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In this chapter, we start explaining the interesting topic of cryptography, an essential tool for information security. First we briefly mention about its history and then provide a partial list of its applications for a better motivation. Understanding the generic setting for encryption is also prerequisite to study the modern encryption algorithms explained in the next chapter. Here in this chapter we only introduce some simple ciphers easy to cryptanalyze. The only exception is the one-time pad system, a realization of perfect secrecy but has its own limitations. Next chapter will cover not only secret-key encryption algorithms but also other secret-key crypto primitives including hash functions and message authentication codes.
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