1 00:00:10,530 --> 00:00:16,460 start today we will cover chapter 14 2 00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:16,470 start today we will cover chapter 14 3 00:00:16,470 --> 00:00:22,100 start today we will cover chapter 14 chemical kinetics now chemical kinetics 4 00:00:22,100 --> 00:00:22,110 chemical kinetics now chemical kinetics 5 00:00:22,110 --> 00:00:26,339 chemical kinetics now chemical kinetics simply studies the speed of chemical 6 00:00:26,339 --> 00:00:26,349 simply studies the speed of chemical 7 00:00:26,349 --> 00:00:27,440 simply studies the speed of chemical reactions 8 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:27,450 reactions 9 00:00:27,450 --> 00:00:30,540 reactions now some chemical reactions are very 10 00:00:30,540 --> 00:00:30,550 now some chemical reactions are very 11 00:00:30,550 --> 00:00:33,090 now some chemical reactions are very very slow and some chemical reactions 12 00:00:33,090 --> 00:00:33,100 very slow and some chemical reactions 13 00:00:33,100 --> 00:00:37,500 very slow and some chemical reactions are very very fast for example if you 14 00:00:37,500 --> 00:00:37,510 are very very fast for example if you 15 00:00:37,510 --> 00:00:41,280 are very very fast for example if you simply consider the oxidation of ayran 16 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:41,290 simply consider the oxidation of ayran 17 00:00:41,290 --> 00:00:45,630 simply consider the oxidation of ayran with oxygen which we call it rust and in 18 00:00:45,630 --> 00:00:45,640 with oxygen which we call it rust and in 19 00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:49,430 with oxygen which we call it rust and in fact in the presence of vapor water 20 00:00:49,430 --> 00:00:49,440 fact in the presence of vapor water 21 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:56,220 fact in the presence of vapor water particularly and we get iron 3 oxide and 22 00:00:56,220 --> 00:00:56,230 particularly and we get iron 3 oxide and 23 00:00:56,230 --> 00:01:00,599 particularly and we get iron 3 oxide and this is simply rust and we can have 24 00:01:00,599 --> 00:01:00,609 this is simply rust and we can have 25 00:01:00,609 --> 00:01:01,829 this is simply rust and we can have different number of water molecules 26 00:01:01,829 --> 00:01:01,839 different number of water molecules 27 00:01:01,839 --> 00:01:05,270 different number of water molecules attached there so this reaction is very 28 00:01:05,270 --> 00:01:05,280 attached there so this reaction is very 29 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:13,380 attached there so this reaction is very very slow very slow and it takes years 30 00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:13,390 very slow very slow and it takes years 31 00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:18,440 very slow very slow and it takes years actually to have a piece of iron 32 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:18,450 actually to have a piece of iron 33 00:01:18,450 --> 00:01:21,210 actually to have a piece of iron converted to what we call rust 34 00:01:21,210 --> 00:01:21,220 converted to what we call rust 35 00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:24,090 converted to what we call rust actually simple oxidation actually says 36 00:01:24,090 --> 00:01:24,100 actually simple oxidation actually says 37 00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:28,550 actually simple oxidation actually says oxidation of ayran metal to iron 3 oxide 38 00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:28,560 oxidation of ayran metal to iron 3 oxide 39 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:32,940 oxidation of ayran metal to iron 3 oxide with some water that's the frost we call 40 00:01:32,940 --> 00:01:32,950 with some water that's the frost we call 41 00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:35,880 with some water that's the frost we call it now on the other side some reactions 42 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:35,890 it now on the other side some reactions 43 00:01:35,890 --> 00:01:41,219 it now on the other side some reactions if you simply take magnesium dust and in 44 00:01:41,219 --> 00:01:41,229 if you simply take magnesium dust and in 45 00:01:41,229 --> 00:01:45,359 if you simply take magnesium dust and in the presence of oxygen gas and a little 46 00:01:45,359 --> 00:01:45,369 the presence of oxygen gas and a little 47 00:01:45,369 --> 00:01:48,929 the presence of oxygen gas and a little bit heat some just heated you get 48 00:01:48,929 --> 00:01:48,939 bit heat some just heated you get 49 00:01:48,939 --> 00:01:57,480 bit heat some just heated you get magnesium oxide like this this is a game 50 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:57,490 magnesium oxide like this this is a game 51 00:01:57,490 --> 00:02:00,810 magnesium oxide like this this is a game solids and Plus this gives actually 52 00:02:00,810 --> 00:02:00,820 solids and Plus this gives actually 53 00:02:00,820 --> 00:02:05,090 solids and Plus this gives actually light in the visible region simply 54 00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:05,100 light in the visible region simply 55 00:02:05,100 --> 00:02:10,440 light in the visible region simply visible white let's say some of the 56 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:10,450 visible white let's say some of the 57 00:02:10,450 --> 00:02:14,250 visible white let's say some of the energy is give given off in the form of 58 00:02:14,250 --> 00:02:14,260 energy is give given off in the form of 59 00:02:14,260 --> 00:02:18,530 energy is give given off in the form of white and this light is so bright and 60 00:02:18,530 --> 00:02:18,540 white and this light is so bright and 61 00:02:18,540 --> 00:02:21,720 white and this light is so bright and the reaction takes place in fractions of 62 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:21,730 the reaction takes place in fractions of 63 00:02:21,730 --> 00:02:22,590 the reaction takes place in fractions of seconds 64 00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:22,600 seconds 65 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,170 seconds and you all you probably don't remember 66 00:02:27,170 --> 00:02:27,180 and you all you probably don't remember 67 00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:32,160 and you all you probably don't remember when we had cameras used to be 68 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:32,170 when we had cameras used to be 69 00:02:32,170 --> 00:02:36,480 when we had cameras used to be disposable flash cubes little flash 70 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:36,490 disposable flash cubes little flash 71 00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:38,850 disposable flash cubes little flash cubes actually or you can have a 72 00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:38,860 cubes actually or you can have a 73 00:02:38,860 --> 00:02:42,030 cubes actually or you can have a permanent electrical flash flash 74 00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:42,040 permanent electrical flash flash 75 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:44,370 permanent electrical flash flash in fact with your camera or disposable 76 00:02:44,370 --> 00:02:44,380 in fact with your camera or disposable 77 00:02:44,380 --> 00:02:46,920 in fact with your camera or disposable one and those disposable ones was like 78 00:02:46,920 --> 00:02:46,930 one and those disposable ones was like 79 00:02:46,930 --> 00:02:49,860 one and those disposable ones was like like a cube little cube and you attach 80 00:02:49,860 --> 00:02:49,870 like a cube little cube and you attach 81 00:02:49,870 --> 00:02:52,920 like a cube little cube and you attach it to your used to actually we use the 82 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:52,930 it to your used to actually we use the 83 00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:55,130 it to your used to actually we use the attach it to our camera and when we 84 00:02:55,130 --> 00:02:55,140 attach it to our camera and when we 85 00:02:55,140 --> 00:02:58,080 attach it to our camera and when we simply take a picture press the shutter 86 00:02:58,080 --> 00:02:58,090 simply take a picture press the shutter 87 00:02:58,090 --> 00:03:02,100 simply take a picture press the shutter release and that sends a little bit heat 88 00:03:02,100 --> 00:03:02,110 release and that sends a little bit heat 89 00:03:02,110 --> 00:03:07,200 release and that sends a little bit heat electricity actually to the disposable 90 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:07,210 electricity actually to the disposable 91 00:03:07,210 --> 00:03:10,440 electricity actually to the disposable flash which contains oxygen and the 92 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:10,450 flash which contains oxygen and the 93 00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,820 flash which contains oxygen and the magnesium it dust separately and when 94 00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:14,830 magnesium it dust separately and when 95 00:03:14,830 --> 00:03:18,390 magnesium it dust separately and when you just press the shutter release you 96 00:03:18,390 --> 00:03:18,400 you just press the shutter release you 97 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:20,640 you just press the shutter release you mix that heated up and you start that 98 00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:20,650 mix that heated up and you start that 99 00:03:20,650 --> 00:03:23,160 mix that heated up and you start that reaction when that reaction starts it 100 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:23,170 reaction when that reaction starts it 101 00:03:23,170 --> 00:03:25,230 reaction when that reaction starts it finishes in fractions of a second and in 102 00:03:25,230 --> 00:03:25,240 finishes in fractions of a second and in 103 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:28,340 finishes in fractions of a second and in that time it gives light and that light 104 00:03:28,340 --> 00:03:28,350 that time it gives light and that light 105 00:03:28,350 --> 00:03:31,080 that time it gives light and that light used to take the pictures in fact flash 106 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:31,090 used to take the pictures in fact flash 107 00:03:31,090 --> 00:03:33,960 used to take the pictures in fact flash you see again some reactions very very 108 00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:33,970 you see again some reactions very very 109 00:03:33,970 --> 00:03:37,410 you see again some reactions very very slow some are very fast now the speed of 110 00:03:37,410 --> 00:03:37,420 slow some are very fast now the speed of 111 00:03:37,420 --> 00:03:39,710 slow some are very fast now the speed of reactions are very important for 112 00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:39,720 reactions are very important for 113 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:42,960 reactions are very important for industrial chemistry particularly why 114 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:42,970 industrial chemistry particularly why 115 00:03:42,970 --> 00:03:46,470 industrial chemistry particularly why because when you produce an industrial 116 00:03:46,470 --> 00:03:46,480 because when you produce an industrial 117 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:49,500 because when you produce an industrial product by using a chemical reaction to 118 00:03:49,500 --> 00:03:49,510 product by using a chemical reaction to 119 00:03:49,510 --> 00:03:52,710 product by using a chemical reaction to be economical to make it economical you 120 00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:52,720 be economical to make it economical you 121 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,200 be economical to make it economical you should be able to produce certain amount 122 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:55,210 should be able to produce certain amount 123 00:03:55,210 --> 00:03:58,380 should be able to produce certain amount of product in a given time so if the 124 00:03:58,380 --> 00:03:58,390 of product in a given time so if the 125 00:03:58,390 --> 00:04:00,720 of product in a given time so if the reaction is fast then it will be a 126 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:00,730 reaction is fast then it will be a 127 00:04:00,730 --> 00:04:06,270 reaction is fast then it will be a profitable actually I should say work 128 00:04:06,270 --> 00:04:06,280 profitable actually I should say work 129 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:09,120 profitable actually I should say work and but if the reactions is very very 130 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:09,130 and but if the reactions is very very 131 00:04:09,130 --> 00:04:11,340 and but if the reactions is very very slow then it will not be economically 132 00:04:11,340 --> 00:04:11,350 slow then it will not be economically 133 00:04:11,350 --> 00:04:15,450 slow then it will not be economically feasible actually right so in industry 134 00:04:15,450 --> 00:04:15,460 feasible actually right so in industry 135 00:04:15,460 --> 00:04:19,289 feasible actually right so in industry particularly we try to increase the rate 136 00:04:19,289 --> 00:04:19,299 particularly we try to increase the rate 137 00:04:19,299 --> 00:04:21,560 particularly we try to increase the rate of reaction this way you try to increase 138 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:21,570 of reaction this way you try to increase 139 00:04:21,570 --> 00:04:25,590 of reaction this way you try to increase the product per unit time and more 140 00:04:25,590 --> 00:04:25,600 the product per unit time and more 141 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:27,390 the product per unit time and more product product means more money and 142 00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:27,400 product product means more money and 143 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:30,600 product product means more money and more economical the business becomes 144 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:30,610 more economical the business becomes 145 00:04:30,610 --> 00:04:35,430 more economical the business becomes actually so chemical kinetics studies in 146 00:04:35,430 --> 00:04:35,440 actually so chemical kinetics studies in 147 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:35,820 actually so chemical kinetics studies in far 148 00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:35,830 far 149 00:04:35,830 --> 00:04:40,410 far the rate of reactions that means speed 150 00:04:40,410 --> 00:04:40,420 the rate of reactions that means speed 151 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:43,650 the rate of reactions that means speed of reactions and it also tries to 152 00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:43,660 of reactions and it also tries to 153 00:04:43,660 --> 00:04:45,990 of reactions and it also tries to determine what are the factors that 154 00:04:45,990 --> 00:04:46,000 determine what are the factors that 155 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,350 determine what are the factors that affect the speed of reaction so that by 156 00:04:49,350 --> 00:04:49,360 affect the speed of reaction so that by 157 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:51,540 affect the speed of reaction so that by changing those factors how can we 158 00:04:51,540 --> 00:04:51,550 changing those factors how can we 159 00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,510 changing those factors how can we increase the rate of chemical reactions 160 00:04:54,510 --> 00:04:54,520 increase the rate of chemical reactions 161 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:57,530 increase the rate of chemical reactions now in addition to that chemical 162 00:04:57,530 --> 00:04:57,540 now in addition to that chemical 163 00:04:57,540 --> 00:05:03,270 now in addition to that chemical kinetics also studies how reactants are 164 00:05:03,270 --> 00:05:03,280 kinetics also studies how reactants are 165 00:05:03,280 --> 00:05:06,960 kinetics also studies how reactants are converted to the products what are the 166 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:06,970 converted to the products what are the 167 00:05:06,970 --> 00:05:10,680 converted to the products what are the steps between the reactant and a product 168 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:10,690 steps between the reactant and a product 169 00:05:10,690 --> 00:05:12,960 steps between the reactant and a product when we write down a chemical reaction 170 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:12,970 when we write down a chemical reaction 171 00:05:12,970 --> 00:05:15,930 when we write down a chemical reaction we write down the reactants and then on 172 00:05:15,930 --> 00:05:15,940 we write down the reactants and then on 173 00:05:15,940 --> 00:05:17,820 we write down the reactants and then on the right hand side we write down the 174 00:05:17,820 --> 00:05:17,830 the right hand side we write down the 175 00:05:17,830 --> 00:05:21,810 the right hand side we write down the products we usually think that it's a 176 00:05:21,810 --> 00:05:21,820 products we usually think that it's a 177 00:05:21,820 --> 00:05:24,150 products we usually think that it's a one-step reaction you know but it's 178 00:05:24,150 --> 00:05:24,160 one-step reaction you know but it's 179 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:26,870 one-step reaction you know but it's never usually actually most cases 180 00:05:26,870 --> 00:05:26,880 never usually actually most cases 181 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:29,070 never usually actually most cases there's never be one-step reaction 182 00:05:29,070 --> 00:05:29,080 there's never be one-step reaction 183 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:32,700 there's never be one-step reaction there's always series of chemical 184 00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:32,710 there's always series of chemical 185 00:05:32,710 --> 00:05:36,750 there's always series of chemical reaction steps between the reactant and 186 00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:36,760 reaction steps between the reactant and 187 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:38,550 reaction steps between the reactant and a product as the reactants are converted 188 00:05:38,550 --> 00:05:38,560 a product as the reactants are converted 189 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:41,600 a product as the reactants are converted to the product so those details how the 190 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:41,610 to the product so those details how the 191 00:05:41,610 --> 00:05:44,220 to the product so those details how the reactants are converted to the products 192 00:05:44,220 --> 00:05:44,230 reactants are converted to the products 193 00:05:44,230 --> 00:05:47,220 reactants are converted to the products is called the mechanism of a chemical 194 00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:47,230 is called the mechanism of a chemical 195 00:05:47,230 --> 00:05:49,800 is called the mechanism of a chemical reactions so the chemical kinetics also 196 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:49,810 reactions so the chemical kinetics also 197 00:05:49,810 --> 00:05:52,320 reactions so the chemical kinetics also studies the mechanism of the chemical 198 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:52,330 studies the mechanism of the chemical 199 00:05:52,330 --> 00:05:55,790 studies the mechanism of the chemical reactions to now this slide simply shows 200 00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:55,800 reactions to now this slide simply shows 201 00:05:55,800 --> 00:06:01,440 reactions to now this slide simply shows you for example again this is excitation 202 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:01,450 you for example again this is excitation 203 00:06:01,450 --> 00:06:05,580 you for example again this is excitation of an electron in a molecule from one 204 00:06:05,580 --> 00:06:05,590 of an electron in a molecule from one 205 00:06:05,590 --> 00:06:08,130 of an electron in a molecule from one level to another level takes about 10 to 206 00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:08,140 level to another level takes about 10 to 207 00:06:08,140 --> 00:06:11,330 level to another level takes about 10 to the minus 15 seconds which is a 208 00:06:11,330 --> 00:06:11,340 the minus 15 seconds which is a 209 00:06:11,340 --> 00:06:13,950 the minus 15 seconds which is a femtoseconds is called femtoseconds very 210 00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:13,960 femtoseconds is called femtoseconds very 211 00:06:13,960 --> 00:06:16,230 femtoseconds is called femtoseconds very fast on the other side you have an 212 00:06:16,230 --> 00:06:16,240 fast on the other side you have an 213 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:18,420 fast on the other side you have an explosion for example that's all 214 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:18,430 explosion for example that's all 215 00:06:18,430 --> 00:06:20,790 explosion for example that's all chemical reactions and that takes about 216 00:06:20,790 --> 00:06:20,800 chemical reactions and that takes about 217 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:21,990 chemical reactions and that takes about one second 218 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:22,000 one second 219 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:24,360 one second you know but on the other side this is 220 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:24,370 you know but on the other side this is 221 00:06:24,370 --> 00:06:27,690 you know but on the other side this is rustin and it takes years and this one 222 00:06:27,690 --> 00:06:27,700 rustin and it takes years and this one 223 00:06:27,700 --> 00:06:30,300 rustin and it takes years and this one is whether an off a rock they call and 224 00:06:30,300 --> 00:06:30,310 is whether an off a rock they call and 225 00:06:30,310 --> 00:06:32,280 is whether an off a rock they call and that takes millions of years and so on 226 00:06:32,280 --> 00:06:32,290 that takes millions of years and so on 227 00:06:32,290 --> 00:06:35,070 that takes millions of years and so on and all of these are if you consider 228 00:06:35,070 --> 00:06:35,080 and all of these are if you consider 229 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:36,570 and all of these are if you consider those as a chemical reactions you see 230 00:06:36,570 --> 00:06:36,580 those as a chemical reactions you see 231 00:06:36,580 --> 00:06:38,490 those as a chemical reactions you see again some chemical reactions are slow 232 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:38,500 again some chemical reactions are slow 233 00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:41,550 again some chemical reactions are slow some chemical reactions are fast and 234 00:06:41,550 --> 00:06:41,560 some chemical reactions are fast and 235 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:45,150 some chemical reactions are fast and this is again as we said in addition to 236 00:06:45,150 --> 00:06:45,160 this is again as we said in addition to 237 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:46,860 this is again as we said in addition to the factors effect in the chemical 238 00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:46,870 the factors effect in the chemical 239 00:06:46,870 --> 00:06:49,090 the factors effect in the chemical reaction rate chemical we 240 00:06:49,090 --> 00:06:49,100 reaction rate chemical we 241 00:06:49,100 --> 00:06:52,030 reaction rate chemical we action speed the mechanism is also 242 00:06:52,030 --> 00:06:52,040 action speed the mechanism is also 243 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:54,580 action speed the mechanism is also important which is the molecular level 244 00:06:54,580 --> 00:06:54,590 important which is the molecular level 245 00:06:54,590 --> 00:06:58,000 important which is the molecular level view of the path from reactants to the 246 00:06:58,000 --> 00:06:58,010 view of the path from reactants to the 247 00:06:58,010 --> 00:07:00,970 view of the path from reactants to the products what happens as the reactant 248 00:07:00,970 --> 00:07:00,980 products what happens as the reactant 249 00:07:00,980 --> 00:07:04,540 products what happens as the reactant goes to the products now factors that 250 00:07:04,540 --> 00:07:04,550 goes to the products now factors that 251 00:07:04,550 --> 00:07:07,210 goes to the products now factors that affect the reaction rates let's look at 252 00:07:07,210 --> 00:07:07,220 affect the reaction rates let's look at 253 00:07:07,220 --> 00:07:09,430 affect the reaction rates let's look at those first one is the physical state of 254 00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:09,440 those first one is the physical state of 255 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:11,590 those first one is the physical state of the reactants what does that means that 256 00:07:11,590 --> 00:07:11,600 the reactants what does that means that 257 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:15,100 the reactants what does that means that means whether your reactants are gas 258 00:07:15,100 --> 00:07:15,110 means whether your reactants are gas 259 00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:18,610 means whether your reactants are gas liquid or solids that affects actually 260 00:07:18,610 --> 00:07:18,620 liquid or solids that affects actually 261 00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:20,770 liquid or solids that affects actually the rate of a chemical reaction speed of 262 00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:20,780 the rate of a chemical reaction speed of 263 00:07:20,780 --> 00:07:23,760 the rate of a chemical reaction speed of a chemical reaction second factor is 264 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:23,770 a chemical reaction second factor is 265 00:07:23,770 --> 00:07:26,040 a chemical reaction second factor is concentrations of the reactant 266 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:26,050 concentrations of the reactant 267 00:07:26,050 --> 00:07:29,170 concentrations of the reactant particularly if you're in solution or in 268 00:07:29,170 --> 00:07:29,180 particularly if you're in solution or in 269 00:07:29,180 --> 00:07:31,480 particularly if you're in solution or in gaseous reactions the concentrations of 270 00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:31,490 gaseous reactions the concentrations of 271 00:07:31,490 --> 00:07:33,610 gaseous reactions the concentrations of the reactants are very very important as 272 00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:33,620 the reactants are very very important as 273 00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:36,730 the reactants are very very important as we will explain it affects the rate of 274 00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:36,740 we will explain it affects the rate of 275 00:07:36,740 --> 00:07:40,030 we will explain it affects the rate of the reaction because if we simply 276 00:07:40,030 --> 00:07:40,040 the reaction because if we simply 277 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:43,660 the reaction because if we simply consider that a chemical reaction will 278 00:07:43,660 --> 00:07:43,670 consider that a chemical reaction will 279 00:07:43,670 --> 00:07:47,470 consider that a chemical reaction will take place when two molecules collide 280 00:07:47,470 --> 00:07:47,480 take place when two molecules collide 281 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:50,200 take place when two molecules collide with each other right and then the 282 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:50,210 with each other right and then the 283 00:07:50,210 --> 00:07:52,930 with each other right and then the product will form sometimes three but 284 00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:52,940 product will form sometimes three but 285 00:07:52,940 --> 00:07:55,390 product will form sometimes three but it's very seldom actually because to 286 00:07:55,390 --> 00:07:55,400 it's very seldom actually because to 287 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,570 it's very seldom actually because to have the collisions of three molecules 288 00:07:58,570 --> 00:07:58,580 have the collisions of three molecules 289 00:07:58,580 --> 00:08:00,700 have the collisions of three molecules at the same time at the same point in 290 00:08:00,700 --> 00:08:00,710 at the same time at the same point in 291 00:08:00,710 --> 00:08:03,700 at the same time at the same point in space is very very rare and the 292 00:08:03,700 --> 00:08:03,710 space is very very rare and the 293 00:08:03,710 --> 00:08:05,590 space is very very rare and the probability of that is very very low 294 00:08:05,590 --> 00:08:05,600 probability of that is very very low 295 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,460 probability of that is very very low close to zero so that means that 296 00:08:08,460 --> 00:08:08,470 close to zero so that means that 297 00:08:08,470 --> 00:08:11,500 close to zero so that means that reactants has to collide with each other 298 00:08:11,500 --> 00:08:11,510 reactants has to collide with each other 299 00:08:11,510 --> 00:08:15,160 reactants has to collide with each other to lead to the product now when you 300 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:15,170 to lead to the product now when you 301 00:08:15,170 --> 00:08:18,820 to lead to the product now when you consider that reactant concentration 302 00:08:18,820 --> 00:08:18,830 consider that reactant concentration 303 00:08:18,830 --> 00:08:21,970 consider that reactant concentration means more molecules reactant molecules 304 00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:21,980 means more molecules reactant molecules 305 00:08:21,980 --> 00:08:23,680 means more molecules reactant molecules more reactant molecules me as more 306 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:23,690 more reactant molecules me as more 307 00:08:23,690 --> 00:08:27,190 more reactant molecules me as more collusions more collusion means more 308 00:08:27,190 --> 00:08:27,200 collusions more collusion means more 309 00:08:27,200 --> 00:08:30,400 collusions more collusion means more product form in a given time that means 310 00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:30,410 product form in a given time that means 311 00:08:30,410 --> 00:08:32,709 product form in a given time that means the rate of the reaction will increase 312 00:08:32,709 --> 00:08:32,719 the rate of the reaction will increase 313 00:08:32,719 --> 00:08:34,900 the rate of the reaction will increase with the reactant concentration we will 314 00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:34,910 with the reactant concentration we will 315 00:08:34,910 --> 00:08:37,810 with the reactant concentration we will see in detail those reaction temperature 316 00:08:37,810 --> 00:08:37,820 see in detail those reaction temperature 317 00:08:37,820 --> 00:08:41,830 see in detail those reaction temperature is also important why because again 318 00:08:41,830 --> 00:08:41,840 is also important why because again 319 00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:43,510 is also important why because again remember when he increased the 320 00:08:43,510 --> 00:08:43,520 remember when he increased the 321 00:08:43,520 --> 00:08:46,570 remember when he increased the temperature the kinetic energy of the 322 00:08:46,570 --> 00:08:46,580 temperature the kinetic energy of the 323 00:08:46,580 --> 00:08:48,460 temperature the kinetic energy of the molecules increases what does that means 324 00:08:48,460 --> 00:08:48,470 molecules increases what does that means 325 00:08:48,470 --> 00:08:50,080 molecules increases what does that means that means the molecules start moving 326 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:50,090 that means the molecules start moving 327 00:08:50,090 --> 00:08:52,030 that means the molecules start moving faster when the molecules are moving 328 00:08:52,030 --> 00:08:52,040 faster when the molecules are moving 329 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:54,130 faster when the molecules are moving faster means you will have more 330 00:08:54,130 --> 00:08:54,140 faster means you will have more 331 00:08:54,140 --> 00:08:56,680 faster means you will have more collisions and also you will have more 332 00:08:56,680 --> 00:08:56,690 collisions and also you will have more 333 00:08:56,690 --> 00:08:58,990 collisions and also you will have more molecules which have enough energy 334 00:08:58,990 --> 00:08:59,000 molecules which have enough energy 335 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:01,720 molecules which have enough energy actually to lead to the product we will 336 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:01,730 actually to lead to the product we will 337 00:09:01,730 --> 00:09:02,710 actually to lead to the product we will see that again 338 00:09:02,710 --> 00:09:02,720 see that again 339 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:05,769 see that again as activation energy now the presence of 340 00:09:05,769 --> 00:09:05,779 as activation energy now the presence of 341 00:09:05,779 --> 00:09:09,699 as activation energy now the presence of catalyze this is another way effect in 342 00:09:09,699 --> 00:09:09,709 catalyze this is another way effect in 343 00:09:09,709 --> 00:09:12,189 catalyze this is another way effect in the rate of the reaction as we again see 344 00:09:12,189 --> 00:09:12,199 the rate of the reaction as we again see 345 00:09:12,199 --> 00:09:16,540 the rate of the reaction as we again see that we catalyze changes the mechanism 346 00:09:16,540 --> 00:09:16,550 that we catalyze changes the mechanism 347 00:09:16,550 --> 00:09:18,879 that we catalyze changes the mechanism of the reaction in other words it 348 00:09:18,879 --> 00:09:18,889 of the reaction in other words it 349 00:09:18,889 --> 00:09:21,850 of the reaction in other words it changes the path from reactant to the 350 00:09:21,850 --> 00:09:21,860 changes the path from reactant to the 351 00:09:21,860 --> 00:09:25,720 changes the path from reactant to the product so that the activation energy of 352 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:25,730 product so that the activation energy of 353 00:09:25,730 --> 00:09:29,019 product so that the activation energy of the new way new Road is lower than the 354 00:09:29,019 --> 00:09:29,029 the new way new Road is lower than the 355 00:09:29,029 --> 00:09:30,460 the new way new Road is lower than the previous one and the rate of the 356 00:09:30,460 --> 00:09:30,470 previous one and the rate of the 357 00:09:30,470 --> 00:09:32,019 previous one and the rate of the reaction increases that way but the 358 00:09:32,019 --> 00:09:32,029 reaction increases that way but the 359 00:09:32,029 --> 00:09:35,410 reaction increases that way but the catalyze is never been used itself in a 360 00:09:35,410 --> 00:09:35,420 catalyze is never been used itself in a 361 00:09:35,420 --> 00:09:38,079 catalyze is never been used itself in a chemical reaction it enters a chemical 362 00:09:38,079 --> 00:09:38,089 chemical reaction it enters a chemical 363 00:09:38,089 --> 00:09:39,850 chemical reaction it enters a chemical reaction it comes out from a chemical 364 00:09:39,850 --> 00:09:39,860 reaction it comes out from a chemical 365 00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:42,309 reaction it comes out from a chemical reaction but the rate speed of the 366 00:09:42,309 --> 00:09:42,319 reaction but the rate speed of the 367 00:09:42,319 --> 00:09:44,350 reaction but the rate speed of the reaction increases as a matter of fact 368 00:09:44,350 --> 00:09:44,360 reaction increases as a matter of fact 369 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:47,920 reaction increases as a matter of fact due to the change of the mechanism as we 370 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:47,930 due to the change of the mechanism as we 371 00:09:47,930 --> 00:09:50,679 due to the change of the mechanism as we will see now let's these are each of 372 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:50,689 will see now let's these are each of 373 00:09:50,689 --> 00:09:53,170 will see now let's these are each of these physical state of the reactants we 374 00:09:53,170 --> 00:09:53,180 these physical state of the reactants we 375 00:09:53,180 --> 00:09:54,879 these physical state of the reactants we said affects the speed of the reaction 376 00:09:54,879 --> 00:09:54,889 said affects the speed of the reaction 377 00:09:54,889 --> 00:09:57,249 said affects the speed of the reaction how the more readily the reactants 378 00:09:57,249 --> 00:09:57,259 how the more readily the reactants 379 00:09:57,259 --> 00:10:00,550 how the more readily the reactants collide the more rapidly they react so 380 00:10:00,550 --> 00:10:00,560 collide the more rapidly they react so 381 00:10:00,560 --> 00:10:04,199 collide the more rapidly they react so more collusions means rapid reactions 382 00:10:04,199 --> 00:10:04,209 more collusions means rapid reactions 383 00:10:04,209 --> 00:10:06,400 more collusions means rapid reactions homogeneous reactions are often faster 384 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:06,410 homogeneous reactions are often faster 385 00:10:06,410 --> 00:10:08,139 homogeneous reactions are often faster what we mean homogeneous reactions 386 00:10:08,139 --> 00:10:08,149 what we mean homogeneous reactions 387 00:10:08,149 --> 00:10:10,509 what we mean homogeneous reactions reactions are taking place in solutions 388 00:10:10,509 --> 00:10:10,519 reactions are taking place in solutions 389 00:10:10,519 --> 00:10:12,189 reactions are taking place in solutions or reactions that are taking place in 390 00:10:12,189 --> 00:10:12,199 or reactions that are taking place in 391 00:10:12,199 --> 00:10:16,960 or reactions that are taking place in gas phase right but the solid state the 392 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:16,970 gas phase right but the solid state the 393 00:10:16,970 --> 00:10:19,090 gas phase right but the solid state the reactions are not that slow unless the 394 00:10:19,090 --> 00:10:19,100 reactions are not that slow unless the 395 00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:20,590 reactions are not that slow unless the reaction is taking place only on the 396 00:10:20,590 --> 00:10:20,600 reaction is taking place only on the 397 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,790 reaction is taking place only on the surface of the solid as we will see so 398 00:10:23,790 --> 00:10:23,800 surface of the solid as we will see so 399 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:26,829 surface of the solid as we will see so homogeneous reaction solutions and gas 400 00:10:26,829 --> 00:10:26,839 homogeneous reaction solutions and gas 401 00:10:26,839 --> 00:10:29,410 homogeneous reaction solutions and gas reactions are faster now heterogeneous 402 00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:29,420 reactions are faster now heterogeneous 403 00:10:29,420 --> 00:10:32,980 reactions are faster now heterogeneous reactions that involve solids are faster 404 00:10:32,980 --> 00:10:32,990 reactions that involve solids are faster 405 00:10:32,990 --> 00:10:36,460 reactions that involve solids are faster if the surface area is increased that 406 00:10:36,460 --> 00:10:36,470 if the surface area is increased that 407 00:10:36,470 --> 00:10:39,490 if the surface area is increased that means if one of your reactants is a 408 00:10:39,490 --> 00:10:39,500 means if one of your reactants is a 409 00:10:39,500 --> 00:10:42,549 means if one of your reactants is a solid and you have a heterogeneous 410 00:10:42,549 --> 00:10:42,559 solid and you have a heterogeneous 411 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:47,259 solid and you have a heterogeneous reactions this the more the surface area 412 00:10:47,259 --> 00:10:47,269 reactions this the more the surface area 413 00:10:47,269 --> 00:10:50,949 reactions this the more the surface area of the solid particles actually the 414 00:10:50,949 --> 00:10:50,959 of the solid particles actually the 415 00:10:50,959 --> 00:10:52,809 of the solid particles actually the faster is the reaction as a matter of 416 00:10:52,809 --> 00:10:52,819 faster is the reaction as a matter of 417 00:10:52,819 --> 00:10:56,199 faster is the reaction as a matter of fact the surface area of the solid will 418 00:10:56,199 --> 00:10:56,209 fact the surface area of the solid will 419 00:10:56,209 --> 00:10:59,860 fact the surface area of the solid will increase as the size of the particles of 420 00:10:59,860 --> 00:10:59,870 increase as the size of the particles of 421 00:10:59,870 --> 00:11:02,920 increase as the size of the particles of the solid decreases as a matter of fact 422 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:02,930 the solid decreases as a matter of fact 423 00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:06,639 the solid decreases as a matter of fact more small particles more face and then 424 00:11:06,639 --> 00:11:06,649 more small particles more face and then 425 00:11:06,649 --> 00:11:09,129 more small particles more face and then that means faster reaction this is what 426 00:11:09,129 --> 00:11:09,139 that means faster reaction this is what 427 00:11:09,139 --> 00:11:12,730 that means faster reaction this is what a surface area is related to the size of 428 00:11:12,730 --> 00:11:12,740 a surface area is related to the size of 429 00:11:12,740 --> 00:11:16,000 a surface area is related to the size of the particles for example fine powders 430 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:16,010 the particles for example fine powders 431 00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:18,400 the particles for example fine powders reacts much faster than palette or 432 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:18,410 reacts much faster than palette or 433 00:11:18,410 --> 00:11:21,580 reacts much faster than palette or tablet if you have fine dust in fact in 434 00:11:21,580 --> 00:11:21,590 tablet if you have fine dust in fact in 435 00:11:21,590 --> 00:11:23,740 tablet if you have fine dust in fact in a solid form that reacts much much 436 00:11:23,740 --> 00:11:23,750 a solid form that reacts much much 437 00:11:23,750 --> 00:11:27,460 a solid form that reacts much much faster as a matter of fact now reactant 438 00:11:27,460 --> 00:11:27,470 faster as a matter of fact now reactant 439 00:11:27,470 --> 00:11:29,500 faster as a matter of fact now reactant concentrations another factor that 440 00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:29,510 concentrations another factor that 441 00:11:29,510 --> 00:11:32,620 concentrations another factor that affects the rate of a reaction increase 442 00:11:32,620 --> 00:11:32,630 affects the rate of a reaction increase 443 00:11:32,630 --> 00:11:34,510 affects the rate of a reaction increase in the reactant concentration generally 444 00:11:34,510 --> 00:11:34,520 in the reactant concentration generally 445 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:37,660 in the reactant concentration generally increases reaction rate yes since there 446 00:11:37,660 --> 00:11:37,670 increases reaction rate yes since there 447 00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:40,630 increases reaction rate yes since there are more molecules more collisions occur 448 00:11:40,630 --> 00:11:40,640 are more molecules more collisions occur 449 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:45,220 are more molecules more collisions occur again higher concentration means more 450 00:11:45,220 --> 00:11:45,230 again higher concentration means more 451 00:11:45,230 --> 00:11:48,490 again higher concentration means more molecules per unit volume more molecules 452 00:11:48,490 --> 00:11:48,500 molecules per unit volume more molecules 453 00:11:48,500 --> 00:11:51,160 molecules per unit volume more molecules mean more collisions more collusion 454 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:51,170 mean more collisions more collusion 455 00:11:51,170 --> 00:11:53,860 mean more collisions more collusion means faster chemical reaction faster 456 00:11:53,860 --> 00:11:53,870 means faster chemical reaction faster 457 00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:58,840 means faster chemical reaction faster chemical reactions now temperature is 458 00:11:58,840 --> 00:11:58,850 chemical reactions now temperature is 459 00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:01,540 chemical reactions now temperature is another factor as we said reaction rate 460 00:12:01,540 --> 00:12:01,550 another factor as we said reaction rate 461 00:12:01,550 --> 00:12:03,280 another factor as we said reaction rate generally increases with increased 462 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:03,290 generally increases with increased 463 00:12:03,290 --> 00:12:05,020 generally increases with increased temperature kinetic energy of the 464 00:12:05,020 --> 00:12:05,030 temperature kinetic energy of the 465 00:12:05,030 --> 00:12:07,570 temperature kinetic energy of the molecules why here explains its kinetic 466 00:12:07,570 --> 00:12:07,580 molecules why here explains its kinetic 467 00:12:07,580 --> 00:12:09,130 molecules why here explains its kinetic energy of the molecules is related to 468 00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:09,140 energy of the molecules is related to 469 00:12:09,140 --> 00:12:11,230 energy of the molecules is related to the temperature at higher temperatures 470 00:12:11,230 --> 00:12:11,240 the temperature at higher temperatures 471 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:14,320 the temperature at higher temperatures molecules more more quickly increase in 472 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:14,330 molecules more more quickly increase in 473 00:12:14,330 --> 00:12:16,660 molecules more more quickly increase in the numbers of collusion and the energy 474 00:12:16,660 --> 00:12:16,670 the numbers of collusion and the energy 475 00:12:16,670 --> 00:12:18,910 the numbers of collusion and the energy of the molecules possessed during the 476 00:12:18,910 --> 00:12:18,920 of the molecules possessed during the 477 00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:21,250 of the molecules possessed during the collisions because normally if you 478 00:12:21,250 --> 00:12:21,260 collisions because normally if you 479 00:12:21,260 --> 00:12:22,570 collisions because normally if you increase the temperature 480 00:12:22,570 --> 00:12:22,580 increase the temperature 481 00:12:22,580 --> 00:12:24,580 increase the temperature you're not only increase in the speed of 482 00:12:24,580 --> 00:12:24,590 you're not only increase in the speed of 483 00:12:24,590 --> 00:12:25,960 you're not only increase in the speed of the chemical reactions there so the 484 00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:25,970 the chemical reactions there so the 485 00:12:25,970 --> 00:12:27,910 the chemical reactions there so the number of collisions that will take 486 00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:27,920 number of collisions that will take 487 00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:30,850 number of collisions that will take place per unit time but you also 488 00:12:30,850 --> 00:12:30,860 place per unit time but you also 489 00:12:30,860 --> 00:12:33,580 place per unit time but you also increase in the average energy of the 490 00:12:33,580 --> 00:12:33,590 increase in the average energy of the 491 00:12:33,590 --> 00:12:36,870 increase in the average energy of the molecules colliding molecules and that 492 00:12:36,870 --> 00:12:36,880 molecules colliding molecules and that 493 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:39,940 molecules colliding molecules and that means more molecules will have enough 494 00:12:39,940 --> 00:12:39,950 means more molecules will have enough 495 00:12:39,950 --> 00:12:43,420 means more molecules will have enough energy to go to the product collide and 496 00:12:43,420 --> 00:12:43,430 energy to go to the product collide and 497 00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:46,480 energy to go to the product collide and go over the transition state and go to 498 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:46,490 go over the transition state and go to 499 00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:48,820 go over the transition state and go to the product side that's what it simply 500 00:12:48,820 --> 00:12:48,830 the product side that's what it simply 501 00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:52,300 the product side that's what it simply says here molecules possession during 502 00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:52,310 says here molecules possession during 503 00:12:52,310 --> 00:12:56,380 says here molecules possession during that now presence of catalyze again as 504 00:12:56,380 --> 00:12:56,390 that now presence of catalyze again as 505 00:12:56,390 --> 00:12:59,800 that now presence of catalyze again as we said catalyze affect the rate without 506 00:12:59,800 --> 00:12:59,810 we said catalyze affect the rate without 507 00:12:59,810 --> 00:13:02,920 we said catalyze affect the rate without being in overall balanced equation that 508 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:02,930 being in overall balanced equation that 509 00:13:02,930 --> 00:13:05,740 being in overall balanced equation that means it is not consumed actually during 510 00:13:05,740 --> 00:13:05,750 means it is not consumed actually during 511 00:13:05,750 --> 00:13:08,200 means it is not consumed actually during the chemical reaction it's still there 512 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:08,210 the chemical reaction it's still there 513 00:13:08,210 --> 00:13:10,210 the chemical reaction it's still there the catalyze affects the kind of 514 00:13:10,210 --> 00:13:10,220 the catalyze affects the kind of 515 00:13:10,220 --> 00:13:12,760 the catalyze affects the kind of collusions change in the mechanism this 516 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:12,770 collusions change in the mechanism this 517 00:13:12,770 --> 00:13:14,230 collusions change in the mechanism this is really important 518 00:13:14,230 --> 00:13:14,240 is really important 519 00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:16,060 is really important the catalyzed changes the rate of a 520 00:13:16,060 --> 00:13:16,070 the catalyzed changes the rate of a 521 00:13:16,070 --> 00:13:18,090 the catalyzed changes the rate of a reaction by changing the mechanism and 522 00:13:18,090 --> 00:13:18,100 reaction by changing the mechanism and 523 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:21,070 reaction by changing the mechanism and change in mechanism actually changes the 524 00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:21,080 change in mechanism actually changes the 525 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:23,230 change in mechanism actually changes the activation energy as we will describe 526 00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:23,240 activation energy as we will describe 527 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:25,300 activation energy as we will describe later that means minimum energy of the 528 00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:25,310 later that means minimum energy of the 529 00:13:25,310 --> 00:13:27,610 later that means minimum energy of the molecules should have to give the 530 00:13:27,610 --> 00:13:27,620 molecules should have to give the 531 00:13:27,620 --> 00:13:29,410 molecules should have to give the product in fact 532 00:13:29,410 --> 00:13:29,420 product in fact 533 00:13:29,420 --> 00:13:31,960 product in fact now cattle eyes are critical in many 534 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:31,970 now cattle eyes are critical in many 535 00:13:31,970 --> 00:13:34,960 now cattle eyes are critical in many biological reactions particularly in 536 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:34,970 biological reactions particularly in 537 00:13:34,970 --> 00:13:36,760 biological reactions particularly in industries catalyzed very important why 538 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:36,770 industries catalyzed very important why 539 00:13:36,770 --> 00:13:39,850 industries catalyzed very important why because you try to increase the speed of 540 00:13:39,850 --> 00:13:39,860 because you try to increase the speed of 541 00:13:39,860 --> 00:13:41,470 because you try to increase the speed of your chemical reaction which you use to 542 00:13:41,470 --> 00:13:41,480 your chemical reaction which you use to 543 00:13:41,480 --> 00:13:45,520 your chemical reaction which you use to produce product goods in fact and per 544 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:45,530 produce product goods in fact and per 545 00:13:45,530 --> 00:13:48,100 produce product goods in fact and per given time and that is very very 546 00:13:48,100 --> 00:13:48,110 given time and that is very very 547 00:13:48,110 --> 00:13:51,370 given time and that is very very important in chemical industry - but in 548 00:13:51,370 --> 00:13:51,380 important in chemical industry - but in 549 00:13:51,380 --> 00:13:54,250 important in chemical industry - but in biological reactions usually the 550 00:13:54,250 --> 00:13:54,260 biological reactions usually the 551 00:13:54,260 --> 00:13:58,270 biological reactions usually the catalyzed are large molecules what we 552 00:13:58,270 --> 00:13:58,280 catalyzed are large molecules what we 553 00:13:58,280 --> 00:14:08,200 catalyzed are large molecules what we call them what do we call them enzymes 554 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:08,210 call them what do we call them enzymes 555 00:14:08,210 --> 00:14:11,650 call them what do we call them enzymes yes enzymes in fact without enzymes in 556 00:14:11,650 --> 00:14:11,660 yes enzymes in fact without enzymes in 557 00:14:11,660 --> 00:14:14,500 yes enzymes in fact without enzymes in fact the life is not possible the 558 00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:14,510 fact the life is not possible the 559 00:14:14,510 --> 00:14:17,230 fact the life is not possible the enzymes are very large molecules and 560 00:14:17,230 --> 00:14:17,240 enzymes are very large molecules and 561 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:21,660 enzymes are very large molecules and they only increase the rate of 562 00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:21,670 they only increase the rate of 563 00:14:21,670 --> 00:14:24,520 they only increase the rate of particular reactions we will see that 564 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:24,530 particular reactions we will see that 565 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,980 particular reactions we will see that particular reactions that's design so 566 00:14:26,980 --> 00:14:26,990 particular reactions that's design so 567 00:14:26,990 --> 00:14:31,690 particular reactions that's design so cleanly in fact the enzymes and those 568 00:14:31,690 --> 00:14:31,700 cleanly in fact the enzymes and those 569 00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:34,840 cleanly in fact the enzymes and those actually adjust the speed of the 570 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:34,850 actually adjust the speed of the 571 00:14:34,850 --> 00:14:36,490 actually adjust the speed of the chemical reactions taking place in 572 00:14:36,490 --> 00:14:36,500 chemical reactions taking place in 573 00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:38,380 chemical reactions taking place in living organisms in fact the speed of 574 00:14:38,380 --> 00:14:38,390 living organisms in fact the speed of 575 00:14:38,390 --> 00:14:39,940 living organisms in fact the speed of chemical reactions in living organisms 576 00:14:39,940 --> 00:14:39,950 chemical reactions in living organisms 577 00:14:39,950 --> 00:14:42,400 chemical reactions in living organisms is very important as a matter of fact if 578 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:42,410 is very important as a matter of fact if 579 00:14:42,410 --> 00:14:46,750 is very important as a matter of fact if the reactions is too fast it will really 580 00:14:46,750 --> 00:14:46,760 the reactions is too fast it will really 581 00:14:46,760 --> 00:14:48,850 the reactions is too fast it will really harm the life if the reactions is too 582 00:14:48,850 --> 00:14:48,860 harm the life if the reactions is too 583 00:14:48,860 --> 00:14:51,190 harm the life if the reactions is too slow it was also harm to life that means 584 00:14:51,190 --> 00:14:51,200 slow it was also harm to life that means 585 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:55,830 slow it was also harm to life that means the life will end that's all I mean now 586 00:14:55,830 --> 00:14:55,840 the life will end that's all I mean now 587 00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:59,080 the life will end that's all I mean now reaction rate again the speed or you can 588 00:14:59,080 --> 00:14:59,090 reaction rate again the speed or you can 589 00:14:59,090 --> 00:15:03,010 reaction rate again the speed or you can call it reaction speed how do we define 590 00:15:03,010 --> 00:15:03,020 call it reaction speed how do we define 591 00:15:03,020 --> 00:15:07,440 call it reaction speed how do we define the reaction rate as here rate is a 592 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:07,450 the reaction rate as here rate is a 593 00:15:07,450 --> 00:15:10,990 the reaction rate as here rate is a change in concentration over a time 594 00:15:10,990 --> 00:15:11,000 change in concentration over a time 595 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,800 change in concentration over a time period now it is get usually given as 596 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:14,810 period now it is get usually given as 597 00:15:14,810 --> 00:15:19,750 period now it is get usually given as Delta something here - delta T for 598 00:15:19,750 --> 00:15:19,760 Delta something here - delta T for 599 00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:22,330 Delta something here - delta T for example if I simply have a reaction 600 00:15:22,330 --> 00:15:22,340 example if I simply have a reaction 601 00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:28,060 example if I simply have a reaction let's say a going to the product like 602 00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:28,070 let's say a going to the product like 603 00:15:28,070 --> 00:15:30,970 let's say a going to the product like this so the rate of this reaction is 604 00:15:30,970 --> 00:15:30,980 this so the rate of this reaction is 605 00:15:30,980 --> 00:15:34,210 this so the rate of this reaction is given as the change of the concentration 606 00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:34,220 given as the change of the concentration 607 00:15:34,220 --> 00:15:36,660 given as the change of the concentration of a now this is the molar concentration 608 00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:36,670 of a now this is the molar concentration 609 00:15:36,670 --> 00:15:39,480 of a now this is the molar concentration divided by change 610 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:39,490 divided by change 611 00:15:39,490 --> 00:15:42,090 divided by change in a certain period delta T as a matter 612 00:15:42,090 --> 00:15:42,100 in a certain period delta T as a matter 613 00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:45,480 in a certain period delta T as a matter of fact and this is - why it is - 614 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:45,490 of fact and this is - why it is - 615 00:15:45,490 --> 00:15:48,449 of fact and this is - why it is - because the concentration as the 616 00:15:48,449 --> 00:15:48,459 because the concentration as the 617 00:15:48,459 --> 00:15:52,759 because the concentration as the concentration decreases the time 618 00:15:52,759 --> 00:15:52,769 concentration decreases the time 619 00:15:52,769 --> 00:15:55,949 concentration decreases the time increases right so those two changes are 620 00:15:55,949 --> 00:15:55,959 increases right so those two changes are 621 00:15:55,959 --> 00:15:57,720 increases right so those two changes are opposite when you have those two changes 622 00:15:57,720 --> 00:15:57,730 opposite when you have those two changes 623 00:15:57,730 --> 00:15:59,759 opposite when you have those two changes are opposite nominator and denominator 624 00:15:59,759 --> 00:15:59,769 are opposite nominator and denominator 625 00:15:59,769 --> 00:16:01,710 are opposite nominator and denominator this sign is negative that's what it 626 00:16:01,710 --> 00:16:01,720 this sign is negative that's what it 627 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:05,879 this sign is negative that's what it shows actually now here again you see 628 00:16:05,879 --> 00:16:05,889 shows actually now here again you see 629 00:16:05,889 --> 00:16:09,900 shows actually now here again you see that is the rate we can call that equals 630 00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:09,910 that is the rate we can call that equals 631 00:16:09,910 --> 00:16:13,290 that is the rate we can call that equals to the rate of this reaction rate of 632 00:16:13,290 --> 00:16:13,300 to the rate of this reaction rate of 633 00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:17,549 to the rate of this reaction rate of this reaction now Delta means the change 634 00:16:17,549 --> 00:16:17,559 this reaction now Delta means the change 635 00:16:17,559 --> 00:16:21,359 this reaction now Delta means the change in so when we have Delta that means the 636 00:16:21,359 --> 00:16:21,369 in so when we have Delta that means the 637 00:16:21,369 --> 00:16:23,639 in so when we have Delta that means the molar concentration molar concentration 638 00:16:23,639 --> 00:16:23,649 molar concentration molar concentration 639 00:16:23,649 --> 00:16:26,910 molar concentration molar concentration and Delta molar concentration means the 640 00:16:26,910 --> 00:16:26,920 and Delta molar concentration means the 641 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,239 and Delta molar concentration means the change of molar concentration of the 642 00:16:30,239 --> 00:16:30,249 change of molar concentration of the 643 00:16:30,249 --> 00:16:33,949 change of molar concentration of the reactant or maybe product we just follow 644 00:16:33,949 --> 00:16:33,959 reactant or maybe product we just follow 645 00:16:33,959 --> 00:16:37,669 reactant or maybe product we just follow reactant either reactant or product per 646 00:16:37,669 --> 00:16:37,679 reactant either reactant or product per 647 00:16:37,679 --> 00:16:43,139 reactant either reactant or product per unit time per unit time so T is the time 648 00:16:43,139 --> 00:16:43,149 unit time per unit time so T is the time 649 00:16:43,149 --> 00:16:47,549 unit time per unit time so T is the time types of rate measured now average rate 650 00:16:47,549 --> 00:16:47,559 types of rate measured now average rate 651 00:16:47,559 --> 00:16:50,090 types of rate measured now average rate that means if you measure the 652 00:16:50,090 --> 00:16:50,100 that means if you measure the 653 00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,519 that means if you measure the concentration of reactant for example at 654 00:16:53,519 --> 00:16:53,529 concentration of reactant for example at 655 00:16:53,529 --> 00:16:56,309 concentration of reactant for example at a given time and then the concentration 656 00:16:56,309 --> 00:16:56,319 a given time and then the concentration 657 00:16:56,319 --> 00:16:59,039 a given time and then the concentration of the reactant in another time and take 658 00:16:59,039 --> 00:16:59,049 of the reactant in another time and take 659 00:16:59,049 --> 00:17:00,299 of the reactant in another time and take the difference between the concentration 660 00:17:00,299 --> 00:17:00,309 the difference between the concentration 661 00:17:00,309 --> 00:17:03,689 the difference between the concentration and divided by the time elapsed the 662 00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:03,699 and divided by the time elapsed the 663 00:17:03,699 --> 00:17:06,179 and divided by the time elapsed the delta T actually and that will give you 664 00:17:06,179 --> 00:17:06,189 delta T actually and that will give you 665 00:17:06,189 --> 00:17:08,850 delta T actually and that will give you the average rate between those two 666 00:17:08,850 --> 00:17:08,860 the average rate between those two 667 00:17:08,860 --> 00:17:12,210 the average rate between those two points right average rate or you can 668 00:17:12,210 --> 00:17:12,220 points right average rate or you can 669 00:17:12,220 --> 00:17:15,480 points right average rate or you can have instantaneous rate that means the 670 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:15,490 have instantaneous rate that means the 671 00:17:15,490 --> 00:17:17,549 have instantaneous rate that means the rate of the reaction at a particular 672 00:17:17,549 --> 00:17:17,559 rate of the reaction at a particular 673 00:17:17,559 --> 00:17:19,620 rate of the reaction at a particular time instantaneously that just just that 674 00:17:19,620 --> 00:17:19,630 time instantaneously that just just that 675 00:17:19,630 --> 00:17:22,590 time instantaneously that just just that rate or you can have the initial rate 676 00:17:22,590 --> 00:17:22,600 rate or you can have the initial rate 677 00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:25,590 rate or you can have the initial rate that means you just as you start the 678 00:17:25,590 --> 00:17:25,600 that means you just as you start the 679 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:28,169 that means you just as you start the reaction when T is equal to 0 there is 680 00:17:28,169 --> 00:17:28,179 reaction when T is equal to 0 there is 681 00:17:28,179 --> 00:17:30,269 reaction when T is equal to 0 there is rate there as its ad that's called the 682 00:17:30,269 --> 00:17:30,279 rate there as its ad that's called the 683 00:17:30,279 --> 00:17:33,029 rate there as its ad that's called the initial rates now let's look at these 684 00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:33,039 initial rates now let's look at these 685 00:17:33,039 --> 00:17:37,110 initial rates now let's look at these again now this is the example following 686 00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:37,120 again now this is the example following 687 00:17:37,120 --> 00:17:39,480 again now this is the example following the reaction rates again how we follow 688 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:39,490 the reaction rates again how we follow 689 00:17:39,490 --> 00:17:41,840 the reaction rates again how we follow the reaction rates we follow the 690 00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:41,850 the reaction rates we follow the 691 00:17:41,850 --> 00:17:44,789 the reaction rates we follow the concentration change of reactants or 692 00:17:44,789 --> 00:17:44,799 concentration change of reactants or 693 00:17:44,799 --> 00:17:47,279 concentration change of reactants or products it really doesn't matter both 694 00:17:47,279 --> 00:17:47,289 products it really doesn't matter both 695 00:17:47,289 --> 00:17:49,560 products it really doesn't matter both will give us the rate or the speed of 696 00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:49,570 will give us the rate or the speed of 697 00:17:49,570 --> 00:17:52,540 will give us the rate or the speed of the reaction now here is the reaction 698 00:17:52,540 --> 00:17:52,550 the reaction now here is the reaction 699 00:17:52,550 --> 00:17:55,780 the reaction now here is the reaction butyl chloride actually hydrolyzes to 700 00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:55,790 butyl chloride actually hydrolyzes to 701 00:17:55,790 --> 00:17:59,080 butyl chloride actually hydrolyzes to give butanol and hydrochloric acid right 702 00:17:59,080 --> 00:17:59,090 give butanol and hydrochloric acid right 703 00:17:59,090 --> 00:18:02,140 give butanol and hydrochloric acid right this is our reactions so rate of the 704 00:18:02,140 --> 00:18:02,150 this is our reactions so rate of the 705 00:18:02,150 --> 00:18:04,090 this is our reactions so rate of the reaction is measured using concentration 706 00:18:04,090 --> 00:18:04,100 reaction is measured using concentration 707 00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,510 reaction is measured using concentration of the reactant or product over time now 708 00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:07,520 of the reactant or product over time now 709 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:10,120 of the reactant or product over time now how we measure it for example but we can 710 00:18:10,120 --> 00:18:10,130 how we measure it for example but we can 711 00:18:10,130 --> 00:18:13,840 how we measure it for example but we can use spectroscopy right and look at the 712 00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:13,850 use spectroscopy right and look at the 713 00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:16,780 use spectroscopy right and look at the absorption due to this or the absorption 714 00:18:16,780 --> 00:18:16,790 absorption due to this or the absorption 715 00:18:16,790 --> 00:18:19,410 absorption due to this or the absorption to this if they have absorption actually 716 00:18:19,410 --> 00:18:19,420 to this if they have absorption actually 717 00:18:19,420 --> 00:18:23,020 to this if they have absorption actually by simply measuring the absorption at 718 00:18:23,020 --> 00:18:23,030 by simply measuring the absorption at 719 00:18:23,030 --> 00:18:24,850 by simply measuring the absorption at different times we can calculate the 720 00:18:24,850 --> 00:18:24,860 different times we can calculate the 721 00:18:24,860 --> 00:18:27,400 different times we can calculate the concentration that means one way to do 722 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:27,410 concentration that means one way to do 723 00:18:27,410 --> 00:18:31,540 concentration that means one way to do that is that or we can simply take the 724 00:18:31,540 --> 00:18:31,550 that is that or we can simply take the 725 00:18:31,550 --> 00:18:34,420 that is that or we can simply take the solutions and at given different times 726 00:18:34,420 --> 00:18:34,430 solutions and at given different times 727 00:18:34,430 --> 00:18:35,920 solutions and at given different times determine the concentrations of 728 00:18:35,920 --> 00:18:35,930 determine the concentrations of 729 00:18:35,930 --> 00:18:38,860 determine the concentrations of hydrochloric acid by titrate in that 730 00:18:38,860 --> 00:18:38,870 hydrochloric acid by titrate in that 731 00:18:38,870 --> 00:18:42,310 hydrochloric acid by titrate in that solution with base right by titration 732 00:18:42,310 --> 00:18:42,320 solution with base right by titration 733 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:43,330 solution with base right by titration you can also determine the 734 00:18:43,330 --> 00:18:43,340 you can also determine the 735 00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:45,430 you can also determine the concentrations of the acid so when you 736 00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:45,440 concentrations of the acid so when you 737 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,260 concentrations of the acid so when you determine the concentration is in fact 738 00:18:47,260 --> 00:18:47,270 determine the concentration is in fact 739 00:18:47,270 --> 00:18:50,080 determine the concentration is in fact with various ways any of the reactant or 740 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:50,090 with various ways any of the reactant or 741 00:18:50,090 --> 00:18:52,900 with various ways any of the reactant or the product you can determine the rate 742 00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:52,910 the product you can determine the rate 743 00:18:52,910 --> 00:18:54,850 the product you can determine the rate of that reaction usually the average 744 00:18:54,850 --> 00:18:54,860 of that reaction usually the average 745 00:18:54,860 --> 00:18:57,340 of that reaction usually the average rate of the reaction now here is the 746 00:18:57,340 --> 00:18:57,350 rate of the reaction now here is the 747 00:18:57,350 --> 00:19:00,580 rate of the reaction now here is the example we have simply we start the 748 00:19:00,580 --> 00:19:00,590 example we have simply we start the 749 00:19:00,590 --> 00:19:03,160 example we have simply we start the reaction at zero time this is the 750 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:03,170 reaction at zero time this is the 751 00:19:03,170 --> 00:19:05,320 reaction at zero time this is the initial concentration point one zero 752 00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:05,330 initial concentration point one zero 753 00:19:05,330 --> 00:19:06,330 initial concentration point one zero zero molar 754 00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:06,340 zero molar 755 00:19:06,340 --> 00:19:11,440 zero molar butyl chloride and now after five fifty 756 00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:11,450 butyl chloride and now after five fifty 757 00:19:11,450 --> 00:19:13,600 butyl chloride and now after five fifty seconds we measure the concentration 758 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:13,610 seconds we measure the concentration 759 00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:17,740 seconds we measure the concentration again it becomes 0.09 or five then what 760 00:19:17,740 --> 00:19:17,750 again it becomes 0.09 or five then what 761 00:19:17,750 --> 00:19:20,790 again it becomes 0.09 or five then what we do to calculate the average rate 762 00:19:20,790 --> 00:19:20,800 we do to calculate the average rate 763 00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:24,520 we do to calculate the average rate between zero and fifty seconds we take 764 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:24,530 between zero and fifty seconds we take 765 00:19:24,530 --> 00:19:27,100 between zero and fifty seconds we take this value and subtract this and we find 766 00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:27,110 this value and subtract this and we find 767 00:19:27,110 --> 00:19:32,710 this value and subtract this and we find out the delta concentration that means 768 00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:32,720 out the delta concentration that means 769 00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:34,960 out the delta concentration that means molar concentration change and we 770 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:34,970 molar concentration change and we 771 00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:37,270 molar concentration change and we divided by the time which is fifty 772 00:19:37,270 --> 00:19:37,280 divided by the time which is fifty 773 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:40,690 divided by the time which is fifty seconds we get this right now for this 774 00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:40,700 seconds we get this right now for this 775 00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,390 seconds we get this right now for this one for example from here to there we 776 00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:43,400 one for example from here to there we 777 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,040 one for example from here to there we take the difference between these two 778 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:45,050 take the difference between these two 779 00:19:45,050 --> 00:19:47,800 take the difference between these two concentrations and divided by again 50 780 00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:47,810 concentrations and divided by again 50 781 00:19:47,810 --> 00:19:49,750 concentrations and divided by again 50 seconds this is 50 seconds here and we 782 00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:49,760 seconds this is 50 seconds here and we 783 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:52,600 seconds this is 50 seconds here and we get that you see again how we calculate 784 00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:52,610 get that you see again how we calculate 785 00:19:52,610 --> 00:19:56,110 get that you see again how we calculate the concentrate of the reactions now 786 00:19:56,110 --> 00:19:56,120 the concentrate of the reactions now 787 00:19:56,120 --> 00:20:00,250 the concentrate of the reactions now what we see here that the rate of the 788 00:20:00,250 --> 00:20:00,260 what we see here that the rate of the 789 00:20:00,260 --> 00:20:05,500 what we see here that the rate of the reaction decreases as the reaction 790 00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:05,510 reaction decreases as the reaction 791 00:20:05,510 --> 00:20:09,610 reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds to the product right here the 792 00:20:09,610 --> 00:20:09,620 proceeds to the product right here the 793 00:20:09,620 --> 00:20:12,370 proceeds to the product right here the highest at the beginning this is what we 794 00:20:12,370 --> 00:20:12,380 highest at the beginning this is what we 795 00:20:12,380 --> 00:20:16,570 highest at the beginning this is what we call initial rate actually we can say 796 00:20:16,570 --> 00:20:16,580 call initial rate actually we can say 797 00:20:16,580 --> 00:20:18,250 call initial rate actually we can say that initial rate sort of initial rate 798 00:20:18,250 --> 00:20:18,260 that initial rate sort of initial rate 799 00:20:18,260 --> 00:20:21,880 that initial rate sort of initial rate 1.9 10 to minus 4 this one is 0.56 800 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:21,890 1.9 10 to minus 4 this one is 0.56 801 00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:24,460 1.9 10 to minus 4 this one is 0.56 10 to the minus 4 that means about 4 802 00:20:24,460 --> 00:20:24,470 10 to the minus 4 that means about 4 803 00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:27,120 10 to the minus 4 that means about 4 times more than 3 times 804 00:20:27,120 --> 00:20:27,130 times more than 3 times 805 00:20:27,130 --> 00:20:35,940 times more than 3 times decrease in the rate again now uh okay 806 00:20:35,940 --> 00:20:35,950 decrease in the rate again now uh okay 807 00:20:35,950 --> 00:20:37,360 decrease in the rate again now uh okay then 808 00:20:37,360 --> 00:20:37,370 then 809 00:20:37,370 --> 00:20:43,720 then when we plot the concentration versus 810 00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:43,730 when we plot the concentration versus 811 00:20:43,730 --> 00:20:47,260 when we plot the concentration versus time here and we get this plot which 812 00:20:47,260 --> 00:20:47,270 time here and we get this plot which 813 00:20:47,270 --> 00:20:50,620 time here and we get this plot which shows the concentration change of butyl 814 00:20:50,620 --> 00:20:50,630 shows the concentration change of butyl 815 00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:54,910 shows the concentration change of butyl chloride with time right now from this 816 00:20:54,910 --> 00:20:54,920 chloride with time right now from this 817 00:20:54,920 --> 00:21:00,370 chloride with time right now from this curve here we can simply show you what 818 00:21:00,370 --> 00:21:00,380 curve here we can simply show you what 819 00:21:00,380 --> 00:21:04,000 curve here we can simply show you what we mean by the initial rate and then 820 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:04,010 we mean by the initial rate and then 821 00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:06,720 we mean by the initial rate and then instantaneous rate and the average rate 822 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:06,730 instantaneous rate and the average rate 823 00:21:06,730 --> 00:21:10,420 instantaneous rate and the average rate right now instantaneous rate means the 824 00:21:10,420 --> 00:21:10,430 right now instantaneous rate means the 825 00:21:10,430 --> 00:21:13,870 right now instantaneous rate means the rate of the reaction at a given time at 826 00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:13,880 rate of the reaction at a given time at 827 00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:17,590 rate of the reaction at a given time at a given time right now as you see here 828 00:21:17,590 --> 00:21:17,600 a given time right now as you see here 829 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,440 a given time right now as you see here if I have this slope like this curve 830 00:21:20,440 --> 00:21:20,450 if I have this slope like this curve 831 00:21:20,450 --> 00:21:23,140 if I have this slope like this curve here like this and if I would like to 832 00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:23,150 here like this and if I would like to 833 00:21:23,150 --> 00:21:25,750 here like this and if I would like to get the instantaneous rate at this time 834 00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:25,760 get the instantaneous rate at this time 835 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:29,860 get the instantaneous rate at this time right here that time T I just draw a 836 00:21:29,860 --> 00:21:29,870 right here that time T I just draw a 837 00:21:29,870 --> 00:21:32,800 right here that time T I just draw a tangent line to this curve at that point 838 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:32,810 tangent line to this curve at that point 839 00:21:32,810 --> 00:21:35,950 tangent line to this curve at that point and the slope of this line will be equal 840 00:21:35,950 --> 00:21:35,960 and the slope of this line will be equal 841 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:40,120 and the slope of this line will be equal to the instantaneous rate of this 842 00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:40,130 to the instantaneous rate of this 843 00:21:40,130 --> 00:21:42,970 to the instantaneous rate of this reaction at this point here again you 844 00:21:42,970 --> 00:21:42,980 reaction at this point here again you 845 00:21:42,980 --> 00:21:45,400 reaction at this point here again you see as we go up here the instantaneous 846 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:45,410 see as we go up here the instantaneous 847 00:21:45,410 --> 00:21:48,490 see as we go up here the instantaneous rate will increase we go down the 848 00:21:48,490 --> 00:21:48,500 rate will increase we go down the 849 00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:51,220 rate will increase we go down the instantaneous rate will decrease now the 850 00:21:51,220 --> 00:21:51,230 instantaneous rate will decrease now the 851 00:21:51,230 --> 00:21:53,560 instantaneous rate will decrease now the initial rate is the instantaneous rate 852 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:53,570 initial rate is the instantaneous rate 853 00:21:53,570 --> 00:21:56,020 initial rate is the instantaneous rate at the beginning right here at 0 is 854 00:21:56,020 --> 00:21:56,030 at the beginning right here at 0 is 855 00:21:56,030 --> 00:21:58,330 at the beginning right here at 0 is called the initial rate that means it is 856 00:21:58,330 --> 00:21:58,340 called the initial rate that means it is 857 00:21:58,340 --> 00:22:00,700 called the initial rate that means it is a slope of the line which is tangent at 858 00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:00,710 a slope of the line which is tangent at 859 00:22:00,710 --> 00:22:03,670 a slope of the line which is tangent at time T is equal to 0 that is initial 860 00:22:03,670 --> 00:22:03,680 time T is equal to 0 that is initial 861 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:05,980 time T is equal to 0 that is initial rate so we can calculate the average 862 00:22:05,980 --> 00:22:05,990 rate so we can calculate the average 863 00:22:05,990 --> 00:22:11,080 rate so we can calculate the average rate in fact by between two T values as 864 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:11,090 rate in fact by between two T values as 865 00:22:11,090 --> 00:22:12,940 rate in fact by between two T values as I have shown you just take the 866 00:22:12,940 --> 00:22:12,950 I have shown you just take the 867 00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:14,470 I have shown you just take the concentrations at two different T values 868 00:22:14,470 --> 00:22:14,480 concentrations at two different T values 869 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:17,740 concentrations at two different T values and the divided by the time elapsed 870 00:22:17,740 --> 00:22:17,750 and the divided by the time elapsed 871 00:22:17,750 --> 00:22:19,120 and the divided by the time elapsed between that that will give us 872 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:19,130 between that that will give us 873 00:22:19,130 --> 00:22:22,030 between that that will give us the average rate but the important one 874 00:22:22,030 --> 00:22:22,040 the average rate but the important one 875 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:24,310 the average rate but the important one is the instantaneous rate that's very 876 00:22:24,310 --> 00:22:24,320 is the instantaneous rate that's very 877 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:27,330 is the instantaneous rate that's very important actually instantaneous rate 878 00:22:27,330 --> 00:22:27,340 important actually instantaneous rate 879 00:22:27,340 --> 00:22:36,910 important actually instantaneous rate now uh how do we express the rate of a 880 00:22:36,910 --> 00:22:36,920 now uh how do we express the rate of a 881 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:38,680 now uh how do we express the rate of a chemical reaction we simply said that 882 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:38,690 chemical reaction we simply said that 883 00:22:38,690 --> 00:22:43,270 chemical reaction we simply said that the rate of a reaction chemical reaction 884 00:22:43,270 --> 00:22:43,280 the rate of a reaction chemical reaction 885 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:49,110 the rate of a reaction chemical reaction can be expressed in terms of reactant 886 00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:49,120 can be expressed in terms of reactant 887 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:51,520 can be expressed in terms of reactant concentration change or in terms of 888 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:51,530 concentration change or in terms of 889 00:22:51,530 --> 00:22:53,890 concentration change or in terms of product concentration change so if I 890 00:22:53,890 --> 00:22:53,900 product concentration change so if I 891 00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:59,310 product concentration change so if I simply write that we actually gain c4h9 892 00:22:59,310 --> 00:22:59,320 simply write that we actually gain c4h9 893 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:07,540 simply write that we actually gain c4h9 chloride gas that's not for the state 894 00:23:07,540 --> 00:23:07,550 chloride gas that's not for the state 895 00:23:07,550 --> 00:23:15,520 chloride gas that's not for the state plus h2o and that's going to c4h9 OAH 896 00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:15,530 plus h2o and that's going to c4h9 OAH 897 00:23:15,530 --> 00:23:19,690 plus h2o and that's going to c4h9 OAH plus HCL this is the alcohol and this is 898 00:23:19,690 --> 00:23:19,700 plus HCL this is the alcohol and this is 899 00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:23,290 plus HCL this is the alcohol and this is the butyl chloride like this so in this 900 00:23:23,290 --> 00:23:23,300 the butyl chloride like this so in this 901 00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:27,360 the butyl chloride like this so in this case if I simply write down the rate of 902 00:23:27,360 --> 00:23:27,370 case if I simply write down the rate of 903 00:23:27,370 --> 00:23:32,050 case if I simply write down the rate of rate of change of butyl chloride it 904 00:23:32,050 --> 00:23:32,060 rate of change of butyl chloride it 905 00:23:32,060 --> 00:23:33,640 rate of change of butyl chloride it would be again as follow the 906 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:33,650 would be again as follow the 907 00:23:33,650 --> 00:23:38,440 would be again as follow the concentration of butyl chloride change 908 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:38,450 concentration of butyl chloride change 909 00:23:38,450 --> 00:23:41,230 concentration of butyl chloride change at two different times divided by delta 910 00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:41,240 at two different times divided by delta 911 00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:46,600 at two different times divided by delta T this is - again like this now how 912 00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:46,610 T this is - again like this now how 913 00:23:46,610 --> 00:23:50,700 T this is - again like this now how about the rate in terms of the product 914 00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:50,710 about the rate in terms of the product 915 00:23:50,710 --> 00:23:54,520 about the rate in terms of the product butyl butanol actually normal be - no I 916 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:54,530 butyl butanol actually normal be - no I 917 00:23:54,530 --> 00:23:57,280 butyl butanol actually normal be - no I can also write it down as follow the 918 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:57,290 can also write it down as follow the 919 00:23:57,290 --> 00:24:09,630 can also write it down as follow the concentration of c-4 c9o H no c4h9 or H 920 00:24:09,630 --> 00:24:09,640 concentration of c-4 c9o H no c4h9 or H 921 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:14,260 concentration of c-4 c9o H no c4h9 or H here and divided by delta T and again 922 00:24:14,260 --> 00:24:14,270 here and divided by delta T and again 923 00:24:14,270 --> 00:24:17,500 here and divided by delta T and again this is also the rate of the chemical 924 00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:17,510 this is also the rate of the chemical 925 00:24:17,510 --> 00:24:18,970 this is also the rate of the chemical reaction rate of the chemical reaction 926 00:24:18,970 --> 00:24:18,980 reaction rate of the chemical reaction 927 00:24:18,980 --> 00:24:22,390 reaction rate of the chemical reaction but in terms of concentration change of 928 00:24:22,390 --> 00:24:22,400 but in terms of concentration change of 929 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,460 but in terms of concentration change of the product this is the concentration 930 00:24:24,460 --> 00:24:24,470 the product this is the concentration 931 00:24:24,470 --> 00:24:26,770 the product this is the concentration change of the reactant in terms of 932 00:24:26,770 --> 00:24:26,780 change of the reactant in terms of 933 00:24:26,780 --> 00:24:27,820 change of the reactant in terms of concentration 934 00:24:27,820 --> 00:24:27,830 concentration 935 00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:32,680 concentration both are simply rate now this is - 936 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:32,690 both are simply rate now this is - 937 00:24:32,690 --> 00:24:36,010 both are simply rate now this is - always because as the concentration 938 00:24:36,010 --> 00:24:36,020 always because as the concentration 939 00:24:36,020 --> 00:24:38,290 always because as the concentration decreases time increases this is 940 00:24:38,290 --> 00:24:38,300 decreases time increases this is 941 00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:40,320 decreases time increases this is positive because the concentration 942 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:40,330 positive because the concentration 943 00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:45,460 positive because the concentration simply increases as the concentration 944 00:24:45,460 --> 00:24:45,470 simply increases as the concentration 945 00:24:45,470 --> 00:24:47,620 simply increases as the concentration increases time also increases too so 946 00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:47,630 increases time also increases too so 947 00:24:47,630 --> 00:24:50,050 increases time also increases too so these two are the same as a matter of 948 00:24:50,050 --> 00:24:50,060 these two are the same as a matter of 949 00:24:50,060 --> 00:24:53,170 these two are the same as a matter of fact we can write down those than they 950 00:24:53,170 --> 00:24:53,180 fact we can write down those than they 951 00:24:53,180 --> 00:24:57,820 fact we can write down those than they are equal right like this both are equal 952 00:24:57,820 --> 00:24:57,830 are equal right like this both are equal 953 00:24:57,830 --> 00:25:02,140 are equal right like this both are equal why because from the equation here I can 954 00:25:02,140 --> 00:25:02,150 why because from the equation here I can 955 00:25:02,150 --> 00:25:06,100 why because from the equation here I can see that this equation balanced chemical 956 00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:06,110 see that this equation balanced chemical 957 00:25:06,110 --> 00:25:09,550 see that this equation balanced chemical equation tells me that when one mole of 958 00:25:09,550 --> 00:25:09,560 equation tells me that when one mole of 959 00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:14,860 equation tells me that when one mole of butyl chloride consumed one mole of 960 00:25:14,860 --> 00:25:14,870 butyl chloride consumed one mole of 961 00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:18,460 butyl chloride consumed one mole of butanol will form in the same time so 962 00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:18,470 butanol will form in the same time so 963 00:25:18,470 --> 00:25:19,870 butanol will form in the same time so what does that mean that means that the 964 00:25:19,870 --> 00:25:19,880 what does that mean that means that the 965 00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:24,040 what does that mean that means that the rate of consumption of the reactant will 966 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:24,050 rate of consumption of the reactant will 967 00:25:24,050 --> 00:25:26,320 rate of consumption of the reactant will be equal to the rate of the productions 968 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:26,330 be equal to the rate of the productions 969 00:25:26,330 --> 00:25:28,930 be equal to the rate of the productions of the product right product but 970 00:25:28,930 --> 00:25:28,940 of the product right product but 971 00:25:28,940 --> 00:25:31,810 of the product right product but sometimes it is not that way 972 00:25:31,810 --> 00:25:31,820 sometimes it is not that way 973 00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:34,650 sometimes it is not that way consider for example this reaction here 974 00:25:34,650 --> 00:25:34,660 consider for example this reaction here 975 00:25:34,660 --> 00:25:38,680 consider for example this reaction here the decomposition of ozone to oxygen 976 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:38,690 the decomposition of ozone to oxygen 977 00:25:38,690 --> 00:25:44,080 the decomposition of ozone to oxygen like this so here I can let's write that 978 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:44,090 like this so here I can let's write that 979 00:25:44,090 --> 00:25:49,150 like this so here I can let's write that I can write two rates actually for this 980 00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:49,160 I can write two rates actually for this 981 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,630 I can write two rates actually for this reaction one can be the rate of 982 00:25:52,630 --> 00:25:52,640 reaction one can be the rate of 983 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:58,110 reaction one can be the rate of consumptions of ozone and that will be - 984 00:25:58,110 --> 00:25:58,120 consumptions of ozone and that will be - 985 00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:05,850 consumptions of ozone and that will be - simply let me let me write it down here 986 00:26:05,850 --> 00:26:05,860 987 00:26:05,860 --> 00:26:07,270 rate 988 00:26:07,270 --> 00:26:07,280 rate 989 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,930 rate let's call that consumption of ozone and 990 00:26:10,930 --> 00:26:10,940 let's call that consumption of ozone and 991 00:26:10,940 --> 00:26:15,570 let's call that consumption of ozone and this will be equal to - simply Delta 992 00:26:15,570 --> 00:26:15,580 this will be equal to - simply Delta 993 00:26:15,580 --> 00:26:20,590 this will be equal to - simply Delta concentrations of ozone and delta T like 994 00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:20,600 concentrations of ozone and delta T like 995 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,830 concentrations of ozone and delta T like this this is the rate now how about the 996 00:26:23,830 --> 00:26:23,840 this this is the rate now how about the 997 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:27,490 this this is the rate now how about the rate in terms of concentration change of 998 00:26:27,490 --> 00:26:27,500 rate in terms of concentration change of 999 00:26:27,500 --> 00:26:30,480 rate in terms of concentration change of oxygen or production of the oxygen and 1000 00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:30,490 oxygen or production of the oxygen and 1001 00:26:30,490 --> 00:26:34,110 oxygen or production of the oxygen and let let's write it down as a game rate 1002 00:26:34,110 --> 00:26:34,120 let let's write it down as a game rate 1003 00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:38,380 let let's write it down as a game rate all - that means that the rate with 1004 00:26:38,380 --> 00:26:38,390 all - that means that the rate with 1005 00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:40,690 all - that means that the rate with respect to a change of the oxygen in the 1006 00:26:40,690 --> 00:26:40,700 respect to a change of the oxygen in the 1007 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:44,670 respect to a change of the oxygen in the molecule that will be equals to Delta 1008 00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:44,680 molecule that will be equals to Delta 1009 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:46,919 molecule that will be equals to Delta all - 1010 00:26:46,919 --> 00:26:46,929 all - 1011 00:26:46,929 --> 00:26:52,900 all - divided by delta-t I like this this may 1012 00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:52,910 divided by delta-t I like this this may 1013 00:26:52,910 --> 00:26:56,110 divided by delta-t I like this this may be at the same time actually now the 1014 00:26:56,110 --> 00:26:56,120 be at the same time actually now the 1015 00:26:56,120 --> 00:26:58,299 be at the same time actually now the question is are these two rates are 1016 00:26:58,299 --> 00:26:58,309 question is are these two rates are 1017 00:26:58,309 --> 00:27:05,890 question is are these two rates are equal no why no because this reaction 1018 00:27:05,890 --> 00:27:05,900 equal no why no because this reaction 1019 00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:08,020 equal no why no because this reaction why looking at this balance equation 1020 00:27:08,020 --> 00:27:08,030 why looking at this balance equation 1021 00:27:08,030 --> 00:27:12,070 why looking at this balance equation over here we see that when two ozone 1022 00:27:12,070 --> 00:27:12,080 over here we see that when two ozone 1023 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:17,350 over here we see that when two ozone molecules decompose it gives us three o2 1024 00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:17,360 molecules decompose it gives us three o2 1025 00:27:17,360 --> 00:27:21,190 molecules decompose it gives us three o2 oxygen molecule so the change molar 1026 00:27:21,190 --> 00:27:21,200 oxygen molecule so the change molar 1027 00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:24,160 oxygen molecule so the change molar concentration change of ozone will not 1028 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:24,170 concentration change of ozone will not 1029 00:27:24,170 --> 00:27:25,570 concentration change of ozone will not be equal to the molar concentration 1030 00:27:25,570 --> 00:27:25,580 be equal to the molar concentration 1031 00:27:25,580 --> 00:27:28,990 be equal to the molar concentration change of the oxygen which one is 1032 00:27:28,990 --> 00:27:29,000 change of the oxygen which one is 1033 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:32,140 change of the oxygen which one is greater the molar concentration change 1034 00:27:32,140 --> 00:27:32,150 greater the molar concentration change 1035 00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:35,440 greater the molar concentration change of oxygen will always be larger than the 1036 00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:35,450 of oxygen will always be larger than the 1037 00:27:35,450 --> 00:27:37,330 of oxygen will always be larger than the molar concentration change of the oh 1038 00:27:37,330 --> 00:27:37,340 molar concentration change of the oh 1039 00:27:37,340 --> 00:27:39,669 molar concentration change of the oh three can we relate it in fact 1040 00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:39,679 three can we relate it in fact 1041 00:27:39,679 --> 00:27:42,430 three can we relate it in fact mathematically sure this simply says 1042 00:27:42,430 --> 00:27:42,440 mathematically sure this simply says 1043 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,190 mathematically sure this simply says that two oxide ozone gives you three 1044 00:27:45,190 --> 00:27:45,200 that two oxide ozone gives you three 1045 00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:47,710 that two oxide ozone gives you three oxygen molecule that means that the rate 1046 00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:47,720 oxygen molecule that means that the rate 1047 00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:52,299 oxygen molecule that means that the rate of formation of oxygen is equal to 3 1048 00:27:52,299 --> 00:27:52,309 of formation of oxygen is equal to 3 1049 00:27:52,309 --> 00:27:54,850 of formation of oxygen is equal to 3 over 2 times the rate of formation rate 1050 00:27:54,850 --> 00:27:54,860 over 2 times the rate of formation rate 1051 00:27:54,860 --> 00:28:01,330 over 2 times the rate of formation rate of consumptions of ozone right in this 1052 00:28:01,330 --> 00:28:01,340 of consumptions of ozone right in this 1053 00:28:01,340 --> 00:28:04,120 of consumptions of ozone right in this reaction so if I simply write it down 1054 00:28:04,120 --> 00:28:04,130 reaction so if I simply write it down 1055 00:28:04,130 --> 00:28:08,070 reaction so if I simply write it down here I will simply let's put it rate 1056 00:28:08,070 --> 00:28:08,080 here I will simply let's put it rate 1057 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:15,150 here I will simply let's put it rate boson three will not be equal to rate of 1058 00:28:15,150 --> 00:28:15,160 boson three will not be equal to rate of 1059 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:18,310 boson three will not be equal to rate of let's say all true like in that case 1060 00:28:18,310 --> 00:28:18,320 let's say all true like in that case 1061 00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:21,310 let's say all true like in that case both the rate of the consumption and the 1062 00:28:21,310 --> 00:28:21,320 both the rate of the consumption and the 1063 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:23,560 both the rate of the consumption and the production reactant and a product is the 1064 00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:23,570 production reactant and a product is the 1065 00:28:23,570 --> 00:28:25,990 production reactant and a product is the same because one to one ratio here is 1066 00:28:25,990 --> 00:28:26,000 same because one to one ratio here is 1067 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:28,180 same because one to one ratio here is different they're not the same can we 1068 00:28:28,180 --> 00:28:28,190 different they're not the same can we 1069 00:28:28,190 --> 00:28:30,430 different they're not the same can we relate them sure we can relate them as 1070 00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:30,440 relate them sure we can relate them as 1071 00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:33,940 relate them sure we can relate them as follow if we just take minus one over 1072 00:28:33,940 --> 00:28:33,950 follow if we just take minus one over 1073 00:28:33,950 --> 00:28:39,610 follow if we just take minus one over two and then Delta all three from the 1074 00:28:39,610 --> 00:28:39,620 two and then Delta all three from the 1075 00:28:39,620 --> 00:28:42,930 two and then Delta all three from the equation again we just divided by the 1076 00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:42,940 equation again we just divided by the 1077 00:28:42,940 --> 00:28:46,450 equation again we just divided by the coefficients in balanced equation delta 1078 00:28:46,450 --> 00:28:46,460 coefficients in balanced equation delta 1079 00:28:46,460 --> 00:28:53,430 coefficients in balanced equation delta T and this will be equals to 1 over 3 1080 00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:53,440 T and this will be equals to 1 over 3 1081 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:58,060 T and this will be equals to 1 over 3 Delta concentration change of oxygen 1082 00:28:58,060 --> 00:28:58,070 Delta concentration change of oxygen 1083 00:28:58,070 --> 00:29:00,040 Delta concentration change of oxygen divided by tau 1084 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:00,050 divided by tau 1085 00:29:00,050 --> 00:29:03,460 divided by tau t-this is it these two are equal right 1086 00:29:03,460 --> 00:29:03,470 t-this is it these two are equal right 1087 00:29:03,470 --> 00:29:06,700 t-this is it these two are equal right there that equal ha how about can we 1088 00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:06,710 there that equal ha how about can we 1089 00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:09,160 there that equal ha how about can we relate these two now you know we can 1090 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:09,170 relate these two now you know we can 1091 00:29:09,170 --> 00:29:15,120 relate these two now you know we can relate that rate owes on three all three 1092 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:15,130 relate that rate owes on three all three 1093 00:29:15,130 --> 00:29:21,970 relate that rate owes on three all three actually is equals to minus Delta owes 1094 00:29:21,970 --> 00:29:21,980 actually is equals to minus Delta owes 1095 00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:27,150 actually is equals to minus Delta owes on three divided by delta T here and 1096 00:29:27,150 --> 00:29:27,160 on three divided by delta T here and 1097 00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:31,900 on three divided by delta T here and that is equal to if I just consider this 1098 00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:31,910 that is equal to if I just consider this 1099 00:29:31,910 --> 00:29:34,740 that is equal to if I just consider this right here take that over there right 1100 00:29:34,740 --> 00:29:34,750 right here take that over there right 1101 00:29:34,750 --> 00:29:37,450 right here take that over there right and then this will be equal to two over 1102 00:29:37,450 --> 00:29:37,460 and then this will be equal to two over 1103 00:29:37,460 --> 00:29:40,510 and then this will be equal to two over three Delta o two or delta T and that 1104 00:29:40,510 --> 00:29:40,520 three Delta o two or delta T and that 1105 00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:45,210 three Delta o two or delta T and that means it will be equal to two over three 1106 00:29:45,210 --> 00:29:45,220 means it will be equal to two over three 1107 00:29:45,220 --> 00:29:52,720 means it will be equal to two over three Delta o two delta T over here now what 1108 00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:52,730 Delta o two delta T over here now what 1109 00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:55,780 Delta o two delta T over here now what is this equal to actually this is equals 1110 00:29:55,780 --> 00:29:55,790 is this equal to actually this is equals 1111 00:29:55,790 --> 00:29:58,240 is this equal to actually this is equals to this and I can simply write it again 1112 00:29:58,240 --> 00:29:58,250 to this and I can simply write it again 1113 00:29:58,250 --> 00:30:01,930 to this and I can simply write it again as followed two over three and now I 1114 00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:01,940 as followed two over three and now I 1115 00:30:01,940 --> 00:30:07,540 as followed two over three and now I should say rate of change of oxygen rate 1116 00:30:07,540 --> 00:30:07,550 should say rate of change of oxygen rate 1117 00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:09,790 should say rate of change of oxygen rate with respect to change of oxygen you see 1118 00:30:09,790 --> 00:30:09,800 with respect to change of oxygen you see 1119 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,910 with respect to change of oxygen you see again these two are related that is 1120 00:30:12,910 --> 00:30:12,920 again these two are related that is 1121 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,940 again these two are related that is equal to two over three of rate o 2 or 1122 00:30:15,940 --> 00:30:15,950 equal to two over three of rate o 2 or 1123 00:30:15,950 --> 00:30:19,690 equal to two over three of rate o 2 or this one will be equal to 3 over 2 this 1124 00:30:19,690 --> 00:30:19,700 this one will be equal to 3 over 2 this 1125 00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,090 this one will be equal to 3 over 2 this is 2 over 3 this will be 3 over 2 and so 1126 00:30:22,090 --> 00:30:22,100 is 2 over 3 this will be 3 over 2 and so 1127 00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,540 is 2 over 3 this will be 3 over 2 and so on is this clear so usually in fact if 1128 00:30:25,540 --> 00:30:25,550 on is this clear so usually in fact if 1129 00:30:25,550 --> 00:30:28,810 on is this clear so usually in fact if you have a chemical reactions and the 1130 00:30:28,810 --> 00:30:28,820 you have a chemical reactions and the 1131 00:30:28,820 --> 00:30:30,730 you have a chemical reactions and the reactants and the products has different 1132 00:30:30,730 --> 00:30:30,740 reactants and the products has different 1133 00:30:30,740 --> 00:30:34,300 reactants and the products has different coefficients like over here in balanced 1134 00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:34,310 coefficients like over here in balanced 1135 00:30:34,310 --> 00:30:37,210 coefficients like over here in balanced equation we usually write down the rate 1136 00:30:37,210 --> 00:30:37,220 equation we usually write down the rate 1137 00:30:37,220 --> 00:30:39,730 equation we usually write down the rate in fact expression in this form we just 1138 00:30:39,730 --> 00:30:39,740 in fact expression in this form we just 1139 00:30:39,740 --> 00:30:41,770 in fact expression in this form we just write down the change of the 1140 00:30:41,770 --> 00:30:41,780 write down the change of the 1141 00:30:41,780 --> 00:30:44,410 write down the change of the concentrations of the species and 1142 00:30:44,410 --> 00:30:44,420 concentrations of the species and 1143 00:30:44,420 --> 00:30:47,770 concentrations of the species and divided by the coefficients in the 1144 00:30:47,770 --> 00:30:47,780 divided by the coefficients in the 1145 00:30:47,780 --> 00:30:49,390 divided by the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation in 1146 00:30:49,390 --> 00:30:49,400 balanced chemical equation in 1147 00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:50,500 balanced chemical equation in stoichiometric balance chemical 1148 00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:50,510 stoichiometric balance chemical 1149 00:30:50,510 --> 00:30:51,670 stoichiometric balance chemical equations actually 1150 00:30:51,670 --> 00:30:51,680 equations actually 1151 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:54,040 equations actually right so the stoichiometry determines 1152 00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:54,050 right so the stoichiometry determines 1153 00:30:54,050 --> 00:30:57,940 right so the stoichiometry determines how the rate of consumptions and the 1154 00:30:57,940 --> 00:30:57,950 how the rate of consumptions and the 1155 00:30:57,950 --> 00:31:00,700 how the rate of consumptions and the rate of productions are related to each 1156 00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:00,710 rate of productions are related to each 1157 00:31:00,710 --> 00:31:04,270 rate of productions are related to each other in a chemical reactions okay now 1158 00:31:04,270 --> 00:31:04,280 other in a chemical reactions okay now 1159 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,290 other in a chemical reactions okay now how about the concentration in fact 1160 00:31:07,290 --> 00:31:07,300 how about the concentration in fact 1161 00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,430 how about the concentration in fact determining the concentration effect on 1162 00:31:09,430 --> 00:31:09,440 determining the concentration effect on 1163 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:12,400 determining the concentration effect on the rate here what we simply run 1164 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:12,410 the rate here what we simply run 1165 00:31:12,410 --> 00:31:14,169 the rate here what we simply run experiments and 1166 00:31:14,169 --> 00:31:14,179 experiments and 1167 00:31:14,179 --> 00:31:17,620 experiments and in these experiments we change the 1168 00:31:17,620 --> 00:31:17,630 in these experiments we change the 1169 00:31:17,630 --> 00:31:21,100 in these experiments we change the concentrations of one reactant and keep 1170 00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:21,110 concentrations of one reactant and keep 1171 00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:23,370 concentrations of one reactant and keep the concentration of the other reactants 1172 00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:23,380 the concentration of the other reactants 1173 00:31:23,380 --> 00:31:26,610 the concentration of the other reactants constant two different experiments and 1174 00:31:26,610 --> 00:31:26,620 constant two different experiments and 1175 00:31:26,620 --> 00:31:28,990 constant two different experiments and measure the rate of the reaction and 1176 00:31:28,990 --> 00:31:29,000 measure the rate of the reaction and 1177 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,260 measure the rate of the reaction and find out how the concentration change of 1178 00:31:32,260 --> 00:31:32,270 find out how the concentration change of 1179 00:31:32,270 --> 00:31:35,620 find out how the concentration change of one reactant affects the rate for 1180 00:31:35,620 --> 00:31:35,630 one reactant affects the rate for 1181 00:31:35,630 --> 00:31:37,000 one reactant affects the rate for example when you double the 1182 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:37,010 example when you double the 1183 00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:39,460 example when you double the concentration of one reactant if the 1184 00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:39,470 concentration of one reactant if the 1185 00:31:39,470 --> 00:31:42,760 concentration of one reactant if the rate of the reaction doubles that means 1186 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:42,770 rate of the reaction doubles that means 1187 00:31:42,770 --> 00:31:45,160 rate of the reaction doubles that means that it is directly proportional to the 1188 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:45,170 that it is directly proportional to the 1189 00:31:45,170 --> 00:31:48,490 that it is directly proportional to the concentrations right now but sometimes 1190 00:31:48,490 --> 00:31:48,500 concentrations right now but sometimes 1191 00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:50,110 concentrations right now but sometimes when you double the concentrations of 1192 00:31:50,110 --> 00:31:50,120 when you double the concentrations of 1193 00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:52,690 when you double the concentrations of one reactant keeping the concentrations 1194 00:31:52,690 --> 00:31:52,700 one reactant keeping the concentrations 1195 00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:55,150 one reactant keeping the concentrations of the other reactant constant then the 1196 00:31:55,150 --> 00:31:55,160 of the other reactant constant then the 1197 00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:58,210 of the other reactant constant then the rate actually quadruples what does that 1198 00:31:58,210 --> 00:31:58,220 rate actually quadruples what does that 1199 00:31:58,220 --> 00:32:01,030 rate actually quadruples what does that means that means that the rate of the 1200 00:32:01,030 --> 00:32:01,040 means that means that the rate of the 1201 00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:03,669 means that means that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the square 1202 00:32:03,669 --> 00:32:03,679 reaction is proportional to the square 1203 00:32:03,679 --> 00:32:06,909 reaction is proportional to the square of the concentrations of that reactant 1204 00:32:06,909 --> 00:32:06,919 of the concentrations of that reactant 1205 00:32:06,919 --> 00:32:09,180 of the concentrations of that reactant right so this is what is explained here 1206 00:32:09,180 --> 00:32:09,190 right so this is what is explained here 1207 00:32:09,190 --> 00:32:12,190 right so this is what is explained here let's look at what it says we keep every 1208 00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:12,200 let's look at what it says we keep every 1209 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:13,930 let's look at what it says we keep every concentration constant except one 1210 00:32:13,930 --> 00:32:13,940 concentration constant except one 1211 00:32:13,940 --> 00:32:16,510 concentration constant except one reactant and see that what happens to 1212 00:32:16,510 --> 00:32:16,520 reactant and see that what happens to 1213 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:19,840 reactant and see that what happens to the rate then we change the different 1214 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:19,850 the rate then we change the different 1215 00:32:19,850 --> 00:32:22,870 the rate then we change the different reactant we do this until we have show 1216 00:32:22,870 --> 00:32:22,880 reactant we do this until we have show 1217 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:27,220 reactant we do this until we have show how each reactant has affected the rate 1218 00:32:27,220 --> 00:32:27,230 how each reactant has affected the rate 1219 00:32:27,230 --> 00:32:30,940 how each reactant has affected the rate let's look at the example here here is 1220 00:32:30,940 --> 00:32:30,950 let's look at the example here here is 1221 00:32:30,950 --> 00:32:32,590 let's look at the example here here is the example for example if you consider 1222 00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:32,600 the example for example if you consider 1223 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:36,490 the example for example if you consider this reaction between ammonium cation in 1224 00:32:36,490 --> 00:32:36,500 this reaction between ammonium cation in 1225 00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,770 this reaction between ammonium cation in Acuras solutions with the nitrite in 1226 00:32:38,770 --> 00:32:38,780 Acuras solutions with the nitrite in 1227 00:32:38,780 --> 00:32:40,659 Acuras solutions with the nitrite in aqueous solutions to get the nitrogen 1228 00:32:40,659 --> 00:32:40,669 aqueous solutions to get the nitrogen 1229 00:32:40,669 --> 00:32:44,500 aqueous solutions to get the nitrogen and to water and from this data here 1230 00:32:44,500 --> 00:32:44,510 and to water and from this data here 1231 00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:46,360 and to water and from this data here actually these are the experiment this 1232 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:46,370 actually these are the experiment this 1233 00:32:46,370 --> 00:32:47,919 actually these are the experiment this is the first experiment second 1234 00:32:47,919 --> 00:32:47,929 is the first experiment second 1235 00:32:47,929 --> 00:32:50,110 is the first experiment second experiment and third experiment you see 1236 00:32:50,110 --> 00:32:50,120 experiment and third experiment you see 1237 00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:52,000 experiment and third experiment you see again in the first experiment the 1238 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:52,010 again in the first experiment the 1239 00:32:52,010 --> 00:32:55,240 again in the first experiment the concentration is off the ammonium cation 1240 00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:55,250 concentration is off the ammonium cation 1241 00:32:55,250 --> 00:32:57,789 concentration is off the ammonium cation is 0.01 and the concentration is all 1242 00:32:57,789 --> 00:32:57,799 is 0.01 and the concentration is all 1243 00:32:57,799 --> 00:33:00,130 is 0.01 and the concentration is all point of zero in the second experiment 1244 00:33:00,130 --> 00:33:00,140 point of zero in the second experiment 1245 00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,060 point of zero in the second experiment again let's see we we keep the 1246 00:33:04,060 --> 00:33:04,070 again let's see we we keep the 1247 00:33:04,070 --> 00:33:07,570 again let's see we we keep the concentrations of no.3 minus nitride ion 1248 00:33:07,570 --> 00:33:07,580 concentrations of no.3 minus nitride ion 1249 00:33:07,580 --> 00:33:11,610 concentrations of no.3 minus nitride ion same double the concentrations of simply 1250 00:33:11,610 --> 00:33:11,620 same double the concentrations of simply 1251 00:33:11,620 --> 00:33:14,530 same double the concentrations of simply ammonium cation and we see that the rate 1252 00:33:14,530 --> 00:33:14,540 ammonium cation and we see that the rate 1253 00:33:14,540 --> 00:33:17,409 ammonium cation and we see that the rate is doubled right this is the initial 1254 00:33:17,409 --> 00:33:17,419 is doubled right this is the initial 1255 00:33:17,419 --> 00:33:19,840 is doubled right this is the initial rate again the a rate is double what 1256 00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:19,850 rate again the a rate is double what 1257 00:33:19,850 --> 00:33:21,909 rate again the a rate is double what does that means that means that the rate 1258 00:33:21,909 --> 00:33:21,919 does that means that means that the rate 1259 00:33:21,919 --> 00:33:25,000 does that means that means that the rate is proportional to the concentration of 1260 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:25,010 is proportional to the concentration of 1261 00:33:25,010 --> 00:33:27,340 is proportional to the concentration of this and we do the same things for there 1262 00:33:27,340 --> 00:33:27,350 this and we do the same things for there 1263 00:33:27,350 --> 00:33:29,500 this and we do the same things for there we also find out that the rate is also 1264 00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:29,510 we also find out that the rate is also 1265 00:33:29,510 --> 00:33:31,120 we also find out that the rate is also proportional to the concentrations of 1266 00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:31,130 proportional to the concentrations of 1267 00:33:31,130 --> 00:33:33,480 proportional to the concentrations of that then we write down this equation 1268 00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:33,490 that then we write down this equation 1269 00:33:33,490 --> 00:33:37,060 that then we write down this equation rate is equal to K times the 1270 00:33:37,060 --> 00:33:37,070 rate is equal to K times the 1271 00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:39,400 rate is equal to K times the concentrations of ammonium cation and 1272 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:39,410 concentrations of ammonium cation and 1273 00:33:39,410 --> 00:33:41,620 concentrations of ammonium cation and the concentrations of nitride these are 1274 00:33:41,620 --> 00:33:41,630 the concentrations of nitride these are 1275 00:33:41,630 --> 00:33:43,750 the concentrations of nitride these are actually the reactants over here and 1276 00:33:43,750 --> 00:33:43,760 actually the reactants over here and 1277 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:48,310 actually the reactants over here and this equation is called the rate law of 1278 00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:48,320 this equation is called the rate law of 1279 00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:51,820 this equation is called the rate law of the reaction rate law it's very very 1280 00:33:51,820 --> 00:33:51,830 the reaction rate law it's very very 1281 00:33:51,830 --> 00:33:54,400 the reaction rate law it's very very important called rate law and it chimney 1282 00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:54,410 important called rate law and it chimney 1283 00:33:54,410 --> 00:33:58,000 important called rate law and it chimney simply tells you how the concentrations 1284 00:33:58,000 --> 00:33:58,010 simply tells you how the concentrations 1285 00:33:58,010 --> 00:34:01,270 simply tells you how the concentrations of the reactants affect the rate of the 1286 00:34:01,270 --> 00:34:01,280 of the reactants affect the rate of the 1287 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,190 of the reactants affect the rate of the reaction rate of the reaction now how 1288 00:34:03,190 --> 00:34:03,200 reaction rate of the reaction now how 1289 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,250 reaction rate of the reaction now how about k k is called the rate constant 1290 00:34:06,250 --> 00:34:06,260 about k k is called the rate constant 1291 00:34:06,260 --> 00:34:09,340 about k k is called the rate constant rate constant and as long as the 1292 00:34:09,340 --> 00:34:09,350 rate constant and as long as the 1293 00:34:09,350 --> 00:34:11,349 rate constant and as long as the temperature is the same as long as we 1294 00:34:11,349 --> 00:34:11,359 temperature is the same as long as we 1295 00:34:11,359 --> 00:34:13,720 temperature is the same as long as we have the same chemical reaction rate 1296 00:34:13,720 --> 00:34:13,730 have the same chemical reaction rate 1297 00:34:13,730 --> 00:34:15,849 have the same chemical reaction rate constant will always be the same rate 1298 00:34:15,849 --> 00:34:15,859 constant will always be the same rate 1299 00:34:15,859 --> 00:34:18,760 constant will always be the same rate constant will always be the same now 1300 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:18,770 constant will always be the same now 1301 00:34:18,770 --> 00:34:23,609 constant will always be the same now let's look at over here again now the 1302 00:34:23,609 --> 00:34:23,619 let's look at over here again now the 1303 00:34:23,619 --> 00:34:29,889 let's look at over here again now the exponents of the reactant in the rate 1304 00:34:29,889 --> 00:34:29,899 exponents of the reactant in the rate 1305 00:34:29,899 --> 00:34:31,470 exponents of the reactant in the rate law equations remember those 1306 00:34:31,470 --> 00:34:31,480 law equations remember those 1307 00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:33,730 law equations remember those concentrations of ammonium cation and 1308 00:34:33,730 --> 00:34:33,740 concentrations of ammonium cation and 1309 00:34:33,740 --> 00:34:35,790 concentrations of ammonium cation and concentrations of nitrate ion the 1310 00:34:35,790 --> 00:34:35,800 concentrations of nitrate ion the 1311 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,240 concentrations of nitrate ion the exponents of those the order is called 1312 00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:39,250 exponents of those the order is called 1313 00:34:39,250 --> 00:34:41,800 exponents of those the order is called the order of the reaction with respect 1314 00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:41,810 the order of the reaction with respect 1315 00:34:41,810 --> 00:34:47,020 the order of the reaction with respect to that species that reactant now let's 1316 00:34:47,020 --> 00:34:47,030 to that species that reactant now let's 1317 00:34:47,030 --> 00:34:51,129 to that species that reactant now let's go here again now the exponent here for 1318 00:34:51,129 --> 00:34:51,139 go here again now the exponent here for 1319 00:34:51,139 --> 00:34:54,669 go here again now the exponent here for ammonium cation is one concentration to 1320 00:34:54,669 --> 00:34:54,679 ammonium cation is one concentration to 1321 00:34:54,679 --> 00:34:56,440 ammonium cation is one concentration to the one and this is concentration to the 1322 00:34:56,440 --> 00:34:56,450 the one and this is concentration to the 1323 00:34:56,450 --> 00:34:58,240 the one and this is concentration to the one two that means that the rate is 1324 00:34:58,240 --> 00:34:58,250 one two that means that the rate is 1325 00:34:58,250 --> 00:35:00,550 one two that means that the rate is proportional to the concentrations right 1326 00:35:00,550 --> 00:35:00,560 proportional to the concentrations right 1327 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:04,780 proportional to the concentrations right and and that we say that the order of 1328 00:35:04,780 --> 00:35:04,790 and and that we say that the order of 1329 00:35:04,790 --> 00:35:07,690 and and that we say that the order of this reaction with respect to the 1330 00:35:07,690 --> 00:35:07,700 this reaction with respect to the 1331 00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:10,240 this reaction with respect to the ammonium cation is 1 because the 1332 00:35:10,240 --> 00:35:10,250 ammonium cation is 1 because the 1333 00:35:10,250 --> 00:35:13,060 ammonium cation is 1 because the exponent is 1 now the order of the 1334 00:35:13,060 --> 00:35:13,070 exponent is 1 now the order of the 1335 00:35:13,070 --> 00:35:14,410 exponent is 1 now the order of the reaction with respect to the 1336 00:35:14,410 --> 00:35:14,420 reaction with respect to the 1337 00:35:14,420 --> 00:35:17,080 reaction with respect to the concentrations of nitrite ion is also 1 1338 00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:17,090 concentrations of nitrite ion is also 1 1339 00:35:17,090 --> 00:35:20,770 concentrations of nitrite ion is also 1 right now the overall order of the 1340 00:35:20,770 --> 00:35:20,780 right now the overall order of the 1341 00:35:20,780 --> 00:35:24,220 right now the overall order of the reaction is obtained by adding the order 1342 00:35:24,220 --> 00:35:24,230 reaction is obtained by adding the order 1343 00:35:24,230 --> 00:35:27,760 reaction is obtained by adding the order of each reactant here in this case 1 1344 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:27,770 of each reactant here in this case 1 1345 00:35:27,770 --> 00:35:30,430 of each reactant here in this case 1 plus 1/2 that means that this reaction 1346 00:35:30,430 --> 00:35:30,440 plus 1/2 that means that this reaction 1347 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:34,359 plus 1/2 that means that this reaction we say is a second-order reaction if 1348 00:35:34,359 --> 00:35:34,369 we say is a second-order reaction if 1349 00:35:34,369 --> 00:35:38,010 we say is a second-order reaction if that order is total sum of the orders 1350 00:35:38,010 --> 00:35:38,020 that order is total sum of the orders 1351 00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,170 that order is total sum of the orders exponents of the concentrations is 1 1352 00:35:41,170 --> 00:35:41,180 exponents of the concentrations is 1 1353 00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:43,930 exponents of the concentrations is 1 means it is first-order if it is three 1354 00:35:43,930 --> 00:35:43,940 means it is first-order if it is three 1355 00:35:43,940 --> 00:35:46,720 means it is first-order if it is three then that means it is third order and so 1356 00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:46,730 then that means it is third order and so 1357 00:35:46,730 --> 00:35:49,660 then that means it is third order and so on so that gives you the order of the 1358 00:35:49,660 --> 00:35:49,670 on so that gives you the order of the 1359 00:35:49,670 --> 00:35:53,230 on so that gives you the order of the reaction sometimes the concentration of 1360 00:35:53,230 --> 00:35:53,240 reaction sometimes the concentration of 1361 00:35:53,240 --> 00:35:56,559 reaction sometimes the concentration of the reactants do not change the rate 1362 00:35:56,559 --> 00:35:56,569 the reactants do not change the rate 1363 00:35:56,569 --> 00:35:59,440 the reactants do not change the rate usually heterogeneous reactions actually 1364 00:35:59,440 --> 00:35:59,450 usually heterogeneous reactions actually 1365 00:35:59,450 --> 00:36:02,290 usually heterogeneous reactions actually and that case we call it zero order 1366 00:36:02,290 --> 00:36:02,300 and that case we call it zero order 1367 00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:04,980 and that case we call it zero order reaction zero order reaction right 1368 00:36:04,980 --> 00:36:04,990 reaction zero order reaction right 1369 00:36:04,990 --> 00:36:07,630 reaction zero order reaction right because if these are simply zero zero 1370 00:36:07,630 --> 00:36:07,640 because if these are simply zero zero 1371 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:09,670 because if these are simply zero zero here and that means rate will be equal 1372 00:36:09,670 --> 00:36:09,680 here and that means rate will be equal 1373 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:11,260 here and that means rate will be equal to K that's what the zero order reaction 1374 00:36:11,260 --> 00:36:11,270 to K that's what the zero order reaction 1375 00:36:11,270 --> 00:36:13,410 to K that's what the zero order reaction is means that the rate is constant 1376 00:36:13,410 --> 00:36:13,420 is means that the rate is constant 1377 00:36:13,420 --> 00:36:19,059 is means that the rate is constant always the same so the reaction is 1378 00:36:19,059 --> 00:36:19,069 always the same so the reaction is 1379 00:36:19,069 --> 00:36:20,799 always the same so the reaction is second order when you have plot one plus 1380 00:36:20,799 --> 00:36:20,809 second order when you have plot one plus 1381 00:36:20,809 --> 00:36:23,589 second order when you have plot one plus one is equal to two we just add up all 1382 00:36:23,589 --> 00:36:23,599 one is equal to two we just add up all 1383 00:36:23,599 --> 00:36:26,140 one is equal to two we just add up all of the reactant orders to get the 1384 00:36:26,140 --> 00:36:26,150 of the reactant orders to get the 1385 00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:30,160 of the reactant orders to get the reaction order what is K as we said the 1386 00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:30,170 reaction order what is K as we said the 1387 00:36:30,170 --> 00:36:32,170 reaction order what is K as we said the K is rate constant and it is temperature 1388 00:36:32,170 --> 00:36:32,180 K is rate constant and it is temperature 1389 00:36:32,180 --> 00:36:34,089 K is rate constant and it is temperature dependent only as long as the 1390 00:36:34,089 --> 00:36:34,099 dependent only as long as the 1391 00:36:34,099 --> 00:36:35,680 dependent only as long as the temperature is the same it is always the 1392 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:35,690 temperature is the same it is always the 1393 00:36:35,690 --> 00:36:40,359 temperature is the same it is always the same now let's take each order reaction 1394 00:36:40,359 --> 00:36:40,369 same now let's take each order reaction 1395 00:36:40,369 --> 00:36:43,299 same now let's take each order reaction separately and examine those first order 1396 00:36:43,299 --> 00:36:43,309 separately and examine those first order 1397 00:36:43,309 --> 00:36:49,690 separately and examine those first order reaction so some reactions it says 1398 00:36:49,690 --> 00:36:49,700 reaction so some reactions it says 1399 00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:52,299 reaction so some reactions it says depends only on the reactants to the 1400 00:36:52,299 --> 00:36:52,309 depends only on the reactants to the 1401 00:36:52,309 --> 00:36:54,730 depends only on the reactants to the first power and these are called the 1402 00:36:54,730 --> 00:36:54,740 first power and these are called the 1403 00:36:54,740 --> 00:36:57,339 first power and these are called the first order reaction a simple example is 1404 00:36:57,339 --> 00:36:57,349 first order reaction a simple example is 1405 00:36:57,349 --> 00:36:59,589 first order reaction a simple example is the rate law for the first order 1406 00:36:59,589 --> 00:36:59,599 the rate law for the first order 1407 00:36:59,599 --> 00:37:02,430 the rate law for the first order reaction rate will be equal to K times 1408 00:37:02,430 --> 00:37:02,440 reaction rate will be equal to K times 1409 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:05,410 reaction rate will be equal to K times concentrations of a for example if a 1410 00:37:05,410 --> 00:37:05,420 concentrations of a for example if a 1411 00:37:05,420 --> 00:37:08,620 concentrations of a for example if a goes over here and rate is equal to this 1412 00:37:08,620 --> 00:37:08,630 goes over here and rate is equal to this 1413 00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:11,620 goes over here and rate is equal to this K times a that means this is the first 1414 00:37:11,620 --> 00:37:11,630 K times a that means this is the first 1415 00:37:11,630 --> 00:37:15,370 K times a that means this is the first order reaction so this one is said the 1416 00:37:15,370 --> 00:37:15,380 order reaction so this one is said the 1417 00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:17,319 order reaction so this one is said the rate law for the first order reaction 1418 00:37:17,319 --> 00:37:17,329 rate law for the first order reaction 1419 00:37:17,329 --> 00:37:20,200 rate law for the first order reaction now remember rate in this case is always 1420 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:20,210 now remember rate in this case is always 1421 00:37:20,210 --> 00:37:23,980 now remember rate in this case is always equals to minus molar concentration 1422 00:37:23,980 --> 00:37:23,990 equals to minus molar concentration 1423 00:37:23,990 --> 00:37:27,010 equals to minus molar concentration change Delta a divided by delta T right 1424 00:37:27,010 --> 00:37:27,020 change Delta a divided by delta T right 1425 00:37:27,020 --> 00:37:28,829 change Delta a divided by delta T right we don't write it there but it's 1426 00:37:28,829 --> 00:37:28,839 we don't write it there but it's 1427 00:37:28,839 --> 00:37:33,940 we don't write it there but it's remember that now relate in time to the 1428 00:37:33,940 --> 00:37:33,950 remember that now relate in time to the 1429 00:37:33,950 --> 00:37:35,410 remember that now relate in time to the concentration in a first order reaction 1430 00:37:35,410 --> 00:37:35,420 concentration in a first order reaction 1431 00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:38,079 concentration in a first order reaction this is the important again this simply 1432 00:37:38,079 --> 00:37:38,089 this is the important again this simply 1433 00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:41,680 this is the important again this simply allows us what is the concentration of a 1434 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:41,690 allows us what is the concentration of a 1435 00:37:41,690 --> 00:37:44,500 allows us what is the concentration of a reactant or product at a particular time 1436 00:37:44,500 --> 00:37:44,510 reactant or product at a particular time 1437 00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,470 reactant or product at a particular time after we start the reaction let's look 1438 00:37:47,470 --> 00:37:47,480 after we start the reaction let's look 1439 00:37:47,480 --> 00:37:50,020 after we start the reaction let's look at how it simply goes in the first order 1440 00:37:50,020 --> 00:37:50,030 at how it simply goes in the first order 1441 00:37:50,030 --> 00:37:51,670 at how it simply goes in the first order reaction this is the first order 1442 00:37:51,670 --> 00:37:51,680 reaction this is the first order 1443 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:54,980 reaction this is the first order reactions and remember I said the rate 1444 00:37:54,980 --> 00:37:54,990 reactions and remember I said the rate 1445 00:37:54,990 --> 00:37:57,260 reactions and remember I said the rate equal to minus Delta e over delta T and 1446 00:37:57,260 --> 00:37:57,270 equal to minus Delta e over delta T and 1447 00:37:57,270 --> 00:38:02,060 equal to minus Delta e over delta T and then so the I can rearrange this and 1448 00:38:02,060 --> 00:38:02,070 then so the I can rearrange this and 1449 00:38:02,070 --> 00:38:06,880 then so the I can rearrange this and obtain ka is equal to this here and 1450 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:06,890 obtain ka is equal to this here and 1451 00:38:06,890 --> 00:38:09,740 obtain ka is equal to this here and rearrange it and obtain this now this is 1452 00:38:09,740 --> 00:38:09,750 rearrange it and obtain this now this is 1453 00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:30,360 rearrange it and obtain this now this is let's think about this expression there 1454 00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:30,370 1455 00:38:30,370 --> 00:38:42,020 now the form is actually this Delta a 1456 00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:42,030 now the form is actually this Delta a 1457 00:38:42,030 --> 00:38:56,750 now the form is actually this Delta a over Delta no just a right and equals to 1458 00:38:56,750 --> 00:38:56,760 over Delta no just a right and equals to 1459 00:38:56,760 --> 00:39:04,530 over Delta no just a right and equals to minus K times delta T now it was a point 1460 00:39:04,530 --> 00:39:04,540 minus K times delta T now it was a point 1461 00:39:04,540 --> 00:39:08,570 minus K times delta T now it was a point again we can also write it in this form 1462 00:39:08,570 --> 00:39:08,580 again we can also write it in this form 1463 00:39:08,580 --> 00:39:17,250 again we can also write it in this form d a divided by a concentration equals to 1464 00:39:17,250 --> 00:39:17,260 d a divided by a concentration equals to 1465 00:39:17,260 --> 00:39:23,550 d a divided by a concentration equals to minus K times DT what is the difference 1466 00:39:23,550 --> 00:39:23,560 minus K times DT what is the difference 1467 00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:25,440 minus K times DT what is the difference here between these two expressions 1468 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:25,450 here between these two expressions 1469 00:39:25,450 --> 00:39:34,110 here between these two expressions I replaced the Delta with D what does 1470 00:39:34,110 --> 00:39:34,120 I replaced the Delta with D what does 1471 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:39,360 I replaced the Delta with D what does that means mathematically that means D 1472 00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:39,370 that means mathematically that means D 1473 00:39:39,370 --> 00:39:42,960 that means mathematically that means D is a differential amount very very small 1474 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:42,970 is a differential amount very very small 1475 00:39:42,970 --> 00:39:46,200 is a differential amount very very small change this represents very small change 1476 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:46,210 change this represents very small change 1477 00:39:46,210 --> 00:39:48,870 change this represents very small change in the concentration but that represents 1478 00:39:48,870 --> 00:39:48,880 in the concentration but that represents 1479 00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,510 in the concentration but that represents some measurable change as we have seen 1480 00:39:51,510 --> 00:39:51,520 some measurable change as we have seen 1481 00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,900 some measurable change as we have seen right so now when you have it in this 1482 00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:54,910 right so now when you have it in this 1483 00:39:54,910 --> 00:39:59,490 right so now when you have it in this form that means you can integrate it in 1484 00:39:59,490 --> 00:39:59,500 form that means you can integrate it in 1485 00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:02,790 form that means you can integrate it in this case from initial concentration a 1486 00:40:02,790 --> 00:40:02,800 this case from initial concentration a 1487 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:08,460 this case from initial concentration a zero to final concentration a and here 1488 00:40:08,460 --> 00:40:08,470 zero to final concentration a and here 1489 00:40:08,470 --> 00:40:10,650 zero to final concentration a and here what will be the limit T is equal to 1490 00:40:10,650 --> 00:40:10,660 what will be the limit T is equal to 1491 00:40:10,660 --> 00:40:14,070 what will be the limit T is equal to zero to time T and when you integrate 1492 00:40:14,070 --> 00:40:14,080 zero to time T and when you integrate 1493 00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:19,560 zero to time T and when you integrate that we get this here right here we get 1494 00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:19,570 that we get this here right here we get 1495 00:40:19,570 --> 00:40:22,950 that we get this here right here we get that right from the calculus if you look 1496 00:40:22,950 --> 00:40:22,960 that right from the calculus if you look 1497 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:26,030 that right from the calculus if you look at the integrations of this you have 1498 00:40:26,030 --> 00:40:26,040 at the integrations of this you have 1499 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:29,370 at the integrations of this you have logarithm natural logarithm of a divided 1500 00:40:29,370 --> 00:40:29,380 logarithm natural logarithm of a divided 1501 00:40:29,380 --> 00:40:34,770 logarithm natural logarithm of a divided by a0 minus KT now this equation is 1502 00:40:34,770 --> 00:40:34,780 by a0 minus KT now this equation is 1503 00:40:34,780 --> 00:40:38,760 by a0 minus KT now this equation is called the integrated rate law for the 1504 00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:38,770 called the integrated rate law for the 1505 00:40:38,770 --> 00:40:42,000 called the integrated rate law for the first order reaction for the first order 1506 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:42,010 first order reaction for the first order 1507 00:40:42,010 --> 00:40:43,170 first order reaction for the first order reaction right 1508 00:40:43,170 --> 00:40:43,180 reaction right 1509 00:40:43,180 --> 00:40:44,390 reaction right so again 1510 00:40:44,390 --> 00:40:44,400 so again 1511 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:46,700 so again what does that means that means if I 1512 00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:46,710 what does that means that means if I 1513 00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:48,170 what does that means that means if I know for example the initial 1514 00:40:48,170 --> 00:40:48,180 know for example the initial 1515 00:40:48,180 --> 00:40:51,470 know for example the initial concentration and then I can always 1516 00:40:51,470 --> 00:40:51,480 concentration and then I can always 1517 00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:53,660 concentration and then I can always calculate what will be if I know the K 1518 00:40:53,660 --> 00:40:53,670 calculate what will be if I know the K 1519 00:40:53,670 --> 00:40:56,060 calculate what will be if I know the K also I can always calculate what will be 1520 00:40:56,060 --> 00:40:56,070 also I can always calculate what will be 1521 00:40:56,070 --> 00:40:59,390 also I can always calculate what will be the concentration after time T five 1522 00:40:59,390 --> 00:40:59,400 the concentration after time T five 1523 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,970 the concentration after time T five minutes later seven minutes later or ten 1524 00:41:01,970 --> 00:41:01,980 minutes later seven minutes later or ten 1525 00:41:01,980 --> 00:41:02,600 minutes later seven minutes later or ten minutes later 1526 00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:02,610 minutes later 1527 00:41:02,610 --> 00:41:06,620 minutes later right or vice versa in fact if I know 1528 00:41:06,620 --> 00:41:06,630 right or vice versa in fact if I know 1529 00:41:06,630 --> 00:41:08,720 right or vice versa in fact if I know the concentration I can calculate what 1530 00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:08,730 the concentration I can calculate what 1531 00:41:08,730 --> 00:41:10,910 the concentration I can calculate what time elapsed from the beginning of the 1532 00:41:10,910 --> 00:41:10,920 time elapsed from the beginning of the 1533 00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:12,500 time elapsed from the beginning of the reactions and so on so this is a very 1534 00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:12,510 reactions and so on so this is a very 1535 00:41:12,510 --> 00:41:14,720 reactions and so on so this is a very important reaction as a matter of fact 1536 00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:14,730 important reaction as a matter of fact 1537 00:41:14,730 --> 00:41:18,200 important reaction as a matter of fact now that is rearranged form again in 1538 00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:18,210 now that is rearranged form again in 1539 00:41:18,210 --> 00:41:20,920 now that is rearranged form again in this form we just take the remember the 1540 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:20,930 this form we just take the remember the 1541 00:41:20,930 --> 00:41:25,400 this form we just take the remember the natural logarithm of this is equal to 1542 00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:25,410 natural logarithm of this is equal to 1543 00:41:25,410 --> 00:41:26,740 natural logarithm of this is equal to the natural logarithm of a 1544 00:41:26,740 --> 00:41:26,750 the natural logarithm of a 1545 00:41:26,750 --> 00:41:29,600 the natural logarithm of a concentrations of a minus natural 1546 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:29,610 concentrations of a minus natural 1547 00:41:29,610 --> 00:41:31,700 concentrations of a minus natural logarithm of concentrations of a zero 1548 00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:31,710 logarithm of concentrations of a zero 1549 00:41:31,710 --> 00:41:33,800 logarithm of concentrations of a zero and when you pass it on this side this 1550 00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:33,810 and when you pass it on this side this 1551 00:41:33,810 --> 00:41:36,080 and when you pass it on this side this becomes plus over here so I have the 1552 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:36,090 becomes plus over here so I have the 1553 00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:37,100 becomes plus over here so I have the final equations 1554 00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:37,110 final equations 1555 00:41:37,110 --> 00:41:41,710 final equations Ln a simply equals to minus KT plus Ln a 1556 00:41:41,710 --> 00:41:41,720 Ln a simply equals to minus KT plus Ln a 1557 00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:49,100 Ln a simply equals to minus KT plus Ln a initial concentrations now this equation 1558 00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:49,110 initial concentrations now this equation 1559 00:41:49,110 --> 00:41:51,350 initial concentrations now this equation actually here the integrated rate law of 1560 00:41:51,350 --> 00:41:51,360 actually here the integrated rate law of 1561 00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:54,040 actually here the integrated rate law of the first-order reaction looks like the 1562 00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:54,050 the first-order reaction looks like the 1563 00:41:54,050 --> 00:41:58,040 the first-order reaction looks like the equation for a straight line right 1564 00:41:58,040 --> 00:41:58,050 equation for a straight line right 1565 00:41:58,050 --> 00:42:00,440 equation for a straight line right equation for a straight line so Y 1566 00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:00,450 equation for a straight line so Y 1567 00:42:00,450 --> 00:42:03,260 equation for a straight line so Y actually represents the concentration 1568 00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:03,270 actually represents the concentration 1569 00:42:03,270 --> 00:42:06,590 actually represents the concentration logarithm of the concentration and X 1570 00:42:06,590 --> 00:42:06,600 logarithm of the concentration and X 1571 00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:09,860 logarithm of the concentration and X represents the T M represents the minus 1572 00:42:09,860 --> 00:42:09,870 represents the T M represents the minus 1573 00:42:09,870 --> 00:42:13,310 represents the T M represents the minus K actually and B is constant which is Ln 1574 00:42:13,310 --> 00:42:13,320 K actually and B is constant which is Ln 1575 00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:15,950 K actually and B is constant which is Ln a0 now what does that mean that means if 1576 00:42:15,950 --> 00:42:15,960 a0 now what does that mean that means if 1577 00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:19,310 a0 now what does that mean that means if I have the concentrations of the 1578 00:42:19,310 --> 00:42:19,320 I have the concentrations of the 1579 00:42:19,320 --> 00:42:23,420 I have the concentrations of the reactant a versus time and if I make a 1580 00:42:23,420 --> 00:42:23,430 reactant a versus time and if I make a 1581 00:42:23,430 --> 00:42:27,200 reactant a versus time and if I make a plot I should get a straight line right 1582 00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:27,210 plot I should get a straight line right 1583 00:42:27,210 --> 00:42:29,630 plot I should get a straight line right I should get a straight line and that is 1584 00:42:29,630 --> 00:42:29,640 I should get a straight line and that is 1585 00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:32,780 I should get a straight line and that is what really happens versus time and 1586 00:42:32,780 --> 00:42:32,790 what really happens versus time and 1587 00:42:32,790 --> 00:42:34,310 what really happens versus time and there it is 1588 00:42:34,310 --> 00:42:34,320 there it is 1589 00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:44,470 there it is here I have ISO nitrile yes reaction 1590 00:42:44,470 --> 00:42:44,480 here I have ISO nitrile yes reaction 1591 00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:48,830 here I have ISO nitrile yes reaction okay this is actually the pressure of 1592 00:42:48,830 --> 00:42:48,840 okay this is actually the pressure of 1593 00:42:48,840 --> 00:42:55,790 okay this is actually the pressure of the acid or nitrile this is actually ISO 1594 00:42:55,790 --> 00:42:55,800 the acid or nitrile this is actually ISO 1595 00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,289 the acid or nitrile this is actually ISO nitrile and this is the 1596 00:42:58,289 --> 00:42:58,299 nitrile and this is the 1597 00:42:58,299 --> 00:43:00,779 nitrile and this is the trial now the difference here again you 1598 00:43:00,779 --> 00:43:00,789 trial now the difference here again you 1599 00:43:00,789 --> 00:43:04,620 trial now the difference here again you see in one case nitrogen bonded to this 1600 00:43:04,620 --> 00:43:04,630 see in one case nitrogen bonded to this 1601 00:43:04,630 --> 00:43:07,439 see in one case nitrogen bonded to this carbon in the other case carbon is 1602 00:43:07,439 --> 00:43:07,449 carbon in the other case carbon is 1603 00:43:07,449 --> 00:43:09,539 carbon in the other case carbon is bonded to this carbon right that is the 1604 00:43:09,539 --> 00:43:09,549 bonded to this carbon right that is the 1605 00:43:09,549 --> 00:43:11,160 bonded to this carbon right that is the isomerization reaction is called 1606 00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:11,170 isomerization reaction is called 1607 00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:13,650 isomerization reaction is called isomerization isomerization this is a 1608 00:43:13,650 --> 00:43:13,660 isomerization isomerization this is a 1609 00:43:13,660 --> 00:43:17,309 isomerization isomerization this is a Seto nitrile or nitrile in general and 1610 00:43:17,309 --> 00:43:17,319 Seto nitrile or nitrile in general and 1611 00:43:17,319 --> 00:43:20,849 Seto nitrile or nitrile in general and this one is ISO nitrile iso nitrile and 1612 00:43:20,849 --> 00:43:20,859 this one is ISO nitrile iso nitrile and 1613 00:43:20,859 --> 00:43:23,370 this one is ISO nitrile iso nitrile and this reaction is first-order reaction 1614 00:43:23,370 --> 00:43:23,380 this reaction is first-order reaction 1615 00:43:23,380 --> 00:43:26,779 this reaction is first-order reaction again as we see when we plot the 1616 00:43:26,779 --> 00:43:26,789 again as we see when we plot the 1617 00:43:26,789 --> 00:43:33,479 again as we see when we plot the pressure of the I saw nitrile versus 1618 00:43:33,479 --> 00:43:33,489 pressure of the I saw nitrile versus 1619 00:43:33,489 --> 00:43:36,150 pressure of the I saw nitrile versus time we get this that's what we should 1620 00:43:36,150 --> 00:43:36,160 time we get this that's what we should 1621 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:44,849 time we get this that's what we should have and when we simply not pressure and 1622 00:43:44,849 --> 00:43:44,859 have and when we simply not pressure and 1623 00:43:44,859 --> 00:43:48,209 have and when we simply not pressure and tour yes this is the if when we plot the 1624 00:43:48,209 --> 00:43:48,219 tour yes this is the if when we plot the 1625 00:43:48,219 --> 00:43:50,609 tour yes this is the if when we plot the logarithm of this logarithm of pressure 1626 00:43:50,609 --> 00:43:50,619 logarithm of this logarithm of pressure 1627 00:43:50,619 --> 00:43:53,849 logarithm of this logarithm of pressure versus time and we get a straight line 1628 00:43:53,849 --> 00:43:53,859 versus time and we get a straight line 1629 00:43:53,859 --> 00:43:55,739 versus time and we get a straight line what does that mean that means that this 1630 00:43:55,739 --> 00:43:55,749 what does that mean that means that this 1631 00:43:55,749 --> 00:43:58,620 what does that mean that means that this is a first-order reactions again you see 1632 00:43:58,620 --> 00:43:58,630 is a first-order reactions again you see 1633 00:43:58,630 --> 00:44:02,969 is a first-order reactions again you see if I have a reaction and if I have a 1634 00:44:02,969 --> 00:44:02,979 if I have a reaction and if I have a 1635 00:44:02,979 --> 00:44:07,339 if I have a reaction and if I have a data rate data for that reaction as 1636 00:44:07,339 --> 00:44:07,349 data rate data for that reaction as 1637 00:44:07,349 --> 00:44:11,130 data rate data for that reaction as concentration versus time data now if I 1638 00:44:11,130 --> 00:44:11,140 concentration versus time data now if I 1639 00:44:11,140 --> 00:44:13,859 concentration versus time data now if I plot the logarithm of concentration 1640 00:44:13,859 --> 00:44:13,869 plot the logarithm of concentration 1641 00:44:13,869 --> 00:44:16,559 plot the logarithm of concentration versus time if I get a straight line 1642 00:44:16,559 --> 00:44:16,569 versus time if I get a straight line 1643 00:44:16,569 --> 00:44:18,509 versus time if I get a straight line that means that the reaction is 1644 00:44:18,509 --> 00:44:18,519 that means that the reaction is 1645 00:44:18,519 --> 00:44:20,400 that means that the reaction is first-order reaction if I don't get a 1646 00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:20,410 first-order reaction if I don't get a 1647 00:44:20,410 --> 00:44:22,979 first-order reaction if I don't get a straight line that means the reaction is 1648 00:44:22,979 --> 00:44:22,989 straight line that means the reaction is 1649 00:44:22,989 --> 00:44:24,989 straight line that means the reaction is not a first-order reaction so again you 1650 00:44:24,989 --> 00:44:24,999 not a first-order reaction so again you 1651 00:44:24,999 --> 00:44:27,989 not a first-order reaction so again you see I use that integrate low for the 1652 00:44:27,989 --> 00:44:27,999 see I use that integrate low for the 1653 00:44:27,999 --> 00:44:30,150 see I use that integrate low for the first-order reaction to check whether 1654 00:44:30,150 --> 00:44:30,160 first-order reaction to check whether 1655 00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:32,640 first-order reaction to check whether the reaction is first-order or others 1656 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:32,650 the reaction is first-order or others 1657 00:44:32,650 --> 00:44:35,069 the reaction is first-order or others right others in this case it is 1658 00:44:35,069 --> 00:44:35,079 right others in this case it is 1659 00:44:35,079 --> 00:44:38,160 right others in this case it is first-order reaction now remember here 1660 00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:38,170 first-order reaction now remember here 1661 00:44:38,170 --> 00:44:42,179 first-order reaction now remember here we use the pressure of the iso nitrile 1662 00:44:42,179 --> 00:44:42,189 we use the pressure of the iso nitrile 1663 00:44:42,189 --> 00:44:45,089 we use the pressure of the iso nitrile and instead of the concentration it 1664 00:44:45,089 --> 00:44:45,099 and instead of the concentration it 1665 00:44:45,099 --> 00:44:46,769 and instead of the concentration it would be exactly the same because 1666 00:44:46,769 --> 00:44:46,779 would be exactly the same because 1667 00:44:46,779 --> 00:44:52,949 would be exactly the same because remember PV is equal to NRT ideal gas 1668 00:44:52,949 --> 00:44:52,959 remember PV is equal to NRT ideal gas 1669 00:44:52,959 --> 00:44:56,309 remember PV is equal to NRT ideal gas equations and from here if I simply 1670 00:44:56,309 --> 00:44:56,319 equations and from here if I simply 1671 00:44:56,319 --> 00:45:00,839 equations and from here if I simply divide both sides by V I can have this V 1672 00:45:00,839 --> 00:45:00,849 divide both sides by V I can have this V 1673 00:45:00,849 --> 00:45:03,900 divide both sides by V I can have this V over N n is the number of moles times RT 1674 00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:03,910 over N n is the number of moles times RT 1675 00:45:03,910 --> 00:45:07,079 over N n is the number of moles times RT what is n over V is the number of moles 1676 00:45:07,079 --> 00:45:07,089 what is n over V is the number of moles 1677 00:45:07,089 --> 00:45:10,079 what is n over V is the number of moles per liter and this is actually molar 1678 00:45:10,079 --> 00:45:10,089 per liter and this is actually molar 1679 00:45:10,089 --> 00:45:11,670 per liter and this is actually molar concentration right 1680 00:45:11,670 --> 00:45:11,680 concentration right 1681 00:45:11,680 --> 00:45:15,090 concentration right molar concentration so this is I can put 1682 00:45:15,090 --> 00:45:15,100 molar concentration so this is I can put 1683 00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:18,030 molar concentration so this is I can put it again here molar concentration of the 1684 00:45:18,030 --> 00:45:18,040 it again here molar concentration of the 1685 00:45:18,040 --> 00:45:21,960 it again here molar concentration of the reactants times RT so if you simply 1686 00:45:21,960 --> 00:45:21,970 reactants times RT so if you simply 1687 00:45:21,970 --> 00:45:26,640 reactants times RT so if you simply replace a in that equation integrated 1688 00:45:26,640 --> 00:45:26,650 replace a in that equation integrated 1689 00:45:26,650 --> 00:45:30,200 replace a in that equation integrated rate law equations with P over RT and 1690 00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:30,210 rate law equations with P over RT and 1691 00:45:30,210 --> 00:45:35,330 rate law equations with P over RT and this put it in the first order 1692 00:45:35,330 --> 00:45:35,340 this put it in the first order 1693 00:45:35,340 --> 00:45:37,650 this put it in the first order integrated rate law equations you will 1694 00:45:37,650 --> 00:45:37,660 integrated rate law equations you will 1695 00:45:37,660 --> 00:45:39,690 integrated rate law equations you will see that it wouldn't make any difference 1696 00:45:39,690 --> 00:45:39,700 see that it wouldn't make any difference 1697 00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:43,080 see that it wouldn't make any difference you can use the pressure change or you 1698 00:45:43,080 --> 00:45:43,090 you can use the pressure change or you 1699 00:45:43,090 --> 00:45:45,750 you can use the pressure change or you can use the molar concentration change 1700 00:45:45,750 --> 00:45:45,760 can use the molar concentration change 1701 00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:48,630 can use the molar concentration change to make these plots again and they will 1702 00:45:48,630 --> 00:45:48,640 to make these plots again and they will 1703 00:45:48,640 --> 00:45:50,520 to make these plots again and they will give you exactly the same results 1704 00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:50,530 give you exactly the same results 1705 00:45:50,530 --> 00:46:01,630 give you exactly the same results exactly the same results 1706 00:46:01,630 --> 00:46:01,640 1707 00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:06,940 okay now once I have the rate data that 1708 00:46:06,940 --> 00:46:06,950 okay now once I have the rate data that 1709 00:46:06,950 --> 00:46:09,479 okay now once I have the rate data that means concentration versus time data I 1710 00:46:09,479 --> 00:46:09,489 means concentration versus time data I 1711 00:46:09,489 --> 00:46:12,999 means concentration versus time data I can all I can check whether the reaction 1712 00:46:12,999 --> 00:46:13,009 can all I can check whether the reaction 1713 00:46:13,009 --> 00:46:16,059 can all I can check whether the reaction is first-order or not as I as we have 1714 00:46:16,059 --> 00:46:16,069 is first-order or not as I as we have 1715 00:46:16,069 --> 00:46:22,359 is first-order or not as I as we have shown but once we have that graph we can 1716 00:46:22,359 --> 00:46:22,369 shown but once we have that graph we can 1717 00:46:22,369 --> 00:46:25,059 shown but once we have that graph we can also calculate the rate constant of the 1718 00:46:25,059 --> 00:46:25,069 also calculate the rate constant of the 1719 00:46:25,069 --> 00:46:27,339 also calculate the rate constant of the reaction right rate constant of reaction 1720 00:46:27,339 --> 00:46:27,349 reaction right rate constant of reaction 1721 00:46:27,349 --> 00:46:30,160 reaction right rate constant of reaction so this is what it simply says remember 1722 00:46:30,160 --> 00:46:30,170 so this is what it simply says remember 1723 00:46:30,170 --> 00:46:31,960 so this is what it simply says remember that the integrated rate law is equal to 1724 00:46:31,960 --> 00:46:31,970 that the integrated rate law is equal to 1725 00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:35,259 that the integrated rate law is equal to this the plot will give a line and its 1726 00:46:35,259 --> 00:46:35,269 this the plot will give a line and its 1727 00:46:35,269 --> 00:46:37,630 this the plot will give a line and its slope will be equal to minus K right 1728 00:46:37,630 --> 00:46:37,640 slope will be equal to minus K right 1729 00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:41,529 slope will be equal to minus K right there remember Y is equal to MX plus B 1730 00:46:41,529 --> 00:46:41,539 there remember Y is equal to MX plus B 1731 00:46:41,539 --> 00:46:44,950 there remember Y is equal to MX plus B that straight line equation in that case 1732 00:46:44,950 --> 00:46:44,960 that straight line equation in that case 1733 00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:47,680 that straight line equation in that case the slope is equal to M there in this 1734 00:46:47,680 --> 00:46:47,690 the slope is equal to M there in this 1735 00:46:47,690 --> 00:46:51,549 the slope is equal to M there in this case M is represented by minus K so the 1736 00:46:51,549 --> 00:46:51,559 case M is represented by minus K so the 1737 00:46:51,559 --> 00:46:54,670 case M is represented by minus K so the slope of the let's look at that again 1738 00:46:54,670 --> 00:46:54,680 slope of the let's look at that again 1739 00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:58,569 slope of the let's look at that again here the slope of this line gives me 1740 00:46:58,569 --> 00:46:58,579 here the slope of this line gives me 1741 00:46:58,579 --> 00:47:00,849 here the slope of this line gives me directly the rate constant of that 1742 00:47:00,849 --> 00:47:00,859 directly the rate constant of that 1743 00:47:00,859 --> 00:47:02,589 directly the rate constant of that reaction you see how we can determine 1744 00:47:02,589 --> 00:47:02,599 reaction you see how we can determine 1745 00:47:02,599 --> 00:47:06,900 reaction you see how we can determine the rate constant of a reaction 2 now 1746 00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:06,910 the rate constant of a reaction 2 now 1747 00:47:06,910 --> 00:47:11,380 the rate constant of a reaction 2 now half-life is another term that we use in 1748 00:47:11,380 --> 00:47:11,390 half-life is another term that we use in 1749 00:47:11,390 --> 00:47:16,329 half-life is another term that we use in chemical reaction and definitions of the 1750 00:47:16,329 --> 00:47:16,339 chemical reaction and definitions of the 1751 00:47:16,339 --> 00:47:18,940 chemical reaction and definitions of the half-life as from the name very simple 1752 00:47:18,940 --> 00:47:18,950 half-life as from the name very simple 1753 00:47:18,950 --> 00:47:22,599 half-life as from the name very simple the amount of time that it takes for 1/2 1754 00:47:22,599 --> 00:47:22,609 the amount of time that it takes for 1/2 1755 00:47:22,609 --> 00:47:25,989 the amount of time that it takes for 1/2 of a reactant to be used up in a 1756 00:47:25,989 --> 00:47:25,999 of a reactant to be used up in a 1757 00:47:25,999 --> 00:47:28,089 of a reactant to be used up in a chemical reaction that means if you 1758 00:47:28,089 --> 00:47:28,099 chemical reaction that means if you 1759 00:47:28,099 --> 00:47:31,599 chemical reaction that means if you start with 1 molar concentrations of the 1760 00:47:31,599 --> 00:47:31,609 start with 1 molar concentrations of the 1761 00:47:31,609 --> 00:47:35,349 start with 1 molar concentrations of the reactant the time required to decrease 1762 00:47:35,349 --> 00:47:35,359 reactant the time required to decrease 1763 00:47:35,359 --> 00:47:38,319 reactant the time required to decrease that concentration to 0.5 1/2 molar is 1764 00:47:38,319 --> 00:47:38,329 that concentration to 0.5 1/2 molar is 1765 00:47:38,329 --> 00:47:42,069 that concentration to 0.5 1/2 molar is the half time right half time so that is 1766 00:47:42,069 --> 00:47:42,079 the half time right half time so that is 1767 00:47:42,079 --> 00:47:44,829 the half time right half time so that is the definition again for the first order 1768 00:47:44,829 --> 00:47:44,839 the definition again for the first order 1769 00:47:44,839 --> 00:47:47,529 the definition again for the first order reaction we can actually calculate the 1770 00:47:47,529 --> 00:47:47,539 reaction we can actually calculate the 1771 00:47:47,539 --> 00:47:51,279 reaction we can actually calculate the half-life in terms of rate constant and 1772 00:47:51,279 --> 00:47:51,289 half-life in terms of rate constant and 1773 00:47:51,289 --> 00:47:54,400 half-life in terms of rate constant and the concentration if they're using this 1774 00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:54,410 the concentration if they're using this 1775 00:47:54,410 --> 00:47:55,960 the concentration if they're using this integrated rate law this is our 1776 00:47:55,960 --> 00:47:55,970 integrated rate law this is our 1777 00:47:55,970 --> 00:47:59,769 integrated rate law this is our integrated rate law now what we mean we 1778 00:47:59,769 --> 00:47:59,779 integrated rate law now what we mean we 1779 00:47:59,779 --> 00:48:03,099 integrated rate law now what we mean we want this to be half of that so we 1780 00:48:03,099 --> 00:48:03,109 want this to be half of that so we 1781 00:48:03,109 --> 00:48:05,620 want this to be half of that so we replace the a here with half of the 1782 00:48:05,620 --> 00:48:05,630 replace the a here with half of the 1783 00:48:05,630 --> 00:48:08,109 replace the a here with half of the initial concentration and replace that T 1784 00:48:08,109 --> 00:48:08,119 initial concentration and replace that T 1785 00:48:08,119 --> 00:48:10,359 initial concentration and replace that T with 1/2 the time there will be 1786 00:48:10,359 --> 00:48:10,369 with 1/2 the time there will be 1787 00:48:10,369 --> 00:48:13,450 with 1/2 the time there will be half-life and if you work it out you can 1788 00:48:13,450 --> 00:48:13,460 half-life and if you work it out you can 1789 00:48:13,460 --> 00:48:14,830 half-life and if you work it out you can find out that the 1790 00:48:14,830 --> 00:48:14,840 find out that the 1791 00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:17,770 find out that the half life of the first-order reaction 1792 00:48:17,770 --> 00:48:17,780 half life of the first-order reaction 1793 00:48:17,780 --> 00:48:22,300 half life of the first-order reaction will be equal to logarithm 2 divided by 1794 00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:22,310 will be equal to logarithm 2 divided by 1795 00:48:22,310 --> 00:48:26,410 will be equal to logarithm 2 divided by K now logarithm to this is a natural 1796 00:48:26,410 --> 00:48:26,420 K now logarithm to this is a natural 1797 00:48:26,420 --> 00:48:29,140 K now logarithm to this is a natural logarithm actually off to is 0.693 1798 00:48:29,140 --> 00:48:29,150 logarithm actually off to is 0.693 1799 00:48:29,150 --> 00:48:31,060 logarithm actually off to is 0.693 divided by K so what does that means 1800 00:48:31,060 --> 00:48:31,070 divided by K so what does that means 1801 00:48:31,070 --> 00:48:34,390 divided by K so what does that means that means that the half-lives of a 1802 00:48:34,390 --> 00:48:34,400 that means that the half-lives of a 1803 00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,080 that means that the half-lives of a first-order chemical reaction will be 1804 00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:37,090 first-order chemical reaction will be 1805 00:48:37,090 --> 00:48:41,170 first-order chemical reaction will be independent of the concentrations it 1806 00:48:41,170 --> 00:48:41,180 independent of the concentrations it 1807 00:48:41,180 --> 00:48:43,690 independent of the concentrations it will only be dependent rate constant 1808 00:48:43,690 --> 00:48:43,700 will only be dependent rate constant 1809 00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:44,530 will only be dependent rate constant that's all it is 1810 00:48:44,530 --> 00:48:44,540 that's all it is 1811 00:48:44,540 --> 00:48:46,720 that's all it is so it will be all the same for example 1812 00:48:46,720 --> 00:48:46,730 so it will be all the same for example 1813 00:48:46,730 --> 00:48:51,850 so it will be all the same for example as we see over here we started with 150 1814 00:48:51,850 --> 00:48:51,860 as we see over here we started with 150 1815 00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:54,670 as we see over here we started with 150 units of pressure nanum I guess this is 1816 00:48:54,670 --> 00:48:54,680 units of pressure nanum I guess this is 1817 00:48:54,680 --> 00:48:57,880 units of pressure nanum I guess this is tour and the time required to get it to 1818 00:48:57,880 --> 00:48:57,890 tour and the time required to get it to 1819 00:48:57,890 --> 00:49:01,390 tour and the time required to get it to half 75 is the half-life 1 half-life now 1820 00:49:01,390 --> 00:49:01,400 half 75 is the half-life 1 half-life now 1821 00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,300 half 75 is the half-life 1 half-life now from this point on to get it to the half 1822 00:49:04,300 --> 00:49:04,310 from this point on to get it to the half 1823 00:49:04,310 --> 00:49:06,640 from this point on to get it to the half of 75 which is thirty seven point five 1824 00:49:06,640 --> 00:49:06,650 of 75 which is thirty seven point five 1825 00:49:06,650 --> 00:49:09,760 of 75 which is thirty seven point five is another half-life right this is 1826 00:49:09,760 --> 00:49:09,770 is another half-life right this is 1827 00:49:09,770 --> 00:49:10,990 is another half-life right this is another half-life that's another 1828 00:49:10,990 --> 00:49:11,000 another half-life that's another 1829 00:49:11,000 --> 00:49:12,850 another half-life that's another half-life all of these half-lives are 1830 00:49:12,850 --> 00:49:12,860 half-life all of these half-lives are 1831 00:49:12,860 --> 00:49:16,360 half-life all of these half-lives are the same for the first order reaction as 1832 00:49:16,360 --> 00:49:16,370 the same for the first order reaction as 1833 00:49:16,370 --> 00:49:19,210 the same for the first order reaction as long as the temperature is constant and 1834 00:49:19,210 --> 00:49:19,220 long as the temperature is constant and 1835 00:49:19,220 --> 00:49:21,120 long as the temperature is constant and as long as the temperature is constant 1836 00:49:21,120 --> 00:49:21,130 as long as the temperature is constant 1837 00:49:21,130 --> 00:49:24,160 as long as the temperature is constant now let's look at the second order 1838 00:49:24,160 --> 00:49:24,170 now let's look at the second order 1839 00:49:24,170 --> 00:49:27,400 now let's look at the second order reaction in a second-order reaction the 1840 00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:27,410 reaction in a second-order reaction the 1841 00:49:27,410 --> 00:49:30,610 reaction in a second-order reaction the rate law is equals to K times a to the 1842 00:49:30,610 --> 00:49:30,620 rate law is equals to K times a to the 1843 00:49:30,620 --> 00:49:36,370 rate law is equals to K times a to the square this is a gain same reactant we 1844 00:49:36,370 --> 00:49:36,380 square this is a gain same reactant we 1845 00:49:36,380 --> 00:49:37,600 square this is a gain same reactant we have one reactant but it's a 1846 00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:37,610 have one reactant but it's a 1847 00:49:37,610 --> 00:49:40,150 have one reactant but it's a second-order it's possible now let's 1848 00:49:40,150 --> 00:49:40,160 second-order it's possible now let's 1849 00:49:40,160 --> 00:49:51,760 second-order it's possible now let's look at yes this is okay solving the 1850 00:49:51,760 --> 00:49:51,770 look at yes this is okay solving the 1851 00:49:51,770 --> 00:49:53,890 look at yes this is okay solving the second-order reaction for a to the 1852 00:49:53,890 --> 00:49:53,900 second-order reaction for a to the 1853 00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:57,250 second-order reaction for a to the products let's continue rate is equal to 1854 00:49:57,250 --> 00:49:57,260 products let's continue rate is equal to 1855 00:49:57,260 --> 00:50:01,090 products let's continue rate is equal to that and rate is equal to minus Delta e 1856 00:50:01,090 --> 00:50:01,100 that and rate is equal to minus Delta e 1857 00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:06,040 that and rate is equal to minus Delta e over T rearrange that and rearrange it 1858 00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:06,050 over T rearrange that and rearrange it 1859 00:50:06,050 --> 00:50:09,630 over T rearrange that and rearrange it now in this form here if I take the 1860 00:50:09,630 --> 00:50:09,640 now in this form here if I take the 1861 00:50:09,640 --> 00:50:13,180 now in this form here if I take the integral make these as differential of a 1862 00:50:13,180 --> 00:50:13,190 integral make these as differential of a 1863 00:50:13,190 --> 00:50:17,170 integral make these as differential of a divided by a to the squared minus K T DT 1864 00:50:17,170 --> 00:50:17,180 divided by a to the squared minus K T DT 1865 00:50:17,180 --> 00:50:19,600 divided by a to the squared minus K T DT differential of T take the integral as I 1866 00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:19,610 differential of T take the integral as I 1867 00:50:19,610 --> 00:50:22,870 differential of T take the integral as I did here from a zero to a and here from 1868 00:50:22,870 --> 00:50:22,880 did here from a zero to a and here from 1869 00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:26,290 did here from a zero to a and here from zero to T and I would get the integrated 1870 00:50:26,290 --> 00:50:26,300 zero to T and I would get the integrated 1871 00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:27,130 zero to T and I would get the integrated rate law 1872 00:50:27,130 --> 00:50:27,140 rate law 1873 00:50:27,140 --> 00:50:33,970 rate law of the second-order equation so we get 1874 00:50:33,970 --> 00:50:33,980 of the second-order equation so we get 1875 00:50:33,980 --> 00:50:36,280 of the second-order equation so we get this one over a is equal to 1 over a 0 1876 00:50:36,280 --> 00:50:36,290 this one over a is equal to 1 over a 0 1877 00:50:36,290 --> 00:50:40,800 this one over a is equal to 1 over a 0 plus KT so you see again in this case 1878 00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:40,810 plus KT so you see again in this case 1879 00:50:40,810 --> 00:50:43,840 plus KT so you see again in this case the linear relationship is different 1880 00:50:43,840 --> 00:50:43,850 the linear relationship is different 1881 00:50:43,850 --> 00:50:46,420 the linear relationship is different than the first-order reaction first 1882 00:50:46,420 --> 00:50:46,430 than the first-order reaction first 1883 00:50:46,430 --> 00:50:51,730 than the first-order reaction first order reactions how if I simply plot 1 1884 00:50:51,730 --> 00:50:51,740 order reactions how if I simply plot 1 1885 00:50:51,740 --> 00:50:58,120 order reactions how if I simply plot 1 over concentration of a reactant versus 1886 00:50:58,120 --> 00:50:58,130 over concentration of a reactant versus 1887 00:50:58,130 --> 00:51:00,970 over concentration of a reactant versus T then I will get a straight line right 1888 00:51:00,970 --> 00:51:00,980 T then I will get a straight line right 1889 00:51:00,980 --> 00:51:04,210 T then I will get a straight line right and in this straight line again in this 1890 00:51:04,210 --> 00:51:04,220 and in this straight line again in this 1891 00:51:04,220 --> 00:51:05,800 and in this straight line again in this case the straight line will be like this 1892 00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:05,810 case the straight line will be like this 1893 00:51:05,810 --> 00:51:08,560 case the straight line will be like this and this is constant from the slope I 1894 00:51:08,560 --> 00:51:08,570 and this is constant from the slope I 1895 00:51:08,570 --> 00:51:11,650 and this is constant from the slope I can get the K values just like in the 1896 00:51:11,650 --> 00:51:11,660 can get the K values just like in the 1897 00:51:11,660 --> 00:51:15,130 can get the K values just like in the first-order reaction here is the example 1898 00:51:15,130 --> 00:51:15,140 first-order reaction here is the example 1899 00:51:15,140 --> 00:51:19,090 first-order reaction here is the example and the reaction is this the 1900 00:51:19,090 --> 00:51:19,100 and the reaction is this the 1901 00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:22,780 and the reaction is this the compositions of no.2 to n Oh nitrogen 1902 00:51:22,780 --> 00:51:22,790 compositions of no.2 to n Oh nitrogen 1903 00:51:22,790 --> 00:51:25,600 compositions of no.2 to n Oh nitrogen monoxide and the oxygen when we plot the 1904 00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:25,610 monoxide and the oxygen when we plot the 1905 00:51:25,610 --> 00:51:28,810 monoxide and the oxygen when we plot the logarithm of the concentrations of this 1906 00:51:28,810 --> 00:51:28,820 logarithm of the concentrations of this 1907 00:51:28,820 --> 00:51:31,150 logarithm of the concentrations of this versus time you see we don't get a 1908 00:51:31,150 --> 00:51:31,160 versus time you see we don't get a 1909 00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:34,180 versus time you see we don't get a straight line why because it is not a 1910 00:51:34,180 --> 00:51:34,190 straight line why because it is not a 1911 00:51:34,190 --> 00:51:36,160 straight line why because it is not a first-order right at least it tells us 1912 00:51:36,160 --> 00:51:36,170 first-order right at least it tells us 1913 00:51:36,170 --> 00:51:38,350 first-order right at least it tells us that it's not a first-order but if I 1914 00:51:38,350 --> 00:51:38,360 that it's not a first-order but if I 1915 00:51:38,360 --> 00:51:41,410 that it's not a first-order but if I simply plot 1 over concentrations of 1916 00:51:41,410 --> 00:51:41,420 simply plot 1 over concentrations of 1917 00:51:41,420 --> 00:51:44,980 simply plot 1 over concentrations of no.2 versus time as in given in the 1918 00:51:44,980 --> 00:51:44,990 no.2 versus time as in given in the 1919 00:51:44,990 --> 00:51:47,260 no.2 versus time as in given in the integrated rate law I get a straight 1920 00:51:47,260 --> 00:51:47,270 integrated rate law I get a straight 1921 00:51:47,270 --> 00:51:49,930 integrated rate law I get a straight line here like this now this straight 1922 00:51:49,930 --> 00:51:49,940 line here like this now this straight 1923 00:51:49,940 --> 00:51:52,030 line here like this now this straight line tells me that the reaction is 1924 00:51:52,030 --> 00:51:52,040 line tells me that the reaction is 1925 00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:55,510 line tells me that the reaction is second order and the slope of this 1926 00:51:55,510 --> 00:51:55,520 second order and the slope of this 1927 00:51:55,520 --> 00:51:57,310 second order and the slope of this straight line will give me the rate 1928 00:51:57,310 --> 00:51:57,320 straight line will give me the rate 1929 00:51:57,320 --> 00:51:59,410 straight line will give me the rate constant of the reaction actually the 1930 00:51:59,410 --> 00:51:59,420 constant of the reaction actually the 1931 00:51:59,420 --> 00:52:03,610 constant of the reaction actually the rate constant of the reactions now be 1932 00:52:03,610 --> 00:52:03,620 rate constant of the reactions now be 1933 00:52:03,620 --> 00:52:05,740 rate constant of the reactions now be half-life of the second-order reactions 1934 00:52:05,740 --> 00:52:05,750 half-life of the second-order reactions 1935 00:52:05,750 --> 00:52:07,720 half-life of the second-order reactions by using exactly the same approach we 1936 00:52:07,720 --> 00:52:07,730 by using exactly the same approach we 1937 00:52:07,730 --> 00:52:09,600 by using exactly the same approach we did for the first order reaction is 1938 00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:09,610 did for the first order reaction is 1939 00:52:09,610 --> 00:52:14,410 did for the first order reaction is calculated as 1 over K times constant 1940 00:52:14,410 --> 00:52:14,420 calculated as 1 over K times constant 1941 00:52:14,420 --> 00:52:16,840 calculated as 1 over K times constant initial concentrations of a so you see 1942 00:52:16,840 --> 00:52:16,850 initial concentrations of a so you see 1943 00:52:16,850 --> 00:52:19,510 initial concentrations of a so you see again the half-life of the second-order 1944 00:52:19,510 --> 00:52:19,520 again the half-life of the second-order 1945 00:52:19,520 --> 00:52:23,620 again the half-life of the second-order reaction changes as the reaction goes on 1946 00:52:23,620 --> 00:52:23,630 reaction changes as the reaction goes on 1947 00:52:23,630 --> 00:52:26,850 reaction changes as the reaction goes on and it is dependent on the initial 1948 00:52:26,850 --> 00:52:26,860 and it is dependent on the initial 1949 00:52:26,860 --> 00:52:30,430 and it is dependent on the initial concentration of the reactant initial 1950 00:52:30,430 --> 00:52:30,440 concentration of the reactant initial 1951 00:52:30,440 --> 00:52:32,500 concentration of the reactant initial concentrations of the reactant and we 1952 00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:32,510 concentrations of the reactant and we 1953 00:52:32,510 --> 00:52:35,640 concentrations of the reactant and we can simply show that second car depends 1954 00:52:35,640 --> 00:52:35,650 can simply show that second car depends 1955 00:52:35,650 --> 00:52:38,290 can simply show that second car depends quantity for the second-order reaction 1956 00:52:38,290 --> 00:52:38,300 quantity for the second-order reaction 1957 00:52:38,300 --> 00:52:40,990 quantity for the second-order reaction so half-life is a concentration 1958 00:52:40,990 --> 00:52:41,000 so half-life is a concentration 1959 00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:42,760 so half-life is a concentration dependent quantity for the second-order 1960 00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:42,770 dependent quantity for the second-order 1961 00:52:42,770 --> 00:52:44,250 dependent quantity for the second-order reaction this is the concentration 1962 00:52:44,250 --> 00:52:44,260 reaction this is the concentration 1963 00:52:44,260 --> 00:52:47,440 reaction this is the concentration dependent values again okay I guess we 1964 00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:47,450 dependent values again okay I guess we 1965 00:52:47,450 --> 00:52:51,339 dependent values again okay I guess we will stop here any questions this is 1966 00:52:51,339 --> 00:52:51,349 will stop here any questions this is 1967 00:52:51,349 --> 00:52:54,579 will stop here any questions this is very simple actually I'm sure you have 1968 00:52:54,579 --> 00:52:54,589 very simple actually I'm sure you have 1969 00:52:54,589 --> 00:52:57,700 very simple actually I'm sure you have an idea from high school