,420 valence bond Theory defines or explains the chemical bond between two atoms 1036 00:29:39,420 --> 00:29:39,430 the chemical bond between two atoms 1037 00:29:39,430 --> 00:29:42,600 the chemical bond between two atoms overlap of the atomic orbitals right 1038 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:42,610 overlap of the atomic orbitals right 1039 00:29:42,610 --> 00:29:44,590 overlap of the atomic orbitals right overlap of the atomic orbitals 1040 00:29:44,590 --> 00:29:44,600 overlap of the atomic orbitals 1041 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:48,190 overlap of the atomic orbitals now what atomic orbitals 1042 00:29:48,190 --> 00:29:48,200 now what atomic orbitals 1043 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:52,789 now what atomic orbitals would they be actually atomic orbitals 1044 00:29:52,789 --> 00:29:52,799 would they be actually atomic orbitals 1045 00:29:52,799 --> 00:29:59,749 would they be actually atomic orbitals which simply holds the valence electrons 1046 00:29:59,749 --> 00:29:59,759 which simply holds the valence electrons 1047 00:29:59,759 --> 00:30:02,269 which simply holds the valence electrons right it has to be the valence electrons 1048 00:30:02,269 --> 00:30:02,279 right it has to be the valence electrons 1049 00:30:02,279 --> 00:30:03,739 right it has to be the valence electrons valence electrons you're talking about 1050 00:30:03,739 --> 00:30:03,749 valence electrons you're talking about 1051 00:30:03,749 --> 00:30:07,219 valence electrons you're talking about remember in a chemical bond always the 1052 00:30:07,219 --> 00:30:07,229 remember in a chemical bond always the 1053 00:30:07,229 --> 00:30:09,430 remember in a chemical bond always the valence electrons are involved right 1054 00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:09,440 valence electrons are involved right 1055 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:12,649 valence electrons are involved right shared or transferred from one atom to 1056 00:30:12,649 --> 00:30:12,659 shared or transferred from one atom to 1057 00:30:12,659 --> 00:30:15,079 shared or transferred from one atom to the other core electrons are never been 1058 00:30:15,079 --> 00:30:15,089 the other core electrons are never been 1059 00:30:15,089 --> 00:30:18,200 the other core electrons are never been involved now very simple case here for 1060 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:18,210 involved now very simple case here for 1061 00:30:18,210 --> 00:30:21,889 involved now very simple case here for example the example the bond between two 1062 00:30:21,889 --> 00:30:21,899 example the example the bond between two 1063 00:30:21,899 --> 00:30:23,959 example the example the bond between two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule is 1064 00:30:23,959 --> 00:30:23,969 hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule is 1065 00:30:23,969 --> 00:30:27,979 hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule is explained by the overlap of the 1s 1066 00:30:27,979 --> 00:30:27,989 explained by the overlap of the 1s 1067 00:30:27,989 --> 00:30:31,279 explained by the overlap of the 1s orbital on these two hydrogen and like 1068 00:30:31,279 --> 00:30:31,289 orbital on these two hydrogen and like 1069 00:30:31,289 --> 00:30:34,339 orbital on these two hydrogen and like this and it says that the electron that 1070 00:30:34,339 --> 00:30:34,349 this and it says that the electron that 1071 00:30:34,349 --> 00:30:36,950 this and it says that the electron that comes out from these two orbitals from 1072 00:30:36,950 --> 00:30:36,960 comes out from these two orbitals from 1073 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:40,039 comes out from these two orbitals from these two hydrogen's pair up here they 1074 00:30:40,039 --> 00:30:40,049 these two hydrogen's pair up here they 1075 00:30:40,049 --> 00:30:42,579 these two hydrogen's pair up here they have to pair up that means that spin off 1076 00:30:42,579 --> 00:30:42,589 have to pair up that means that spin off 1077 00:30:42,589 --> 00:30:45,200 have to pair up that means that spin off one electron is up the other one will be 1078 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:45,210 one electron is up the other one will be 1079 00:30:45,210 --> 00:30:45,739 one electron is up the other one will be down 1080 00:30:45,739 --> 00:30:45,749 down 1081 00:30:45,749 --> 00:30:48,049 down that's what para means again the 1082 00:30:48,049 --> 00:30:48,059 that's what para means again the 1083 00:30:48,059 --> 00:30:49,820 that's what para means again the electron density if you look at the 1084 00:30:49,820 --> 00:30:49,830 electron density if you look at the 1085 00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:52,009 electron density if you look at the electron density probability of finding 1086 00:30:52,009 --> 00:30:52,019 electron density probability of finding 1087 00:30:52,019 --> 00:30:54,349 electron density probability of finding the electron it will be higher between 1088 00:30:54,349 --> 00:30:54,359 the electron it will be higher between 1089 00:30:54,359 --> 00:30:57,169 the electron it will be higher between the two nuclei that means the electrons 1090 00:30:57,169 --> 00:30:57,179 the two nuclei that means the electrons 1091 00:30:57,179 --> 00:30:59,389 the two nuclei that means the electrons were sort of concentrated between the 1092 00:30:59,389 --> 00:30:59,399 were sort of concentrated between the 1093 00:30:59,399 --> 00:31:01,519 were sort of concentrated between the two nuclei which means that they share 1094 00:31:01,519 --> 00:31:01,529 two nuclei which means that they share 1095 00:31:01,529 --> 00:31:04,489 two nuclei which means that they share the electron this is the valence bond 1096 00:31:04,489 --> 00:31:04,499 the electron this is the valence bond 1097 00:31:04,499 --> 00:31:06,349 the electron this is the valence bond theory so this is two hydrogen atoms 1098 00:31:06,349 --> 00:31:06,359 theory so this is two hydrogen atoms 1099 00:31:06,359 --> 00:31:08,359 theory so this is two hydrogen atoms form in the hydrogen molecule how about 1100 00:31:08,359 --> 00:31:08,369 form in the hydrogen molecule how about 1101 00:31:08,369 --> 00:31:10,549 form in the hydrogen molecule how about the hydrogen chloride now in the 1102 00:31:10,549 --> 00:31:10,559 the hydrogen chloride now in the 1103 00:31:10,559 --> 00:31:13,099 the hydrogen chloride now in the hydrogen chloride again you see remember 1104 00:31:13,099 --> 00:31:13,109 hydrogen chloride again you see remember 1105 00:31:13,109 --> 00:31:15,320 hydrogen chloride again you see remember if you write down the Lewis structure of 1106 00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:15,330 if you write down the Lewis structure of 1107 00:31:15,330 --> 00:31:20,180 if you write down the Lewis structure of the chlorine 17 electrons the valence 1108 00:31:20,180 --> 00:31:20,190 the chlorine 17 electrons the valence 1109 00:31:20,190 --> 00:31:24,070 the chlorine 17 electrons the valence orbitals are 3s and 3p and 3s and 3p 1110 00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:24,080 orbitals are 3s and 3p and 3s and 3p 1111 00:31:24,080 --> 00:31:28,639 orbitals are 3s and 3p and 3s and 3p let's say for chlorine in case 17 1112 00:31:28,639 --> 00:31:28,649 let's say for chlorine in case 17 1113 00:31:28,649 --> 00:31:42,769 let's say for chlorine in case 17 valence shell 3s and 3p 3s2 3p5 so you 1114 00:31:42,769 --> 00:31:42,779 valence shell 3s and 3p 3s2 3p5 so you 1115 00:31:42,779 --> 00:31:47,749 valence shell 3s and 3p 3s2 3p5 so you simply take one of this orbital p 1116 00:31:47,749 --> 00:31:47,759 simply take one of this orbital p 1117 00:31:47,759 --> 00:31:51,529 simply take one of this orbital p orbital which has one electron one p 1118 00:31:51,529 --> 00:31:51,539 orbital which has one electron one p 1119 00:31:51,539 --> 00:31:53,690 orbital which has one electron one p orbital so the valence bond Theory says 1120 00:31:53,690 --> 00:31:53,700 orbital so the valence bond Theory says 1121 00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:57,019 orbital so the valence bond Theory says that the chlorine uses this p orbital 1122 00:31:57,019 --> 00:31:57,029 that the chlorine uses this p orbital 1123 00:31:57,029 --> 00:32:00,760 that the chlorine uses this p orbital which contains one electron and over 1124 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:00,770 which contains one electron and over 1125 00:32:00,770 --> 00:32:03,610 which contains one electron and over with the atomic orbital of the other 1126 00:32:03,610 --> 00:32:03,620 with the atomic orbital of the other 1127 00:32:03,620 --> 00:32:07,390 with the atomic orbital of the other atom forms a chemical bond like the case 1128 00:32:07,390 --> 00:32:07,400 atom forms a chemical bond like the case 1129 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,750 atom forms a chemical bond like the case in hydrogen chloride 1s orbital of 1130 00:32:10,750 --> 00:32:10,760 in hydrogen chloride 1s orbital of 1131 00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:13,510 in hydrogen chloride 1s orbital of hydrogen which contains one electron 1132 00:32:13,510 --> 00:32:13,520 hydrogen which contains one electron 1133 00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:16,990 hydrogen which contains one electron remember and then two three P one of the 1134 00:32:16,990 --> 00:32:17,000 remember and then two three P one of the 1135 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,320 remember and then two three P one of the three P orbitals on chlorine valence 1136 00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:20,330 three P orbitals on chlorine valence 1137 00:32:20,330 --> 00:32:21,520 three P orbitals on chlorine valence orbital remember these will be always 1138 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:21,530 orbital remember these will be always 1139 00:32:21,530 --> 00:32:24,100 orbital remember these will be always valence orbitals they will overlap this 1140 00:32:24,100 --> 00:32:24,110 valence orbitals they will overlap this 1141 00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:28,210 valence orbitals they will overlap this fashion and a bunch simply will form and 1142 00:32:28,210 --> 00:32:28,220 fashion and a bunch simply will form and 1143 00:32:28,220 --> 00:32:32,169 fashion and a bunch simply will form and two electrons that shared are paired up 1144 00:32:32,169 --> 00:32:32,179 two electrons that shared are paired up 1145 00:32:32,179 --> 00:32:35,200 two electrons that shared are paired up here and they spend more time between 1146 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:35,210 here and they spend more time between 1147 00:32:35,210 --> 00:32:38,980 here and they spend more time between the hydrogen and the chlorine nuclei 1148 00:32:38,980 --> 00:32:38,990 the hydrogen and the chlorine nuclei 1149 00:32:38,990 --> 00:32:42,669 the hydrogen and the chlorine nuclei between there now when it comes to the 1150 00:32:42,669 --> 00:32:42,679 between there now when it comes to the 1151 00:32:42,679 --> 00:32:45,850 between there now when it comes to the chlorine molecule the bond between two 1152 00:32:45,850 --> 00:32:45,860 chlorine molecule the bond between two 1153 00:32:45,860 --> 00:32:47,770 chlorine molecule the bond between two chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecules a 1154 00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:47,780 chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecules a 1155 00:32:47,780 --> 00:32:49,660 chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecules a single bond again the valence bond 1156 00:32:49,660 --> 00:32:49,670 single bond again the valence bond 1157 00:32:49,670 --> 00:32:53,520 single bond again the valence bond Theory says each chlorine has that one 1158 00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:53,530 Theory says each chlorine has that one 1159 00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:56,500 Theory says each chlorine has that one 3p orbital which has one electron and 1160 00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:56,510 3p orbital which has one electron and 1161 00:32:56,510 --> 00:32:59,640 3p orbital which has one electron and those three P orbitals on two chlorines 1162 00:32:59,640 --> 00:32:59,650 those three P orbitals on two chlorines 1163 00:32:59,650 --> 00:33:03,580 those three P orbitals on two chlorines overlap in this fashion head-on form 1164 00:33:03,580 --> 00:33:03,590 overlap in this fashion head-on form 1165 00:33:03,590 --> 00:33:06,520 overlap in this fashion head-on form this is the head-on overlap simply had 1166 00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:06,530 this is the head-on overlap simply had 1167 00:33:06,530 --> 00:33:09,820 this is the head-on overlap simply had to had a type of overlap and then the 1168 00:33:09,820 --> 00:33:09,830 to had a type of overlap and then the 1169 00:33:09,830 --> 00:33:11,860 to had a type of overlap and then the electron that one electron coming from 1170 00:33:11,860 --> 00:33:11,870 electron that one electron coming from 1171 00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:13,600 electron that one electron coming from this 3p and one electron coming from 1172 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:13,610 this 3p and one electron coming from 1173 00:33:13,610 --> 00:33:16,600 this 3p and one electron coming from that 3pc me from that chlorines shared 1174 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:16,610 that 3pc me from that chlorines shared 1175 00:33:16,610 --> 00:33:18,549 that 3pc me from that chlorines shared and they pair up here 1176 00:33:18,549 --> 00:33:18,559 and they pair up here 1177 00:33:18,559 --> 00:33:21,940 and they pair up here right there and the bond simply forms 1178 00:33:21,940 --> 00:33:21,950 right there and the bond simply forms 1179 00:33:21,950 --> 00:33:25,060 right there and the bond simply forms this is how the valence bond Theory 1180 00:33:25,060 --> 00:33:25,070 this is how the valence bond Theory 1181 00:33:25,070 --> 00:33:29,560 this is how the valence bond Theory simply explains the bonding again now 1182 00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:29,570 simply explains the bonding again now 1183 00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:34,120 simply explains the bonding again now this simply shows how the bond distances 1184 00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:34,130 this simply shows how the bond distances 1185 00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:39,070 this simply shows how the bond distances are simply formed or I should say 1186 00:33:39,070 --> 00:33:39,080 are simply formed or I should say 1187 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:42,610 are simply formed or I should say determined because when the two atoms 1188 00:33:42,610 --> 00:33:42,620 determined because when the two atoms 1189 00:33:42,620 --> 00:33:45,490 determined because when the two atoms are too close to each other as they 1190 00:33:45,490 --> 00:33:45,500 are too close to each other as they 1191 00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:48,490 are too close to each other as they overlap the orbitals then they start 1192 00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:48,500 overlap the orbitals then they start 1193 00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:50,200 overlap the orbitals then they start repelling each other because the two 1194 00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:50,210 repelling each other because the two 1195 00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:52,270 repelling each other because the two nuclei pause the fighters will repel 1196 00:33:52,270 --> 00:33:52,280 nuclei pause the fighters will repel 1197 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:54,010 nuclei pause the fighters will repel each other so the minimum energy here 1198 00:33:54,010 --> 00:33:54,020 each other so the minimum energy here 1199 00:33:54,020 --> 00:33:57,669 each other so the minimum energy here corresponds to the bond distance for the 1200 00:33:57,669 --> 00:33:57,679 corresponds to the bond distance for the 1201 00:33:57,679 --> 00:34:00,310 corresponds to the bond distance for the hydrogen atom for every bump as that 1202 00:34:00,310 --> 00:34:00,320 hydrogen atom for every bump as that 1203 00:34:00,320 --> 00:34:02,890 hydrogen atom for every bump as that bond distance which corresponds to the 1204 00:34:02,890 --> 00:34:02,900 bond distance which corresponds to the 1205 00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,400 bond distance which corresponds to the minimum energy or minimum repulsions of 1206 00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:06,410 minimum energy or minimum repulsions of 1207 00:34:06,410 --> 00:34:13,200 minimum energy or minimum repulsions of the two atoms as a matter of fact but 1208 00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:13,210 the two atoms as a matter of fact but 1209 00:34:13,210 --> 00:34:16,300 the two atoms as a matter of fact but the question here is the bonding is okay 1210 00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:16,310 the question here is the bonding is okay 1211 00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:22,170 the question here is the bonding is okay but how about the shape of the molecule 1212 00:34:22,170 --> 00:34:22,180 1213 00:34:22,180 --> 00:34:27,220 how does the geometry of a molecule can 1214 00:34:27,220 --> 00:34:27,230 how does the geometry of a molecule can 1215 00:34:27,230 --> 00:34:30,670 how does the geometry of a molecule can be predicted by using valence bond 1216 00:34:30,670 --> 00:34:30,680 be predicted by using valence bond 1217 00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:33,640 be predicted by using valence bond theory this overlap model overlap off 1218 00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:33,650 theory this overlap model overlap off 1219 00:34:33,650 --> 00:34:35,760 theory this overlap model overlap off the atomic orbitals let's take the 1220 00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:35,770 the atomic orbitals let's take the 1221 00:34:35,770 --> 00:34:46,930 the atomic orbitals let's take the examples and show you how it works now 1222 00:34:46,930 --> 00:34:46,940 examples and show you how it works now 1223 00:34:46,940 --> 00:34:53,830 examples and show you how it works now for example suppose that I react carbon 1224 00:34:53,830 --> 00:34:53,840 for example suppose that I react carbon 1225 00:34:53,840 --> 00:35:01,330 for example suppose that I react carbon with hydrogen like this now let's 1226 00:35:01,330 --> 00:35:01,340 with hydrogen like this now let's 1227 00:35:01,340 --> 00:35:09,040 with hydrogen like this now let's remember the carbon as 1s 2 2 s 2 and 2 1228 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:09,050 remember the carbon as 1s 2 2 s 2 and 2 1229 00:35:09,050 --> 00:35:15,550 remember the carbon as 1s 2 2 s 2 and 2 P 4 2 P 2 electrons right simply six 1230 00:35:15,550 --> 00:35:15,560 P 4 2 P 2 electrons right simply six 1231 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:19,510 P 4 2 P 2 electrons right simply six atomic number of six six electrons now 1232 00:35:19,510 --> 00:35:19,520 atomic number of six six electrons now 1233 00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:22,090 atomic number of six six electrons now the valence bond theory says that the 1234 00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:22,100 the valence bond theory says that the 1235 00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:25,480 the valence bond theory says that the atom uses the valence orbital which 1236 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:25,490 atom uses the valence orbital which 1237 00:35:25,490 --> 00:35:27,760 atom uses the valence orbital which contains one electron to overlap and 1238 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:27,770 contains one electron to overlap and 1239 00:35:27,770 --> 00:35:30,880 contains one electron to overlap and form the bond with the other atoms so 1240 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:30,890 form the bond with the other atoms so 1241 00:35:30,890 --> 00:35:36,190 form the bond with the other atoms so what we expect that the carbon 3 these 1242 00:35:36,190 --> 00:35:36,200 what we expect that the carbon 3 these 1243 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:40,120 what we expect that the carbon 3 these are 2 P orbitals 3 of them have one 1244 00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:40,130 are 2 P orbitals 3 of them have one 1245 00:35:40,130 --> 00:35:44,440 are 2 P orbitals 3 of them have one electron each like this so now it can 1246 00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:44,450 electron each like this so now it can 1247 00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:48,010 electron each like this so now it can uses these two elect orbitals which 1248 00:35:48,010 --> 00:35:48,020 uses these two elect orbitals which 1249 00:35:48,020 --> 00:35:50,890 uses these two elect orbitals which contain one electron and overlaps with 1250 00:35:50,890 --> 00:35:50,900 contain one electron and overlaps with 1251 00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:54,640 contain one electron and overlaps with the hydrogen 1s to form a compound so if 1252 00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:54,650 the hydrogen 1s to form a compound so if 1253 00:35:54,650 --> 00:35:58,960 the hydrogen 1s to form a compound so if you use purely valence bond Theory 1254 00:35:58,960 --> 00:35:58,970 you use purely valence bond Theory 1255 00:35:58,970 --> 00:36:02,350 you use purely valence bond Theory approach and predict what will be the 1256 00:36:02,350 --> 00:36:02,360 approach and predict what will be the 1257 00:36:02,360 --> 00:36:04,600 approach and predict what will be the compound between the carbon and hydrogen 1258 00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:04,610 compound between the carbon and hydrogen 1259 00:36:04,610 --> 00:36:07,060 compound between the carbon and hydrogen reaction between carbon and hydrogen you 1260 00:36:07,060 --> 00:36:07,070 reaction between carbon and hydrogen you 1261 00:36:07,070 --> 00:36:12,160 reaction between carbon and hydrogen you expect to form CH 2 right simple why 1262 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:12,170 expect to form CH 2 right simple why 1263 00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:16,750 expect to form CH 2 right simple why because the carbon simply has two P 1264 00:36:16,750 --> 00:36:16,760 because the carbon simply has two P 1265 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:19,180 because the carbon simply has two P orbitals which contains one electron 1266 00:36:19,180 --> 00:36:19,190 orbitals which contains one electron 1267 00:36:19,190 --> 00:36:21,400 orbitals which contains one electron each remember that P orbitals are 1268 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:21,410 each remember that P orbitals are 1269 00:36:21,410 --> 00:36:24,730 each remember that P orbitals are perpendicular to each other right they 1270 00:36:24,730 --> 00:36:24,740 perpendicular to each other right they 1271 00:36:24,740 --> 00:36:25,990 perpendicular to each other right they are perpendicular to each other three of 1272 00:36:25,990 --> 00:36:26,000 are perpendicular to each other three of 1273 00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:26,860 are perpendicular to each other three of the P orbitals 1274 00:36:26,860 --> 00:36:26,870 the P orbitals 1275 00:36:26,870 --> 00:36:30,640 the P orbitals in Xyz directions now one hydrogen will 1276 00:36:30,640 --> 00:36:30,650 in Xyz directions now one hydrogen will 1277 00:36:30,650 --> 00:36:33,670 in Xyz directions now one hydrogen will come out from this side and overlap and 1278 00:36:33,670 --> 00:36:33,680 come out from this side and overlap and 1279 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:36,940 come out from this side and overlap and uses that electron coming from the 1s 1280 00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:36,950 uses that electron coming from the 1s 1281 00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:39,220 uses that electron coming from the 1s orbital pair up and another hydrogen 1282 00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:39,230 orbital pair up and another hydrogen 1283 00:36:39,230 --> 00:36:41,140 orbital pair up and another hydrogen will come out from this directions and 1284 00:36:41,140 --> 00:36:41,150 will come out from this directions and 1285 00:36:41,150 --> 00:36:44,830 will come out from this directions and it will also overlap 1s orbital its 1s 1286 00:36:44,830 --> 00:36:44,840 it will also overlap 1s orbital its 1s 1287 00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:46,900 it will also overlap 1s orbital its 1s orbital with the P orbitals and as a 1288 00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:46,910 orbital with the P orbitals and as a 1289 00:36:46,910 --> 00:36:52,290 orbital with the P orbitals and as a result I will have or I should have a 1290 00:36:52,290 --> 00:36:52,300 result I will have or I should have a 1291 00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,420 result I will have or I should have a ch2 molecule and what should be this 1292 00:36:55,420 --> 00:36:55,430 ch2 molecule and what should be this 1293 00:36:55,430 --> 00:37:03,880 ch2 molecule and what should be this angle if I have a ch2 molecule for 1294 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:03,890 angle if I have a ch2 molecule for 1295 00:37:03,890 --> 00:37:04,720 angle if I have a ch2 molecule for example what should be the angle 1296 00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:04,730 example what should be the angle 1297 00:37:04,730 --> 00:37:08,530 example what should be the angle according to the valence bond Theory 90 1298 00:37:08,530 --> 00:37:08,540 according to the valence bond Theory 90 1299 00:37:08,540 --> 00:37:12,310 according to the valence bond Theory 90 right why 90 because the P orbitals are 1300 00:37:12,310 --> 00:37:12,320 right why 90 because the P orbitals are 1301 00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:14,770 right why 90 because the P orbitals are perpendicular to each other all three P 1302 00:37:14,770 --> 00:37:14,780 perpendicular to each other all three P 1303 00:37:14,780 --> 00:37:17,200 perpendicular to each other all three P orbitals now to get the maximum overlap 1304 00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:17,210 orbitals now to get the maximum overlap 1305 00:37:17,210 --> 00:37:19,960 orbitals now to get the maximum overlap again the hydrogen will simply approach 1306 00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:19,970 again the hydrogen will simply approach 1307 00:37:19,970 --> 00:37:23,470 again the hydrogen will simply approach from this direction here and this will 1308 00:37:23,470 --> 00:37:23,480 from this direction here and this will 1309 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:24,940 from this direction here and this will approach from that direction that will 1310 00:37:24,940 --> 00:37:24,950 approach from that direction that will 1311 00:37:24,950 --> 00:37:29,560 approach from that direction that will be 90 degrees right 90 degrees but there 1312 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:29,570 be 90 degrees right 90 degrees but there 1313 00:37:29,570 --> 00:37:33,670 be 90 degrees right 90 degrees but there is a problem here the problem is when 1314 00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:33,680 is a problem here the problem is when 1315 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:37,360 is a problem here the problem is when you react carbon with hydrogen it 1316 00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:37,370 you react carbon with hydrogen it 1317 00:37:37,370 --> 00:37:40,530 you react carbon with hydrogen it doesn't form ch2 molecule but it forms 1318 00:37:40,530 --> 00:37:40,540 doesn't form ch2 molecule but it forms 1319 00:37:40,540 --> 00:37:48,400 doesn't form ch2 molecule but it forms ch4 right so actually not this but I 1320 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:48,410 ch4 right so actually not this but I 1321 00:37:48,410 --> 00:37:52,870 ch4 right so actually not this but I have ch4 hmm and now what's the 1322 00:37:52,870 --> 00:37:52,880 have ch4 hmm and now what's the 1323 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:58,090 have ch4 hmm and now what's the structure a little bit you know hard to 1324 00:37:58,090 --> 00:37:58,100 structure a little bit you know hard to 1325 00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:00,250 structure a little bit you know hard to predict using the pure valence bond 1326 00:38:00,250 --> 00:38:00,260 predict using the pure valence bond 1327 00:38:00,260 --> 00:38:03,490 predict using the pure valence bond Theory simply using that overlap model 1328 00:38:03,490 --> 00:38:03,500 Theory simply using that overlap model 1329 00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:05,830 Theory simply using that overlap model of the atomic orbitals for the 1330 00:38:05,830 --> 00:38:05,840 of the atomic orbitals for the 1331 00:38:05,840 --> 00:38:07,600 of the atomic orbitals for the formations of the bond between the two 1332 00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:07,610 formations of the bond between the two 1333 00:38:07,610 --> 00:38:11,290 formations of the bond between the two atoms now we can have we have more 1334 00:38:11,290 --> 00:38:11,300 atoms now we can have we have more 1335 00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,320 atoms now we can have we have more examples of that we can give more 1336 00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:14,330 examples of that we can give more 1337 00:38:14,330 --> 00:38:18,730 examples of that we can give more examples which simply the valence bond 1338 00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:18,740 examples which simply the valence bond 1339 00:38:18,740 --> 00:38:25,590 examples which simply the valence bond Theory has problem to explain 1340 00:38:25,590 --> 00:38:25,600 Theory has problem to explain 1341 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,700 Theory has problem to explain particularly the structure of the 1342 00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:27,710 particularly the structure of the 1343 00:38:27,710 --> 00:38:29,560 particularly the structure of the molecule now in that case actually the 1344 00:38:29,560 --> 00:38:29,570 molecule now in that case actually the 1345 00:38:29,570 --> 00:38:31,750 molecule now in that case actually the product I mean if you use the valence 1346 00:38:31,750 --> 00:38:31,760 product I mean if you use the valence 1347 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:34,060 product I mean if you use the valence bond Theory you say okay two carbons has 1348 00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:34,070 bond Theory you say okay two carbons has 1349 00:38:34,070 --> 00:38:36,130 bond Theory you say okay two carbons has two P orbitals one electron in each and 1350 00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:36,140 two P orbitals one electron in each and 1351 00:38:36,140 --> 00:38:38,140 two P orbitals one electron in each and those will overlap with the hydrogen 1s 1352 00:38:38,140 --> 00:38:38,150 those will overlap with the hydrogen 1s 1353 00:38:38,150 --> 00:38:40,120 those will overlap with the hydrogen 1s orbital to form the bond 1354 00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:40,130 orbital to form the bond 1355 00:38:40,130 --> 00:38:42,730 orbital to form the bond therefore the compound should be ch2 but 1356 00:38:42,730 --> 00:38:42,740 therefore the compound should be ch2 but 1357 00:38:42,740 --> 00:38:47,770 therefore the compound should be ch2 but it's not now the other case is consider 1358 00:38:47,770 --> 00:38:47,780 it's not now the other case is consider 1359 00:38:47,780 --> 00:38:50,980 it's not now the other case is consider the reaction let's say between the 1360 00:38:50,980 --> 00:38:50,990 the reaction let's say between the 1361 00:38:50,990 --> 00:38:55,390 the reaction let's say between the hydrogen and the oxygen now the oxygen 1362 00:38:55,390 --> 00:38:55,400 hydrogen and the oxygen now the oxygen 1363 00:38:55,400 --> 00:39:01,180 hydrogen and the oxygen now the oxygen again has two P orbitals four electrons 1364 00:39:01,180 --> 00:39:01,190 again has two P orbitals four electrons 1365 00:39:01,190 --> 00:39:03,280 again has two P orbitals four electrons in those two P orbitals this is two P 1366 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:03,290 in those two P orbitals this is two P 1367 00:39:03,290 --> 00:39:05,620 in those two P orbitals this is two P orbitals right 1368 00:39:05,620 --> 00:39:05,630 orbitals right 1369 00:39:05,630 --> 00:39:09,160 orbitals right hydrogen has one s simply and one 1370 00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:09,170 hydrogen has one s simply and one 1371 00:39:09,170 --> 00:39:12,130 hydrogen has one s simply and one electron there this hydrogen one 1372 00:39:12,130 --> 00:39:12,140 electron there this hydrogen one 1373 00:39:12,140 --> 00:39:15,160 electron there this hydrogen one electron there one s orbital 1374 00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:15,170 electron there one s orbital 1375 00:39:15,170 --> 00:39:18,660 electron there one s orbital okay you can say alright this hydrogen 1376 00:39:18,660 --> 00:39:18,670 okay you can say alright this hydrogen 1377 00:39:18,670 --> 00:39:21,720 okay you can say alright this hydrogen uses this one s orbital one electron 1378 00:39:21,720 --> 00:39:21,730 uses this one s orbital one electron 1379 00:39:21,730 --> 00:39:24,070 uses this one s orbital one electron overlap with one of the P orbitals of 1380 00:39:24,070 --> 00:39:24,080 overlap with one of the P orbitals of 1381 00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:26,410 overlap with one of the P orbitals of the oxygen form a bond 1382 00:39:26,410 --> 00:39:26,420 the oxygen form a bond 1383 00:39:26,420 --> 00:39:29,200 the oxygen form a bond right oxygen hydrogen bond now the other 1384 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:29,210 right oxygen hydrogen bond now the other 1385 00:39:29,210 --> 00:39:31,000 right oxygen hydrogen bond now the other second hydrogen will overlap with this 1386 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:31,010 second hydrogen will overlap with this 1387 00:39:31,010 --> 00:39:33,160 second hydrogen will overlap with this one and form a bond yes that's true 1388 00:39:33,160 --> 00:39:33,170 one and form a bond yes that's true 1389 00:39:33,170 --> 00:39:36,100 one and form a bond yes that's true as a matter of fact we expect that the 1390 00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:36,110 as a matter of fact we expect that the 1391 00:39:36,110 --> 00:39:40,710 as a matter of fact we expect that the product here has to be h2o and it is h2o 1392 00:39:40,710 --> 00:39:40,720 product here has to be h2o and it is h2o 1393 00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:44,920 product here has to be h2o and it is h2o but the problem is this now 1394 00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:44,930 but the problem is this now 1395 00:39:44,930 --> 00:39:49,480 but the problem is this now since the oxygen exactly same as that 1396 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:49,490 since the oxygen exactly same as that 1397 00:39:49,490 --> 00:39:52,330 since the oxygen exactly same as that carbon uses the 2p orbitals which are 1398 00:39:52,330 --> 00:39:52,340 carbon uses the 2p orbitals which are 1399 00:39:52,340 --> 00:39:55,630 carbon uses the 2p orbitals which are perpendicular to each other right this 1400 00:39:55,630 --> 00:39:55,640 perpendicular to each other right this 1401 00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:57,520 perpendicular to each other right this is one electron there and one electron 1402 00:39:57,520 --> 00:39:57,530 is one electron there and one electron 1403 00:39:57,530 --> 00:40:00,370 is one electron there and one electron there those 2p orbitals are 1404 00:40:00,370 --> 00:40:00,380 there those 2p orbitals are 1405 00:40:00,380 --> 00:40:03,370 there those 2p orbitals are perpendicular to each other no that too 1406 00:40:03,370 --> 00:40:03,380 perpendicular to each other no that too 1407 00:40:03,380 --> 00:40:07,420 perpendicular to each other no that too like to me this is hydrogen's then the 1408 00:40:07,420 --> 00:40:07,430 like to me this is hydrogen's then the 1409 00:40:07,430 --> 00:40:09,790 like to me this is hydrogen's then the simply the hydrogen will come from this 1410 00:40:09,790 --> 00:40:09,800 simply the hydrogen will come from this 1411 00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:14,230 simply the hydrogen will come from this direction and overlap the 1s orbital and 1412 00:40:14,230 --> 00:40:14,240 direction and overlap the 1s orbital and 1413 00:40:14,240 --> 00:40:16,150 direction and overlap the 1s orbital and the electrons pair up and other hydrogen 1414 00:40:16,150 --> 00:40:16,160 the electrons pair up and other hydrogen 1415 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:18,730 the electrons pair up and other hydrogen comes from that there and overlap and 1416 00:40:18,730 --> 00:40:18,740 comes from that there and overlap and 1417 00:40:18,740 --> 00:40:21,460 comes from that there and overlap and this way the bond forms what will be 1418 00:40:21,460 --> 00:40:21,470 this way the bond forms what will be 1419 00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,680 this way the bond forms what will be this structure the geometry of the water 1420 00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:23,690 this structure the geometry of the water 1421 00:40:23,690 --> 00:40:26,710 this structure the geometry of the water molecule one hydrogen here one hydrogen 1422 00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:26,720 molecule one hydrogen here one hydrogen 1423 00:40:26,720 --> 00:40:31,810 molecule one hydrogen here one hydrogen there how about the angle it has to be 1424 00:40:31,810 --> 00:40:31,820 there how about the angle it has to be 1425 00:40:31,820 --> 00:40:36,160 there how about the angle it has to be 90 degrees right why because 2p orbitals 1426 00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:36,170 90 degrees right why because 2p orbitals 1427 00:40:36,170 --> 00:40:38,170 90 degrees right why because 2p orbitals are perpendicular to each other and to 1428 00:40:38,170 --> 00:40:38,180 are perpendicular to each other and to 1429 00:40:38,180 --> 00:40:40,630 are perpendicular to each other and to overlap actually with the hydrogen's 1430 00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:40,640 overlap actually with the hydrogen's 1431 00:40:40,640 --> 00:40:43,240 overlap actually with the hydrogen's those two P orbitals are used then this 1432 00:40:43,240 --> 00:40:43,250 those two P orbitals are used then this 1433 00:40:43,250 --> 00:40:48,730 those two P orbitals are used then this should be 90 degrees but in reality we 1434 00:40:48,730 --> 00:40:48,740 should be 90 degrees but in reality we 1435 00:40:48,740 --> 00:40:51,490 should be 90 degrees but in reality we know that that's not 90 degrees but what 1436 00:40:51,490 --> 00:40:51,500 know that that's not 90 degrees but what 1437 00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:53,920 know that that's not 90 degrees but what is it 105 1438 00:40:53,920 --> 00:40:53,930 is it 105 1439 00:40:53,930 --> 00:40:59,410 is it 105 104.5 that's right degrees hmm so that 1440 00:40:59,410 --> 00:40:59,420 104.5 that's right degrees hmm so that 1441 00:40:59,420 --> 00:41:03,520 104.5 that's right degrees hmm so that is the problem and now we can simply go 1442 00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:03,530 is the problem and now we can simply go 1443 00:41:03,530 --> 00:41:07,810 is the problem and now we can simply go further actually and take the nitrogen 1444 00:41:07,810 --> 00:41:07,820 further actually and take the nitrogen 1445 00:41:07,820 --> 00:41:11,980 further actually and take the nitrogen again and reacted with hydrogen right 1446 00:41:11,980 --> 00:41:11,990 again and reacted with hydrogen right 1447 00:41:11,990 --> 00:41:14,620 again and reacted with hydrogen right then guess what will be the compound 1448 00:41:14,620 --> 00:41:14,630 then guess what will be the compound 1449 00:41:14,630 --> 00:41:16,170 then guess what will be the compound between the nitrogen and the hydrogen 1450 00:41:16,170 --> 00:41:16,180 between the nitrogen and the hydrogen 1451 00:41:16,180 --> 00:41:20,440 between the nitrogen and the hydrogen now let's consider the orbitals on the 1452 00:41:20,440 --> 00:41:20,450 now let's consider the orbitals on the 1453 00:41:20,450 --> 00:41:22,870 now let's consider the orbitals on the nitrogen that will be used to make 1454 00:41:22,870 --> 00:41:22,880 nitrogen that will be used to make 1455 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:24,880 nitrogen that will be used to make overlap according to the valence bond 1456 00:41:24,880 --> 00:41:24,890 overlap according to the valence bond 1457 00:41:24,890 --> 00:41:26,470 overlap according to the valence bond theory and form a bond with the 1458 00:41:26,470 --> 00:41:26,480 theory and form a bond with the 1459 00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:30,460 theory and form a bond with the hydrogen's there are three electrons in 1460 00:41:30,460 --> 00:41:30,470 hydrogen's there are three electrons in 1461 00:41:30,470 --> 00:41:33,760 hydrogen's there are three electrons in two P orbitals of the nitrogen what does 1462 00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:33,770 two P orbitals of the nitrogen what does 1463 00:41:33,770 --> 00:41:36,430 two P orbitals of the nitrogen what does that means each of those will overlap 1464 00:41:36,430 --> 00:41:36,440 that means each of those will overlap 1465 00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:39,640 that means each of those will overlap with the hydrogen 1s orbital form a bond 1466 00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:39,650 with the hydrogen 1s orbital form a bond 1467 00:41:39,650 --> 00:41:42,400 with the hydrogen 1s orbital form a bond therefore I expect that the compound 1468 00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:42,410 therefore I expect that the compound 1469 00:41:42,410 --> 00:41:45,190 therefore I expect that the compound will be nh3 yes actually the compound is 1470 00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:45,200 will be nh3 yes actually the compound is 1471 00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:49,440 will be nh3 yes actually the compound is nh3 how about the geometry bond angles 1472 00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:49,450 nh3 how about the geometry bond angles 1473 00:41:49,450 --> 00:41:53,920 nh3 how about the geometry bond angles now again with this approach since 3p 1474 00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:53,930 now again with this approach since 3p 1475 00:41:53,930 --> 00:42:01,620 now again with this approach since 3p orbitals are used the the angles here 1476 00:42:01,620 --> 00:42:01,630 orbitals are used the the angles here 1477 00:42:01,630 --> 00:42:07,780 orbitals are used the the angles here should be all 90 degrees actually this 1478 00:42:07,780 --> 00:42:07,790 should be all 90 degrees actually this 1479 00:42:07,790 --> 00:42:10,000 should be all 90 degrees actually this will be up here like this right 90 1480 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:10,010 will be up here like this right 90 1481 00:42:10,010 --> 00:42:12,250 will be up here like this right 90 degrees why because these are P orbitals 1482 00:42:12,250 --> 00:42:12,260 degrees why because these are P orbitals 1483 00:42:12,260 --> 00:42:15,070 degrees why because these are P orbitals all P orbitals are perpendicular to each 1484 00:42:15,070 --> 00:42:15,080 all P orbitals are perpendicular to each 1485 00:42:15,080 --> 00:42:18,100 all P orbitals are perpendicular to each other so we expect that it should be 90 1486 00:42:18,100 --> 00:42:18,110 other so we expect that it should be 90 1487 00:42:18,110 --> 00:42:20,860 other so we expect that it should be 90 degrees but this is not 90 degrees all 1488 00:42:20,860 --> 00:42:20,870 degrees but this is not 90 degrees all 1489 00:42:20,870 --> 00:42:23,830 degrees but this is not 90 degrees all of those what is the angle angle is 107 1490 00:42:23,830 --> 00:42:23,840 of those what is the angle angle is 107 1491 00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:29,260 of those what is the angle angle is 107 degrees hmm so there is a problem right 1492 00:42:29,260 --> 00:42:29,270 degrees hmm so there is a problem right 1493 00:42:29,270 --> 00:42:32,800 degrees hmm so there is a problem right a problem and the problem of what 1494 00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:32,810 a problem and the problem of what 1495 00:42:32,810 --> 00:42:35,890 a problem and the problem of what problem of explaining the geometry of 1496 00:42:35,890 --> 00:42:35,900 problem of explaining the geometry of 1497 00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:40,630 problem of explaining the geometry of the molecules and also sometimes problem 1498 00:42:40,630 --> 00:42:40,640 the molecules and also sometimes problem 1499 00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:43,260 the molecules and also sometimes problem of predicting what will be the product 1500 00:42:43,260 --> 00:42:43,270 of predicting what will be the product 1501 00:42:43,270 --> 00:42:46,330 of predicting what will be the product right like in the case of carbon and 1502 00:42:46,330 --> 00:42:46,340 right like in the case of carbon and 1503 00:42:46,340 --> 00:42:50,130 right like in the case of carbon and hydrogen so the valence bond theory 1504 00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:50,140 hydrogen so the valence bond theory 1505 00:42:50,140 --> 00:42:58,950 hydrogen so the valence bond theory proposes a hybridization in fact for 1506 00:42:58,950 --> 00:42:58,960 proposes a hybridization in fact for 1507 00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:02,070 proposes a hybridization in fact for explaining the geometry of the molecule 1508 00:43:02,070 --> 00:43:02,080 explaining the geometry of the molecule 1509 00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:06,760 explaining the geometry of the molecule now what is hybridization hybridization 1510 00:43:06,760 --> 00:43:06,770 now what is hybridization hybridization 1511 00:43:06,770 --> 00:43:07,870 now what is hybridization hybridization is actually 1512 00:43:07,870 --> 00:43:07,880 is actually 1513 00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:12,069 is actually mixing the atomic orbitals on the 1514 00:43:12,069 --> 00:43:12,079 mixing the atomic orbitals on the 1515 00:43:12,079 --> 00:43:15,930 mixing the atomic orbitals on the central atom and forming new orbitals 1516 00:43:15,930 --> 00:43:15,940 central atom and forming new orbitals 1517 00:43:15,940 --> 00:43:20,740 central atom and forming new orbitals which is a mixture of yeast contains 1518 00:43:20,740 --> 00:43:20,750 which is a mixture of yeast contains 1519 00:43:20,750 --> 00:43:23,710 which is a mixture of yeast contains some part from the mixed atomic orbitals 1520 00:43:23,710 --> 00:43:23,720 some part from the mixed atomic orbitals 1521 00:43:23,720 --> 00:43:27,150 some part from the mixed atomic orbitals and those orbitals are called hybrid 1522 00:43:27,150 --> 00:43:27,160 and those orbitals are called hybrid 1523 00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:31,120 and those orbitals are called hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals and now it says 1524 00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:31,130 orbitals hybrid orbitals and now it says 1525 00:43:31,130 --> 00:43:33,940 orbitals hybrid orbitals and now it says that the hybrid orbitals the valence 1526 00:43:33,940 --> 00:43:33,950 that the hybrid orbitals the valence 1527 00:43:33,950 --> 00:43:38,589 that the hybrid orbitals the valence bond Theory points toward the direction 1528 00:43:38,589 --> 00:43:38,599 bond Theory points toward the direction 1529 00:43:38,599 --> 00:43:41,200 bond Theory points toward the direction in which the repulsion between them will 1530 00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:41,210 in which the repulsion between them will 1531 00:43:41,210 --> 00:43:44,230 in which the repulsion between them will be minimum what is that means that means 1532 00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:44,240 be minimum what is that means that means 1533 00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:48,370 be minimum what is that means that means is this if you have two hybrid orbitals 1534 00:43:48,370 --> 00:43:48,380 is this if you have two hybrid orbitals 1535 00:43:48,380 --> 00:43:51,609 is this if you have two hybrid orbitals around the central atom it currently the 1536 00:43:51,609 --> 00:43:51,619 around the central atom it currently the 1537 00:43:51,619 --> 00:43:53,200 around the central atom it currently the valence bond theory we will see what the 1538 00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:53,210 valence bond theory we will see what the 1539 00:43:53,210 --> 00:43:55,599 valence bond theory we will see what the hybrid orbital means those each hybrid 1540 00:43:55,599 --> 00:43:55,609 hybrid orbital means those each hybrid 1541 00:43:55,609 --> 00:43:58,539 hybrid orbital means those each hybrid orbitals if I have two will simply be on 1542 00:43:58,539 --> 00:43:58,549 orbitals if I have two will simply be on 1543 00:43:58,549 --> 00:44:00,700 orbitals if I have two will simply be on linear fashion one is shown in this 1544 00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:00,710 linear fashion one is shown in this 1545 00:44:00,710 --> 00:44:02,019 linear fashion one is shown in this direction the other was shown in that 1546 00:44:02,019 --> 00:44:02,029 direction the other was shown in that 1547 00:44:02,029 --> 00:44:04,539 direction the other was shown in that directions simply 180 degrees between 1548 00:44:04,539 --> 00:44:04,549 directions simply 180 degrees between 1549 00:44:04,549 --> 00:44:08,980 directions simply 180 degrees between them so if those hybrid orbitals and 1550 00:44:08,980 --> 00:44:08,990 them so if those hybrid orbitals and 1551 00:44:08,990 --> 00:44:11,410 them so if those hybrid orbitals and again the valence bond Theory says now 1552 00:44:11,410 --> 00:44:11,420 again the valence bond Theory says now 1553 00:44:11,420 --> 00:44:15,370 again the valence bond Theory says now the bonds between the atoms are formed 1554 00:44:15,370 --> 00:44:15,380 the bonds between the atoms are formed 1555 00:44:15,380 --> 00:44:18,249 the bonds between the atoms are formed by overlap of the hybrid orbitals of the 1556 00:44:18,249 --> 00:44:18,259 by overlap of the hybrid orbitals of the 1557 00:44:18,259 --> 00:44:20,529 by overlap of the hybrid orbitals of the central atom and the atomic orbitals of 1558 00:44:20,529 --> 00:44:20,539 central atom and the atomic orbitals of 1559 00:44:20,539 --> 00:44:23,680 central atom and the atomic orbitals of the terminal atoms right and since the 1560 00:44:23,680 --> 00:44:23,690 the terminal atoms right and since the 1561 00:44:23,690 --> 00:44:27,249 the terminal atoms right and since the hybrid orbitals will be just the same in 1562 00:44:27,249 --> 00:44:27,259 hybrid orbitals will be just the same in 1563 00:44:27,259 --> 00:44:28,960 hybrid orbitals will be just the same in in terms of positions depending on the 1564 00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:28,970 in terms of positions depending on the 1565 00:44:28,970 --> 00:44:30,970 in terms of positions depending on the number of hybrid orbitals will be just 1566 00:44:30,970 --> 00:44:30,980 number of hybrid orbitals will be just 1567 00:44:30,980 --> 00:44:34,120 number of hybrid orbitals will be just the same as the lone pair electrons or 1568 00:44:34,120 --> 00:44:34,130 the same as the lone pair electrons or 1569 00:44:34,130 --> 00:44:36,220 the same as the lone pair electrons or electron domains that we have described 1570 00:44:36,220 --> 00:44:36,230 electron domains that we have described 1571 00:44:36,230 --> 00:44:38,559 electron domains that we have described before their positions will be just the 1572 00:44:38,559 --> 00:44:38,569 before their positions will be just the 1573 00:44:38,569 --> 00:44:41,200 before their positions will be just the same as the electron pairs around the 1574 00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:41,210 same as the electron pairs around the 1575 00:44:41,210 --> 00:44:44,920 same as the electron pairs around the central atom so since they simply they 1576 00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:44,930 central atom so since they simply they 1577 00:44:44,930 --> 00:44:47,319 central atom so since they simply they are used to make a bounce by overlapping 1578 00:44:47,319 --> 00:44:47,329 are used to make a bounce by overlapping 1579 00:44:47,329 --> 00:44:49,450 are used to make a bounce by overlapping with the terminal atoms so the positions 1580 00:44:49,450 --> 00:44:49,460 with the terminal atoms so the positions 1581 00:44:49,460 --> 00:44:50,999 with the terminal atoms so the positions of the terminal atoms will also be 1582 00:44:50,999 --> 00:44:51,009 of the terminal atoms will also be 1583 00:44:51,009 --> 00:44:54,299 of the terminal atoms will also be determined by the directions of these 1584 00:44:54,299 --> 00:44:54,309 determined by the directions of these 1585 00:44:54,309 --> 00:44:57,759 determined by the directions of these hybrid orbitals so it will end up the 1586 00:44:57,759 --> 00:44:57,769 hybrid orbitals so it will end up the 1587 00:44:57,769 --> 00:44:59,859 hybrid orbitals so it will end up the same geometries that we predicted by 1588 00:44:59,859 --> 00:44:59,869 same geometries that we predicted by 1589 00:44:59,869 --> 00:45:06,819 same geometries that we predicted by using valence bond electron pair EPR 1590 00:45:06,819 --> 00:45:06,829 using valence bond electron pair EPR 1591 00:45:06,829 --> 00:45:09,400 using valence bond electron pair EPR electron valence valence electron 1592 00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:09,410 electron valence valence electron 1593 00:45:09,410 --> 00:45:13,870 electron valence valence electron electron pair repulsion paler shell 1594 00:45:13,870 --> 00:45:13,880 electron pair repulsion paler shell 1595 00:45:13,880 --> 00:45:16,509 electron pair repulsion paler shell electron pair repulsion that model that 1596 00:45:16,509 --> 00:45:16,519 electron pair repulsion that model that 1597 00:45:16,519 --> 00:45:19,359 electron pair repulsion that model that we use is called valence shell electron 1598 00:45:19,359 --> 00:45:19,369 we use is called valence shell electron 1599 00:45:19,369 --> 00:45:21,130 we use is called valence shell electron pair repulsion so 1600 00:45:21,130 --> 00:45:21,140 pair repulsion so 1601 00:45:21,140 --> 00:45:25,480 pair repulsion so we will have the geometries in fact 1602 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:25,490 we will have the geometries in fact 1603 00:45:25,490 --> 00:45:28,390 we will have the geometries in fact predicted by the hybrid orbital approach 1604 00:45:28,390 --> 00:45:28,400 predicted by the hybrid orbital approach 1605 00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:30,400 predicted by the hybrid orbital approach of the valence bond Theory same as the 1606 00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:30,410 of the valence bond Theory same as the 1607 00:45:30,410 --> 00:45:31,960 of the valence bond Theory same as the valence shell electron pair repulsion 1608 00:45:31,960 --> 00:45:31,970 valence shell electron pair repulsion 1609 00:45:31,970 --> 00:45:34,990 valence shell electron pair repulsion theory of VSEPR now let's let's see how 1610 00:45:34,990 --> 00:45:35,000 theory of VSEPR now let's let's see how 1611 00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:41,230 theory of VSEPR now let's let's see how this hybrid orbital simply forms let's 1612 00:45:41,230 --> 00:45:41,240 this hybrid orbital simply forms let's 1613 00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:45,690 this hybrid orbital simply forms let's simply consider the reaction between 1614 00:45:45,690 --> 00:45:45,700 simply consider the reaction between 1615 00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:50,039 simply consider the reaction between beryllium and fluorine hmm 1616 00:45:50,039 --> 00:45:50,049 beryllium and fluorine hmm 1617 00:45:50,049 --> 00:45:53,279 beryllium and fluorine hmm this case this is actually worse because 1618 00:45:53,279 --> 00:45:53,289 this case this is actually worse because 1619 00:45:53,289 --> 00:45:57,099 this case this is actually worse because now if I write down the loose truck the 1620 00:45:57,099 --> 00:45:57,109 now if I write down the loose truck the 1621 00:45:57,109 --> 00:46:00,339 now if I write down the loose truck the electron job electron configurations of 1622 00:46:00,339 --> 00:46:00,349 electron job electron configurations of 1623 00:46:00,349 --> 00:46:05,140 electron job electron configurations of beryllium I will have this 1s2 2s2 1624 00:46:05,140 --> 00:46:05,150 beryllium I will have this 1s2 2s2 1625 00:46:05,150 --> 00:46:10,930 beryllium I will have this 1s2 2s2 hmm the point is William does not 1626 00:46:10,930 --> 00:46:10,940 hmm the point is William does not 1627 00:46:10,940 --> 00:46:13,900 hmm the point is William does not contain any orbital which contains one 1628 00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:13,910 contain any orbital which contains one 1629 00:46:13,910 --> 00:46:16,269 contain any orbital which contains one electron so that it will overlap and 1630 00:46:16,269 --> 00:46:16,279 electron so that it will overlap and 1631 00:46:16,279 --> 00:46:20,620 electron so that it will overlap and form a bond right so what how come the 1632 00:46:20,620 --> 00:46:20,630 form a bond right so what how come the 1633 00:46:20,630 --> 00:46:23,079 form a bond right so what how come the compound forms and we know that the 1634 00:46:23,079 --> 00:46:23,089 compound forms and we know that the 1635 00:46:23,089 --> 00:46:28,240 compound forms and we know that the compound here forms and it is bf2 how 1636 00:46:28,240 --> 00:46:28,250 compound here forms and it is bf2 how 1637 00:46:28,250 --> 00:46:31,870 compound here forms and it is bf2 how can we explain what are the orbitals 1638 00:46:31,870 --> 00:46:31,880 can we explain what are the orbitals 1639 00:46:31,880 --> 00:46:36,339 can we explain what are the orbitals that are used to bond between simply to 1640 00:46:36,339 --> 00:46:36,349 that are used to bond between simply to 1641 00:46:36,349 --> 00:46:39,420 that are used to bond between simply to form the bond between the beryllium and 1642 00:46:39,420 --> 00:46:39,430 form the bond between the beryllium and 1643 00:46:39,430 --> 00:46:41,950 form the bond between the beryllium and fluorine actually barium and fluorine 1644 00:46:41,950 --> 00:46:41,960 fluorine actually barium and fluorine 1645 00:46:41,960 --> 00:46:43,630 fluorine actually barium and fluorine this is going to be B II actually 1646 00:46:43,630 --> 00:46:43,640 this is going to be B II actually 1647 00:46:43,640 --> 00:46:46,539 this is going to be B II actually beryllium like this okay it goes as 1648 00:46:46,539 --> 00:46:46,549 beryllium like this okay it goes as 1649 00:46:46,549 --> 00:46:49,690 beryllium like this okay it goes as follows the valence bond Theory says all 1650 00:46:49,690 --> 00:46:49,700 follows the valence bond Theory says all 1651 00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:53,940 follows the valence bond Theory says all right I have the beryllium electron 1652 00:46:53,940 --> 00:46:53,950 right I have the beryllium electron 1653 00:46:53,950 --> 00:46:57,910 right I have the beryllium electron configurations as 1s 2 + 2 s 2 now I 1654 00:46:57,910 --> 00:46:57,920 configurations as 1s 2 + 2 s 2 now I 1655 00:46:57,920 --> 00:47:00,849 configurations as 1s 2 + 2 s 2 now I have here 2 P but there is no electron 1656 00:47:00,849 --> 00:47:00,859 have here 2 P but there is no electron 1657 00:47:00,859 --> 00:47:05,620 have here 2 P but there is no electron here right and says I move one electron 1658 00:47:05,620 --> 00:47:05,630 here right and says I move one electron 1659 00:47:05,630 --> 00:47:11,410 here right and says I move one electron from the 2 s 2 2 P right and this 1660 00:47:11,410 --> 00:47:11,420 from the 2 s 2 2 P right and this 1661 00:47:11,420 --> 00:47:15,370 from the 2 s 2 2 P right and this requires energy actually and let's try 1662 00:47:15,370 --> 00:47:15,380 requires energy actually and let's try 1663 00:47:15,380 --> 00:47:17,950 requires energy actually and let's try to show how that simply happens I have 1664 00:47:17,950 --> 00:47:17,960 to show how that simply happens I have 1665 00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:21,910 to show how that simply happens I have two electrons here this is 2 s right 1666 00:47:21,910 --> 00:47:21,920 two electrons here this is 2 s right 1667 00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:25,720 two electrons here this is 2 s right these are 2p no electrons there and P 1668 00:47:25,720 --> 00:47:25,730 these are 2p no electrons there and P 1669 00:47:25,730 --> 00:47:28,599 these are 2p no electrons there and P and now I just move one electron there 1670 00:47:28,599 --> 00:47:28,609 and now I just move one electron there 1671 00:47:28,609 --> 00:47:35,010 and now I just move one electron there and then at the end I have simply this 1672 00:47:35,010 --> 00:47:35,020 1673 00:47:35,020 --> 00:47:39,480 one s + 1 P electron this is s this is P 1674 00:47:39,480 --> 00:47:39,490 one s + 1 P electron this is s this is P 1675 00:47:39,490 --> 00:47:42,630 one s + 1 P electron this is s this is P electron simply mixed and then I also 1676 00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:42,640 electron simply mixed and then I also 1677 00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:45,720 electron simply mixed and then I also have here two more P orbitals which are 1678 00:47:45,720 --> 00:47:45,730 have here two more P orbitals which are 1679 00:47:45,730 --> 00:47:48,120 have here two more P orbitals which are not involved in a mixing this is also 1680 00:47:48,120 --> 00:47:48,130 not involved in a mixing this is also 1681 00:47:48,130 --> 00:47:51,600 not involved in a mixing this is also true P and this is 2 s over here like 1682 00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:51,610 true P and this is 2 s over here like 1683 00:47:51,610 --> 00:47:52,080 true P and this is 2 s over here like this 1684 00:47:52,080 --> 00:47:52,090 this 1685 00:47:52,090 --> 00:47:55,380 this now the valence bond Theory says these 1686 00:47:55,380 --> 00:47:55,390 now the valence bond Theory says these 1687 00:47:55,390 --> 00:48:01,500 now the valence bond Theory says these two orbitals are mixed to form two 1688 00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:01,510 two orbitals are mixed to form two 1689 00:48:01,510 --> 00:48:03,530 two orbitals are mixed to form two hybrid orbitals 1690 00:48:03,530 --> 00:48:03,540 hybrid orbitals 1691 00:48:03,540 --> 00:48:05,730 hybrid orbitals what kind of Schaben is the hybrid 1692 00:48:05,730 --> 00:48:05,740 what kind of Schaben is the hybrid 1693 00:48:05,740 --> 00:48:07,920 what kind of Schaben is the hybrid orbital does it look like p orbital does 1694 00:48:07,920 --> 00:48:07,930 orbital does it look like p orbital does 1695 00:48:07,930 --> 00:48:10,920 orbital does it look like p orbital does it look like an S orbital actually it is 1696 00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:10,930 it look like an S orbital actually it is 1697 00:48:10,930 --> 00:48:13,860 it look like an S orbital actually it is sort of a mixture of two the hybrid 1698 00:48:13,860 --> 00:48:13,870 sort of a mixture of two the hybrid 1699 00:48:13,870 --> 00:48:16,410 sort of a mixture of two the hybrid orbitals that would be obtained from 1700 00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:16,420 orbitals that would be obtained from 1701 00:48:16,420 --> 00:48:23,130 orbitals that would be obtained from here is called SP hybrid orbitals hybrid 1702 00:48:23,130 --> 00:48:23,140 here is called SP hybrid orbitals hybrid 1703 00:48:23,140 --> 00:48:28,260 here is called SP hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals and they will simply have a 1704 00:48:28,260 --> 00:48:28,270 orbitals and they will simply have a 1705 00:48:28,270 --> 00:48:30,990 orbitals and they will simply have a shape as follow here is the beryllium 1706 00:48:30,990 --> 00:48:31,000 shape as follow here is the beryllium 1707 00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:34,230 shape as follow here is the beryllium and the hybrid orbitals this is a big 1708 00:48:34,230 --> 00:48:34,240 and the hybrid orbitals this is a big 1709 00:48:34,240 --> 00:48:36,690 and the hybrid orbitals this is a big part here a small part here this is the 1710 00:48:36,690 --> 00:48:36,700 part here a small part here this is the 1711 00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:40,200 part here a small part here this is the hybrid orbital and what hybrid orbital 1712 00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:40,210 hybrid orbital and what hybrid orbital 1713 00:48:40,210 --> 00:48:43,500 hybrid orbital and what hybrid orbital this is the SP hybrid orbital now the 1714 00:48:43,500 --> 00:48:43,510 this is the SP hybrid orbital now the 1715 00:48:43,510 --> 00:48:49,320 this is the SP hybrid orbital now the rule here is the number of atomic 1716 00:48:49,320 --> 00:48:49,330 rule here is the number of atomic 1717 00:48:49,330 --> 00:48:52,410 rule here is the number of atomic orbitals that you mix to form hybrid 1718 00:48:52,410 --> 00:48:52,420 orbitals that you mix to form hybrid 1719 00:48:52,420 --> 00:48:55,470 orbitals that you mix to form hybrid orbitals will be equal to the number of 1720 00:48:55,470 --> 00:48:55,480 orbitals will be equal to the number of 1721 00:48:55,480 --> 00:48:58,410 orbitals will be equal to the number of hybrid orbitals that you end up at the 1722 00:48:58,410 --> 00:48:58,420 hybrid orbitals that you end up at the 1723 00:48:58,420 --> 00:49:02,490 hybrid orbitals that you end up at the end and if I apply it for this case I 1724 00:49:02,490 --> 00:49:02,500 end and if I apply it for this case I 1725 00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:07,380 end and if I apply it for this case I mix up two atomic orbitals and I have to 1726 00:49:07,380 --> 00:49:07,390 mix up two atomic orbitals and I have to 1727 00:49:07,390 --> 00:49:10,200 mix up two atomic orbitals and I have to end up with two hybrid orbitals and 1728 00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:10,210 end up with two hybrid orbitals and 1729 00:49:10,210 --> 00:49:12,570 end up with two hybrid orbitals and these hybrid orbitals are SP hybrid 1730 00:49:12,570 --> 00:49:12,580 these hybrid orbitals are SP hybrid 1731 00:49:12,580 --> 00:49:15,660 these hybrid orbitals are SP hybrid there are two SP hybrid orbitals one of 1732 00:49:15,660 --> 00:49:15,670 there are two SP hybrid orbitals one of 1733 00:49:15,670 --> 00:49:17,820 there are two SP hybrid orbitals one of them is like this where is the other one 1734 00:49:17,820 --> 00:49:17,830 them is like this where is the other one 1735 00:49:17,830 --> 00:49:21,630 them is like this where is the other one the other one is again it says to get 1736 00:49:21,630 --> 00:49:21,640 the other one is again it says to get 1737 00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:23,550 the other one is again it says to get the minimum repulsion it will simply 1738 00:49:23,550 --> 00:49:23,560 the minimum repulsion it will simply 1739 00:49:23,560 --> 00:49:25,710 the minimum repulsion it will simply point in this direction and then there 1740 00:49:25,710 --> 00:49:25,720 point in this direction and then there 1741 00:49:25,720 --> 00:49:28,530 point in this direction and then there is a little part here but usually we 1742 00:49:28,530 --> 00:49:28,540 is a little part here but usually we 1743 00:49:28,540 --> 00:49:29,940 is a little part here but usually we don't really think about those little 1744 00:49:29,940 --> 00:49:29,950 don't really think about those little 1745 00:49:29,950 --> 00:49:34,340 don't really think about those little parts now I have two hybrid orbitals and 1746 00:49:34,340 --> 00:49:34,350 parts now I have two hybrid orbitals and 1747 00:49:34,350 --> 00:49:38,010 parts now I have two hybrid orbitals and now how many electrons will go there two 1748 00:49:38,010 --> 00:49:38,020 now how many electrons will go there two 1749 00:49:38,020 --> 00:49:40,770 now how many electrons will go there two electrons right now actually these two 1750 00:49:40,770 --> 00:49:40,780 electrons right now actually these two 1751 00:49:40,780 --> 00:49:43,770 electrons right now actually these two electrons there that the electron that I 1752 00:49:43,770 --> 00:49:43,780 electrons there that the electron that I 1753 00:49:43,780 --> 00:49:45,930 electrons there that the electron that I transferred here one electron will be 1754 00:49:45,930 --> 00:49:45,940 transferred here one electron will be 1755 00:49:45,940 --> 00:49:48,900 transferred here one electron will be here and one electron will be here now I 1756 00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:48,910 here and one electron will be here now I 1757 00:49:48,910 --> 00:49:52,080 here and one electron will be here now I have simply a picture which shows the 1758 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:52,090 have simply a picture which shows the 1759 00:49:52,090 --> 00:49:56,610 have simply a picture which shows the two SP hybrid orbitals on beryllium on 1760 00:49:56,610 --> 00:49:56,620 two SP hybrid orbitals on beryllium on 1761 00:49:56,620 --> 00:49:59,430 two SP hybrid orbitals on beryllium on the same line actually to get the 1762 00:49:59,430 --> 00:49:59,440 the same line actually to get the 1763 00:49:59,440 --> 00:50:01,560 the same line actually to get the minimum repulsion slide 180 degrees 1764 00:50:01,560 --> 00:50:01,570 minimum repulsion slide 180 degrees 1765 00:50:01,570 --> 00:50:05,510 minimum repulsion slide 180 degrees between now this is ready to make 1766 00:50:05,510 --> 00:50:05,520 between now this is ready to make 1767 00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:09,750 between now this is ready to make overlap with the fluorine P orbitals and 1768 00:50:09,750 --> 00:50:09,760 overlap with the fluorine P orbitals and 1769 00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:11,370 overlap with the fluorine P orbitals and the fluorine P orbitals 1770 00:50:11,370 --> 00:50:11,380 the fluorine P orbitals 1771 00:50:11,380 --> 00:50:13,140 the fluorine P orbitals remember on the fluorine there is one p 1772 00:50:13,140 --> 00:50:13,150 remember on the fluorine there is one p 1773 00:50:13,150 --> 00:50:14,580 remember on the fluorine there is one p orbital which contains one electron 1774 00:50:14,580 --> 00:50:14,590 orbital which contains one electron 1775 00:50:14,590 --> 00:50:17,480 orbital which contains one electron right and that will overlap with this 1776 00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:17,490 right and that will overlap with this 1777 00:50:17,490 --> 00:50:22,440 right and that will overlap with this like this and electron will pair up and 1778 00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:22,450 like this and electron will pair up and 1779 00:50:22,450 --> 00:50:24,420 like this and electron will pair up and another fluorine that will overlap with 1780 00:50:24,420 --> 00:50:24,430 another fluorine that will overlap with 1781 00:50:24,430 --> 00:50:28,440 another fluorine that will overlap with this let's put that here again remember 1782 00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:28,450 this let's put that here again remember 1783 00:50:28,450 --> 00:50:30,630 this let's put that here again remember the P orbitals has this shape right this 1784 00:50:30,630 --> 00:50:30,640 the P orbitals has this shape right this 1785 00:50:30,640 --> 00:50:35,490 the P orbitals has this shape right this and as a result fluorine this fluorine 1786 00:50:35,490 --> 00:50:35,500 and as a result fluorine this fluorine 1787 00:50:35,500 --> 00:50:37,890 and as a result fluorine this fluorine this perineum and that fluorine will be 1788 00:50:37,890 --> 00:50:37,900 this perineum and that fluorine will be 1789 00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:40,500 this perineum and that fluorine will be on the same line because to get the 1790 00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:40,510 on the same line because to get the 1791 00:50:40,510 --> 00:50:43,110 on the same line because to get the maximum overlap actually and the 1792 00:50:43,110 --> 00:50:43,120 maximum overlap actually and the 1793 00:50:43,120 --> 00:50:46,830 maximum overlap actually and the geometry of beryllium fluoride will be 1794 00:50:46,830 --> 00:50:46,840 geometry of beryllium fluoride will be 1795 00:50:46,840 --> 00:50:51,600 geometry of beryllium fluoride will be linear this is the explanation of the 1796 00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:51,610 linear this is the explanation of the 1797 00:50:51,610 --> 00:50:55,400 linear this is the explanation of the geometry used by valence bond Theory 1798 00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:55,410 geometry used by valence bond Theory 1799 00:50:55,410 --> 00:51:01,590 geometry used by valence bond Theory write the orbitals overlap and but again 1800 00:51:01,590 --> 00:51:01,600 write the orbitals overlap and but again 1801 00:51:01,600 --> 00:51:05,300 write the orbitals overlap and but again the orbitals on the central atom are 1802 00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:05,310 the orbitals on the central atom are 1803 00:51:05,310 --> 00:51:09,320 the orbitals on the central atom are hybrid orbitals hybrid or business clear 1804 00:51:09,320 --> 00:51:09,330 hybrid orbitals hybrid or business clear 1805 00:51:09,330 --> 00:51:37,490 hybrid orbitals hybrid or business clear now if I go to the next example 1806 00:51:37,490 --> 00:51:37,500 1807 00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:42,740 for the ch4 molecule remember this ch4 1808 00:51:42,740 --> 00:51:42,750 for the ch4 molecule remember this ch4 1809 00:51:42,750 --> 00:51:46,670 for the ch4 molecule remember this ch4 molecule carbon again if I write down 1810 00:51:46,670 --> 00:51:46,680 molecule carbon again if I write down 1811 00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:51,339 molecule carbon again if I write down the electron configuration 1 s 2 and 2s2 1812 00:51:51,339 --> 00:51:51,349 the electron configuration 1 s 2 and 2s2 1813 00:51:51,349 --> 00:51:55,940 the electron configuration 1 s 2 and 2s2 2p2 like this let's show it here this is 1814 00:51:55,940 --> 00:51:55,950 2p2 like this let's show it here this is 1815 00:51:55,950 --> 00:52:00,410 2p2 like this let's show it here this is the 2's and now the 2p orbitals like 1816 00:52:00,410 --> 00:52:00,420 the 2's and now the 2p orbitals like 1817 00:52:00,420 --> 00:52:04,970 the 2's and now the 2p orbitals like this and two electrons here again the 1818 00:52:04,970 --> 00:52:04,980 this and two electrons here again the 1819 00:52:04,980 --> 00:52:08,030 this and two electrons here again the valence bond Theory sells this electron 1820 00:52:08,030 --> 00:52:08,040 valence bond Theory sells this electron 1821 00:52:08,040 --> 00:52:13,910 valence bond Theory sells this electron is simply moved from here to there then 1822 00:52:13,910 --> 00:52:13,920 is simply moved from here to there then 1823 00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:19,270 is simply moved from here to there then I simply have will mix up these orbitals 1824 00:52:19,270 --> 00:52:19,280 I simply have will mix up these orbitals 1825 00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:22,160 I simply have will mix up these orbitals actually this one s orbital than 3p 1826 00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:22,170 actually this one s orbital than 3p 1827 00:52:22,170 --> 00:52:27,170 actually this one s orbital than 3p orbitals and obtain hybrid orbitals each 1828 00:52:27,170 --> 00:52:27,180 orbitals and obtain hybrid orbitals each 1829 00:52:27,180 --> 00:52:37,069 orbitals and obtain hybrid orbitals each of these are SP 3 hybrid orbitals hybrid 1830 00:52:37,069 --> 00:52:37,079 of these are SP 3 hybrid orbitals hybrid 1831 00:52:37,079 --> 00:52:43,480 of these are SP 3 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals now again where this 3 comes 1832 00:52:43,480 --> 00:52:43,490 orbitals now again where this 3 comes 1833 00:52:43,490 --> 00:52:49,460 orbitals now again where this 3 comes that 3 here indicates that 3p orbitals 1834 00:52:49,460 --> 00:52:49,470 that 3 here indicates that 3p orbitals 1835 00:52:49,470 --> 00:52:52,970 that 3 here indicates that 3p orbitals are mixed and 1s orbitals are mixed so 1836 00:52:52,970 --> 00:52:52,980 are mixed and 1s orbitals are mixed so 1837 00:52:52,980 --> 00:52:55,549 are mixed and 1s orbitals are mixed so this shows you that therefore atomic 1838 00:52:55,549 --> 00:52:55,559 this shows you that therefore atomic 1839 00:52:55,559 --> 00:52:59,299 this shows you that therefore atomic orbitals are mixed to form sp3 hybrid 1840 00:52:59,299 --> 00:52:59,309 orbitals are mixed to form sp3 hybrid 1841 00:52:59,309 --> 00:53:01,789 orbitals are mixed to form sp3 hybrid orbitals how many hybrid orbitals four 1842 00:53:01,789 --> 00:53:01,799 orbitals how many hybrid orbitals four 1843 00:53:01,799 --> 00:53:04,579 orbitals how many hybrid orbitals four hybrid orbitals and each of these four 1844 00:53:04,579 --> 00:53:04,589 hybrid orbitals and each of these four 1845 00:53:04,589 --> 00:53:08,569 hybrid orbitals and each of these four hybrid orbitals will simply direct to 1846 00:53:08,569 --> 00:53:08,579 hybrid orbitals will simply direct to 1847 00:53:08,579 --> 00:53:11,420 hybrid orbitals will simply direct to the corner of a tetrahedron around the 1848 00:53:11,420 --> 00:53:11,430 the corner of a tetrahedron around the 1849 00:53:11,430 --> 00:53:13,549 the corner of a tetrahedron around the carbon atom to get the minimum reports 1850 00:53:13,549 --> 00:53:13,559 carbon atom to get the minimum reports 1851 00:53:13,559 --> 00:53:17,030 carbon atom to get the minimum reports and they have one electron each and this 1852 00:53:17,030 --> 00:53:17,040 and they have one electron each and this 1853 00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:19,370 and they have one electron each and this way they will overlap with the hydrogen 1854 00:53:19,370 --> 00:53:19,380 way they will overlap with the hydrogen 1855 00:53:19,380 --> 00:53:22,880 way they will overlap with the hydrogen 1s orbital to form carbon hydrogen bonds 1856 00:53:22,880 --> 00:53:22,890 1s orbital to form carbon hydrogen bonds 1857 00:53:22,890 --> 00:53:25,220 1s orbital to form carbon hydrogen bonds how many four of those what will be the 1858 00:53:25,220 --> 00:53:25,230 how many four of those what will be the 1859 00:53:25,230 --> 00:53:27,589 how many four of those what will be the structure tetrahedral right 1860 00:53:27,589 --> 00:53:27,599 structure tetrahedral right 1861 00:53:27,599 --> 00:53:29,450 structure tetrahedral right since the hybrid orbital shows the 1862 00:53:29,450 --> 00:53:29,460 since the hybrid orbital shows the 1863 00:53:29,460 --> 00:53:32,450 since the hybrid orbital shows the tetrahedral so let's show it here this 1864 00:53:32,450 --> 00:53:32,460 tetrahedral so let's show it here this 1865 00:53:32,460 --> 00:53:34,609 tetrahedral so let's show it here this is let's say one of the hybrid orbital 1866 00:53:34,609 --> 00:53:34,619 is let's say one of the hybrid orbital 1867 00:53:34,619 --> 00:53:36,950 is let's say one of the hybrid orbital and now I have another hybrid orbital 1868 00:53:36,950 --> 00:53:36,960 and now I have another hybrid orbital 1869 00:53:36,960 --> 00:53:40,430 and now I have another hybrid orbital here in other hybrids and another hybrid 1870 00:53:40,430 --> 00:53:40,440 here in other hybrids and another hybrid 1871 00:53:40,440 --> 00:53:42,920 here in other hybrids and another hybrid here like this these are all remember 1872 00:53:42,920 --> 00:53:42,930 here like this these are all remember 1873 00:53:42,930 --> 00:53:44,780 here like this these are all remember equivalent even though they look like 1874 00:53:44,780 --> 00:53:44,790 equivalent even though they look like 1875 00:53:44,790 --> 00:53:47,089 equivalent even though they look like different size but they're all the same 1876 00:53:47,089 --> 00:53:47,099 different size but they're all the same 1877 00:53:47,099 --> 00:53:49,130 different size but they're all the same size now how 1878 00:53:49,130 --> 00:53:49,140 size now how 1879 00:53:49,140 --> 00:53:51,230 size now how electrons I have four I will put those 1880 00:53:51,230 --> 00:53:51,240 electrons I have four I will put those 1881 00:53:51,240 --> 00:53:56,240 electrons I have four I will put those four electrons here like this okay and 1882 00:53:56,240 --> 00:53:56,250 four electrons here like this okay and 1883 00:53:56,250 --> 00:54:00,079 four electrons here like this okay and now this is again the tetrahedral 1884 00:54:00,079 --> 00:54:00,089 now this is again the tetrahedral 1885 00:54:00,089 --> 00:54:02,180 now this is again the tetrahedral showing to the corner of a tetrahedral 1886 00:54:02,180 --> 00:54:02,190 showing to the corner of a tetrahedral 1887 00:54:02,190 --> 00:54:03,980 showing to the corner of a tetrahedral vertices of a tetrahedral four 1888 00:54:03,980 --> 00:54:03,990 vertices of a tetrahedral four 1889 00:54:03,990 --> 00:54:10,839 vertices of a tetrahedral four hydrogen's will come from each side and 1890 00:54:10,839 --> 00:54:10,849 1891 00:54:10,849 --> 00:54:15,200 by overlapping with the s one s orbital 1892 00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:15,210 by overlapping with the s one s orbital 1893 00:54:15,210 --> 00:54:19,700 by overlapping with the s one s orbital and I have ch4 molecule and the 1894 00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:19,710 and I have ch4 molecule and the 1895 00:54:19,710 --> 00:54:22,759 and I have ch4 molecule and the structure will be tetrahedral molecule 1896 00:54:22,759 --> 00:54:22,769 structure will be tetrahedral molecule 1897 00:54:22,769 --> 00:54:27,049 structure will be tetrahedral molecule like this all angles here are 109.5 1898 00:54:27,049 --> 00:54:27,059 like this all angles here are 109.5 1899 00:54:27,059 --> 00:54:31,640 like this all angles here are 109.5 degrees tetrahedral molecules like this 1900 00:54:31,640 --> 00:54:31,650 degrees tetrahedral molecules like this 1901 00:54:31,650 --> 00:54:36,170 degrees tetrahedral molecules like this clear now each of the orbitals that are 1902 00:54:36,170 --> 00:54:36,180 clear now each of the orbitals that are 1903 00:54:36,180 --> 00:54:41,029 clear now each of the orbitals that are used are SP three hybrid orbitals how 1904 00:54:41,029 --> 00:54:41,039 used are SP three hybrid orbitals how 1905 00:54:41,039 --> 00:54:44,750 used are SP three hybrid orbitals how many four because I mixed four atomic 1906 00:54:44,750 --> 00:54:44,760 many four because I mixed four atomic 1907 00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:48,470 many four because I mixed four atomic orbitals and I end up with four hybrid 1908 00:54:48,470 --> 00:54:48,480 orbitals and I end up with four hybrid 1909 00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:52,819 orbitals and I end up with four hybrid orbitals now for the case of water for 1910 00:54:52,819 --> 00:54:52,829 orbitals now for the case of water for 1911 00:54:52,829 --> 00:54:56,359 orbitals now for the case of water for example let's see oh the time is over I 1912 00:54:56,359 --> 00:54:56,369 example let's see oh the time is over I 1913 00:54:56,369 --> 00:54:58,910 example let's see oh the time is over I guess right okay I guess I have to stop 1914 00:54:58,910 --> 00:54:58,920 guess right okay I guess I have to stop 1915 00:54:58,920 --> 00:55:06,230 guess right okay I guess I have to stop here so we will continue Thursday right 1916 00:55:06,230 --> 00:55:06,240 here so we will continue Thursday right 1917 00:55:06,240 --> 00:55:08,089 here so we will continue Thursday right I forgot to give you the attendance 1918 00:55:08,089 --> 00:55:08,099 I forgot to give you the attendance 1919 00:55:08,099 --> 00:55:10,519 I forgot to give you the attendance sheet but