1 00:00:11,310 --> 00:00:18,339 vapor pressures of liquids last time and 2 00:00:18,339 --> 00:00:18,349 vapor pressures of liquids last time and 3 00:00:18,349 --> 00:00:25,780 vapor pressures of liquids last time and what we said that if you have a liquid 4 00:00:25,780 --> 00:00:25,790 what we said that if you have a liquid 5 00:00:25,790 --> 00:00:34,910 what we said that if you have a liquid in a container in a beaker and left on a 6 00:00:34,910 --> 00:00:34,920 in a container in a beaker and left on a 7 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:41,060 in a container in a beaker and left on a table it will evaporate eventually that 8 00:00:41,060 --> 00:00:41,070 table it will evaporate eventually that 9 00:00:41,070 --> 00:00:44,900 table it will evaporate eventually that means that the liquid will be converted 10 00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:44,910 means that the liquid will be converted 11 00:00:44,910 --> 00:00:49,310 means that the liquid will be converted to the gas form of that compound now we 12 00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:49,320 to the gas form of that compound now we 13 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:52,970 to the gas form of that compound now we were trying to understand how this 14 00:00:52,970 --> 00:00:52,980 were trying to understand how this 15 00:00:52,980 --> 00:00:56,869 were trying to understand how this simply takes place in evaporation 16 00:00:56,869 --> 00:00:56,879 simply takes place in evaporation 17 00:00:56,879 --> 00:01:00,139 simply takes place in evaporation process and what we said again last time 18 00:01:00,139 --> 00:01:00,149 process and what we said again last time 19 00:01:00,149 --> 00:01:05,479 process and what we said again last time that molecules in a liquid have kinetic 20 00:01:05,479 --> 00:01:05,489 that molecules in a liquid have kinetic 21 00:01:05,489 --> 00:01:09,279 that molecules in a liquid have kinetic energies and these kinetic energies are 22 00:01:09,279 --> 00:01:09,289 energies and these kinetic energies are 23 00:01:09,289 --> 00:01:15,920 energies and these kinetic energies are distributed again as some of the 24 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:15,930 distributed again as some of the 25 00:01:15,930 --> 00:01:18,289 distributed again as some of the molecules have low kinetic energy some 26 00:01:18,289 --> 00:01:18,299 molecules have low kinetic energy some 27 00:01:18,299 --> 00:01:20,690 molecules have low kinetic energy some of the molecules has higher kinetic 28 00:01:20,690 --> 00:01:20,700 of the molecules has higher kinetic 29 00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:25,070 of the molecules has higher kinetic energies and most are sort of between 30 00:01:25,070 --> 00:01:25,080 energies and most are sort of between 31 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:31,580 energies and most are sort of between intermediate now the molecules of the 32 00:01:31,580 --> 00:01:31,590 intermediate now the molecules of the 33 00:01:31,590 --> 00:01:52,930 intermediate now the molecules of the liquid 34 00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:52,940 35 00:01:52,940 --> 00:01:58,620 so the liquid molecules at the surface 36 00:01:58,620 --> 00:01:58,630 37 00:01:58,630 --> 00:02:03,600 will go from liquid to the gaseous state 38 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:03,610 will go from liquid to the gaseous state 39 00:02:03,610 --> 00:02:07,890 will go from liquid to the gaseous state that means they will evaporate only if 40 00:02:07,890 --> 00:02:07,900 that means they will evaporate only if 41 00:02:07,900 --> 00:02:11,710 that means they will evaporate only if their kinetic energy is high enough to 42 00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:11,720 their kinetic energy is high enough to 43 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:17,380 their kinetic energy is high enough to break off intermolecular forces from the 44 00:02:17,380 --> 00:02:17,390 break off intermolecular forces from the 45 00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:22,770 break off intermolecular forces from the liquid and go to the gaseous state now 46 00:02:22,770 --> 00:02:22,780 liquid and go to the gaseous state now 47 00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:27,100 liquid and go to the gaseous state now again this is the distribution of the 48 00:02:27,100 --> 00:02:27,110 again this is the distribution of the 49 00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:30,940 again this is the distribution of the kinetic energies for example in this 50 00:02:30,940 --> 00:02:30,950 kinetic energies for example in this 51 00:02:30,950 --> 00:02:34,930 kinetic energies for example in this case suppose that the molecules which 52 00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:34,940 case suppose that the molecules which 53 00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:37,240 case suppose that the molecules which have kinetic energies greater than this 54 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:37,250 have kinetic energies greater than this 55 00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:42,670 have kinetic energies greater than this value here will be capable of escaping 56 00:02:42,670 --> 00:02:42,680 value here will be capable of escaping 57 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:46,150 value here will be capable of escaping from liquid to the gaseous state that 58 00:02:46,150 --> 00:02:46,160 from liquid to the gaseous state that 59 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:51,840 from liquid to the gaseous state that means they will evaporate and as soon as 60 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:51,850 means they will evaporate and as soon as 61 00:02:51,850 --> 00:02:55,390 means they will evaporate and as soon as one liquid molecule at the surface which 62 00:02:55,390 --> 00:02:55,400 one liquid molecule at the surface which 63 00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:57,910 one liquid molecule at the surface which a high kinetic energy goes into the 64 00:02:57,910 --> 00:02:57,920 a high kinetic energy goes into the 65 00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:01,330 a high kinetic energy goes into the gaseous phase if we still have liquid in 66 00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:01,340 gaseous phase if we still have liquid in 67 00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:05,410 gaseous phase if we still have liquid in the container that will be immediately 68 00:03:05,410 --> 00:03:05,420 the container that will be immediately 69 00:03:05,420 --> 00:03:10,780 the container that will be immediately replaced replaced by the liquid 70 00:03:10,780 --> 00:03:10,790 replaced replaced by the liquid 71 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:13,810 replaced replaced by the liquid molecules in the bulk so therefore if we 72 00:03:13,810 --> 00:03:13,820 molecules in the bulk so therefore if we 73 00:03:13,820 --> 00:03:15,970 molecules in the bulk so therefore if we consider the surface of the liquid 74 00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:15,980 consider the surface of the liquid 75 00:03:15,980 --> 00:03:19,080 consider the surface of the liquid actually and as long as we have a liquid 76 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:19,090 actually and as long as we have a liquid 77 00:03:19,090 --> 00:03:22,060 actually and as long as we have a liquid and if the temperature is the same that 78 00:03:22,060 --> 00:03:22,070 and if the temperature is the same that 79 00:03:22,070 --> 00:03:26,320 and if the temperature is the same that means that the percent of the molecules 80 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:26,330 means that the percent of the molecules 81 00:03:26,330 --> 00:03:29,110 means that the percent of the molecules at the surface which have enough kinetic 82 00:03:29,110 --> 00:03:29,120 at the surface which have enough kinetic 83 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:31,509 at the surface which have enough kinetic energy to escape from the liquid will be 84 00:03:31,509 --> 00:03:31,519 energy to escape from the liquid will be 85 00:03:31,519 --> 00:03:35,890 energy to escape from the liquid will be the same and this number will determine 86 00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:35,900 the same and this number will determine 87 00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:39,400 the same and this number will determine what we call the rate of evaporation of 88 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:39,410 what we call the rate of evaporation of 89 00:03:39,410 --> 00:03:42,790 what we call the rate of evaporation of the liquids now what is the rate of 90 00:03:42,790 --> 00:03:42,800 the liquids now what is the rate of 91 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:45,660 the liquids now what is the rate of evaporation rate of evaporation simply 92 00:03:45,660 --> 00:03:45,670 evaporation rate of evaporation simply 93 00:03:45,670 --> 00:03:48,970 evaporation rate of evaporation simply means that the number of liquid 94 00:03:48,970 --> 00:03:48,980 means that the number of liquid 95 00:03:48,980 --> 00:03:51,880 means that the number of liquid molecules that goes from liquid to the 96 00:03:51,880 --> 00:03:51,890 molecules that goes from liquid to the 97 00:03:51,890 --> 00:03:56,530 molecules that goes from liquid to the gaseous state per unit time so if we 98 00:03:56,530 --> 00:03:56,540 gaseous state per unit time so if we 99 00:03:56,540 --> 00:04:00,790 gaseous state per unit time so if we simply look at the rates of the 100 00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:00,800 simply look at the rates of the 101 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:05,309 simply look at the rates of the evaporation and the rates of 102 00:04:05,309 --> 00:04:05,319 evaporation and the rates of 103 00:04:05,319 --> 00:04:06,940 evaporation and the rates of condensation again 104 00:04:06,940 --> 00:04:06,950 condensation again 105 00:04:06,950 --> 00:04:09,699 condensation again as we talked about this last time now 106 00:04:09,699 --> 00:04:09,709 as we talked about this last time now 107 00:04:09,709 --> 00:04:14,490 as we talked about this last time now since the rate of evaporation will be 108 00:04:14,490 --> 00:04:14,500 since the rate of evaporation will be 109 00:04:14,500 --> 00:04:18,509 since the rate of evaporation will be constant again as long as you have 110 00:04:18,509 --> 00:04:18,519 constant again as long as you have 111 00:04:18,519 --> 00:04:21,940 constant again as long as you have liquids in a container and the 112 00:04:21,940 --> 00:04:21,950 liquids in a container and the 113 00:04:21,950 --> 00:04:24,879 liquids in a container and the temperature is the same why because the 114 00:04:24,879 --> 00:04:24,889 temperature is the same why because the 115 00:04:24,889 --> 00:04:26,920 temperature is the same why because the number of molecules at the surface 116 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:26,930 number of molecules at the surface 117 00:04:26,930 --> 00:04:29,560 number of molecules at the surface liquid molecules at the surface which 118 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:29,570 liquid molecules at the surface which 119 00:04:29,570 --> 00:04:33,120 liquid molecules at the surface which have kinetic energies greater than 120 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:33,130 have kinetic energies greater than 121 00:04:33,130 --> 00:04:37,950 have kinetic energies greater than actually that to break off the liquids 122 00:04:37,950 --> 00:04:37,960 actually that to break off the liquids 123 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:40,810 actually that to break off the liquids will always be the same and that means 124 00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:40,820 will always be the same and that means 125 00:04:40,820 --> 00:04:46,030 will always be the same and that means that the rate will be the same now in a 126 00:04:46,030 --> 00:04:46,040 that the rate will be the same now in a 127 00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:48,400 that the rate will be the same now in a closed system again suppose that at the 128 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:48,410 closed system again suppose that at the 129 00:04:48,410 --> 00:04:53,770 closed system again suppose that at the beginning we have no gaseous form of 130 00:04:53,770 --> 00:04:53,780 beginning we have no gaseous form of 131 00:04:53,780 --> 00:04:56,620 beginning we have no gaseous form of that liquid above the liquid here so 132 00:04:56,620 --> 00:04:56,630 that liquid above the liquid here so 133 00:04:56,630 --> 00:04:59,560 that liquid above the liquid here so that means that rate of condensation 134 00:04:59,560 --> 00:04:59,570 that means that rate of condensation 135 00:04:59,570 --> 00:05:02,620 that means that rate of condensation that means the molecules going from 136 00:05:02,620 --> 00:05:02,630 that means the molecules going from 137 00:05:02,630 --> 00:05:07,659 that means the molecules going from gaseous to the liquid is zero but as the 138 00:05:07,659 --> 00:05:07,669 gaseous to the liquid is zero but as the 139 00:05:07,669 --> 00:05:10,690 gaseous to the liquid is zero but as the time goes on that means more and more 140 00:05:10,690 --> 00:05:10,700 time goes on that means more and more 141 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:16,150 time goes on that means more and more gas molecules simply deposit at the 142 00:05:16,150 --> 00:05:16,160 gas molecules simply deposit at the 143 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:17,860 gas molecules simply deposit at the beginning collects at the beginning of 144 00:05:17,860 --> 00:05:17,870 beginning collects at the beginning of 145 00:05:17,870 --> 00:05:21,070 beginning collects at the beginning of the at the top of liquid actually more 146 00:05:21,070 --> 00:05:21,080 the at the top of liquid actually more 147 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:23,170 the at the top of liquid actually more and more goes from liquid to the gaseous 148 00:05:23,170 --> 00:05:23,180 and more goes from liquid to the gaseous 149 00:05:23,180 --> 00:05:27,219 and more goes from liquid to the gaseous state then we will have collisions 150 00:05:27,219 --> 00:05:27,229 state then we will have collisions 151 00:05:27,229 --> 00:05:30,010 state then we will have collisions within those gas molecules and due to 152 00:05:30,010 --> 00:05:30,020 within those gas molecules and due to 153 00:05:30,020 --> 00:05:31,779 within those gas molecules and due to that collusion there's going to be a 154 00:05:31,779 --> 00:05:31,789 that collusion there's going to be a 155 00:05:31,789 --> 00:05:33,430 that collusion there's going to be a kinetic energy transfer from one 156 00:05:33,430 --> 00:05:33,440 kinetic energy transfer from one 157 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:35,740 kinetic energy transfer from one molecule to the other molecule then we 158 00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:35,750 molecule to the other molecule then we 159 00:05:35,750 --> 00:05:37,779 molecule to the other molecule then we will have a gain kinetic energy 160 00:05:37,779 --> 00:05:37,789 will have a gain kinetic energy 161 00:05:37,789 --> 00:05:40,210 will have a gain kinetic energy distribution in the gaseous phase and 162 00:05:40,210 --> 00:05:40,220 distribution in the gaseous phase and 163 00:05:40,220 --> 00:05:44,710 distribution in the gaseous phase and that means that the sum of the molecules 164 00:05:44,710 --> 00:05:44,720 that means that the sum of the molecules 165 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:47,770 that means that the sum of the molecules actually will have low kinetic energy 166 00:05:47,770 --> 00:05:47,780 actually will have low kinetic energy 167 00:05:47,780 --> 00:05:50,080 actually will have low kinetic energy some will have higher kinetic energies 168 00:05:50,080 --> 00:05:50,090 some will have higher kinetic energies 169 00:05:50,090 --> 00:05:53,290 some will have higher kinetic energies those molecules now which have lower 170 00:05:53,290 --> 00:05:53,300 those molecules now which have lower 171 00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:56,320 those molecules now which have lower kinetic energy than the minimum kinetic 172 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:56,330 kinetic energy than the minimum kinetic 173 00:05:56,330 --> 00:05:58,690 kinetic energy than the minimum kinetic energy that required to escape from the 174 00:05:58,690 --> 00:05:58,700 energy that required to escape from the 175 00:05:58,700 --> 00:06:02,170 energy that required to escape from the liquid when those simply comes close to 176 00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:02,180 liquid when those simply comes close to 177 00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:05,320 liquid when those simply comes close to the surface they will be attracted by 178 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:05,330 the surface they will be attracted by 179 00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:07,930 the surface they will be attracted by the liquid molecules and that means they 180 00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:07,940 the liquid molecules and that means they 181 00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:10,480 the liquid molecules and that means they will go back to the liquid state from 182 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:10,490 will go back to the liquid state from 183 00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:12,250 will go back to the liquid state from gas to the liquid and this is 184 00:06:12,250 --> 00:06:12,260 gas to the liquid and this is 185 00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:16,839 gas to the liquid and this is condensation so as the number of gas 186 00:06:16,839 --> 00:06:16,849 condensation so as the number of gas 187 00:06:16,849 --> 00:06:20,620 condensation so as the number of gas molecules increases above the liquid 188 00:06:20,620 --> 00:06:20,630 molecules increases above the liquid 189 00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,800 molecules increases above the liquid and more and more gas molecules will go 190 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:23,810 and more and more gas molecules will go 191 00:06:23,810 --> 00:06:26,380 and more and more gas molecules will go from the gas to the liquid state that 192 00:06:26,380 --> 00:06:26,390 from the gas to the liquid state that 193 00:06:26,390 --> 00:06:29,050 from the gas to the liquid state that means condensed that means that the rate 194 00:06:29,050 --> 00:06:29,060 means condensed that means that the rate 195 00:06:29,060 --> 00:06:32,770 means condensed that means that the rate of condensation will increase as the 196 00:06:32,770 --> 00:06:32,780 of condensation will increase as the 197 00:06:32,780 --> 00:06:36,280 of condensation will increase as the time goes on again rate of condensation 198 00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:36,290 time goes on again rate of condensation 199 00:06:36,290 --> 00:06:39,630 time goes on again rate of condensation means that the number of gas molecules 200 00:06:39,630 --> 00:06:39,640 means that the number of gas molecules 201 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:43,990 means that the number of gas molecules that goes into the liquid phase per unit 202 00:06:43,990 --> 00:06:44,000 that goes into the liquid phase per unit 203 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:50,110 that goes into the liquid phase per unit time right so now when we reach to this 204 00:06:50,110 --> 00:06:50,120 time right so now when we reach to this 205 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:54,580 time right so now when we reach to this point here after time T let's say that 206 00:06:54,580 --> 00:06:54,590 point here after time T let's say that 207 00:06:54,590 --> 00:06:58,240 point here after time T let's say that means that the rate of condensation and 208 00:06:58,240 --> 00:06:58,250 means that the rate of condensation and 209 00:06:58,250 --> 00:07:02,190 means that the rate of condensation and the rate of evaporation becomes equal 210 00:07:02,190 --> 00:07:02,200 the rate of evaporation becomes equal 211 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:06,580 the rate of evaporation becomes equal what does that means as I explained last 212 00:07:06,580 --> 00:07:06,590 what does that means as I explained last 213 00:07:06,590 --> 00:07:11,170 what does that means as I explained last time that means that in one second for 214 00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:11,180 time that means that in one second for 215 00:07:11,180 --> 00:07:15,670 time that means that in one second for example if hundred molecules evaporate 216 00:07:15,670 --> 00:07:15,680 example if hundred molecules evaporate 217 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,810 example if hundred molecules evaporate and going into the gaseous phase and at 218 00:07:19,810 --> 00:07:19,820 and going into the gaseous phase and at 219 00:07:19,820 --> 00:07:21,640 and going into the gaseous phase and at the same time hundred molecules 220 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:21,650 the same time hundred molecules 221 00:07:21,650 --> 00:07:24,220 the same time hundred molecules condenses goes from the gases to the 222 00:07:24,220 --> 00:07:24,230 condenses goes from the gases to the 223 00:07:24,230 --> 00:07:27,820 condenses goes from the gases to the liquid state so that means we have an 224 00:07:27,820 --> 00:07:27,830 liquid state so that means we have an 225 00:07:27,830 --> 00:07:31,270 liquid state so that means we have an equilibrium between the liquid States 226 00:07:31,270 --> 00:07:31,280 equilibrium between the liquid States 227 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:34,000 equilibrium between the liquid States and the gaseous state and this 228 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:34,010 and the gaseous state and this 229 00:07:34,010 --> 00:07:35,320 and the gaseous state and this equilibrium is called dynamic 230 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:35,330 equilibrium is called dynamic 231 00:07:35,330 --> 00:07:39,010 equilibrium is called dynamic equilibrium why because the evaporation 232 00:07:39,010 --> 00:07:39,020 equilibrium why because the evaporation 233 00:07:39,020 --> 00:07:45,970 equilibrium why because the evaporation and condensation process still go on but 234 00:07:45,970 --> 00:07:45,980 and condensation process still go on but 235 00:07:45,980 --> 00:07:51,460 and condensation process still go on but the amount of gas above the liquid and 236 00:07:51,460 --> 00:07:51,470 the amount of gas above the liquid and 237 00:07:51,470 --> 00:07:54,430 the amount of gas above the liquid and the amount of liquid here stays the same 238 00:07:54,430 --> 00:07:54,440 the amount of liquid here stays the same 239 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,050 the amount of liquid here stays the same right and this is simply an equilibrium 240 00:07:59,050 --> 00:07:59,060 right and this is simply an equilibrium 241 00:07:59,060 --> 00:08:01,420 right and this is simply an equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium now at that 242 00:08:01,420 --> 00:08:01,430 and dynamic equilibrium now at that 243 00:08:01,430 --> 00:08:04,450 and dynamic equilibrium now at that stage actually when we reach to the 244 00:08:04,450 --> 00:08:04,460 stage actually when we reach to the 245 00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:08,290 stage actually when we reach to the equilibrium the pressure of the gas 246 00:08:08,290 --> 00:08:08,300 equilibrium the pressure of the gas 247 00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:10,630 equilibrium the pressure of the gas above this liquid which is equilibrium 248 00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:10,640 above this liquid which is equilibrium 249 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:13,420 above this liquid which is equilibrium with the liquid is called the vapor 250 00:08:13,420 --> 00:08:13,430 with the liquid is called the vapor 251 00:08:13,430 --> 00:08:16,930 with the liquid is called the vapor pressure of that liquid vapor pressure 252 00:08:16,930 --> 00:08:16,940 pressure of that liquid vapor pressure 253 00:08:16,940 --> 00:08:19,360 pressure of that liquid vapor pressure of that liquid now let's think about 254 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:19,370 of that liquid now let's think about 255 00:08:19,370 --> 00:08:23,680 of that liquid now let's think about that how the vapor pressure of the 256 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:23,690 that how the vapor pressure of the 257 00:08:23,690 --> 00:08:27,010 that how the vapor pressure of the liquid is affected by intermolecular 258 00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:27,020 liquid is affected by intermolecular 259 00:08:27,020 --> 00:08:33,380 liquid is affected by intermolecular forces as we can simply show it here 260 00:08:33,380 --> 00:08:33,390 forces as we can simply show it here 261 00:08:33,390 --> 00:08:40,310 forces as we can simply show it here that if the intermolecular forces in the 262 00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:40,320 that if the intermolecular forces in the 263 00:08:40,320 --> 00:08:44,300 that if the intermolecular forces in the liquids increases that means that this 264 00:08:44,300 --> 00:08:44,310 liquids increases that means that this 265 00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:46,640 liquids increases that means that this minimum kinetic energy goes up here like 266 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:46,650 minimum kinetic energy goes up here like 267 00:08:46,650 --> 00:08:49,820 minimum kinetic energy goes up here like this that means that the number of 268 00:08:49,820 --> 00:08:49,830 this that means that the number of 269 00:08:49,830 --> 00:08:52,190 this that means that the number of molecules at the surface which is 270 00:08:52,190 --> 00:08:52,200 molecules at the surface which is 271 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:54,650 molecules at the surface which is capable of escaping from the liquid to 272 00:08:54,650 --> 00:08:54,660 capable of escaping from the liquid to 273 00:08:54,660 --> 00:08:56,330 capable of escaping from the liquid to the gaseous state will decrease that 274 00:08:56,330 --> 00:08:56,340 the gaseous state will decrease that 275 00:08:56,340 --> 00:09:00,140 the gaseous state will decrease that means that the rate of evaporation will 276 00:09:00,140 --> 00:09:00,150 means that the rate of evaporation will 277 00:09:00,150 --> 00:09:02,990 means that the rate of evaporation will decrease that means that we will reach 278 00:09:02,990 --> 00:09:03,000 decrease that means that we will reach 279 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,200 decrease that means that we will reach to the equilibrium point in a shorter 280 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:06,210 to the equilibrium point in a shorter 281 00:09:06,210 --> 00:09:10,490 to the equilibrium point in a shorter time that again means at equilibrium we 282 00:09:10,490 --> 00:09:10,500 time that again means at equilibrium we 283 00:09:10,500 --> 00:09:13,880 time that again means at equilibrium we will have less gases gas form of that 284 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:13,890 will have less gases gas form of that 285 00:09:13,890 --> 00:09:16,430 will have less gases gas form of that compound above the liquid at equilibrium 286 00:09:16,430 --> 00:09:16,440 compound above the liquid at equilibrium 287 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,160 compound above the liquid at equilibrium what does that mean that means low vapor 288 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:19,170 what does that mean that means low vapor 289 00:09:19,170 --> 00:09:22,790 what does that mean that means low vapor pressure or low vapor pressure so this 290 00:09:22,790 --> 00:09:22,800 pressure or low vapor pressure so this 291 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:25,340 pressure or low vapor pressure so this simply means that the stronger the 292 00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:25,350 simply means that the stronger the 293 00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:28,220 simply means that the stronger the intermolecular forces between the liquid 294 00:09:28,220 --> 00:09:28,230 intermolecular forces between the liquid 295 00:09:28,230 --> 00:09:32,330 intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules the lower will be the vapor 296 00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:32,340 molecules the lower will be the vapor 297 00:09:32,340 --> 00:09:35,150 molecules the lower will be the vapor pressure of that liquid right that's we 298 00:09:35,150 --> 00:09:35,160 pressure of that liquid right that's we 299 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:38,360 pressure of that liquid right that's we have let's keep that in mind now suppose 300 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:38,370 have let's keep that in mind now suppose 301 00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:43,970 have let's keep that in mind now suppose that we increase the temperature I have 302 00:09:43,970 --> 00:09:43,980 that we increase the temperature I have 303 00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:52,160 that we increase the temperature I have it I guess yes another slide which shows 304 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:52,170 it I guess yes another slide which shows 305 00:09:52,170 --> 00:09:57,350 it I guess yes another slide which shows better sort of now suppose that we 306 00:09:57,350 --> 00:09:57,360 better sort of now suppose that we 307 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:01,370 better sort of now suppose that we simply have increase the temperature of 308 00:10:01,370 --> 00:10:01,380 simply have increase the temperature of 309 00:10:01,380 --> 00:10:06,770 simply have increase the temperature of the system that means we increase the 310 00:10:06,770 --> 00:10:06,780 the system that means we increase the 311 00:10:06,780 --> 00:10:10,840 the system that means we increase the temperature where we have these 312 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:10,850 temperature where we have these 313 00:10:10,850 --> 00:10:13,580 temperature where we have these allenmeyer flasks and the liquid in it 314 00:10:13,580 --> 00:10:13,590 allenmeyer flasks and the liquid in it 315 00:10:13,590 --> 00:10:17,990 allenmeyer flasks and the liquid in it close what will happen increase in the 316 00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:18,000 close what will happen increase in the 317 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:21,020 close what will happen increase in the temperature will increase the kinetic 318 00:10:21,020 --> 00:10:21,030 temperature will increase the kinetic 319 00:10:21,030 --> 00:10:25,010 temperature will increase the kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid or 320 00:10:25,010 --> 00:10:25,020 energy of the molecules in the liquid or 321 00:10:25,020 --> 00:10:28,430 energy of the molecules in the liquid or in the gas phase now increase in the 322 00:10:28,430 --> 00:10:28,440 in the gas phase now increase in the 323 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:31,100 in the gas phase now increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules at the 324 00:10:31,100 --> 00:10:31,110 kinetic energy of the molecules at the 325 00:10:31,110 --> 00:10:34,540 kinetic energy of the molecules at the surface means that we will have more 326 00:10:34,540 --> 00:10:34,550 surface means that we will have more 327 00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:38,300 surface means that we will have more molecules which is capable which are 328 00:10:38,300 --> 00:10:38,310 molecules which is capable which are 329 00:10:38,310 --> 00:10:40,910 molecules which is capable which are capable of simply escaping from the 330 00:10:40,910 --> 00:10:40,920 capable of simply escaping from the 331 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:43,130 capable of simply escaping from the liquid to the gaseous States that means 332 00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:43,140 liquid to the gaseous States that means 333 00:10:43,140 --> 00:10:46,980 liquid to the gaseous States that means that the rate of evaporation 334 00:10:46,980 --> 00:10:46,990 that the rate of evaporation 335 00:10:46,990 --> 00:10:49,110 that the rate of evaporation at higher temperature will be like this 336 00:10:49,110 --> 00:10:49,120 at higher temperature will be like this 337 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:53,790 at higher temperature will be like this up here right higher rate of evaporation 338 00:10:53,790 --> 00:10:53,800 up here right higher rate of evaporation 339 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:56,700 up here right higher rate of evaporation at higher temperatures because more 340 00:10:56,700 --> 00:10:56,710 at higher temperatures because more 341 00:10:56,710 --> 00:11:00,000 at higher temperatures because more molecules have larger kinetic energy 342 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:00,010 molecules have larger kinetic energy 343 00:11:00,010 --> 00:11:01,950 molecules have larger kinetic energy that minimum kinetic energy to escape 344 00:11:01,950 --> 00:11:01,960 that minimum kinetic energy to escape 345 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:05,190 that minimum kinetic energy to escape from the liquid and that means we will 346 00:11:05,190 --> 00:11:05,200 from the liquid and that means we will 347 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:08,940 from the liquid and that means we will have a equilibrium point over here means 348 00:11:08,940 --> 00:11:08,950 have a equilibrium point over here means 349 00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:12,150 have a equilibrium point over here means that we will have war gas about the 350 00:11:12,150 --> 00:11:12,160 that we will have war gas about the 351 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:15,210 that we will have war gas about the liquid at the equilibrium point that 352 00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:15,220 liquid at the equilibrium point that 353 00:11:15,220 --> 00:11:17,490 liquid at the equilibrium point that means that they higher the vapor 354 00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:17,500 means that they higher the vapor 355 00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:22,500 means that they higher the vapor pressure so the result is or we can 356 00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:22,510 pressure so the result is or we can 357 00:11:22,510 --> 00:11:25,890 pressure so the result is or we can generalizes again as follow increase in 358 00:11:25,890 --> 00:11:25,900 generalizes again as follow increase in 359 00:11:25,900 --> 00:11:29,430 generalizes again as follow increase in the temperature will always increase the 360 00:11:29,430 --> 00:11:29,440 the temperature will always increase the 361 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:31,830 the temperature will always increase the vapor pressure an increase in the 362 00:11:31,830 --> 00:11:31,840 vapor pressure an increase in the 363 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:33,860 vapor pressure an increase in the temperature will always increase the 364 00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:33,870 temperature will always increase the 365 00:11:33,870 --> 00:11:39,860 temperature will always increase the vapor pressure off the liquids now how 366 00:11:39,860 --> 00:11:39,870 vapor pressure off the liquids now how 367 00:11:39,870 --> 00:11:43,260 vapor pressure off the liquids now how much we can increase the temperature of 368 00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:43,270 much we can increase the temperature of 369 00:11:43,270 --> 00:11:45,930 much we can increase the temperature of the liquid and the vapor pressure here 370 00:11:45,930 --> 00:11:45,940 the liquid and the vapor pressure here 371 00:11:45,940 --> 00:11:49,410 the liquid and the vapor pressure here again for three compounds four compounds 372 00:11:49,410 --> 00:11:49,420 again for three compounds four compounds 373 00:11:49,420 --> 00:11:52,980 again for three compounds four compounds we have die ethyl ether and we have 374 00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:52,990 we have die ethyl ether and we have 375 00:11:52,990 --> 00:11:58,160 we have die ethyl ether and we have ethyl alcohol water and ethylene glycol 376 00:11:58,160 --> 00:11:58,170 ethyl alcohol water and ethylene glycol 377 00:11:58,170 --> 00:12:02,040 ethyl alcohol water and ethylene glycol now as you see again for example if you 378 00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:02,050 now as you see again for example if you 379 00:12:02,050 --> 00:12:05,850 now as you see again for example if you consider water if you increase the 380 00:12:05,850 --> 00:12:05,860 consider water if you increase the 381 00:12:05,860 --> 00:12:07,890 consider water if you increase the temperature the vapor pressure of water 382 00:12:07,890 --> 00:12:07,900 temperature the vapor pressure of water 383 00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:10,920 temperature the vapor pressure of water will increase increase increase for 384 00:12:10,920 --> 00:12:10,930 will increase increase increase for 385 00:12:10,930 --> 00:12:13,890 will increase increase increase for example at about 82 degrees centigrade 386 00:12:13,890 --> 00:12:13,900 example at about 82 degrees centigrade 387 00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:15,870 example at about 82 degrees centigrade the vapor pressure of the water will be 388 00:12:15,870 --> 00:12:15,880 the vapor pressure of the water will be 389 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:18,540 the vapor pressure of the water will be about 400 nanometers now increase in 390 00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:18,550 about 400 nanometers now increase in 391 00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:20,640 about 400 nanometers now increase in that vapor pressure increase and it will 392 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:20,650 that vapor pressure increase and it will 393 00:12:20,650 --> 00:12:24,000 that vapor pressure increase and it will be 760 millimeter mercury which is one 394 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:24,010 be 760 millimeter mercury which is one 395 00:12:24,010 --> 00:12:26,520 be 760 millimeter mercury which is one atmosphere and the temperature you see 396 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:26,530 atmosphere and the temperature you see 397 00:12:26,530 --> 00:12:29,130 atmosphere and the temperature you see again here is 100 degree centigrade so 398 00:12:29,130 --> 00:12:29,140 again here is 100 degree centigrade so 399 00:12:29,140 --> 00:12:35,130 again here is 100 degree centigrade so again we define the normal boiling point 400 00:12:35,130 --> 00:12:35,140 again we define the normal boiling point 401 00:12:35,140 --> 00:12:39,810 again we define the normal boiling point of a liquid and that is the temperature 402 00:12:39,810 --> 00:12:39,820 of a liquid and that is the temperature 403 00:12:39,820 --> 00:12:42,450 of a liquid and that is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the 404 00:12:42,450 --> 00:12:42,460 at which the vapor pressure of the 405 00:12:42,460 --> 00:12:44,370 at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to one atmosphere 406 00:12:44,370 --> 00:12:44,380 liquid becomes equal to one atmosphere 407 00:12:44,380 --> 00:12:49,440 liquid becomes equal to one atmosphere or 760 millimeter mercury so when we 408 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:49,450 or 760 millimeter mercury so when we 409 00:12:49,450 --> 00:12:51,530 or 760 millimeter mercury so when we simply say the vapor pressure of the 410 00:12:51,530 --> 00:12:51,540 simply say the vapor pressure of the 411 00:12:51,540 --> 00:12:55,380 simply say the vapor pressure of the normal normal boiling point of a liquid 412 00:12:55,380 --> 00:12:55,390 normal normal boiling point of a liquid 413 00:12:55,390 --> 00:12:57,870 normal normal boiling point of a liquid we mean that at that temperature the 414 00:12:57,870 --> 00:12:57,880 we mean that at that temperature the 415 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:01,020 we mean that at that temperature the vapor pressure of that liquid will be 416 00:13:01,020 --> 00:13:01,030 vapor pressure of that liquid will be 417 00:13:01,030 --> 00:13:04,420 vapor pressure of that liquid will be equal to one atmosphere so again as we 418 00:13:04,420 --> 00:13:04,430 equal to one atmosphere so again as we 419 00:13:04,430 --> 00:13:06,520 equal to one atmosphere so again as we see here the boiling point of water is 420 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:06,530 see here the boiling point of water is 421 00:13:06,530 --> 00:13:09,610 see here the boiling point of water is 100 degrees centigrade now if we look at 422 00:13:09,610 --> 00:13:09,620 100 degrees centigrade now if we look at 423 00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:11,890 100 degrees centigrade now if we look at the ethyl alcohol the boiling point of 424 00:13:11,890 --> 00:13:11,900 the ethyl alcohol the boiling point of 425 00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:15,550 the ethyl alcohol the boiling point of ethyl alcohol it reaches to 760 that is 426 00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:15,560 ethyl alcohol it reaches to 760 that is 427 00:13:15,560 --> 00:13:18,760 ethyl alcohol it reaches to 760 that is about 80 degree centigrade little less 428 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:18,770 about 80 degree centigrade little less 429 00:13:18,770 --> 00:13:22,630 about 80 degree centigrade little less than 1879 now if you look at the boiling 430 00:13:22,630 --> 00:13:22,640 than 1879 now if you look at the boiling 431 00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:25,960 than 1879 now if you look at the boiling point of diethyl ether and you go down 432 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:25,970 point of diethyl ether and you go down 433 00:13:25,970 --> 00:13:28,030 point of diethyl ether and you go down over here it is below 40 degrees 434 00:13:28,030 --> 00:13:28,040 over here it is below 40 degrees 435 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:31,450 over here it is below 40 degrees centigrade the boiling point but if you 436 00:13:31,450 --> 00:13:31,460 centigrade the boiling point but if you 437 00:13:31,460 --> 00:13:33,190 centigrade the boiling point but if you have ethylene glycol that's probably 438 00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:33,200 have ethylene glycol that's probably 439 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:44,710 have ethylene glycol that's probably much higher there again now what all of 440 00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:44,720 much higher there again now what all of 441 00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:49,690 much higher there again now what all of these means if you simply compare the 442 00:13:49,690 --> 00:13:49,700 these means if you simply compare the 443 00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:52,780 these means if you simply compare the intermolecular forces what we said about 444 00:13:52,780 --> 00:13:52,790 intermolecular forces what we said about 445 00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:55,240 intermolecular forces what we said about the temperature dependence of the vapor 446 00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:55,250 the temperature dependence of the vapor 447 00:13:55,250 --> 00:13:59,970 the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure can you tell me which one has 448 00:13:59,970 --> 00:13:59,980 pressure can you tell me which one has 449 00:13:59,980 --> 00:14:02,440 pressure can you tell me which one has strongest among these three for example 450 00:14:02,440 --> 00:14:02,450 strongest among these three for example 451 00:14:02,450 --> 00:14:04,270 strongest among these three for example which one has the strongest 452 00:14:04,270 --> 00:14:04,280 which one has the strongest 453 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:10,870 which one has the strongest intermolecular attraction forces diethyl 454 00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:10,880 intermolecular attraction forces diethyl 455 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:16,330 intermolecular attraction forces diethyl ether or water water right why because 456 00:14:16,330 --> 00:14:16,340 ether or water water right why because 457 00:14:16,340 --> 00:14:19,750 ether or water water right why because we said if the intermolecular forces are 458 00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:19,760 we said if the intermolecular forces are 459 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:23,650 we said if the intermolecular forces are stronger the vapor pressure is lower and 460 00:14:23,650 --> 00:14:23,660 stronger the vapor pressure is lower and 461 00:14:23,660 --> 00:14:26,770 stronger the vapor pressure is lower and that simply means that it will reach 200 462 00:14:26,770 --> 00:14:26,780 that simply means that it will reach 200 463 00:14:26,780 --> 00:14:29,260 that simply means that it will reach 200 degrees which is the boiling point here 464 00:14:29,260 --> 00:14:29,270 degrees which is the boiling point here 465 00:14:29,270 --> 00:14:32,650 degrees which is the boiling point here at higher temperature so the water 466 00:14:32,650 --> 00:14:32,660 at higher temperature so the water 467 00:14:32,660 --> 00:14:36,270 at higher temperature so the water actually has stronger intermolecular 468 00:14:36,270 --> 00:14:36,280 actually has stronger intermolecular 469 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:41,080 actually has stronger intermolecular forces than ethyl alcohol and also 470 00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:41,090 forces than ethyl alcohol and also 471 00:14:41,090 --> 00:14:43,650 forces than ethyl alcohol and also diethyl ether in case of diethyl ether 472 00:14:43,650 --> 00:14:43,660 diethyl ether in case of diethyl ether 473 00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:47,440 diethyl ether in case of diethyl ether no almost the weakest intermolecular 474 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:47,450 no almost the weakest intermolecular 475 00:14:47,450 --> 00:14:50,350 no almost the weakest intermolecular forces now do you remember again what is 476 00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:50,360 forces now do you remember again what is 477 00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:53,850 forces now do you remember again what is the main intermolecular forces in water 478 00:14:53,850 --> 00:14:53,860 the main intermolecular forces in water 479 00:14:53,860 --> 00:14:58,300 the main intermolecular forces in water what kind of hydrogen bonding that is 480 00:14:58,300 --> 00:14:58,310 what kind of hydrogen bonding that is 481 00:14:58,310 --> 00:15:00,730 what kind of hydrogen bonding that is the dominant actually we know that the 482 00:15:00,730 --> 00:15:00,740 the dominant actually we know that the 483 00:15:00,740 --> 00:15:03,250 the dominant actually we know that the dipole-dipole are also present there 484 00:15:03,250 --> 00:15:03,260 dipole-dipole are also present there 485 00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:05,110 dipole-dipole are also present there we know the London forces are also 486 00:15:05,110 --> 00:15:05,120 we know the London forces are also 487 00:15:05,120 --> 00:15:07,050 we know the London forces are also present there but the dominant 488 00:15:07,050 --> 00:15:07,060 present there but the dominant 489 00:15:07,060 --> 00:15:09,670 present there but the dominant intermolecular force remember hydrogen 490 00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:09,680 intermolecular force remember hydrogen 491 00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:11,770 intermolecular force remember hydrogen bonding is much stronger than the other 492 00:15:11,770 --> 00:15:11,780 bonding is much stronger than the other 493 00:15:11,780 --> 00:15:14,290 bonding is much stronger than the other two so the hydrogen bonding is 494 00:15:14,290 --> 00:15:14,300 two so the hydrogen bonding is 495 00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,470 two so the hydrogen bonding is in water now in fo alcohol do we have 496 00:15:17,470 --> 00:15:17,480 in water now in fo alcohol do we have 497 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:19,920 in water now in fo alcohol do we have hydrogen bond in there too 498 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:19,930 hydrogen bond in there too 499 00:15:19,930 --> 00:15:22,660 hydrogen bond in there too yes we also have hydrogen bond in there 500 00:15:22,660 --> 00:15:22,670 yes we also have hydrogen bond in there 501 00:15:22,670 --> 00:15:25,600 yes we also have hydrogen bond in there because we have hydroxide o H group 502 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:25,610 because we have hydroxide o H group 503 00:15:25,610 --> 00:15:27,490 because we have hydroxide o H group there which have the hydrogen bonded to 504 00:15:27,490 --> 00:15:27,500 there which have the hydrogen bonded to 505 00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:29,650 there which have the hydrogen bonded to the oxygen and lone pair electrons on 506 00:15:29,650 --> 00:15:29,660 the oxygen and lone pair electrons on 507 00:15:29,660 --> 00:15:30,280 the oxygen and lone pair electrons on the oxygen 508 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:30,290 the oxygen 509 00:15:30,290 --> 00:15:32,740 the oxygen but again the hydrogen bonding 510 00:15:32,740 --> 00:15:32,750 but again the hydrogen bonding 511 00:15:32,750 --> 00:15:34,810 but again the hydrogen bonding capability between two ethyl molecules 512 00:15:34,810 --> 00:15:34,820 capability between two ethyl molecules 513 00:15:34,820 --> 00:15:36,790 capability between two ethyl molecules is less than the hydrogen bonding 514 00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:36,800 is less than the hydrogen bonding 515 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:38,590 is less than the hydrogen bonding capability between two water molecules 516 00:15:38,590 --> 00:15:38,600 capability between two water molecules 517 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,050 capability between two water molecules water molecules may make more hydrogen 518 00:15:41,050 --> 00:15:41,060 water molecules may make more hydrogen 519 00:15:41,060 --> 00:15:45,160 water molecules may make more hydrogen bonding again now in diethyl ether we 520 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:45,170 bonding again now in diethyl ether we 521 00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:47,830 bonding again now in diethyl ether we have oxygen we have two methyl groups 522 00:15:47,830 --> 00:15:47,840 have oxygen we have two methyl groups 523 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:53,020 have oxygen we have two methyl groups bonded to ethyl groups to the oxygen but 524 00:15:53,020 --> 00:15:53,030 bonded to ethyl groups to the oxygen but 525 00:15:53,030 --> 00:15:55,630 bonded to ethyl groups to the oxygen but there is no hydrogen bonded so in that 526 00:15:55,630 --> 00:15:55,640 there is no hydrogen bonded so in that 527 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:58,360 there is no hydrogen bonded so in that case only dipole-dipole and London 528 00:15:58,360 --> 00:15:58,370 case only dipole-dipole and London 529 00:15:58,370 --> 00:16:02,410 case only dipole-dipole and London forces are applicable for diantha ether 530 00:16:02,410 --> 00:16:02,420 forces are applicable for diantha ether 531 00:16:02,420 --> 00:16:05,680 forces are applicable for diantha ether and it has the lowest vapor pressure at 532 00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:05,690 and it has the lowest vapor pressure at 533 00:16:05,690 --> 00:16:08,080 and it has the lowest vapor pressure at a given temperature and it has no 534 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:08,090 a given temperature and it has no 535 00:16:08,090 --> 00:16:09,550 a given temperature and it has no highest vapor pressure at a given 536 00:16:09,550 --> 00:16:09,560 highest vapor pressure at a given 537 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:11,470 highest vapor pressure at a given temperature and it has the lowest 538 00:16:11,470 --> 00:16:11,480 temperature and it has the lowest 539 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:15,670 temperature and it has the lowest boiling point so again we can summarize 540 00:16:15,670 --> 00:16:15,680 boiling point so again we can summarize 541 00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:19,690 boiling point so again we can summarize it as follow the stronger the 542 00:16:19,690 --> 00:16:19,700 it as follow the stronger the 543 00:16:19,700 --> 00:16:21,760 it as follow the stronger the intermolecular attraction between the 544 00:16:21,760 --> 00:16:21,770 intermolecular attraction between the 545 00:16:21,770 --> 00:16:25,530 intermolecular attraction between the molecules of a liquid higher will be the 546 00:16:25,530 --> 00:16:25,540 molecules of a liquid higher will be the 547 00:16:25,540 --> 00:16:28,570 molecules of a liquid higher will be the boiling point right the high level 548 00:16:28,570 --> 00:16:28,580 boiling point right the high level 549 00:16:28,580 --> 00:16:29,890 boiling point right the high level higher will be the boiling point 550 00:16:29,890 --> 00:16:29,900 higher will be the boiling point 551 00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:31,750 higher will be the boiling point temperature and how about the vapor 552 00:16:31,750 --> 00:16:31,760 temperature and how about the vapor 553 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:33,490 temperature and how about the vapor pressure the vapor pressure will be 554 00:16:33,490 --> 00:16:33,500 pressure the vapor pressure will be 555 00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:34,360 pressure the vapor pressure will be lower 556 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:34,370 lower 557 00:16:34,370 --> 00:16:36,700 lower just the opposite thing right just the 558 00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:36,710 just the opposite thing right just the 559 00:16:36,710 --> 00:16:39,120 just the opposite thing right just the opposite 560 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:39,130 561 00:16:39,130 --> 00:16:44,200 okay now this is again an equation which 562 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:44,210 okay now this is again an equation which 563 00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:47,200 okay now this is again an equation which relates the vapor pressure of the liquid 564 00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:47,210 relates the vapor pressure of the liquid 565 00:16:47,210 --> 00:16:51,280 relates the vapor pressure of the liquid to temperature and Delta H vaporizations 566 00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:51,290 to temperature and Delta H vaporizations 567 00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:54,240 to temperature and Delta H vaporizations of that liquid and it is called phases 568 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:54,250 of that liquid and it is called phases 569 00:16:54,250 --> 00:16:58,990 of that liquid and it is called phases clapeyron equations as we see here now 570 00:16:58,990 --> 00:16:59,000 clapeyron equations as we see here now 571 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,120 clapeyron equations as we see here now this p is the vapor pressure of the 572 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:01,130 this p is the vapor pressure of the 573 00:17:01,130 --> 00:17:03,850 this p is the vapor pressure of the liquid logarithm natural logarithm of 574 00:17:03,850 --> 00:17:03,860 liquid logarithm natural logarithm of 575 00:17:03,860 --> 00:17:07,230 liquid logarithm natural logarithm of the vapor pressure now this is the 576 00:17:07,230 --> 00:17:07,240 the vapor pressure now this is the 577 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:11,740 the vapor pressure now this is the enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid 578 00:17:11,740 --> 00:17:11,750 enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid 579 00:17:11,750 --> 00:17:15,400 enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid again and T is the temperature or gas 580 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:15,410 again and T is the temperature or gas 581 00:17:15,410 --> 00:17:18,460 again and T is the temperature or gas constant this is constant and by simply 582 00:17:18,460 --> 00:17:18,470 constant this is constant and by simply 583 00:17:18,470 --> 00:17:22,590 constant this is constant and by simply using this equation we can generate 584 00:17:22,590 --> 00:17:22,600 using this equation we can generate 585 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:26,500 using this equation we can generate actually this equation which is more 586 00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:26,510 actually this equation which is more 587 00:17:26,510 --> 00:17:27,850 actually this equation which is more useful let me 588 00:17:27,850 --> 00:17:27,860 useful let me 589 00:17:27,860 --> 00:17:39,539 useful let me write it down low grating p2 over p1 590 00:17:39,539 --> 00:17:39,549 write it down low grating p2 over p1 591 00:17:39,549 --> 00:17:43,779 write it down low grating p2 over p1 vapor pressure of liquid 1 and liquid 2 592 00:17:43,779 --> 00:17:43,789 vapor pressure of liquid 1 and liquid 2 593 00:17:43,789 --> 00:17:49,799 vapor pressure of liquid 1 and liquid 2 is equal to minus Delta H vapor pressure 594 00:17:49,799 --> 00:17:49,809 is equal to minus Delta H vapor pressure 595 00:17:49,809 --> 00:17:56,220 is equal to minus Delta H vapor pressure divided by R and over here 1 over t2 596 00:17:56,220 --> 00:17:56,230 divided by R and over here 1 over t2 597 00:17:56,230 --> 00:18:01,629 divided by R and over here 1 over t2 minus 1 over T 1 ok so this simply 598 00:18:01,629 --> 00:18:01,639 minus 1 over T 1 ok so this simply 599 00:18:01,639 --> 00:18:04,389 minus 1 over T 1 ok so this simply allows us to calculate the vapor 600 00:18:04,389 --> 00:18:04,399 allows us to calculate the vapor 601 00:18:04,399 --> 00:18:08,680 allows us to calculate the vapor pressure of a liquid provided that we 602 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:08,690 pressure of a liquid provided that we 603 00:18:08,690 --> 00:18:10,659 pressure of a liquid provided that we know the vapor pressure at a given 604 00:18:10,659 --> 00:18:10,669 know the vapor pressure at a given 605 00:18:10,669 --> 00:18:12,759 know the vapor pressure at a given temperature and also Delta H 606 00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:12,769 temperature and also Delta H 607 00:18:12,769 --> 00:18:15,340 temperature and also Delta H vaporization Delta H vaporization we can 608 00:18:15,340 --> 00:18:15,350 vaporization Delta H vaporization we can 609 00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:17,710 vaporization Delta H vaporization we can put the values let's say P 1 Delta H 610 00:18:17,710 --> 00:18:17,720 put the values let's say P 1 Delta H 611 00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:21,759 put the values let's say P 1 Delta H vaporization x' and t2 then we put the 612 00:18:21,759 --> 00:18:21,769 vaporization x' and t2 then we put the 613 00:18:21,769 --> 00:18:24,879 vaporization x' and t2 then we put the t1 find the pp ones or so on in other 614 00:18:24,879 --> 00:18:24,889 t1 find the pp ones or so on in other 615 00:18:24,889 --> 00:18:26,860 t1 find the pp ones or so on in other words this allows the thing as I said as 616 00:18:26,860 --> 00:18:26,870 words this allows the thing as I said as 617 00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:33,279 words this allows the thing as I said as I told you to calculate the vapor 618 00:18:33,279 --> 00:18:33,289 I told you to calculate the vapor 619 00:18:33,289 --> 00:18:36,730 I told you to calculate the vapor pressure of a liquid at any given 620 00:18:36,730 --> 00:18:36,740 pressure of a liquid at any given 621 00:18:36,740 --> 00:18:39,879 pressure of a liquid at any given temperature provided that we know the 622 00:18:39,879 --> 00:18:39,889 temperature provided that we know the 623 00:18:39,889 --> 00:18:42,750 temperature provided that we know the enthalpy of vaporization of that liquid 624 00:18:42,750 --> 00:18:42,760 enthalpy of vaporization of that liquid 625 00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:47,320 enthalpy of vaporization of that liquid for example if I ask you this let me 626 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:47,330 for example if I ask you this let me 627 00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:54,190 for example if I ask you this let me what is the what is the vapor pressure 628 00:18:54,190 --> 00:18:54,200 what is the what is the vapor pressure 629 00:18:54,200 --> 00:19:13,180 what is the what is the vapor pressure of water at 65 degrees centigrade all 630 00:19:13,180 --> 00:19:13,190 of water at 65 degrees centigrade all 631 00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:17,110 of water at 65 degrees centigrade all right now can we calculate it and Delta 632 00:19:17,110 --> 00:19:17,120 right now can we calculate it and Delta 633 00:19:17,120 --> 00:19:23,519 right now can we calculate it and Delta H vaporization is let's say it is given 634 00:19:23,519 --> 00:19:23,529 H vaporization is let's say it is given 635 00:19:23,529 --> 00:19:28,779 H vaporization is let's say it is given this is about 47 kilojoules I'm not sure 636 00:19:28,779 --> 00:19:28,789 this is about 47 kilojoules I'm not sure 637 00:19:28,789 --> 00:19:32,289 this is about 47 kilojoules I'm not sure about kilojoules per mole I'd say for 638 00:19:32,289 --> 00:19:32,299 about kilojoules per mole I'd say for 639 00:19:32,299 --> 00:19:35,980 about kilojoules per mole I'd say for water I can't remember the summer about 640 00:19:35,980 --> 00:19:35,990 water I can't remember the summer about 641 00:19:35,990 --> 00:19:39,879 water I can't remember the summer about there I like that now can we calculate 642 00:19:39,879 --> 00:19:39,889 there I like that now can we calculate 643 00:19:39,889 --> 00:19:42,490 there I like that now can we calculate the vapor pressure of 644 00:19:42,490 --> 00:19:42,500 the vapor pressure of 645 00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:49,570 the vapor pressure of water at 65 degrees centigrade by using 646 00:19:49,570 --> 00:19:49,580 water at 65 degrees centigrade by using 647 00:19:49,580 --> 00:19:56,050 water at 65 degrees centigrade by using this equation okay let let's see now 648 00:19:56,050 --> 00:19:56,060 this equation okay let let's see now 649 00:19:56,060 --> 00:19:59,100 this equation okay let let's see now tell me then let's assume that 650 00:19:59,100 --> 00:19:59,110 tell me then let's assume that 651 00:19:59,110 --> 00:20:04,090 tell me then let's assume that temperature t1 is less than temperature 652 00:20:04,090 --> 00:20:04,100 temperature t1 is less than temperature 653 00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:13,330 temperature t1 is less than temperature t2 and let's call the temperature t1 is 654 00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:13,340 t2 and let's call the temperature t1 is 655 00:20:13,340 --> 00:20:19,480 t2 and let's call the temperature t1 is equal to 65 degrees centigrade now p1 is 656 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:19,490 equal to 65 degrees centigrade now p1 is 657 00:20:19,490 --> 00:20:22,720 equal to 65 degrees centigrade now p1 is we don't know that's what we count we're 658 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:22,730 we don't know that's what we count we're 659 00:20:22,730 --> 00:20:29,050 we don't know that's what we count we're supposed to calculate then what we need 660 00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:29,060 supposed to calculate then what we need 661 00:20:29,060 --> 00:20:35,200 supposed to calculate then what we need here T 2 and P 2 corresponding to this 662 00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:35,210 here T 2 and P 2 corresponding to this 663 00:20:35,210 --> 00:20:36,640 here T 2 and P 2 corresponding to this back actually the vapor pressure of 664 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:36,650 back actually the vapor pressure of 665 00:20:36,650 --> 00:20:41,770 back actually the vapor pressure of water at t2 and whatever that Peters do 666 00:20:41,770 --> 00:20:41,780 water at t2 and whatever that Peters do 667 00:20:41,780 --> 00:20:45,850 water at t2 and whatever that Peters do we know these t2 n p2 for water for 668 00:20:45,850 --> 00:20:45,860 we know these t2 n p2 for water for 669 00:20:45,860 --> 00:20:56,040 we know these t2 n p2 for water for example peep yes exactly 670 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:56,050 671 00:20:56,050 --> 00:20:59,170 760 or one atmosphere that's that's it 672 00:20:59,170 --> 00:20:59,180 760 or one atmosphere that's that's it 673 00:20:59,180 --> 00:21:02,170 760 or one atmosphere that's that's it that's it so if you just simply put the 674 00:21:02,170 --> 00:21:02,180 that's it so if you just simply put the 675 00:21:02,180 --> 00:21:05,140 that's it so if you just simply put the values here t2 in this case let's say 676 00:21:05,140 --> 00:21:05,150 values here t2 in this case let's say 677 00:21:05,150 --> 00:21:07,990 values here t2 in this case let's say that 100 degree centigrade but it has to 678 00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:08,000 that 100 degree centigrade but it has to 679 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:12,070 that 100 degree centigrade but it has to be simply put in Calvin these you have 680 00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:12,080 be simply put in Calvin these you have 681 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,650 be simply put in Calvin these you have to be put in Kelvin remember have to put 682 00:21:14,650 --> 00:21:14,660 to be put in Kelvin remember have to put 683 00:21:14,660 --> 00:21:17,760 to be put in Kelvin remember have to put in Kelvin so this is going to be 373 684 00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:17,770 in Kelvin so this is going to be 373 685 00:21:17,770 --> 00:21:24,270 in Kelvin so this is going to be 373 Kelvin like this t2 and p2 is 760 686 00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:24,280 Kelvin like this t2 and p2 is 760 687 00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:29,890 Kelvin like this t2 and p2 is 760 millimeter 1 atmosphere 760 millimeter 688 00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:29,900 millimeter 1 atmosphere 760 millimeter 689 00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,670 millimeter 1 atmosphere 760 millimeter mercury or one atmosphere now if I put 690 00:21:33,670 --> 00:21:33,680 mercury or one atmosphere now if I put 691 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:36,100 mercury or one atmosphere now if I put these values I know the Delta H 692 00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:36,110 these values I know the Delta H 693 00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:39,700 these values I know the Delta H vaporization and I know simply the t2 694 00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:39,710 vaporization and I know simply the t2 695 00:21:39,710 --> 00:21:41,950 vaporization and I know simply the t2 value 100 degrees I know the vapor 696 00:21:41,950 --> 00:21:41,960 value 100 degrees I know the vapor 697 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:45,220 value 100 degrees I know the vapor pressure at that temperature and I can 698 00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:45,230 pressure at that temperature and I can 699 00:21:45,230 --> 00:21:49,470 pressure at that temperature and I can put the T 165 calculated p1 clear 700 00:21:49,470 --> 00:21:49,480 put the T 165 calculated p1 clear 701 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:52,180 put the T 165 calculated p1 clear actually the question is we can just ask 702 00:21:52,180 --> 00:21:52,190 actually the question is we can just ask 703 00:21:52,190 --> 00:21:54,730 actually the question is we can just ask you given this value here we 704 00:21:54,730 --> 00:21:54,740 you given this value here we 705 00:21:54,740 --> 00:21:56,470 you given this value here we to calculate the vapor pressure of water 706 00:21:56,470 --> 00:21:56,480 to calculate the vapor pressure of water 707 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:58,780 to calculate the vapor pressure of water at that temperature or any liquid 708 00:21:58,780 --> 00:21:58,790 at that temperature or any liquid 709 00:21:58,790 --> 00:22:01,720 at that temperature or any liquid actually right and indicate so remember 710 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:01,730 actually right and indicate so remember 711 00:22:01,730 --> 00:22:05,530 actually right and indicate so remember you always have this that means if you 712 00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:05,540 you always have this that means if you 713 00:22:05,540 --> 00:22:08,410 you always have this that means if you know the boiling point of that liquid 714 00:22:08,410 --> 00:22:08,420 know the boiling point of that liquid 715 00:22:08,420 --> 00:22:11,110 know the boiling point of that liquid you know that the vapor pressure at that 716 00:22:11,110 --> 00:22:11,120 you know that the vapor pressure at that 717 00:22:11,120 --> 00:22:15,130 you know that the vapor pressure at that temperature is also 760 millimeters 718 00:22:15,130 --> 00:22:15,140 temperature is also 760 millimeters 719 00:22:15,140 --> 00:22:18,220 temperature is also 760 millimeters mercury or one atmosphere so using that 720 00:22:18,220 --> 00:22:18,230 mercury or one atmosphere so using that 721 00:22:18,230 --> 00:22:20,470 mercury or one atmosphere so using that information you can put the values and 722 00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:20,480 information you can put the values and 723 00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:24,400 information you can put the values and calculate in fact the the vapor pressure 724 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:24,410 calculate in fact the the vapor pressure 725 00:22:24,410 --> 00:22:27,460 calculate in fact the the vapor pressure in this case water at 65 degree 726 00:22:27,460 --> 00:22:27,470 in this case water at 65 degree 727 00:22:27,470 --> 00:22:30,930 in this case water at 65 degree centigrade clear so we can we can simply 728 00:22:30,930 --> 00:22:30,940 centigrade clear so we can we can simply 729 00:22:30,940 --> 00:22:34,150 centigrade clear so we can we can simply use the crisis clapeyron equation to 730 00:22:34,150 --> 00:22:34,160 use the crisis clapeyron equation to 731 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:51,610 use the crisis clapeyron equation to solve problems like this ok now phase 732 00:22:51,610 --> 00:22:51,620 solve problems like this ok now phase 733 00:22:51,620 --> 00:22:55,890 solve problems like this ok now phase diagrams are also important for 734 00:22:55,890 --> 00:22:55,900 diagrams are also important for 735 00:22:55,900 --> 00:23:03,070 diagrams are also important for substances and it simply tells us or 736 00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:03,080 substances and it simply tells us or 737 00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:07,870 substances and it simply tells us or shows the relationship between the 738 00:23:07,870 --> 00:23:07,880 shows the relationship between the 739 00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:11,620 shows the relationship between the pressure temperature and the state of 740 00:23:11,620 --> 00:23:11,630 pressure temperature and the state of 741 00:23:11,630 --> 00:23:15,730 pressure temperature and the state of matter right pressure temperature and 742 00:23:15,730 --> 00:23:15,740 matter right pressure temperature and 743 00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:17,950 matter right pressure temperature and the state of matter that means if 744 00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:17,960 the state of matter that means if 745 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:21,370 the state of matter that means if somebody says what is the state of this 746 00:23:21,370 --> 00:23:21,380 somebody says what is the state of this 747 00:23:21,380 --> 00:23:24,130 somebody says what is the state of this compound at this temperature and this 748 00:23:24,130 --> 00:23:24,140 compound at this temperature and this 749 00:23:24,140 --> 00:23:28,660 compound at this temperature and this pressure you need to look at the phase 750 00:23:28,660 --> 00:23:28,670 pressure you need to look at the phase 751 00:23:28,670 --> 00:23:31,480 pressure you need to look at the phase diagram of that compound of that 752 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:31,490 diagram of that compound of that 753 00:23:31,490 --> 00:23:33,220 diagram of that compound of that substance if you have a phase diagram of 754 00:23:33,220 --> 00:23:33,230 substance if you have a phase diagram of 755 00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:35,650 substance if you have a phase diagram of that substance then you can simply find 756 00:23:35,650 --> 00:23:35,660 that substance then you can simply find 757 00:23:35,660 --> 00:23:38,320 that substance then you can simply find out at a given temperature and given 758 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:38,330 out at a given temperature and given 759 00:23:38,330 --> 00:23:40,810 out at a given temperature and given pressure what will be the state would be 760 00:23:40,810 --> 00:23:40,820 pressure what will be the state would be 761 00:23:40,820 --> 00:23:44,470 pressure what will be the state would be solid will it be liquid with be gas or 762 00:23:44,470 --> 00:23:44,480 solid will it be liquid with be gas or 763 00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:48,100 solid will it be liquid with be gas or it may be actually the equilibrium 764 00:23:48,100 --> 00:23:48,110 it may be actually the equilibrium 765 00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:50,380 it may be actually the equilibrium between those states right between 766 00:23:50,380 --> 00:23:50,390 between those states right between 767 00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:53,260 between those states right between liquid and gas and between solids and 768 00:23:53,260 --> 00:23:53,270 liquid and gas and between solids and 769 00:23:53,270 --> 00:23:57,190 liquid and gas and between solids and the liquid and solid and the gas and so 770 00:23:57,190 --> 00:23:57,200 the liquid and solid and the gas and so 771 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,600 the liquid and solid and the gas and so on this is actually a phase diagram 772 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:01,610 on this is actually a phase diagram 773 00:24:01,610 --> 00:24:06,310 on this is actually a phase diagram again for a compound doesn't tell us 774 00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:06,320 again for a compound doesn't tell us 775 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:07,700 again for a compound doesn't tell us exactly 776 00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:07,710 exactly 777 00:24:07,710 --> 00:24:09,740 exactly the compound is what what the substance 778 00:24:09,740 --> 00:24:09,750 the compound is what what the substance 779 00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:12,530 the compound is what what the substance is again but it says let's read it again 780 00:24:12,530 --> 00:24:12,540 is again but it says let's read it again 781 00:24:12,540 --> 00:24:14,900 is again but it says let's read it again here a phase diagram is a graph of 782 00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:14,910 here a phase diagram is a graph of 783 00:24:14,910 --> 00:24:16,760 here a phase diagram is a graph of pressure versus temperature for a 784 00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:16,770 pressure versus temperature for a 785 00:24:16,770 --> 00:24:20,750 pressure versus temperature for a substance it shows Mountain boiling and 786 00:24:20,750 --> 00:24:20,760 substance it shows Mountain boiling and 787 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:23,060 substance it shows Mountain boiling and sublimation points at different 788 00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:23,070 sublimation points at different 789 00:24:23,070 --> 00:24:26,030 sublimation points at different pressures the triple point and critical 790 00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:26,040 pressures the triple point and critical 791 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:31,210 pressures the triple point and critical point also right now let's look at this 792 00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:31,220 point also right now let's look at this 793 00:24:31,220 --> 00:24:34,940 point also right now let's look at this figure here now in a phase diagram 794 00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:34,950 figure here now in a phase diagram 795 00:24:34,950 --> 00:24:40,700 figure here now in a phase diagram we actually have lines like this and we 796 00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:40,710 we actually have lines like this and we 797 00:24:40,710 --> 00:24:45,100 we actually have lines like this and we also have the areas and we also have the 798 00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:45,110 also have the areas and we also have the 799 00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:47,390 also have the areas and we also have the intersections of these three lines here 800 00:24:47,390 --> 00:24:47,400 intersections of these three lines here 801 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,360 intersections of these three lines here there's only one point like that right 802 00:24:50,360 --> 00:24:50,370 there's only one point like that right 803 00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:55,640 there's only one point like that right now the simply area shows the single 804 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:55,650 now the simply area shows the single 805 00:24:55,650 --> 00:24:57,200 now the simply area shows the single state of the substance 806 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:57,210 state of the substance 807 00:24:57,210 --> 00:25:01,640 state of the substance for example this part here is the solid 808 00:25:01,640 --> 00:25:01,650 for example this part here is the solid 809 00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:03,650 for example this part here is the solid state for this substance this is the 810 00:25:03,650 --> 00:25:03,660 state for this substance this is the 811 00:25:03,660 --> 00:25:05,450 state for this substance this is the liquid state this is the gaseous state 812 00:25:05,450 --> 00:25:05,460 liquid state this is the gaseous state 813 00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:07,850 liquid state this is the gaseous state what does that means that means is this 814 00:25:07,850 --> 00:25:07,860 what does that means that means is this 815 00:25:07,860 --> 00:25:10,820 what does that means that means is this for example if you just take this point 816 00:25:10,820 --> 00:25:10,830 for example if you just take this point 817 00:25:10,830 --> 00:25:13,970 for example if you just take this point and come down over here find the 818 00:25:13,970 --> 00:25:13,980 and come down over here find the 819 00:25:13,980 --> 00:25:15,830 and come down over here find the temperature and count down the pressure 820 00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:15,840 temperature and count down the pressure 821 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:18,110 temperature and count down the pressure here that simply means that at this 822 00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:18,120 here that simply means that at this 823 00:25:18,120 --> 00:25:20,650 here that simply means that at this pressure and this temperature that 824 00:25:20,650 --> 00:25:20,660 pressure and this temperature that 825 00:25:20,660 --> 00:25:23,960 pressure and this temperature that substance will only be in the solid 826 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:23,970 substance will only be in the solid 827 00:25:23,970 --> 00:25:28,640 substance will only be in the solid state that's it right or for example if 828 00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:28,650 state that's it right or for example if 829 00:25:28,650 --> 00:25:30,790 state that's it right or for example if you pick up a point here take the 830 00:25:30,790 --> 00:25:30,800 you pick up a point here take the 831 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:32,930 you pick up a point here take the pressure of this point and the 832 00:25:32,930 --> 00:25:32,940 pressure of this point and the 833 00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:35,030 pressure of this point and the temperature and at that temperature and 834 00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:35,040 temperature and at that temperature and 835 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:37,370 temperature and at that temperature and pressure that means that the substance 836 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:37,380 pressure that means that the substance 837 00:25:37,380 --> 00:25:41,000 pressure that means that the substance will only be found in liquid and the 838 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:41,010 will only be found in liquid and the 839 00:25:41,010 --> 00:25:43,190 will only be found in liquid and the same thing is true for the solids so 840 00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:43,200 same thing is true for the solids so 841 00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:47,750 same thing is true for the solids so liquid solid gas excuse me gaseous phase 842 00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:47,760 liquid solid gas excuse me gaseous phase 843 00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:51,560 liquid solid gas excuse me gaseous phase over here now how about the point on the 844 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:51,570 over here now how about the point on the 845 00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:55,220 over here now how about the point on the lines for example the line which 846 00:25:55,220 --> 00:25:55,230 lines for example the line which 847 00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,440 lines for example the line which separates the liquid and a gas if you 848 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:57,450 separates the liquid and a gas if you 849 00:25:57,450 --> 00:26:00,020 separates the liquid and a gas if you just take this point here for example 850 00:26:00,020 --> 00:26:00,030 just take this point here for example 851 00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:03,080 just take this point here for example and take the pressure and the 852 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:03,090 and take the pressure and the 853 00:26:03,090 --> 00:26:06,100 and take the pressure and the temperature this pressure actually 854 00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:06,110 temperature this pressure actually 855 00:26:06,110 --> 00:26:08,270 temperature this pressure actually corresponds to the vapor pressure of 856 00:26:08,270 --> 00:26:08,280 corresponds to the vapor pressure of 857 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:11,270 corresponds to the vapor pressure of this liquid at this temperature so as 858 00:26:11,270 --> 00:26:11,280 this liquid at this temperature so as 859 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:13,640 this liquid at this temperature so as the temperature increases you see the 860 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:13,650 the temperature increases you see the 861 00:26:13,650 --> 00:26:15,380 the temperature increases you see the pressure increases the vapor pressure 862 00:26:15,380 --> 00:26:15,390 pressure increases the vapor pressure 863 00:26:15,390 --> 00:26:17,780 pressure increases the vapor pressure increases or if you take a point over 864 00:26:17,780 --> 00:26:17,790 increases or if you take a point over 865 00:26:17,790 --> 00:26:20,440 increases or if you take a point over here and that point here 866 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:20,450 here and that point here 867 00:26:20,450 --> 00:26:25,480 here and that point here chili represents the equilibrium between 868 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:25,490 chili represents the equilibrium between 869 00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:28,300 chili represents the equilibrium between the solid and liquid take that 870 00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:28,310 the solid and liquid take that 871 00:26:28,310 --> 00:26:30,400 the solid and liquid take that temperature and come down over here any 872 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:30,410 temperature and come down over here any 873 00:26:30,410 --> 00:26:32,290 temperature and come down over here any point here is the equilibrium between 874 00:26:32,290 --> 00:26:32,300 point here is the equilibrium between 875 00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:34,780 point here is the equilibrium between solid and liquid any points here on this 876 00:26:34,780 --> 00:26:34,790 solid and liquid any points here on this 877 00:26:34,790 --> 00:26:36,790 solid and liquid any points here on this line equilibrium between liquid and the 878 00:26:36,790 --> 00:26:36,800 line equilibrium between liquid and the 879 00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:40,360 line equilibrium between liquid and the gas here any point between the solid and 880 00:26:40,360 --> 00:26:40,370 gas here any point between the solid and 881 00:26:40,370 --> 00:26:43,630 gas here any point between the solid and the gas and if you go from this state to 882 00:26:43,630 --> 00:26:43,640 the gas and if you go from this state to 883 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:46,090 the gas and if you go from this state to that this is depositions again right and 884 00:26:46,090 --> 00:26:46,100 that this is depositions again right and 885 00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:48,670 that this is depositions again right and this is this way is meltin this way is 886 00:26:48,670 --> 00:26:48,680 this is this way is meltin this way is 887 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:51,990 this is this way is meltin this way is freezing again phase changes this way is 888 00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:52,000 freezing again phase changes this way is 889 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:54,160 freezing again phase changes this way is vaporization condensation this is all 890 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:54,170 vaporization condensation this is all 891 00:26:54,170 --> 00:26:58,330 vaporization condensation this is all how about that that is the triple point 892 00:26:58,330 --> 00:26:58,340 how about that that is the triple point 893 00:26:58,340 --> 00:27:00,070 how about that that is the triple point what does that mean is that there's only 894 00:27:00,070 --> 00:27:00,080 what does that mean is that there's only 895 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,680 what does that mean is that there's only one point like that actually in every 896 00:27:02,680 --> 00:27:02,690 one point like that actually in every 897 00:27:02,690 --> 00:27:04,570 one point like that actually in every phase diagram and what does that mean 898 00:27:04,570 --> 00:27:04,580 phase diagram and what does that mean 899 00:27:04,580 --> 00:27:06,400 phase diagram and what does that mean that simply means at this temperature 900 00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:06,410 that simply means at this temperature 901 00:27:06,410 --> 00:27:08,410 that simply means at this temperature here if you take the temperature there 902 00:27:08,410 --> 00:27:08,420 here if you take the temperature there 903 00:27:08,420 --> 00:27:15,520 here if you take the temperature there and this pressure three phases are found 904 00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:15,530 and this pressure three phases are found 905 00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:18,460 and this pressure three phases are found in equilibrium with each other so you 906 00:27:18,460 --> 00:27:18,470 in equilibrium with each other so you 907 00:27:18,470 --> 00:27:21,460 in equilibrium with each other so you can have gas phase you can have the 908 00:27:21,460 --> 00:27:21,470 can have gas phase you can have the 909 00:27:21,470 --> 00:27:23,560 can have gas phase you can have the liquid phase and you can have the solid 910 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:23,570 liquid phase and you can have the solid 911 00:27:23,570 --> 00:27:26,020 liquid phase and you can have the solid phase all in a closed system equilibrium 912 00:27:26,020 --> 00:27:26,030 phase all in a closed system equilibrium 913 00:27:26,030 --> 00:27:28,810 phase all in a closed system equilibrium so as long as that temperature and 914 00:27:28,810 --> 00:27:28,820 so as long as that temperature and 915 00:27:28,820 --> 00:27:30,370 so as long as that temperature and pressure will never change that means 916 00:27:30,370 --> 00:27:30,380 pressure will never change that means 917 00:27:30,380 --> 00:27:33,430 pressure will never change that means that we will have the liquid gas and the 918 00:27:33,430 --> 00:27:33,440 that we will have the liquid gas and the 919 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:35,830 that we will have the liquid gas and the solid of that substance at that 920 00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:35,840 solid of that substance at that 921 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,310 solid of that substance at that temperature and pressure now how about 922 00:27:39,310 --> 00:27:39,320 temperature and pressure now how about 923 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,410 temperature and pressure now how about this point here this point is the 924 00:27:41,410 --> 00:27:41,420 this point here this point is the 925 00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:43,510 this point here this point is the critical point we have defined that 926 00:27:43,510 --> 00:27:43,520 critical point we have defined that 927 00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:45,910 critical point we have defined that again remember about this temperature 928 00:27:45,910 --> 00:27:45,920 again remember about this temperature 929 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:48,130 again remember about this temperature for example you will never be able to 930 00:27:48,130 --> 00:27:48,140 for example you will never be able to 931 00:27:48,140 --> 00:27:52,330 for example you will never be able to liquefy a gas and make it liquid and we 932 00:27:52,330 --> 00:27:52,340 liquefy a gas and make it liquid and we 933 00:27:52,340 --> 00:27:55,830 liquefy a gas and make it liquid and we will simply have the super critical food 934 00:27:55,830 --> 00:27:55,840 will simply have the super critical food 935 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,660 will simply have the super critical food properties over here and that is the 936 00:27:58,660 --> 00:27:58,670 properties over here and that is the 937 00:27:58,670 --> 00:28:04,750 properties over here and that is the critical temperature now this is the 938 00:28:04,750 --> 00:28:04,760 critical temperature now this is the 939 00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:06,910 critical temperature now this is the phase diagram of water a little bit off 940 00:28:06,910 --> 00:28:06,920 phase diagram of water a little bit off 941 00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:08,980 phase diagram of water a little bit off shape the ones that I get used to 942 00:28:08,980 --> 00:28:08,990 shape the ones that I get used to 943 00:28:08,990 --> 00:28:18,010 shape the ones that I get used to actually but you see again the critical 944 00:28:18,010 --> 00:28:18,020 actually but you see again the critical 945 00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:19,590 actually but you see again the critical temperature and the critical pressure 946 00:28:19,590 --> 00:28:19,600 temperature and the critical pressure 947 00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:23,710 temperature and the critical pressure for the water is pretty high right and 948 00:28:23,710 --> 00:28:23,720 for the water is pretty high right and 949 00:28:23,720 --> 00:28:26,620 for the water is pretty high right and why because very strong intermolecular 950 00:28:26,620 --> 00:28:26,630 why because very strong intermolecular 951 00:28:26,630 --> 00:28:28,450 why because very strong intermolecular forces which is the hydrogen bond in the 952 00:28:28,450 --> 00:28:28,460 forces which is the hydrogen bond in the 953 00:28:28,460 --> 00:28:30,970 forces which is the hydrogen bond in the liquid case but one point here and that 954 00:28:30,970 --> 00:28:30,980 liquid case but one point here and that 955 00:28:30,980 --> 00:28:33,670 liquid case but one point here and that is 956 00:28:33,670 --> 00:28:33,680 957 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:38,530 the line between the solid and the 958 00:28:38,530 --> 00:28:38,540 the line between the solid and the 959 00:28:38,540 --> 00:28:43,390 the line between the solid and the liquid this is more like not you know it 960 00:28:43,390 --> 00:28:43,400 liquid this is more like not you know it 961 00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:45,910 liquid this is more like not you know it is inclined in this direction sort of 962 00:28:45,910 --> 00:28:45,920 is inclined in this direction sort of 963 00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:49,600 is inclined in this direction sort of like rather than that actually I should 964 00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:49,610 like rather than that actually I should 965 00:28:49,610 --> 00:28:51,910 like rather than that actually I should probably show you a little bit 966 00:28:51,910 --> 00:28:51,920 probably show you a little bit 967 00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:54,940 probably show you a little bit exaggerated that and it is actually like 968 00:28:54,940 --> 00:28:54,950 exaggerated that and it is actually like 969 00:28:54,950 --> 00:28:58,930 exaggerated that and it is actually like this or the water more like that this is 970 00:28:58,930 --> 00:28:58,940 this or the water more like that this is 971 00:28:58,940 --> 00:29:03,190 this or the water more like that this is the solid this is the gas this is the 972 00:29:03,190 --> 00:29:03,200 the solid this is the gas this is the 973 00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:08,799 the solid this is the gas this is the liquids like this now usually usually 974 00:29:08,799 --> 00:29:08,809 liquids like this now usually usually 975 00:29:08,809 --> 00:29:10,870 liquids like this now usually usually this line that is the equilibrium 976 00:29:10,870 --> 00:29:10,880 this line that is the equilibrium 977 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:13,030 this line that is the equilibrium between the solid and the liquid is not 978 00:29:13,030 --> 00:29:13,040 between the solid and the liquid is not 979 00:29:13,040 --> 00:29:17,049 between the solid and the liquid is not in listening time not sort of this 980 00:29:17,049 --> 00:29:17,059 in listening time not sort of this 981 00:29:17,059 --> 00:29:19,810 in listening time not sort of this direction but rather than this direction 982 00:29:19,810 --> 00:29:19,820 direction but rather than this direction 983 00:29:19,820 --> 00:29:20,880 direction but rather than this direction like this 984 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:20,890 like this 985 00:29:20,890 --> 00:29:25,510 like this and the reason for that is hydrogen 986 00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:25,520 and the reason for that is hydrogen 987 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:31,740 and the reason for that is hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding and that 988 00:29:31,740 --> 00:29:31,750 bonding hydrogen bonding and that 989 00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:35,049 bonding hydrogen bonding and that actually has a lot of important results 990 00:29:35,049 --> 00:29:35,059 actually has a lot of important results 991 00:29:35,059 --> 00:29:40,690 actually has a lot of important results for example ice skating on the ice is 992 00:29:40,690 --> 00:29:40,700 for example ice skating on the ice is 993 00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:43,740 for example ice skating on the ice is only possible because that this line 994 00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:43,750 only possible because that this line 995 00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:46,540 only possible because that this line inclined in that direction rather than 996 00:29:46,540 --> 00:29:46,550 inclined in that direction rather than 997 00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:53,760 inclined in that direction rather than that way why let's try to explain that 998 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:53,770 that way why let's try to explain that 999 00:29:53,770 --> 00:29:56,710 that way why let's try to explain that now this is remember the temperature 1000 00:29:56,710 --> 00:29:56,720 now this is remember the temperature 1001 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:58,650 now this is remember the temperature temperature here this is the pressure 1002 00:29:58,650 --> 00:29:58,660 temperature here this is the pressure 1003 00:29:58,660 --> 00:30:00,730 temperature here this is the pressure increase in temperature increasing 1004 00:30:00,730 --> 00:30:00,740 increase in temperature increasing 1005 00:30:00,740 --> 00:30:04,470 increase in temperature increasing suppose that we are somewhere over here 1006 00:30:04,470 --> 00:30:04,480 suppose that we are somewhere over here 1007 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:09,310 suppose that we are somewhere over here or just like right there and there's 1008 00:30:09,310 --> 00:30:09,320 or just like right there and there's 1009 00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:12,060 or just like right there and there's temperature let's say this is minus 1010 00:30:12,060 --> 00:30:12,070 temperature let's say this is minus 1011 00:30:12,070 --> 00:30:15,460 temperature let's say this is minus let's say 10 degree centigrade like that 1012 00:30:15,460 --> 00:30:15,470 let's say 10 degree centigrade like that 1013 00:30:15,470 --> 00:30:20,200 let's say 10 degree centigrade like that and that pressure is about somewhere 1014 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:20,210 and that pressure is about somewhere 1015 00:30:20,210 --> 00:30:27,820 and that pressure is about somewhere about let's say 1 atmosphere okay like 1016 00:30:27,820 --> 00:30:27,830 about let's say 1 atmosphere okay like 1017 00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:31,090 about let's say 1 atmosphere okay like this now this part is simply at this 1018 00:30:31,090 --> 00:30:31,100 this now this part is simply at this 1019 00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:36,070 this now this part is simply at this point you have only ice and now you're 1020 00:30:36,070 --> 00:30:36,080 point you have only ice and now you're 1021 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:42,190 point you have only ice and now you're standing on ice with the ice-skaters ice 1022 00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:42,200 standing on ice with the ice-skaters ice 1023 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:44,169 standing on ice with the ice-skaters ice skaters remember those are special kind 1024 00:30:44,169 --> 00:30:44,179 skaters remember those are special kind 1025 00:30:44,179 --> 00:30:47,350 skaters remember those are special kind of shoes and you simply have 1026 00:30:47,350 --> 00:30:47,360 of shoes and you simply have 1027 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:51,190 of shoes and you simply have and irony l-- right under those very 1028 00:30:51,190 --> 00:30:51,200 and irony l-- right under those very 1029 00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,650 and irony l-- right under those very thin very narrow 1030 00:30:53,650 --> 00:30:53,660 thin very narrow 1031 00:30:53,660 --> 00:30:57,039 thin very narrow you probably remember the skate ice 1032 00:30:57,039 --> 00:30:57,049 you probably remember the skate ice 1033 00:30:57,049 --> 00:31:01,150 you probably remember the skate ice skating skates now when you just stay on 1034 00:31:01,150 --> 00:31:01,160 skating skates now when you just stay on 1035 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:06,240 skating skates now when you just stay on the ice like that Hama skates 1036 00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:06,250 the ice like that Hama skates 1037 00:31:06,250 --> 00:31:08,980 the ice like that Hama skates what does that means we apply pressure 1038 00:31:08,980 --> 00:31:08,990 what does that means we apply pressure 1039 00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:15,520 what does that means we apply pressure to their right where wherever the skates 1040 00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:15,530 to their right where wherever the skates 1041 00:31:15,530 --> 00:31:17,380 to their right where wherever the skates are they are very actually narrow 1042 00:31:17,380 --> 00:31:17,390 are they are very actually narrow 1043 00:31:17,390 --> 00:31:19,210 are they are very actually narrow they're about two or three millimeters 1044 00:31:19,210 --> 00:31:19,220 they're about two or three millimeters 1045 00:31:19,220 --> 00:31:20,230 they're about two or three millimeters wide right 1046 00:31:20,230 --> 00:31:20,240 wide right 1047 00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:25,000 wide right those skates lies there Steel's actually 1048 00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:25,010 those skates lies there Steel's actually 1049 00:31:25,010 --> 00:31:29,409 those skates lies there Steel's actually now when you have the pressure on that 1050 00:31:29,409 --> 00:31:29,419 now when you have the pressure on that 1051 00:31:29,419 --> 00:31:31,200 now when you have the pressure on that area on the ice 1052 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:31,210 area on the ice 1053 00:31:31,210 --> 00:31:33,400 area on the ice what do that means the temperature is 1054 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:33,410 what do that means the temperature is 1055 00:31:33,410 --> 00:31:39,570 what do that means the temperature is the same you go in this direction right 1056 00:31:39,570 --> 00:31:39,580 the same you go in this direction right 1057 00:31:39,580 --> 00:31:42,370 the same you go in this direction right now what does that means going in that 1058 00:31:42,370 --> 00:31:42,380 now what does that means going in that 1059 00:31:42,380 --> 00:31:43,840 now what does that means going in that direction temperature the same going 1060 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:43,850 direction temperature the same going 1061 00:31:43,850 --> 00:31:45,789 direction temperature the same going increasing the pressure simply this way 1062 00:31:45,789 --> 00:31:45,799 increasing the pressure simply this way 1063 00:31:45,799 --> 00:31:49,740 increasing the pressure simply this way we actually go from solid to the liquid 1064 00:31:49,740 --> 00:31:49,750 we actually go from solid to the liquid 1065 00:31:49,750 --> 00:31:55,270 we actually go from solid to the liquid state right that means that a very thin 1066 00:31:55,270 --> 00:31:55,280 state right that means that a very thin 1067 00:31:55,280 --> 00:32:01,630 state right that means that a very thin layer of liquid water will form right 1068 00:32:01,630 --> 00:32:01,640 layer of liquid water will form right 1069 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:05,530 layer of liquid water will form right under your skates blades off this case 1070 00:32:05,530 --> 00:32:05,540 under your skates blades off this case 1071 00:32:05,540 --> 00:32:11,049 under your skates blades off this case actually right now that makes the ice 1072 00:32:11,049 --> 00:32:11,059 actually right now that makes the ice 1073 00:32:11,059 --> 00:32:14,110 actually right now that makes the ice slippery actually you have a liquid 1074 00:32:14,110 --> 00:32:14,120 slippery actually you have a liquid 1075 00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:17,470 slippery actually you have a liquid between your skate and the solid and 1076 00:32:17,470 --> 00:32:17,480 between your skate and the solid and 1077 00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:22,240 between your skate and the solid and that makes it slippery and because of 1078 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:22,250 that makes it slippery and because of 1079 00:32:22,250 --> 00:32:26,260 that makes it slippery and because of that slip furnace actually you're able 1080 00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:26,270 that slip furnace actually you're able 1081 00:32:26,270 --> 00:32:29,260 that slip furnace actually you're able to skate on the ice but you won't be 1082 00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:29,270 to skate on the ice but you won't be 1083 00:32:29,270 --> 00:32:31,090 to skate on the ice but you won't be able to skate for example in any other 1084 00:32:31,090 --> 00:32:31,100 able to skate for example in any other 1085 00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:35,860 able to skate for example in any other solid materials right now as soon as you 1086 00:32:35,860 --> 00:32:35,870 solid materials right now as soon as you 1087 00:32:35,870 --> 00:32:38,470 solid materials right now as soon as you go to a different place then when the 1088 00:32:38,470 --> 00:32:38,480 go to a different place then when the 1089 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:41,530 go to a different place then when the pressure simply took off from that point 1090 00:32:41,530 --> 00:32:41,540 pressure simply took off from that point 1091 00:32:41,540 --> 00:32:44,860 pressure simply took off from that point it immediately freezes back again but 1092 00:32:44,860 --> 00:32:44,870 it immediately freezes back again but 1093 00:32:44,870 --> 00:32:47,049 it immediately freezes back again but wherever you go with this skate 1094 00:32:47,049 --> 00:32:47,059 wherever you go with this skate 1095 00:32:47,059 --> 00:32:49,600 wherever you go with this skate that means there's always a very thin 1096 00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:49,610 that means there's always a very thin 1097 00:32:49,610 --> 00:32:52,750 that means there's always a very thin layer of liquid water between your 1098 00:32:52,750 --> 00:32:52,760 layer of liquid water between your 1099 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,320 layer of liquid water between your skates and the eyes and that makes it 1100 00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:55,330 skates and the eyes and that makes it 1101 00:32:55,330 --> 00:32:58,330 skates and the eyes and that makes it slippery and that makes the ice skate 1102 00:32:58,330 --> 00:32:58,340 slippery and that makes the ice skate 1103 00:32:58,340 --> 00:33:00,740 slippery and that makes the ice skate and possible 1104 00:33:00,740 --> 00:33:00,750 and possible 1105 00:33:00,750 --> 00:33:06,200 and possible now so that means if you take a nice and 1106 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:06,210 now so that means if you take a nice and 1107 00:33:06,210 --> 00:33:15,760 now so that means if you take a nice and just apply pressure it will melt and 1108 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:15,770 just apply pressure it will melt and 1109 00:33:15,770 --> 00:33:19,600 just apply pressure it will melt and this is again causes the density of ice 1110 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:19,610 this is again causes the density of ice 1111 00:33:19,610 --> 00:33:24,649 this is again causes the density of ice at zero degree centigrade less than the 1112 00:33:24,649 --> 00:33:24,659 at zero degree centigrade less than the 1113 00:33:24,659 --> 00:33:27,590 at zero degree centigrade less than the density of liquid water at zero degree 1114 00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:27,600 density of liquid water at zero degree 1115 00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:30,289 density of liquid water at zero degree centigrade there is very few I guess 1116 00:33:30,289 --> 00:33:30,299 centigrade there is very few I guess 1117 00:33:30,299 --> 00:33:32,930 centigrade there is very few I guess bismuth is another substance that has 1118 00:33:32,930 --> 00:33:32,940 bismuth is another substance that has 1119 00:33:32,940 --> 00:33:36,440 bismuth is another substance that has this property that means lower density 1120 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:36,450 this property that means lower density 1121 00:33:36,450 --> 00:33:38,810 this property that means lower density in the solid than in the liquid usually 1122 00:33:38,810 --> 00:33:38,820 in the solid than in the liquid usually 1123 00:33:38,820 --> 00:33:41,930 in the solid than in the liquid usually the density in the solid is higher than 1124 00:33:41,930 --> 00:33:41,940 the density in the solid is higher than 1125 00:33:41,940 --> 00:33:45,799 the density in the solid is higher than the liquid why because when you have 1126 00:33:45,799 --> 00:33:45,809 the liquid why because when you have 1127 00:33:45,809 --> 00:33:51,500 the liquid why because when you have solid water ice the space between the 1128 00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:51,510 solid water ice the space between the 1129 00:33:51,510 --> 00:33:54,470 solid water ice the space between the water molecule increases compared to the 1130 00:33:54,470 --> 00:33:54,480 water molecule increases compared to the 1131 00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:56,390 water molecule increases compared to the space between the water molecules in the 1132 00:33:56,390 --> 00:33:56,400 space between the water molecules in the 1133 00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:58,520 space between the water molecules in the liquid state why because the water 1134 00:33:58,520 --> 00:33:58,530 liquid state why because the water 1135 00:33:58,530 --> 00:34:00,980 liquid state why because the water molecules arrange themselves in a such a 1136 00:34:00,980 --> 00:34:00,990 molecules arrange themselves in a such a 1137 00:34:00,990 --> 00:34:03,380 molecules arrange themselves in a such a way to get the maximum hydrogen bonding 1138 00:34:03,380 --> 00:34:03,390 way to get the maximum hydrogen bonding 1139 00:34:03,390 --> 00:34:07,720 way to get the maximum hydrogen bonding between each other and you have these 1140 00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:07,730 between each other and you have these 1141 00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:10,609 between each other and you have these hexagon type shapes of the water 1142 00:34:10,609 --> 00:34:10,619 hexagon type shapes of the water 1143 00:34:10,619 --> 00:34:16,639 hexagon type shapes of the water molecules and that's what the snowflakes 1144 00:34:16,639 --> 00:34:16,649 molecules and that's what the snowflakes 1145 00:34:16,649 --> 00:34:19,280 molecules and that's what the snowflakes you know have like very nice shapes and 1146 00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:19,290 you know have like very nice shapes and 1147 00:34:19,290 --> 00:34:21,409 you know have like very nice shapes and so on that's due to the hydrogen bonding 1148 00:34:21,409 --> 00:34:21,419 so on that's due to the hydrogen bonding 1149 00:34:21,419 --> 00:34:24,649 so on that's due to the hydrogen bonding that arrangement of the water molecules 1150 00:34:24,649 --> 00:34:24,659 that arrangement of the water molecules 1151 00:34:24,659 --> 00:34:27,470 that arrangement of the water molecules to get maximum hydrogen bonding creates 1152 00:34:27,470 --> 00:34:27,480 to get maximum hydrogen bonding creates 1153 00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:29,480 to get maximum hydrogen bonding creates some empty spaces between the water 1154 00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:29,490 some empty spaces between the water 1155 00:34:29,490 --> 00:34:31,129 some empty spaces between the water molecules what does that means that 1156 00:34:31,129 --> 00:34:31,139 molecules what does that means that 1157 00:34:31,139 --> 00:34:33,079 molecules what does that means that means compared to the liquid that means 1158 00:34:33,079 --> 00:34:33,089 means compared to the liquid that means 1159 00:34:33,089 --> 00:34:36,230 means compared to the liquid that means that the density of the ice becomes less 1160 00:34:36,230 --> 00:34:36,240 that the density of the ice becomes less 1161 00:34:36,240 --> 00:34:39,139 that the density of the ice becomes less than the density of the water right 1162 00:34:39,139 --> 00:34:39,149 than the density of the water right 1163 00:34:39,149 --> 00:34:40,879 than the density of the water right that's what it is now 1164 00:34:40,879 --> 00:34:40,889 that's what it is now 1165 00:34:40,889 --> 00:34:43,250 that's what it is now that causes and other things actually 1166 00:34:43,250 --> 00:34:43,260 that causes and other things actually 1167 00:34:43,260 --> 00:34:47,570 that causes and other things actually that makes possible the life in the 1168 00:34:47,570 --> 00:34:47,580 that makes possible the life in the 1169 00:34:47,580 --> 00:34:50,780 that makes possible the life in the North Sea and the South Sea and appalls 1170 00:34:50,780 --> 00:34:50,790 North Sea and the South Sea and appalls 1171 00:34:50,790 --> 00:34:53,020 North Sea and the South Sea and appalls North Pole and South Pole in the water 1172 00:34:53,020 --> 00:34:53,030 North Pole and South Pole in the water 1173 00:34:53,030 --> 00:34:59,470 North Pole and South Pole in the water why as follows now suppose that the 1174 00:34:59,470 --> 00:34:59,480 why as follows now suppose that the 1175 00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:04,670 why as follows now suppose that the density of water ice actually is greater 1176 00:35:04,670 --> 00:35:04,680 density of water ice actually is greater 1177 00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:06,859 density of water ice actually is greater than the had been greater than the 1178 00:35:06,859 --> 00:35:06,869 than the had been greater than the 1179 00:35:06,869 --> 00:35:08,660 than the had been greater than the density of liquid at zero degree 1180 00:35:08,660 --> 00:35:08,670 density of liquid at zero degree 1181 00:35:08,670 --> 00:35:11,780 density of liquid at zero degree centigrade what would happen since the 1182 00:35:11,780 --> 00:35:11,790 centigrade what would happen since the 1183 00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:14,000 centigrade what would happen since the freezing of the 1184 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:14,010 freezing of the 1185 00:35:14,010 --> 00:35:17,060 freezing of the see for example North Sea or at North 1186 00:35:17,060 --> 00:35:17,070 see for example North Sea or at North 1187 00:35:17,070 --> 00:35:21,410 see for example North Sea or at North South Pole we'll start on the top of the 1188 00:35:21,410 --> 00:35:21,420 South Pole we'll start on the top of the 1189 00:35:21,420 --> 00:35:25,390 South Pole we'll start on the top of the sea water right now as soon as it forms 1190 00:35:25,390 --> 00:35:25,400 sea water right now as soon as it forms 1191 00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:27,740 sea water right now as soon as it forms solid ice 1192 00:35:27,740 --> 00:35:27,750 solid ice 1193 00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:31,609 solid ice since the simply density of life if it 1194 00:35:31,609 --> 00:35:31,619 since the simply density of life if it 1195 00:35:31,619 --> 00:35:33,560 since the simply density of life if it had been greater than water it would 1196 00:35:33,560 --> 00:35:33,570 had been greater than water it would 1197 00:35:33,570 --> 00:35:36,620 had been greater than water it would have simply sink down to the bottom of 1198 00:35:36,620 --> 00:35:36,630 have simply sink down to the bottom of 1199 00:35:36,630 --> 00:35:39,020 have simply sink down to the bottom of the sea and this will continue like this 1200 00:35:39,020 --> 00:35:39,030 the sea and this will continue like this 1201 00:35:39,030 --> 00:35:42,920 the sea and this will continue like this until the whole North Pole sea or the 1202 00:35:42,920 --> 00:35:42,930 until the whole North Pole sea or the 1203 00:35:42,930 --> 00:35:47,410 until the whole North Pole sea or the South Pole sea will be frozen solid ice 1204 00:35:47,410 --> 00:35:47,420 South Pole sea will be frozen solid ice 1205 00:35:47,420 --> 00:35:49,340 South Pole sea will be frozen solid ice what does that means that means there 1206 00:35:49,340 --> 00:35:49,350 what does that means that means there 1207 00:35:49,350 --> 00:35:52,130 what does that means that means there would be no life there aquatic life 1208 00:35:52,130 --> 00:35:52,140 would be no life there aquatic life 1209 00:35:52,140 --> 00:35:56,330 would be no life there aquatic life right but since the density of ice at 1210 00:35:56,330 --> 00:35:56,340 right but since the density of ice at 1211 00:35:56,340 --> 00:35:57,980 right but since the density of ice at zero degree centigrade is less than the 1212 00:35:57,980 --> 00:35:57,990 zero degree centigrade is less than the 1213 00:35:57,990 --> 00:36:01,130 zero degree centigrade is less than the density of the water as soon as the ice 1214 00:36:01,130 --> 00:36:01,140 density of the water as soon as the ice 1215 00:36:01,140 --> 00:36:05,630 density of the water as soon as the ice forms on the surface of the sea it stays 1216 00:36:05,630 --> 00:36:05,640 forms on the surface of the sea it stays 1217 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:09,349 forms on the surface of the sea it stays there and then it forms again just gets 1218 00:36:09,349 --> 00:36:09,359 there and then it forms again just gets 1219 00:36:09,359 --> 00:36:11,599 there and then it forms again just gets thicker and thicker and thicker but 1220 00:36:11,599 --> 00:36:11,609 thicker and thicker and thicker but 1221 00:36:11,609 --> 00:36:16,430 thicker and thicker and thicker but never ever gets to freeze the whole sea 1222 00:36:16,430 --> 00:36:16,440 never ever gets to freeze the whole sea 1223 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:19,370 never ever gets to freeze the whole sea right because after let's say 1 meter 1224 00:36:19,370 --> 00:36:19,380 right because after let's say 1 meter 1225 00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:23,030 right because after let's say 1 meter thick ice formed on the top that 1226 00:36:23,030 --> 00:36:23,040 thick ice formed on the top that 1227 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:26,030 thick ice formed on the top that insulates the water below and the water 1228 00:36:26,030 --> 00:36:26,040 insulates the water below and the water 1229 00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:28,280 insulates the water below and the water below stays always above zero degrees 1230 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:28,290 below stays always above zero degrees 1231 00:36:28,290 --> 00:36:30,080 below stays always above zero degrees centigrade and there is aquatic life 1232 00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:30,090 centigrade and there is aquatic life 1233 00:36:30,090 --> 00:36:32,420 centigrade and there is aquatic life continues there that's another thing and 1234 00:36:32,420 --> 00:36:32,430 continues there that's another thing and 1235 00:36:32,430 --> 00:36:34,880 continues there that's another thing and that is also due to the hydrogen bonding 1236 00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:34,890 that is also due to the hydrogen bonding 1237 00:36:34,890 --> 00:36:36,560 that is also due to the hydrogen bonding you see again there's a lot of things 1238 00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:36,570 you see again there's a lot of things 1239 00:36:36,570 --> 00:36:38,630 you see again there's a lot of things that you can simply explain by the 1240 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:38,640 that you can simply explain by the 1241 00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:40,880 that you can simply explain by the hydrogen bonding and they're good things 1242 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:40,890 hydrogen bonding and they're good things 1243 00:36:40,890 --> 00:36:52,460 hydrogen bonding and they're good things as a matter of fact ok ah yes now this 1244 00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:52,470 as a matter of fact ok ah yes now this 1245 00:36:52,470 --> 00:36:54,260 as a matter of fact ok ah yes now this is the phase diagram of carbon dioxide 1246 00:36:54,260 --> 00:36:54,270 is the phase diagram of carbon dioxide 1247 00:36:54,270 --> 00:36:57,800 is the phase diagram of carbon dioxide you can simply examine these and you see 1248 00:36:57,800 --> 00:36:57,810 you can simply examine these and you see 1249 00:36:57,810 --> 00:36:59,710 you can simply examine these and you see again unusual features of carbon dioxide 1250 00:36:59,710 --> 00:36:59,720 again unusual features of carbon dioxide 1251 00:36:59,720 --> 00:37:02,120 again unusual features of carbon dioxide cannot exist in the liquid state at 1252 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:02,130 cannot exist in the liquid state at 1253 00:37:02,130 --> 00:37:05,960 cannot exist in the liquid state at pressure below 500 5.11 atmosphere and 1254 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:05,970 pressure below 500 5.11 atmosphere and 1255 00:37:05,970 --> 00:37:09,140 pressure below 500 5.11 atmosphere and that is the triple point here and then 1256 00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:09,150 that is the triple point here and then 1257 00:37:09,150 --> 00:37:11,000 that is the triple point here and then carbon dioxide sublimes at normal 1258 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:11,010 carbon dioxide sublimes at normal 1259 00:37:11,010 --> 00:37:12,920 carbon dioxide sublimes at normal pressure and the temperature you know 1260 00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:12,930 pressure and the temperature you know 1261 00:37:12,930 --> 00:37:15,020 pressure and the temperature you know for example this is one atmosphere 1262 00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:15,030 for example this is one atmosphere 1263 00:37:15,030 --> 00:37:17,390 for example this is one atmosphere pressure and my sphere like this carbon 1264 00:37:17,390 --> 00:37:17,400 pressure and my sphere like this carbon 1265 00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,380 pressure and my sphere like this carbon dioxide will sublime at this temperature 1266 00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:20,390 dioxide will sublime at this temperature 1267 00:37:20,390 --> 00:37:24,290 dioxide will sublime at this temperature simply from the solid to the gas that's 1268 00:37:24,290 --> 00:37:24,300 simply from the solid to the gas that's 1269 00:37:24,300 --> 00:37:26,540 simply from the solid to the gas that's again the information critical 1270 00:37:26,540 --> 00:37:26,550 again the information critical 1271 00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:27,590 again the information critical temperature 1272 00:37:27,590 --> 00:37:27,600 temperature 1273 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:29,510 temperature for the carbon-dioxide much much lower 1274 00:37:29,510 --> 00:37:29,520 for the carbon-dioxide much much lower 1275 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:32,390 for the carbon-dioxide much much lower you see again 31.1 and centipede that 1276 00:37:32,390 --> 00:37:32,400 you see again 31.1 and centipede that 1277 00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:34,820 you see again 31.1 and centipede that means about thirty one point one degree 1278 00:37:34,820 --> 00:37:34,830 means about thirty one point one degree 1279 00:37:34,830 --> 00:37:36,850 means about thirty one point one degree centigrade it would be impossible to 1280 00:37:36,850 --> 00:37:36,860 centigrade it would be impossible to 1281 00:37:36,860 --> 00:37:40,370 centigrade it would be impossible to liquefy or solidify carbon dioxide it 1282 00:37:40,370 --> 00:37:40,380 liquefy or solidify carbon dioxide it 1283 00:37:40,380 --> 00:37:47,530 liquefy or solidify carbon dioxide it will always be in the gaseous state now 1284 00:37:47,530 --> 00:37:47,540 will always be in the gaseous state now 1285 00:37:47,540 --> 00:37:51,290 will always be in the gaseous state now in other things there's liquid crystals 1286 00:37:51,290 --> 00:37:51,300 in other things there's liquid crystals 1287 00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:56,300 in other things there's liquid crystals liquid crystals now we said that the 1288 00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:56,310 liquid crystals now we said that the 1289 00:37:56,310 --> 00:38:00,170 liquid crystals now we said that the solids the molecules atoms or the ions 1290 00:38:00,170 --> 00:38:00,180 solids the molecules atoms or the ions 1291 00:38:00,180 --> 00:38:02,480 solids the molecules atoms or the ions that makes the solid are not free to 1292 00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:02,490 that makes the solid are not free to 1293 00:38:02,490 --> 00:38:05,960 that makes the solid are not free to move and the solid they make vibration 1294 00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:05,970 move and the solid they make vibration 1295 00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:08,210 move and the solid they make vibration of motions but they're fixed there and 1296 00:38:08,210 --> 00:38:08,220 of motions but they're fixed there and 1297 00:38:08,220 --> 00:38:10,280 of motions but they're fixed there and that's why if you take a solid it put in 1298 00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:10,290 that's why if you take a solid it put in 1299 00:38:10,290 --> 00:38:12,200 that's why if you take a solid it put in a container it will never take the shape 1300 00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:12,210 a container it will never take the shape 1301 00:38:12,210 --> 00:38:14,360 a container it will never take the shape of that containers the shape will still 1302 00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:14,370 of that containers the shape will still 1303 00:38:14,370 --> 00:38:18,500 of that containers the shape will still stay saying stay the same like that but 1304 00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:18,510 stay saying stay the same like that but 1305 00:38:18,510 --> 00:38:22,760 stay saying stay the same like that but when you go into the liquid state then 1306 00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:22,770 when you go into the liquid state then 1307 00:38:22,770 --> 00:38:24,650 when you go into the liquid state then the water molecule actually the 1308 00:38:24,650 --> 00:38:24,660 the water molecule actually the 1309 00:38:24,660 --> 00:38:26,930 the water molecule actually the molecules liquid molecules are free to 1310 00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:26,940 molecules liquid molecules are free to 1311 00:38:26,940 --> 00:38:28,670 molecules liquid molecules are free to move but they have to stay close 1312 00:38:28,670 --> 00:38:28,680 move but they have to stay close 1313 00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:31,580 move but they have to stay close together to just slide by each other and 1314 00:38:31,580 --> 00:38:31,590 together to just slide by each other and 1315 00:38:31,590 --> 00:38:35,090 together to just slide by each other and move freely in the liquid as a matter of 1316 00:38:35,090 --> 00:38:35,100 move freely in the liquid as a matter of 1317 00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:41,900 move freely in the liquid as a matter of fact but sometimes some compounds 1318 00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:41,910 fact but sometimes some compounds 1319 00:38:41,910 --> 00:38:45,050 fact but sometimes some compounds actually when you reach to the mountain 1320 00:38:45,050 --> 00:38:45,060 actually when you reach to the mountain 1321 00:38:45,060 --> 00:38:50,720 actually when you reach to the mountain point and increase the temperature they 1322 00:38:50,720 --> 00:38:50,730 point and increase the temperature they 1323 00:38:50,730 --> 00:38:56,920 point and increase the temperature they still keep the regular orientations or 1324 00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:56,930 still keep the regular orientations or 1325 00:38:56,930 --> 00:39:00,140 still keep the regular orientations or arrangement of the molecules close to 1326 00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:00,150 arrangement of the molecules close to 1327 00:39:00,150 --> 00:39:03,050 arrangement of the molecules close to the solids close to the solids but they 1328 00:39:03,050 --> 00:39:03,060 the solids close to the solids but they 1329 00:39:03,060 --> 00:39:06,760 the solids close to the solids but they are more liquid more free to move 1330 00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:06,770 are more liquid more free to move 1331 00:39:06,770 --> 00:39:10,370 are more liquid more free to move compared to the solid but still they're 1332 00:39:10,370 --> 00:39:10,380 compared to the solid but still they're 1333 00:39:10,380 --> 00:39:15,940 compared to the solid but still they're simply arranged very regularly in that 1334 00:39:15,940 --> 00:39:15,950 simply arranged very regularly in that 1335 00:39:15,950 --> 00:39:18,950 simply arranged very regularly in that liquid I should say liquid form what you 1336 00:39:18,950 --> 00:39:18,960 liquid I should say liquid form what you 1337 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:21,530 liquid I should say liquid form what you can call it liquid form and that means 1338 00:39:21,530 --> 00:39:21,540 can call it liquid form and that means 1339 00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:25,490 can call it liquid form and that means you can look at that considering the 1340 00:39:25,490 --> 00:39:25,500 you can look at that considering the 1341 00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:29,120 you can look at that considering the motions of the molecules like a liquid 1342 00:39:29,120 --> 00:39:29,130 motions of the molecules like a liquid 1343 00:39:29,130 --> 00:39:31,790 motions of the molecules like a liquid but if you think about the orientation 1344 00:39:31,790 --> 00:39:31,800 but if you think about the orientation 1345 00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:33,770 but if you think about the orientation arrangement of the molecules they look 1346 00:39:33,770 --> 00:39:33,780 arrangement of the molecules they look 1347 00:39:33,780 --> 00:39:36,620 arrangement of the molecules they look like more crystals so these are called 1348 00:39:36,620 --> 00:39:36,630 like more crystals so these are called 1349 00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:41,609 like more crystals so these are called liquid crystals they have actually 1350 00:39:41,609 --> 00:39:41,619 1351 00:39:41,619 --> 00:39:43,989 crystalline properties but they also 1352 00:39:43,989 --> 00:39:43,999 crystalline properties but they also 1353 00:39:43,999 --> 00:39:45,789 crystalline properties but they also have the liquid properties you know they 1354 00:39:45,789 --> 00:39:45,799 have the liquid properties you know they 1355 00:39:45,799 --> 00:39:47,799 have the liquid properties you know they also have the liquid properties for 1356 00:39:47,799 --> 00:39:47,809 also have the liquid properties for 1357 00:39:47,809 --> 00:39:51,160 also have the liquid properties for example here we have the compound this 1358 00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:51,170 example here we have the compound this 1359 00:39:51,170 --> 00:39:56,079 example here we have the compound this is methyl hexane I guess or some other 1360 00:39:56,079 --> 00:39:56,089 is methyl hexane I guess or some other 1361 00:39:56,089 --> 00:40:00,089 is methyl hexane I guess or some other organic compound now you see between 145 1362 00:40:00,089 --> 00:40:00,099 organic compound now you see between 145 1363 00:40:00,099 --> 00:40:02,769 organic compound now you see between 145 degrees centigrade 179 degrees 1364 00:40:02,769 --> 00:40:02,779 degrees centigrade 179 degrees 1365 00:40:02,779 --> 00:40:05,339 degrees centigrade 179 degrees centigrade it behaves like a liquid 1366 00:40:05,339 --> 00:40:05,349 centigrade it behaves like a liquid 1367 00:40:05,349 --> 00:40:08,859 centigrade it behaves like a liquid crystalline phase liquid crystal that 1368 00:40:08,859 --> 00:40:08,869 crystalline phase liquid crystal that 1369 00:40:08,869 --> 00:40:10,749 crystalline phase liquid crystal that means it behaves like a solid but it 1370 00:40:10,749 --> 00:40:10,759 means it behaves like a solid but it 1371 00:40:10,759 --> 00:40:13,120 means it behaves like a solid but it says the liquid properties so we call 1372 00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:13,130 says the liquid properties so we call 1373 00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:17,680 says the liquid properties so we call that liquid crystals now about 179 for 1374 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:17,690 that liquid crystals now about 179 for 1375 00:40:17,690 --> 00:40:19,720 that liquid crystals now about 179 for example it would be liquid phase now 1376 00:40:19,720 --> 00:40:19,730 example it would be liquid phase now 1377 00:40:19,730 --> 00:40:23,259 example it would be liquid phase now below 145 it would be solid phase right 1378 00:40:23,259 --> 00:40:23,269 below 145 it would be solid phase right 1379 00:40:23,269 --> 00:40:25,450 below 145 it would be solid phase right but between those temperature here in 1380 00:40:25,450 --> 00:40:25,460 but between those temperature here in 1381 00:40:25,460 --> 00:40:28,059 but between those temperature here in that range it will behave like a solid 1382 00:40:28,059 --> 00:40:28,069 that range it will behave like a solid 1383 00:40:28,069 --> 00:40:30,339 that range it will behave like a solid and like a liquid and we call that 1384 00:40:30,339 --> 00:40:30,349 and like a liquid and we call that 1385 00:40:30,349 --> 00:40:32,109 and like a liquid and we call that liquid crystal 1386 00:40:32,109 --> 00:40:32,119 liquid crystal 1387 00:40:32,119 --> 00:40:34,150 liquid crystal besides in listen to immediate state 1388 00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:34,160 besides in listen to immediate state 1389 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,249 besides in listen to immediate state liquid decreases they have some trades 1390 00:40:36,249 --> 00:40:36,259 liquid decreases they have some trades 1391 00:40:36,259 --> 00:40:39,309 liquid decreases they have some trades of solids and some of liquids molecules 1392 00:40:39,309 --> 00:40:39,319 of solids and some of liquids molecules 1393 00:40:39,319 --> 00:40:40,569 of solids and some of liquids molecules in the liquid crystal have some degree 1394 00:40:40,569 --> 00:40:40,579 in the liquid crystal have some degree 1395 00:40:40,579 --> 00:40:43,660 in the liquid crystal have some degree of order that this is what it is crystal 1396 00:40:43,660 --> 00:40:43,670 of order that this is what it is crystal 1397 00:40:43,670 --> 00:40:47,349 of order that this is what it is crystal actually now here are how the orders 1398 00:40:47,349 --> 00:40:47,359 actually now here are how the orders 1399 00:40:47,359 --> 00:40:49,960 actually now here are how the orders means liquid crystals and they are given 1400 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:49,970 means liquid crystals and they are given 1401 00:40:49,970 --> 00:40:54,249 means liquid crystals and they are given different names now in nematic liquid 1402 00:40:54,249 --> 00:40:54,259 different names now in nematic liquid 1403 00:40:54,259 --> 00:40:57,309 different names now in nematic liquid crystals molecules are only ordered in 1404 00:40:57,309 --> 00:40:57,319 crystals molecules are only ordered in 1405 00:40:57,319 --> 00:41:00,249 crystals molecules are only ordered in one dimension along the long axis this 1406 00:41:00,249 --> 00:41:00,259 one dimension along the long axis this 1407 00:41:00,259 --> 00:41:03,239 one dimension along the long axis this is the nematic like this and then 1408 00:41:03,239 --> 00:41:03,249 is the nematic like this and then 1409 00:41:03,249 --> 00:41:05,710 is the nematic like this and then smectic liquid crystals the molecules 1410 00:41:05,710 --> 00:41:05,720 smectic liquid crystals the molecules 1411 00:41:05,720 --> 00:41:08,529 smectic liquid crystals the molecules are ordered in two dimensions along the 1412 00:41:08,529 --> 00:41:08,539 are ordered in two dimensions along the 1413 00:41:08,539 --> 00:41:12,099 are ordered in two dimensions along the long axis and in layers this is over 1414 00:41:12,099 --> 00:41:12,109 long axis and in layers this is over 1415 00:41:12,109 --> 00:41:15,120 long axis and in layers this is over here like this in one layer two layers 1416 00:41:15,120 --> 00:41:15,130 here like this in one layer two layers 1417 00:41:15,130 --> 00:41:19,120 here like this in one layer two layers now here is this is somatic aided 1418 00:41:19,120 --> 00:41:19,130 now here is this is somatic aided 1419 00:41:19,130 --> 00:41:21,039 now here is this is somatic aided somatic see just the different 1420 00:41:21,039 --> 00:41:21,049 somatic see just the different 1421 00:41:21,049 --> 00:41:24,609 somatic see just the different orientations this is another cholesterol 1422 00:41:24,609 --> 00:41:24,619 orientations this is another cholesterol 1423 00:41:24,619 --> 00:41:26,109 orientations this is another cholesterol like liquid again you see the 1424 00:41:26,109 --> 00:41:26,119 like liquid again you see the 1425 00:41:26,119 --> 00:41:30,039 like liquid again you see the orientation you see all of these crystal 1426 00:41:30,039 --> 00:41:30,049 orientation you see all of these crystal 1427 00:41:30,049 --> 00:41:33,819 orientation you see all of these crystal properties but the substance is sort of 1428 00:41:33,819 --> 00:41:33,829 properties but the substance is sort of 1429 00:41:33,829 --> 00:41:41,109 properties but the substance is sort of a liquid state in a liquid state okay 1430 00:41:41,109 --> 00:41:41,119 1431 00:41:41,119 --> 00:42:19,900 any questions 1432 00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:19,910 1433 00:42:19,910 --> 00:42:58,349 yes super liquids 1434 00:42:58,349 --> 00:42:58,359 1435 00:42:58,359 --> 00:43:06,670 supercritical fluids you mean super 1436 00:43:06,670 --> 00:43:06,680 supercritical fluids you mean super 1437 00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:20,220 supercritical fluids you mean super liquid she said 1438 00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:20,230 1439 00:43:20,230 --> 00:43:33,870 ah yes yes yes yes that again I that may 1440 00:43:33,870 --> 00:43:33,880 ah yes yes yes yes that again I that may 1441 00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:38,099 ah yes yes yes yes that again I that may be about the liquids like when you reach 1442 00:43:38,099 --> 00:43:38,109 be about the liquids like when you reach 1443 00:43:38,109 --> 00:43:39,990 be about the liquids like when you reach to the freezing point it doesn't freeze 1444 00:43:39,990 --> 00:43:40,000 to the freezing point it doesn't freeze 1445 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,329 to the freezing point it doesn't freeze and goes below that temperature and that 1446 00:43:42,329 --> 00:43:42,339 and goes below that temperature and that 1447 00:43:42,339 --> 00:43:46,109 and goes below that temperature and that becomes a supercooled liquid now this is 1448 00:43:46,109 --> 00:43:46,119 becomes a supercooled liquid now this is 1449 00:43:46,119 --> 00:43:51,720 becomes a supercooled liquid now this is also case when we see the solubilities 1450 00:43:51,720 --> 00:43:51,730 also case when we see the solubilities 1451 00:43:51,730 --> 00:43:54,980 also case when we see the solubilities right when you have a saturated 1452 00:43:54,980 --> 00:43:54,990 right when you have a saturated 1453 00:43:54,990 --> 00:43:59,839 right when you have a saturated solutions at certain concentrations you 1454 00:43:59,839 --> 00:43:59,849 solutions at certain concentrations you 1455 00:43:59,849 --> 00:44:04,680 solutions at certain concentrations you may if you just add more of that solids 1456 00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:04,690 may if you just add more of that solids 1457 00:44:04,690 --> 00:44:09,690 may if you just add more of that solids or solid actually in that solutions it 1458 00:44:09,690 --> 00:44:09,700 or solid actually in that solutions it 1459 00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,810 or solid actually in that solutions it does not precipitate but still stays in 1460 00:44:12,810 --> 00:44:12,820 does not precipitate but still stays in 1461 00:44:12,820 --> 00:44:14,839 does not precipitate but still stays in the solutions that's called the 1462 00:44:14,839 --> 00:44:14,849 the solutions that's called the 1463 00:44:14,849 --> 00:44:19,740 the solutions that's called the supersaturated solutions so super 1464 00:44:19,740 --> 00:44:19,750 supersaturated solutions so super 1465 00:44:19,750 --> 00:44:23,390 supersaturated solutions so super liquids again maybe the liquids that 1466 00:44:23,390 --> 00:44:23,400 liquids again maybe the liquids that 1467 00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,700 liquids again maybe the liquids that still be liquid below the freezing point 1468 00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:26,710 still be liquid below the freezing point 1469 00:44:26,710 --> 00:44:30,470 still be liquid below the freezing point I guess that's what you're saying right 1470 00:44:30,470 --> 00:44:30,480 1471 00:44:30,480 --> 00:44:36,599 yeah but those are again very unstable 1472 00:44:36,599 --> 00:44:36,609 yeah but those are again very unstable 1473 00:44:36,609 --> 00:44:38,490 yeah but those are again very unstable those are very very special like 1474 00:44:38,490 --> 00:44:38,500 those are very very special like 1475 00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:41,579 those are very very special like supersaturated solutions super liquid or 1476 00:44:41,579 --> 00:44:41,589 supersaturated solutions super liquid or 1477 00:44:41,589 --> 00:44:45,710 supersaturated solutions super liquid or super in fact as we see here 1478 00:44:45,710 --> 00:44:45,720 super in fact as we see here 1479 00:44:45,720 --> 00:44:48,599 super in fact as we see here supercritical fluid also has very very 1480 00:44:48,599 --> 00:44:48,609 supercritical fluid also has very very 1481 00:44:48,609 --> 00:44:50,730 supercritical fluid also has very very different properties and very unstable 1482 00:44:50,730 --> 00:44:50,740 different properties and very unstable 1483 00:44:50,740 --> 00:44:58,490 different properties and very unstable you know 1484 00:44:58,490 --> 00:44:58,500 1485 00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:11,360 is there any honeys no no not the honey 1486 00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:11,370 1487 00:45:11,370 --> 00:45:13,260 I 1488 00:45:13,260 --> 00:45:13,270 I 1489 00:45:13,270 --> 00:45:15,930 I I really don't have but they have to be 1490 00:45:15,930 --> 00:45:15,940 I really don't have but they have to be 1491 00:45:15,940 --> 00:45:22,260 I really don't have but they have to be usually long molecules usually the after 1492 00:45:22,260 --> 00:45:22,270 usually long molecules usually the after 1493 00:45:22,270 --> 00:45:28,380 usually long molecules usually the after we have a benzene ring and they have to 1494 00:45:28,380 --> 00:45:28,390 we have a benzene ring and they have to 1495 00:45:28,390 --> 00:45:31,830 we have a benzene ring and they have to have dipole-dipole interactions as a 1496 00:45:31,830 --> 00:45:31,840 have dipole-dipole interactions as a 1497 00:45:31,840 --> 00:45:34,110 have dipole-dipole interactions as a matter of fact so they will simply align 1498 00:45:34,110 --> 00:45:34,120 matter of fact so they will simply align 1499 00:45:34,120 --> 00:45:36,360 matter of fact so they will simply align in one directions they will ordered in 1500 00:45:36,360 --> 00:45:36,370 in one directions they will ordered in 1501 00:45:36,370 --> 00:45:38,280 in one directions they will ordered in one directions there are quite a number 1502 00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:38,290 one directions there are quite a number 1503 00:45:38,290 --> 00:45:56,130 one directions there are quite a number of those actually yes 1504 00:45:56,130 --> 00:45:56,140 1505 00:45:56,140 --> 00:46:04,320 that can stayed in liquid at the same 1506 00:46:04,320 --> 00:46:04,330 that can stayed in liquid at the same 1507 00:46:04,330 --> 00:46:11,880 that can stayed in liquid at the same time that's that's what oh yeah sure you 1508 00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:11,890 time that's that's what oh yeah sure you 1509 00:46:11,890 --> 00:46:14,540 time that's that's what oh yeah sure you can you can you can now if you simply 1510 00:46:14,540 --> 00:46:14,550 can you can you can now if you simply 1511 00:46:14,550 --> 00:46:17,640 can you can you can now if you simply have the triple point temperature and 1512 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:17,650 have the triple point temperature and 1513 00:46:17,650 --> 00:46:21,570 have the triple point temperature and pressure you will have the solid liquid 1514 00:46:21,570 --> 00:46:21,580 pressure you will have the solid liquid 1515 00:46:21,580 --> 00:46:24,060 pressure you will have the solid liquid and gas in a closed system you have to 1516 00:46:24,060 --> 00:46:24,070 and gas in a closed system you have to 1517 00:46:24,070 --> 00:46:27,150 and gas in a closed system you have to have the closed system right it has to 1518 00:46:27,150 --> 00:46:27,160 have the closed system right it has to 1519 00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:29,880 have the closed system right it has to be closed system and there's going to be 1520 00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:29,890 be closed system and there's going to be 1521 00:46:29,890 --> 00:46:33,150 be closed system and there's going to be the vapor and then is it going to be the 1522 00:46:33,150 --> 00:46:33,160 the vapor and then is it going to be the 1523 00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:37,010 the vapor and then is it going to be the liquid form and the solid form actually 1524 00:46:37,010 --> 00:46:37,020 liquid form and the solid form actually 1525 00:46:37,020 --> 00:46:41,720 liquid form and the solid form actually there are also vapor pressures of solids 1526 00:46:41,720 --> 00:46:41,730 there are also vapor pressures of solids 1527 00:46:41,730 --> 00:46:44,640 there are also vapor pressures of solids which we haven't talked here just like 1528 00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:44,650 which we haven't talked here just like 1529 00:46:44,650 --> 00:46:47,520 which we haven't talked here just like liquids in fact if you go to lower 1530 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:47,530 liquids in fact if you go to lower 1531 00:46:47,530 --> 00:46:49,200 liquids in fact if you go to lower temperature lower than zero degree 1532 00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:49,210 temperature lower than zero degree 1533 00:46:49,210 --> 00:46:51,150 temperature lower than zero degree centigrade for example in the case of 1534 00:46:51,150 --> 00:46:51,160 centigrade for example in the case of 1535 00:46:51,160 --> 00:46:54,330 centigrade for example in the case of water and the ice in a closed system 1536 00:46:54,330 --> 00:46:54,340 water and the ice in a closed system 1537 00:46:54,340 --> 00:46:57,810 water and the ice in a closed system will have the vapor form of it which is 1538 00:46:57,810 --> 00:46:57,820 will have the vapor form of it which is 1539 00:46:57,820 --> 00:47:00,180 will have the vapor form of it which is in equilibrium with the solids even 1540 00:47:00,180 --> 00:47:00,190 in equilibrium with the solids even 1541 00:47:00,190 --> 00:47:01,530 in equilibrium with the solids even though the vapor pressure would be much 1542 00:47:01,530 --> 00:47:01,540 though the vapor pressure would be much 1543 00:47:01,540 --> 00:47:03,300 though the vapor pressure would be much lower than the vapor pressure of the 1544 00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:03,310 lower than the vapor pressure of the 1545 00:47:03,310 --> 00:47:06,000 lower than the vapor pressure of the liquids but the solid do also have vapor 1546 00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:06,010 liquids but the solid do also have vapor 1547 00:47:06,010 --> 00:47:08,580 liquids but the solid do also have vapor pressures too so only in a closed system 1548 00:47:08,580 --> 00:47:08,590 pressures too so only in a closed system 1549 00:47:08,590 --> 00:47:11,040 pressures too so only in a closed system only one temperature and pressure that 1550 00:47:11,040 --> 00:47:11,050 only one temperature and pressure that 1551 00:47:11,050 --> 00:47:12,620 only one temperature and pressure that triple point temperature and pressure 1552 00:47:12,620 --> 00:47:12,630 triple point temperature and pressure 1553 00:47:12,630 --> 00:47:16,350 triple point temperature and pressure you can have three states in equilibrium 1554 00:47:16,350 --> 00:47:16,360 you can have three states in equilibrium 1555 00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:17,910 you can have three states in equilibrium they will be existent together in 1556 00:47:17,910 --> 00:47:17,920 they will be existent together in 1557 00:47:17,920 --> 00:47:20,640 they will be existent together in equilibrium actually okay I guess we 1558 00:47:20,640 --> 00:47:20,650 equilibrium actually okay I guess we 1559 00:47:20,650 --> 00:47:23,400 equilibrium actually okay I guess we will stop here let's not start chapter 1560 00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:23,410 will stop here let's not start chapter 1561 00:47:23,410 --> 00:47:25,740 will stop here let's not start chapter twelve next hour okay let's have a break 1562 00:47:25,740 --> 00:47:25,750 twelve next hour okay let's have a break 1563 00:47:25,750 --> 00:47:30,180 twelve next hour okay let's have a break on ten minutes please come back